I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
,
p
p
.
1870
~
1
8
7
4
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
pp
1
8
7
0
-
1874
1870
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
Dia
g
no
sis
o
f
Faulty
Ele
m
ents
i
n A
r
ra
y
Ant
enna
u
sin
g
Nature
Ins
pired Cu
c
k
o
o
Search
Alg
o
rith
m
Sh
a
f
qa
t
Ulla
h K
ha
n
1
,
M
.
K
.
A.
Ra
hi
m
2
,
M
urt
a
la
A
m
i
nu
-
B
a
ba
3
,
At
if
E
lla
hi K
ha
n K
ha
lil
4
,
Sa
rda
r
Ali
5
1
,
2,
3
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
RF
&
M
icro
w
a
v
e
R
e
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
, D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
,
8
1
3
1
0
S
k
u
d
a
i
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
1,
5
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bu
n
e
r,
P
a
k
istan
4
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
,
H
-
1
0
,
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
,
P
a
k
istan
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
16
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
3
0
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
7
,
2
0
1
8
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
e
le
m
e
n
ts
in
a
li
n
e
a
r
a
rra
y
h
a
v
e
g
re
a
t
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
in
ra
d
a
r,
so
n
a
r,
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
sa
telli
te.
Du
e
to
sin
g
le
e
le
m
e
n
t
f
a
il
u
re
,
th
e
w
h
o
le
ra
d
iatio
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
term
s
o
f
sid
e
lo
b
e
s
lev
e
l
a
n
d
n
u
l
ls.
On
c
e
w
e
h
a
v
e
d
e
tec
t
th
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
d
e
f
e
c
ti
v
e
e
le
m
e
n
t,
th
e
n
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
is
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
d
e
sire
d
p
a
tt
e
r
n
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
rk
,
w
e
in
tro
d
u
c
e
a
n
a
tu
re
i
n
sp
ired
m
e
ta
-
h
e
u
risti
c
c
u
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
to
d
iag
n
o
se
th
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
d
e
f
e
c
ti
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
in
a
li
n
e
a
r
a
rra
y
.
T
h
e
n
a
tu
re
in
sp
ired
c
u
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
n
e
w
to
th
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
is
u
se
d
f
irst
ti
m
e
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
in
a
n
a
rra
y
a
n
ten
n
a
.
Cu
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
a
g
lo
b
a
l
se
a
rc
h
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
st
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
is
u
se
d
a
s
a
f
it
n
e
ss
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
w
h
ich
d
e
f
i
n
e
s
a
n
e
rro
r
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
d
e
g
ra
d
e
d
f
a
r
f
ield
p
o
w
e
r
p
a
tt
e
rn
a
n
d
th
e
e
stim
a
t
e
d
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
u
se
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
iag
n
o
sis
o
f
c
o
m
p
lete
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s,
f
o
r
p
a
r
ti
a
l
f
a
u
lt
y
e
le
m
e
n
ts
p
o
siti
o
n
.
Diff
e
re
n
t
si
m
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
a
re
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
f
o
r
4
0
e
le
m
e
n
ts
T
a
y
lo
r
p
a
tt
e
rn
to
v
a
li
d
a
te
a
n
d
c
h
e
c
k
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
An
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
C
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
F
au
lt d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
L
i
n
ea
r
ar
r
ay
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sh
a
f
q
at
Ulla
h
Kh
a
n
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
u
n
er
,
S
w
ar
i B
u
n
er
,
Kh
y
b
er
P
ak
h
to
o
n
k
h
a
w
a,
P
ak
is
tan
.
E
m
ail:
s
h
a
f
q
atp
h
y
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
A
r
r
a
y
an
te
n
n
as
h
a
v
e
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
s
o
n
ar
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
I
n
lar
g
e
ar
r
ay
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
f
a
ilu
r
e
o
f
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
ele
m
en
t
ca
n
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
el
a
n
d
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
h
e
n
u
ll
p
o
s
itio
n
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
s
itu
a
t
io
n
s
,
it
’
s
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
u
s
t
o
r
ep
lace
th
e
f
au
l
t
y
ele
m
e
n
t,
h
o
w
ev
er
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
co
n
d
itio
n
w
e
ar
e
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
ts
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
ele
m
en
ts
to
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
d
am
a
g
e
p
atter
n
.
