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SS
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DOI
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3186
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rticle
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
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to
th
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ap
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d
ev
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tacu
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AVs,
I
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of
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s
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ch
er
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
i
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
e
ar
s
[
1
]
.
Mo
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
M
ANE
T
S)
is
a
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-
ce
n
tr
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w
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k
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ip
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r
astru
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tu
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s
s
n
et
w
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k
s
ex
p
a
n
d
th
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w
ir
e
less
r
a
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g
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b
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t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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f
t
h
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m
u
lti
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h
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p
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g
a
n
izatio
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o
n
th
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fly
w
i
th
o
u
t
a
n
y
ce
n
tr
al
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
[
2
]
.
M
A
NE
T
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
an
d
ea
s
il
y
a
n
d
q
u
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k
l
y
to
o
v
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co
m
e
th
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p
r
o
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le
m
s
,
m
a
k
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g
t
h
e
m
s
u
it
ab
le
f
o
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d
i
f
f
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en
t
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
i
litar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
]
,
d
is
aster
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
4
]
,
an
d
r
escu
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
MA
NE
T
s
h
av
e
b
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n
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
m
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s
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s
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e
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
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n
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
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to
co
ls
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to
d
is
co
v
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th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
e
f
f
ic
ien
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te
f
r
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m
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ce
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d
esti
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A
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q
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f
s
er
v
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(
Qo
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r
o
u
tin
g
is
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
tial
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
in
M
ANE
T
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
q
u
ali
t
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
MA
NE
T
s
n
ee
d
e
f
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
p
r
o
p
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r
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
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8708
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d
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r
k
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
A
O
DV,
DSD
V,
an
d
A
n
t
Ho
cNe
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
lato
r
N
S
-
2
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
R
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
o
f
A
O
DV
a
n
d
An
t
Ho
cNe
t
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
b
etter
th
an
th
e
D
SDV
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
9
]
.
P
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
R
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
er
e
ev
alu
a
ted
o
n
MA
NE
T
s
.
T
w
o
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
p
ee
d
.
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
in
d
i
ca
te
th
a
t
i
n
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
A
OD
V
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
an
DS
R
,
w
h
ile
O
L
S
R
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
eli
v
er
ed
p
ac
k
ets
[
1
0
]
.
SC
M,
F
C
M,
R
W
M,
an
d
HW
M
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
el
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
a
n
d
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
A
OD
V,
O
L
S
R
,
an
d
G
R
P
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
v
er
M
A
NE
T
s
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
p
au
s
e
ti
m
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
elay
,
a
n
d
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
Atte
m
p
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
ad
h
o
c
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
as
a
n
al
y
ze
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
Mo
b
ilit
y
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
s
w
er
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
.
R
es
u
lts
i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
A
O
DV
o
r
O
L
S
R
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
h
en
th
e
lo
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
M
A
N
E
T
s
w
a
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
a
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
A
O
DV
r
ea
cti
v
e
a
n
d
DSD
V
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
an
d
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
el
a
y
.
R
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
DS
DV
h
as
a
les
s
d
ela
y
as
co
m
p
ar
e
to
AODV
d
u
e
to
it
i
s
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
n
at
u
r
e,
w
h
ile
A
O
DV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
b
etter
th
a
n
DSDV
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
M
A
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
r
ea
cti
v
e,
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
ith
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
f
o
r
all
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
er
e
ar
e
s
m
all
c
h
an
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
v
al
u
es o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
atr
ices.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
in
ter
d
o
u
ce
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
A
O
DV
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
DSDV
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
,
an
d
A
OM
D
V
m
u
l
ti
-
p
at
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
v
er
MA
NE
T
s
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
Qo
S
m
e
tr
ics
.
Se
v
er
al
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
v
ar
y
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
n
o
o
f
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
t
o
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
r
ee
r
o
u
tin
g
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ac
cu
r
atel
y
.
S
ix
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
:
n
o
r
m
alize
d
r
o
u
t
in
g
lo
ad
(
NR
L
)
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ac
k
et,
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
,
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
,
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
I
n
itiall
y
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
n
o
t
a
w
ar
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
t
h
e
y
n
ee
d
to
d
is
co
v
er
it.
