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1.
I
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d
u
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p
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u
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m
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[
1
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.
DC
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D
C
co
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s
p
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v
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r
o
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in
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en
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w
ab
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ased
ap
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licatio
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s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
R
eso
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t
co
n
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ter
s
b
ased
o
n
th
i
s
SMP
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ca
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o
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s
w
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in
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r
eq
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e
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cie
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r
ea
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h
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ize
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h
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co
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ter
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h
o
w
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t
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eq
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en
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co
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ilter
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ized
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b
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[4
]
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[
5
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ir
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m
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SC
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s
[
6
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ar
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a
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DC
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ai
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eq
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7
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T
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n
d
tech
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8
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9
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[
1
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4
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4
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3
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s
th
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
m
u
lt
ilev
el
d
c
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
els.
T
w
o
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
as
i
n
p
u
t,
it
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
t
h
e
t
w
o
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
els
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
o
th
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
it
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
o
lta
g
e
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
o
th
er
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
ap
p
lian
ce
s
.
W
ith
t
h
ese
f
i
v
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
cu
it
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
s
u
m
m
atio
n
cir
c
u
it,
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
cu
it,
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it,
h
al
f
cir
cu
it,
i
n
v
er
ti
n
g
cir
cu
it
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
v
er
t
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
i
n
to
eig
h
t
le
v
el
s
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e.
W
ith
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
Vs
,
th
e
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
s
w
itc
h
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
it
i
n
to
0
.
5
VS
,
−V
s
,
o
r
2
Vs
.
W
ith
t
w
o
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
lies
Vs1
an
d
Vs2
,
it
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
m
in
t
o
Vs1
+
Vs2
o
r
Vs1
–
Vs2
.
So
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
r
ee
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
li
n
es,
t
w
o
v
o
lt
a
g
e
lev
el
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
eig
h
t
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
s
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
V
s
1
+V
s
2
(
Su
m
m
a
tio
n
)
,
Vs1
-
V
s
2
(
Su
b
t
r
ac
tio
n
)
,
2
Vs1
(
Do
u
b
le)
,
2
Vs
2
(
Do
u
b
le)
,
0
.
5
Vs1
(
Half
)
,
0
.
5
Vs2
(
Half
)
,
-
Vs1
(
I
n
v
er
ti
n
g
)
a
n
d
–
Vs2
(
I
n
v
er
ti
n
g
)
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it
s
u
s
es
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
s
w
i
tch
e
s
,
t
w
o
d
io
d
es
an
d
t
w
o
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
cir
c
u
its
is
v
er
y
s
m
all
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
le
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
h
a
n
d
le.
A
p
air
o
f
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
p
u
l
s
es
is
g
i
v
e
n
to
t
w
o
s
w
itc
h
es
w
it
h
f
ix
ed
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
0
.
5
f
o
r
all
th
e
f
iv
e
cir
c
u
it
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mu
ltil
e
v
el
co
n
v
er
t
er
2
.
1
.
Su
mm
a
t
io
n
c
ircu
it
T
h
e
b
asic
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
u
m
m
atio
n
cir
c
u
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Her
e,
w
h
e
n
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
O
N
an
d
Q2
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
OFF,
d
io
d
e
D1
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
a
n
d
D2
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
.
V
s
1
,
C
1
,
Q
1
,
an
d
D1
f
o
r
m
s
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
.
Vs1
ch
ar
g
es
C
1
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
is
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
o
lta
g
e
as
Vs1
,
i.e
.
,
Vc1
=
Vs1
.
W
h
en
,
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
O
FF
an
d
Q2
is
t
u
r
n
ed
ON,
D2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D1
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
,
Vs
2
,
C
1
,
Q2
,
D2
,
an
d
C
2
f
o
r
m
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
.
C
1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
Vs2
an
d
d
eliv
er
s
th
e
to
tal
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
C
2
,
s
o
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
2
is
Vs2
+
Vc1
.
A
s
Vc1
=
Vs1
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
Vo
=
Vs1
+
Vs2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
s
u
m
m
at
io
n
cir
cu
it.
Her
e
Vs1
an
d
Vs2
ar
e
2
4
V
an
d
1
2
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
lo
ad
is
3
3
.