I
n
l
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
am
a
g
e
p
atter
n
.
On
ce
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
f
au
l
t
y
el
e
m
en
ts
is
d
etec
ted
th
en
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
ar
r
ay
is
u
s
ed
.
I
n
[
1
]
th
e
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ical
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t
ele
m
e
n
t
p
ass
i
v
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
alo
n
g
w
ith
h
y
b
r
id
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
n
u
ll
d
ep
th
lev
e
l,
n
u
ll
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
a
t
th
e
ir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
l
o
w
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
el
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
atter
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
u
s
i
n
g
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ical
f
ai
lu
r
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
alo
n
g
w
it
h
c
u
lt
u
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
ev
o
lu
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
I
n
[
4
]
th
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
i
n
lin
ea
r
ar
r
ay
an
te
n
n
a.
T
o
lo
ca
te
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
p
atter
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
am
a
g
ed
p
atter
n
[
5
]
is
u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Dia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f F
a
u
lty
E
leme
n
ts
in
A
r
r
a
y
A
n
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
N
a
tu
r
e
I
n
s
p
ir
ed
C
u
ck
o
o
…
(
S
h
a
f
q
a
t
Ulla
h
K
h
a
n
)
1871
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
t
ic
cu
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
is
n
e
w
to
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
is
u
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
i
n
an
ar
r
a
y
a
n
te
n
n
a.
C
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
c
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
c
o
s
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
s
u
s
ed
as
a
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
h
ich
d
e
f
in
e
s
a
n
er
r
o
r
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
ed
f
ar
f
ield
p
o
w
er
p
atter
n
an
d
t
h
e
es
ti
m
ated
o
n
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
e
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
co
m
p
lete,
a
s
w
e
ll
as,
f
o
r
p
ar
tial f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
g
u
id
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
s
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
d
e
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
e
tu
p
is
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
,
w
h
ile
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
I
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Sectio
n
I
V
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
an
d
th
e
r
es
u
lts
w
h
ile
s
ec
t
io
n
V
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
e
p
ap
er
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es so
m
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
C
o
n
s
id
er
a
C
lass
ical
Do
lp
h
C
h
eb
y
s
h
e
v
(
C
D
C
)
lin
ea
r
ar
r
a
y
o
f
4
0
elem
e
n
t
s
alo
n
g
z
-
a
x
is
i
n
w
h
ich
al
l
th
e
ele
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
,
e
q
u
all
y
s
p
ac
ed
,
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
e
p
h
ase
e
x
cita
tio
n
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
ar
r
ay
p
atter
n
[
6
]
.
1
(
)
c
o
s
c
o
s
(
2
1
)
/
2
N
i
n
i
n
A
r
r
a
y
F
a
c
t
o
r
w
k
d
n
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
n
w
is
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
v
ec
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
n
th
ele
m
en
t,
k
is
th
e
w
av
e
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
is
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t.
No
w
w
e
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
h
at
m
w
is
f
ailed
i
n
th
e
ar
r
a
y
,
b
y
p
u
ttin
g
th
eir
w
ei
g
h
t
m
w
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
y
ar
r
a
y
p
atter
n
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
f
o
l
lo
w
i
n
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
.
1
(
)
c
o
s
c
o
s
(
2
1
)
/
2
N
m
i
n
i
n
nm
A
r
r
a
y
F
a
c
to
r
w
k
d
n
(
2
)
T
h
e
f
ar
f
ield
p
atter
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
en
t c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
i
n
d
B
’
s
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ex
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
,
2
10
1
(
)
1
0
.
l
o
g
c
o
s
c
o
s
2
1
/
2
N
d
i
n
i
n
nm
Q
w
k
d
n
(
3
)
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
y
ar
r
a
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
)
b
y
cr
ea
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
citatio
n
eq
u
al
s
to
ze
r
o
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
lete
f
a
u
lt
y
e
le
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
(
5
0
%)
p
ar
tial
f
au
lt
ele
m
en
t
is
eq
u
al
to
ass
u
m
e
th
at
t
h
eir
r
elativ
e
ex
citatio
n
eq
u
al
to
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
e
x
cita
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
)
is
m
in
i
m
ized
u
s
i
n
g
C
S
A
a
n
d
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
s
w
h
ic
h
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
th
a
t is clo
s
e
to
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
e.