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
et.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
in
to
a
r
ea
ctiv
e,
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
MA
NE
T
s
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
it
h
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
.
DSDV
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
e
ll
-
k
n
o
w
n
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
tab
le
-
d
r
iv
en
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
n
M
ANE
T
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
DSDV
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
es
t
h
e
B
ell
m
a
n
-
Fo
r
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
ce
r
tai
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
E
v
er
y
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
in
cl
u
d
es
all
av
ai
lab
le
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
h
o
p
s
to
r
ea
ch
ea
ch
d
esti
n
at
io
n
,
Seq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
.
DSDV
u
s
e
s
b
o
th
tr
ig
g
er
ed
an
d
p
er
io
d
ic
r
o
u
ti
n
g
u
p
d
ates
to
m
ain
tain
tab
le
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
.
W
h
e
n
ch
an
g
es
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
d
etec
ted
,
T
r
ig
g
er
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
u
p
d
ates
ar
e
u
s
ed
s
o
th
at
a
ll
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
s
e
n
d
in
g
as
q
u
i
ck
l
y
as p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
9
]
.
A
O
DV
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
r
ea
ctiv
e
on
-
d
e
m
an
d
M
A
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
en
ab
les
s
elf
-
s
tar
tin
g
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
al
s
o
it
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
n
ica
s
t
a
n
d
m
u
l
ticast
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
AODV
allo
w
s
ac
ti
v
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
li
n
k
f
a
ilu
r
es
in
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
a
ti
m
el
y
m
a
n
n
er
a
n
d
allo
w
s
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
to
tak
e
o
u
t
r
o
u
tes
q
u
ic
k
l
y
t
h
a
t
ar
e
ac
ti
v
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
n
e
w
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
A
ODV
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
m
es
s
ag
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
A
O
D
V
u
s
e
s
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
es
s
a
g
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
o
u
t
e
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
s
(
R
R
E
Q
)
,
r
o
u
t
e
r
e
p
l
i
e
s
(
R
R
E
P
)
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
(
R
E
R
R
)
t
o
p
a
t
h
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
[
2
1
]
.
A
OM
DV
is
a
r
ea
cti
v
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
v
ec
to
r
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l a
n
d
an
ex
te
n
s
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
A
ODV
p
r
o
to
co
l to
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
lo
o
p
s
f
r
ee
a
n
d
li
n
k
d
is
ass
e
m
b
le
p
at
h
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
f
o
r
d
est
in
at
io
n
n
o
d
es
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
1
8
6
-
3192
3188
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
lis
t o
f
n
ex
t
h
o
p
s
.
I
n
A
OM
D
V,
all
th
e
n
ex
t
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
to
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
o
f
a
r
o
u
te.
An
ad
v
er
ti
s
ed
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
i
s
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
a
n
d
th
is
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
en
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
r
o
u
te
ad
v
er
tis
e
m
en
t
s
.
i
f
a
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
y
d
u
p
licate
r
o
u
te
ad
v
er
tis
e
m
e
n
t,
it d
ef
i
n
e
s
as a
n
alter
n
a
tiv
e
d
es
tin
at
io
n
p
at
h
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
MA
NE
T
s
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
AN
D
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
E
NV
I
RO
M
E
NT
S
3
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
env
iro
m
ent
s
a
nd
net
w
o
rk
t
o
po
lo
g
y
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
ea
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
ar
e
8
0
0
x
8
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
A
O
DV,
DSDV,
an
d
A
OM
D
V
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
it
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
1
0
,
2
0
,
30,
40,
5
0
n
o
d
e
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
is
s
et
to
f
o
u
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
est
in
at
io
n
n
o
d
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
th
en
n
o
d
es
m
o
v
e
w
it
h
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
in
t
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
el
to
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
d
esti
n
atio
n
an
d
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
p
ee
d
is
5
0
m
/
s
.