8
7
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f Mu
lti I
n
p
u
t Ca
p
a
cito
r
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
i
r
cu
its
(
S
r
ee
jith
S
)
3473
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Su
m
m
a
tio
n
C
ir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
Su
m
m
atio
n
C
ir
cu
i
t
2
.
2
.
Su
btr
a
ct
io
n c
ircuit
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
cu
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
W
h
en
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON
an
d
Q2
is
tu
r
n
ed
OF
F,
D1
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D2
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
.
Vs1
,
Vs2
,
C
1
,
Q1
,
an
d
D1
f
o
r
m
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
,
an
d
Vs1
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ie
s
w
it
h
–
Vs2
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
es
C
1
,
s
o
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
i
s
V
s
1
-
Vs2
.
Ne
x
t,
w
h
e
n
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
an
d
Q2
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
D2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D1
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
,
C
1
,
Q2
,
D2
,
an
d
C
2
f
o
r
m
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
.
C
1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
w
i
th
C
2
,
s
o
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
2
is
eq
u
al
to
Vc1
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Vo
=
V
s
-
V
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
cu
it.
Her
e
V
s
1
an
d
Vs
2
ar
e
2
4
V
an
d
1
2
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
Vo
=
1
2
.
2
7
V.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Su
b
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
Su
b
tr
ac
tio
n
cir
c
u
it
2
.
3
.
Do
ub
le
circ
uit
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Du
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
1
,
w
h
e
n
Q1
is
ON,
Q2
is
OFF,
D1
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D2
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ia
s
ed
,
Vs1
,
D1
,
C
1
,
Q1
f
o
r
m
s
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
ch
ar
g
es to
v
o
ltag
e
V
s
.
T
h
is
is
k
n
o
w
n
as c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tate.
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
Q2
is
ON,
Q1
is
OFF,
D
2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D1
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
,
V
s
,
Q2
,
C
1
,
D2
,
R
L
f
o
r
m
s
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
1
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
es
n
o
w
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
is
n
o
w
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
to
v
o
ltag
e
Vc1
+V
s
.
T
h
is
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tate.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it
b
ec
o
m
es
Vo
=
2
Vs.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it.
Her
e
Vs1
a
n
d
Vs
2
ar
e
2
4
V
an
d
1
2
V
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
Vo
=
4
5
.
6
7
V
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
4
7
1
–
3
4
8
3
3474
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Do
u
b
le
c
ir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
cir
cu
it
2
.
4
.
H
a
lf
c
ircuit
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
h
al
f
cir
cu
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
Q1
is
ON,
Q2
is
OFF,
D1
i
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D2
i
s
r
e
v
er
s
e
b
ia
s
ed
,
Vs,
Q1
,
C
1
,
D1
,
C
2
f
o
r
m
s
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
1
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
eq
u
all
y
ch
ar
g
es
to
v
o
ltag
e
0
.
5
Vs.
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
Q2
is
ON,
Q1
is
O
FF
,
D2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D1
i
s
r
e
v
er
s
e
b
iased
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
c
ap
ac
ito
r
C
2
r
e
m
ai
n
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
h
al
f
c
ir
cu
it
is
Vo
=
0
.
5
Vs2
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
h
alf
cir
cu
i
t.
Her
e
Vs2
is
2
4
V
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
Vo
=
1
1
.
1
4
V.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Half
cir
cu
i
t
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
h
al
f
cir
c
u
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f Mu
lti I
n
p
u
t Ca
p
a
cito
r
C
o
n
ve
r
ter C
i
r
cu
its
(
S
r
ee
jith
S
)
3475
2
.
5
.
I
nv
er
t
ing
c
ircuit
T
h
e
in
v
er
ti
n
g
cir
c
u
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
Q1
is
ON,
Q2
is
OF
F,
D1
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
an
d
D2
is
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
,
Vs,
Q1
,
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1
,
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f
o
r
m
s
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o
p
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d
ca
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ac
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r
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1
ch
ar
g
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to
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V
s
.
T
h
is
is
k
n
o
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n
as
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tate.
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
Q2
is
ON,
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O
FF
,
D
2
is
f
o
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w
ar
d
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iased
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d
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i
s
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iased
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1
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,
C
2
f
o
r
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s
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o
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ca
p
ac
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r
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1
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t
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d
is
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h
ar
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i
n
g
.
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ap
ac
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r
C
2
is
n
o
w
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
to
v
o
ltag
e
Vs
w
it
h
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
lar
it
y
.