2
1
(
)
(
)
P
d
k
o
k
k
F
i
t
n
e
s
s
Q
Q
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
P
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
()
dk
Q
i
s
th
e
d
esire
d
d
eg
r
ad
ed
ar
r
ay
p
atter
n
an
d
()
ok
Q
is
th
e
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
C
S
A
i
n
P
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
w
it
h
th
e
g
i
v
en
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
f
a
i
led
ele
m
en
t
s
.
Me
ta
-
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
C
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
c
h
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
n
e
w
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Yan
g
an
d
Deb
[
7
]
.
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
a
n
d
h
a
s
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
e
v
er
y
f
iel
d
o
f
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
ed
in
[
8
]
th
at
cu
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
C
S
A
)
h
as
le
s
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
all
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
th
a
n
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
an
d
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GA
)
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
cu
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
S
A
)
is
u
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
f
o
r
f
au
lt
f
i
n
d
in
g
in
ar
r
a
y
an
ten
n
a,
w
h
ic
h
h
as
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
s
o
n
ar
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
asic
cu
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
C
S
A
)
h
a
s
th
r
ee
id
ea
l
ized
r
u
les.
(
a
)
E
ac
h
cu
ck
o
o
la
y
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
e
g
g
at
a
ti
m
e
an
d
d
u
m
p
s
it
i
n
a
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
i
n
a
s
e
lecte
d
n
est.
(
b
)
T
h
e
b
est
n
est
s
w
i
th
h
ig
h
q
u
alit
y
o
f
eg
g
s
w
il
l
ca
r
r
y
o
v
er
to
th
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
(
c
)
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
av
ailab
le
h
o
s
t
n
e
s
ts
is
f
i
x
ed
an
d
th
e
eg
g
laid
b
y
a
c
u
ck
o
o
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
b
y
th
e
h
o
s
t
b
ir
d
w
it
h
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(0
,
1
)
a
p
.
T
h
is
last
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
870
–
187
4
1872
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
ted
b
y
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
p
o
f
th
e
n
h
o
s
t
n
est
s
t
h
at
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
n
e
w
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
w
il
l
g
i
v
e
u
s
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
e
n
t.
W
h
e
n
g
e
n
er
atin
g
n
e
w
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
1
t
i
x
f
o
r
a
cu
ck
o
o
i
,
a
L
e
v
y
f
li
g
h
t f
o
r
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
1
L
e
v
y
(
)
tt
ii
xx
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
0
is
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
a
n
d
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
in
ter
e
s
t
w
h
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
e
n
tr
y
-
w
i
s
e
m
u
lt
ip
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
L
ev
y
f
l
ig
h
t p
r
o
v
id
es a
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
[
9
]
,
(
)
,
(
1
<
3
)
L
e
v
y
t
(
6
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
C
las
s
ical
D
o
lp
h
C
h
eb
y
s
h
ev
(
C
DC
)
li
n
ea
r
ar
r
ay
o
f
4
0
ele
m
e
n
ts
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
u
s
i
n
g
cu
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
C
S
A
)
.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
is
tak
e
n
as
/2
.
An
al
y
tical
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
s
o
f
C
D
C
f
o
r
-
3
0
d
B
s
id
e
lo
b
es
lev
el
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
lete
a
n
d
p
ar
tial
f
a
u
lt
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
b
y
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
ts
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
lt
y
ele
m
e
n
t
eit
h
er
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
o
r
h
al
f
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
v
alu
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
.
Fo
r
f
a
u
lt
f
i
n
d
in
g
u
s
in
g
C
S
A
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
s
tep
s
ize
(
)
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
(
n
)
an
d
r
ate
o
f
d
is
co
v
er
y
(
a
P
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
s
et
to
1
,
40
n
an
d
0
.