I
n
all
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ca
s
es,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
th
e
u
s
er
d
atag
r
a
m
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
UDP
)
w
h
i
le
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
T
r
af
f
ic
t
y
p
e
is
co
n
s
ta
n
t
b
it
r
ate
(
C
B
R
)
.
Net
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
N
S
-
3
w
as
u
s
ed
as
a
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
all
r
esear
ch
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ti
m
e
i
s
1
0
0
s
ec
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
ex
p
la
in
s
t
h
e
s
tep
s
u
s
ed
to
ex
ec
u
te
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Step
s
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
lo
w
3
.
2
.
Ro
uting
a
nd
qu
a
lity
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Q
o
S)
m
et
ric
s
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
an
d
Qo
S
m
e
tr
ics
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
an
a
l
y
ze
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
.
No
r
m
a
lized
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
ad
(
NR
L
)
:
it is
t
h
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
et
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
p
ac
k
ets
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ac
k
et
:
it r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
e
t f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
y
r
ela
y
i
n
g
n
o
d
es.
Dr
o
p
p
ac
k
ets:
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
e
t
d
r
o
p
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
d
u
e
to
lin
k
f
a
ilu
r
e
o
r
co
n
g
es
tio
n
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
:
I
t
is
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
to
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
en
t
.
E
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
e
l
a
y
:
i
t
i
s
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
t
i
m
e
a
p
a
c
k
e
t
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
t
s
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
t
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
(
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t:
it
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
et
s
in
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
s
d
i
v
id
i
n
g
b
y
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
ti
m
e
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
(
Kb
p
s
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
imu
la
tio
n
b
a
s
ed
co
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f ro
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
w
ir
eles
s
mu
ltih
o
p
a
d
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
A
l
i H
.
W
h
ee
b
)
3189
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
4.
1
.
No
r
m
a
lize
d r
o
uting
lo
a
d (
NRL)
a
nd
ro
uting
pa
c
k
et
s
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
NR
L
o
f
A
ODV
is
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
5
an
d
0
.
4
,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
at
o
f
D
SDV
i
s
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
0
3
8
an
d
0
.
2
2
8
w
h
ich
is
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
lo
w
er
.
A
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
t
h
e
NR
L
o
f
A
O
MD
V
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
v
a
lu
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
2
8
an
d
0
.
9
6
.
Hig
h
n
o
d
es
d
en
s
it
y
w
it
h
m
o
b
il
it
y
lead
s
to
m
o
r
e
li
n
k
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
r
o
u
te
d
is
c
o
v
er
y
,
r
esu
lt
in
g
in
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
as
w
ell
as
h
ig
h
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
DSDV
ac
h
ie
v
es
th
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
N
R
L
.
T
ab
l
e
s
1
an
d
2
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
A
OD
V,
DSDV
,
an
d
A
OM
D
V
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
NR
L
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
et
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
No
r
m
alize
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
l
o
ad
o
f
A
ODV,
DS
DV,
an
d
AOM
DV
T
ab
le
1
.
No
r
m
al
ized
r
o
u
tin
g
l
o
ad
v
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
n
o
d
e
s
N
o
r
mal
i
z
e
d
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
L
o
a
d
(
N
R
L
)
A
O
D
V
D
S
D
V
A
O
M
D
V
10
0
.
1
5
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
2
8
20
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
7
0
.
4
30
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
3
2
0
.
5
8
40
0
.
2
7
0
.
1
6
4
0
.
7
6
50
0
.
4
0
.
2
2
8
0
.
9
6
T
ab
le
2
.
R
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
ets
v
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
n
o
d
e
s
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
A
O
D
V
D
S
D
V
A
O
M
D
V
10
5
0
9
81
8
1
6
20
4
9
6
1
7
8
1
4
0
1
30
4
9
5
3
7
1
2
1
0
7
40
1
1
1
0
4
5
7
2
7
2
5
50
1
4
8
0
6
5
5
3
6
2
1
4.
2
.