T
h
is
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tat
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
i
n
v
er
ti
n
g
cir
cu
it
Vo
=
-
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h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
a
n
i
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
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is
1
2
V
an
d
o
u
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t
v
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2
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u
r
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10
.
I
n
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tin
g
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ir
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t
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u
r
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11
.
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t v
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ca
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ito
r
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3.
VARIA
T
I
O
N
O
F
L
O
AD
A
ND
F
RE
Q
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O
N
CO
N
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RS
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O
N
CIR
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T
S
T
h
e
p
er
f
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m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
aid
cir
c
u
its
ar
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a
n
al
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ze
d
u
n
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er
d
if
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er
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t
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ad
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d
f
r
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o
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s
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F
ig
u
r
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ig
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1
1
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e
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.
T
h
e
in
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t
v
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s
co
n
s
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ar
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2
4
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an
d
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2
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h
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f
r
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en
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y
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o
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Hz
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v
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ied
f
r
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h
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v
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s
h
o
o
t
in
cr
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es
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i
th
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
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f
in
a
ll
y
s
ettle
d
o
w
n
to
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
al
u
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
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&
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4
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3
3476
(
a)
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b
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d
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u
r
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1
2
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a)
Su
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f
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e
n
c
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it
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
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(
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3477
4.
H
ARDWA
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RE
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L
T
S AN
D
DIS
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SS
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N
T
o
v
alid
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e
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i
m
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latio
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i
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f
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o
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d
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1
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r
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h
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tal
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u
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h
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Fi
g
u
r
e
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4
.
T
h
is
i
s
s
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m
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th
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es
o
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tain
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i
n
s
i
m
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lat
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n
.
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ab
le
1
.
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m
m
atio
n
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ir
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it
R
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f
o
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0
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Hz
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
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tp
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g
e
f
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s
u
m
m
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c
u
it
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1
.
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ria
ble lo
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d w
it
h f
ix
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re
qu
ency
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f
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z
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h
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1
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d
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ar
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s
s
h
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w
n
i
n
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ig
u
r
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1
5
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a
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d
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u
r
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1
5
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b
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.
in
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icate
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t
h
e
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n
f
l
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en
ce
o
f
a
v
ar
y
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g
lo
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n
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h
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o
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s
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f
1
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d
3
3
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e
s
h
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n
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t
i
s
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r
th
at,
t
h
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u
t
p
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g
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ch
a
n
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es
w
i
t
h
v
ar
i
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n
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ad
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ce
.
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h
e
co
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ar
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n
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et
w
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n
L
o
a
d
(
Ω
)
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a
l
c
u
l
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t
e
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t
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0
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1
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3
3
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4
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1
3
3
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4
6
3
2
.
1
4
3
0
3
4
.
2
3
3
3
.
6
7
3
2
.
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
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No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
4
7
1
–
3
4
8
3
3478
s
i
m
u
lated
a
n
d
h
ar
d
w
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e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
f
u
r
n
is
h
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
(
a
)
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u
t v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
1
0
0
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,
(
b
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tp
u
t v
o
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g
e
f
o
r
3
3
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ab
le
2
.
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m
m
atio
n
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ir
cu
it
R
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lt
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f
o
r
Var
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le
L
o
ad
L
o
ad
(
Ω
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C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
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t
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e
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l
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t
e
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g
e
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V
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100
3
3
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8
3
3
2
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8
8
3
0
.
9
330
3
4
.
3
6
3
3
.
9
1
3
2
.
1
430
3
4
.
4
3
4
.
0
2
3
2
.
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
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8
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8708
P
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ma
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o
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r
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f Mu
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p
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3479
4
.
2
.
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ria
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ix
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re
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ency
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f
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z
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h
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d
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tp
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ig
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16
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16
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b
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.
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1
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a.
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o
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o
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3
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T
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3
.
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t
is
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o
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t d
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s
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th
lo
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r
esis
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ce
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n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
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g
,
Vo
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8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
4
7
1
–
3
4
8
3
3480
(
a)
(
a)
Fig
u
r
e
17
.
(
a)
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t v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
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0
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b)
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u
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e
f
o
r
1
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ab
le
3
.
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m
m
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n
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ir
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it
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Var
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Fre
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s
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q
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k
H
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c
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v
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3
3
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0
9
3
1
.
5
2
3
0
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