2
5
a
P
.
First
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ca
s
e
th
at
s
ix
t
h
ele
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
ar
r
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
an
d
d
o
n
’
t
r
ad
iate.
T
h
e
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
i
n
an
ar
r
a
y
a
n
te
n
n
a
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
I
f
w
e
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
th
e
e
x
ac
t
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lt
y
ele
m
e
n
t,
w
e
ca
n
n
o
t
ap
p
l
y
a
n
y
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
to
r
ec
o
v
er
th
e
d
es
ir
ed
p
atter
n
.
Du
e
to
s
i
x
th
ele
m
en
t
f
a
ilu
r
e
,
w
e
o
b
tain
th
e
b
lac
k
s
o
l
id
li
n
e
p
atter
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
A
f
ter
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
b
y
n
a
tu
r
e
in
s
p
ir
ed
cu
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
C
S
A
)
,
w
e
w
il
l
f
i
n
d
th
e
p
atter
n
w
h
ic
h
i
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
b
lack
s
o
lid
p
at
ter
n
as
d
ep
ict
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
C
S
A
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
d
o
tted
lin
e
w
h
ic
h
is
n
ea
r
l
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
p
atter
n
o
f
C
lass
ical
Do
lp
h
C
h
eb
y
s
h
ev
ar
r
a
y
o
f
4
0
ele
m
en
ts
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
y
p
atter
n
o
f
s
ix
t
h
ele
m
en
t f
ail
u
r
e
an
d
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
S
A
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e
w
e
as
s
u
m
e
d
th
at
1
0
th
ele
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
i
s
p
ar
tiall
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
(
50%
)
.
T
h
e
1
0
th
ele
m
e
n
t
p
ar
tiall
y
f
au
lt
y
p
atter
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
b
y
th
e
b
lack
s
o
lid
lin
e.
A
f
ter
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
tio
n
b
y
C
S
A
,
w
e
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
1
0
0
-
9
0
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
T
h
e
t
a
i
n
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
A
r
r
a
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
d
B
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
1
0
0
-
9
0
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
T
h
e
t
a
i
n
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
A
r
r
a
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
d
B
)
C
D
C
p
a
t
t
e
rn
f
o
r
6
t
h
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
f
a
u
l
t
y
Pa
t
t
e
rn
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
SA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Dia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f F
a
u
lty
E
leme
n
ts
in
A
r
r
a
y
A
n
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
N
a
tu
r
e
I
n
s
p
ir
ed
C
u
ck
o
o
…
(
S
h
a
f
q
a
t
Ulla
h
K
h
a
n
)
1873
u
s
ed
t
h
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
)
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
p
atter
n
f
o
r
1
0
th
ele
m
en
t
p
ar
t
ial
f
a
u
lt
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
d
o
tted
lin
e.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
ca
s
e
w
e
as
s
u
m
ed
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
as
w
el
l
as
p
ar
tial
f
au
lt,
in
w
h
ic
h
5
th
ele
m
e
n
t
is
co
m
p
lete
l
y
an
d
th
e
1
1
th
elem
e
n
t
is
p
ar
tial
l
y
f
a
u
lt
y
(
50%
)
.
T
h
e
C
DC
p
atter
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
an
d
p
ar
tial
f
a
u
lt
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
th
e
b
lack
s
o
lid
li
n
e
an
d
af
ter
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
b
y
C
S
A
,
t
h
e
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
d
o
tted
lin
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
1
0
th
elem
e
n
t p
ar
tial f
a
u
lt p
atter
n
(
5
0
%)
an
d
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
C
S
A
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
C
DC
p
atter
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
a
n
d
a
p
ar
tial
f
au
lt a
n
d
p
atter
n
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
S
A
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
c
u
c
k
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
S
A
)
is
te
s
ted
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
e
n
t
i
n
ar
r
a
y
an
te
n
n
a.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
e
s
ti
m
at
ed
th
e
p
atter
n
an
d
t
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
f
a
u
lt
y
C
las
s
ical
Do
lp
h
C
h
eb
y
s
h
e
v
(
C
DC
)
p
atter
n
an
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
th
e
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
ill
g
iv
e
u
s
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
u
ll
y
o
r
p
ar
tiall
y
f
a
u
lt
y
ele
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
to
L
-
t
y
p
e
ar
r
a
y
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
t
h
a
n
k
t
h
e
R
es
ea
r
ch
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
C
e
n
tr
e
(
R
MC),
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t,
Fac
u
lt
y
o
f
E
lect
r
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
(
F
KE
)
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
n
t n
u
m
b
er
0
3
E
2
0
an
d
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
s
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
u
n
er
,
S
w
ar
i P
ak
is
ta
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
U.