Dro
p pa
ck
et
s
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
AODV
,
DS
DV,
an
d
AO
MD
V
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
o
cc
u
r
s
in
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
o
r
d
ata
r
a
te
co
n
g
est
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
b
o
th
A
ODV
an
d
A
OM
DV
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
r
o
p
s
p
ac
k
ets
less
th
a
n
DS
DV
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
r
o
u
te
p
ac
k
ets
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
also
i
f
t
h
e
li
n
k
f
ails
,
b
o
t
h
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O
DV
a
n
d
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OM
DV
ca
n
f
i
n
d
a
n
e
w
p
ath
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
w
it
h
i
n
f
e
w
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
A
ODV
h
a
s
t
h
e
f
e
w
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ac
k
ets
as
w
el
l
as
it
af
f
ec
ted
s
li
g
h
tl
y
b
y
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
AODV
,
DSD
V,
an
d
A
OM
DV
P
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ac
k
ets.
4.
3
.
P
a
ck
et
deliv
er
y
ra
t
io
(
P
DR)
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
e
liv
er
y
r
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o
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O
DV,
DSDV
,
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d
A
OM
DV
p
r
o
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ls
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
m
o
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ile
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
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y
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atio
f
r
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m
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i
s
g
r
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ter
th
a
n
DSD
V
an
d
A
OM
D
V
i
n
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
an
d
4
0
n
o
d
es.
AODV
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
r
o
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ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
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ls
.
I
n
5
0
n
o
d
es,
th
e
p
a
ck
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
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f
o
r
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OM
D
V
is
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er
y
h
i
g
h
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
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d
i
s
eq
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8
8
.
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6
6
.
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2
%
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d
8
6
.
1
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O
DV.
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v
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,
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h
e
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ac
k
e
t
d
eliv
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y
r
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io
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er
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w
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m
p
ar
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to
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ODV
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d
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o
n
-
d
e
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a
n
d
p
r
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ls
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all
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o
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e
s
d
en
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itie
s
.
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h
e
r
ea
s
o
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eh
in
d
h
av
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a
b
etter
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er
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m
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O
DV
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th
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ec
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h
e
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ata
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et
s
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e
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en
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o
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h
at
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te
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esti
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tio
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.
T
ab
le
4
d
is
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y
s
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co
m
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ar
is
o
n
o
f
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O
DV,
DSDV,
an
d
A
OM
D
V
P
r
o
to
co
ls
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ter
m
s
o
f
P
DR
.
4.
4
.
E
nd
t
o
end dela
y
T
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
o
f
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O
DV,
DSDV,
an
d
A
OM
DV
p
r
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co
ls
w
ith
v
ar
y
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n
g
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
au
s
e
ti
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e
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
t i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
t c
an
b
e
n
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ticed
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h
at
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p
r
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l h
as th
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t d
ela
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m
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e
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w
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r
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ls
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u
e
t
o
its
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u
ltip
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at
u
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
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MO
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p
r
o
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l
a
t
2
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o
d
es
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r
o
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es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
1
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6
-
3192
3190
th
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i
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u
m
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e
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r
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m
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n
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O
D
V
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d
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O
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n
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b
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r
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r
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O
D
V
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S
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V
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n
d
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V
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m
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d
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T
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Fig
u
r
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t
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er
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l
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m
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n
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r
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t.
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h
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e
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e
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r
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h
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n
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m
a
k
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p
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n
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l
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e
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g
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p
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t
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r
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er
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n
t
h
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g
h
p
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t
f
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r
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ODV.
T
ab
le
6
d
is
p
la
y
s
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
A
ODV,
D
SDV,
an
d
A
OM
DV
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
DR
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dr
o
p
p
ac
k
ets o
f
A
O
DV,
DSDV,
an
d
A
OM
DV
Fig
u
r
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5
.
P
ac
k
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d
eliv
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DV,
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d
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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in
s
e
v
er
al
m
o
d
er
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
I
n
te
lli
g
en
t
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
m
i
litar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
l
y
i
n
g
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
th
e
MA
NE
T
s
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
p
r
o
to
co
l to
d
eliv
er
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
a
b
ig
ch
allen
g
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
A
ODV,
DSD
V,
an
d
A
OM
D
V
i
n
MA
NE
T
s
w
it
h
v
ar
y
in
g
s
e
v
er
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
R
e
s
u
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
o
f
A
OM
DV
i
s
less
t
h
an
AODV
an
d
DS
DV.