Kh
a
n
,
I.
M
.
Qu
re
sh
i,
F
.
Zam
a
n
,
A
.
Na
v
e
e
d
,
"
Nu
ll
P
lac
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
i
d
e
lo
b
e
S
u
p
p
re
ss
io
n
i
n
F
a
il
e
d
A
rra
y
Us
in
g
S
y
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
El
e
m
e
n
t
F
a
il
u
re
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
Hy
b
rid
He
u
risti
c
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
,
"
P
r
o
g
re
ss
In
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
B
, v
o
l.
5
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
S
.
U.
K
h
a
n
,
I
.
M
.
Qu
re
sh
i
,
F
.
Za
m
a
n
,
B.
S
h
o
a
i
b
,
A
.
Na
v
e
e
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
Ba
sit,
“
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
F
a
u
lt
y
S
e
n
so
rs
in
P
h
a
se
d
A
rra
y
Ra
d
a
rs
Us
in
g
S
y
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
S
e
n
so
r
F
a
il
u
re
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
C
u
lt
u
ra
l
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
w
it
h
Diff
e
re
n
ti
a
l
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
S
c
ien
t
if
ic W
o
rld
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
4
,
A
rti
c
le ID
8
5
2
5
3
9
,
1
0
p
a
g
e
s
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
S
.
U.
Kh
a
n
,
I.
M
.
Qu
re
sh
i,
B.
S
h
o
a
ib
a
n
d
A
.
Ba
sit,
“
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
p
a
tt
e
rn
Us
in
g
Cu
c
k
o
o
S
e
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
a
n
d
S
y
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
e
le
m
e
n
t
f
a
il
u
re
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
d
istan
c
e
a
d
ju
stm
e
n
t
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
a
rra
y
”
,
A
c
c
e
p
ted
in
IEE
E,
1
2
th
,
IBCA
S
T
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
S
.
U.
Kh
a
n
,
I.
M
.
Q
u
re
sh
i,
F
.
Zam
a
n
,
A
.
Ba
sit,
W
.
Kh
a
n
,
"
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
f
ire
f
l
y
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
to
fa
u
lt
f
in
d
i
n
g
in
li
n
e
a
r
a
rra
y
s an
ten
n
a
,
"
W
o
rld
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s Jo
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
-
2
3
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
J.
A
.
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
,
F
.
A
.
P
e
n
a
,
M
.
F
.
Ro
b
e
rt
o
a
n
d
S
.
Ba
rro
,
“
Ra
p
i
d
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
f
a
u
lt
y
e
le
m
e
n
ts
in
a
n
ten
n
a
a
rra
y
s u
sin
g
fa
r
f
ield
p
a
tt
e
rn
sa
m
p
les
”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
.
An
te
n
n
a
s
Pro
p
a
g
,
v
o
l.
57
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
9
-
1
6
8
3
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
A
.
Ba
lan
is,
"
A
n
ten
n
a
th
e
o
ry
:
a
n
a
ly
sis a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
,
"
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
a
n
d
S
o
n
s,
In
c
.
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
Cu
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
v
o
l.
2
0
1
1
:
W
ik
ip
e
d
ia,
2
0
1
0
.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
1
0
0
-
9
0
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
T
h
e
t
a
i
n
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
A
r
r
a
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
d
B
)
C
D
C
p
a
t
t
e
rn
o
f
p
a
rt
i
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
Pa
t
t
e
rn
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
SA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
1
0
0
-
9
0
-
8
0
-
7
0
-
6
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
T
h
e
t
a
i
n
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
A
r
r
a
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
d
B
)
P
a
t
t
r
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
&
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
S
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
870
–
187
4
1874
[8
]
YA
N
G
,
S
.
X
.
,
DEB,
S
.
“
Cu
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
v
ia
L
e
v
y
fl
ig
h
ts,
”
I
n
P
ro
c
.
W
o
rld
Co
n
g
r.
o
n
Na
tu
re
&
Bio
lo
g
ica
ll
y
In
sp
ired
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(NA
BIC 2
0
0
9
)
.
I
n
d
ia,
2
0
0
9
,
p
.
2
1
0
-
2
1
4
.
[9
]
L
e
v
y
f
li
g
h
t
v
o
l.
2
0
1
1
:
W
ik
ip
e
d
ia,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
h
a
f
q
a
t
Ulla
h
K
h
a
n
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ba
n
n
u
,
K
P
K,
P
a
k
istan
,
i
n
1
9
8
1
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
P
h
y
sic
s
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Qu
a
id
-
i
-
A
z
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
,
a
n
d
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
,
P
a
k
istan
,
i
n
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
d
id
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
IS
R
A
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
,
P
a
k
istan
in
2
0
1
5
.
F
in
a
ll
y
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
a
P
o
st
-
Do
c
to
ra
l
F
e
ll
o
w
sh
ip
in
2
0
1
7
w
it
h
t
h
e
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
RF
&
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
Re
se
a
r
c
h
G
ro
u
p
,
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
a
n
A
ss
istan
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
.
He
is
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
5
a
rti
c
les
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s.
Hi
s
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
y
se
n
so
rs u
sin
g
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
ry
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
re
ss
e
d
se
n
sin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
M
.
K
.
A.
Ra
h
i
m
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
A
lo
r
S
tar
Ke
d
a
h
M
a
la
y
si
a
o
n
th
e
3
rd
o
f
No
v
e
m
b
e
r,
1
9
6
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
trath
c
ly
d
e
,
UK
in
1
9
8
7
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w
S
o
u
th
W
a
les
,
A
u
s
tralia
in
1
9
9
2
.
He
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
2
0
0
3
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bir
m
in
g
h
a
m
,
U.K.,
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
Ac
ti
v
e
A
n
ten
n
a
.
F
ro
m
1
9
9
2
to
1
9
9
9
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
.
F
r
o
m
2
0
0
5
to
2
0
0
7
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
UTM
.
He
is
n
o
w
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i,
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
a
ss
iv
e
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
(EBG
),
a
rti
f
i
c
ial
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs
(A
M
C),
lef
t
-
h
a
n
d
e
d
m
e
ta
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
a
id
e
d
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
a
n
ten
n
a
.
M
.
A.
B
a
b
a
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
f
irst
d
e
g
re
e
in
2
0
1
0
f
ro
m
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
T
a
fa
wa
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ba
u
c
h
i
,
Nig
e
ria
(AT
BU) i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
S
c
.
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
2
0
1
3
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
W
o
lv
e
rh
a
m
p
to
n
,
U.K,
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
e
rsu
in
g
h
is
P
h
D
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
e
ta
m
a
t
e
rial
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
b
e
a
m
f
o
rm
in
g
N
e
t
w
o
rk
Atif
Illa
h
i
K
h
a
li
l
K
h
a
n
,
d
id
h
is
M
.
S
c
in
P
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
e
sh
a
w
a
r
in
2
0
0
3
,
M
S
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
in
2008
a
n
d
2
0
1
7
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
i
e
s are
in
A
rra
y
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
S
a
r
d
a
r
Ali
,
d
id
h
is
B.
E
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
P
e
sh
a
w
a
r,
P
a
k
istan
in
2
0
0
3
,
M
S
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
e
rli
s,
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
8
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
S
EA
S
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
.
He
is
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bu
n
e
r,
P
a
k
istan
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
r
e
in
A
rra
y
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.