W
h
iles
,
A
ODV
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
o
r
m
alize
d
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
ad
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
l
ik
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
r
o
u
t
in
g
m
etr
ics.
Fu
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
cl
u
d
es
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
an
d
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
en
er
g
y
m
etr
ics.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
F
ra
tt
a
,
M
.
G
e
rla,
a
n
d
K.
W
.
L
i
m
,
“
E
m
e
rg
in
g
tren
d
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
An
n
a
ls
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
3
,
n
o
.
9
-
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
-
5
4
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
T
.
K.
S
a
in
i
a
n
d
S
.
C.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
“
P
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
u
n
ica
st
ro
u
t
in
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
two
rk
s:
Crit
e
rio
n
,
c
las
si
f
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
k
e
y
a
tt
rib
u
tes
,
”
Ad
H
o
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
p
p
.
5
8
-
7
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
R.
Us
h
a
,
B.
S
.
P
re
m
a
n
a
n
d
a
,
a
n
d
K.
V
.
Re
d
d
y
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
m
il
it
a
r
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
telli
g
e
n
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICIC
CS
)
,
M
a
d
u
ra
i,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
3
-
1
0
6
8
.
[4
]
Y.
Ja
h
ir,
M
.
A
ti
q
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
H.
R
e
fa
i,
A
.
P
a
ra
n
jo
t
h
i,
a
n
d
P
.
G
.
Lo
P
re
sti
,
“
Ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
a
n
d
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
Disa
ste
r
A
re
a
Ne
t
w
o
rk
:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
S
.
S
.
A
n
ju
m
,
R.
M
.
No
o
r,
a
n
d
M
.
H.
A
n
isi,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
M
A
N
ET
Ba
se
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
sc
u
e
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s,”
W
ire
les
s P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
5
2
,
2
0
1
7
[6
]
J.
Ka
rlsso
n
,
L
.
S
.
Do
o
ley
,
a
n
d
G.
P
u
lk
k
is,
“
S
e
c
u
re
Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
S
y
ste
m
s,
”
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
6
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Fu
t
u
re
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
a
n
d
Cl
o
u
d
(
Fi
Clo
u
d
),
B
a
rc
e
lo
n
a
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
-
1
1
9
.
[7
]
M
.
S
.
P
a
th
a
n
,
N.
Zh
u
,
J.
He
,
Z.
A
.
Zard
a
ri,
M
.
Q.
M
e
m
o
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
I.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
“
A
n
e
ff
icie
n
t
tru
st
-
b
a
se
d
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
se
c
u
re
a
n
d
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
se
r
v
ice
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NET
s,”
Fu
tu
re
In
ter
n
e
t
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
D.
N.
Ka
n
e
ll
o
p
o
u
lo
s,
“
Qo
S
R
o
u
t
in
g
f
o
r
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
W
irel
e
ss
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
H
o
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
u
l
ti
me
d
ia
D
a
ta
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
2
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
C.
Bril
l
,
a
n
d
T
.
Na
sh
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
7
1
2
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
r
e
d
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
(
I
C
I
T
S
T
)
,
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
4
4
-
2
4
7
.
[1
0
]
M
.
U.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
b
b
a
s,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
u
sin
g
g
ro
u
p
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
e
l,
”
2
0
1
6
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
v
e
n
ti
v
e
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
ICICT
)
,
Co
im
b
a
to
re
,
In
d
ia,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[1
1
]
A
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
E.
Oz
e
n
,
a
n
d
H.
Ba
y
ra
m
o
g
lu
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
e
ls
o
n
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls,”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
N.
S
a
rm
a
h
,
Y.
L
.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
S
h
a
r
if
,
a
n
d
Y.
Qia
n
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
lo
a
d
,
”
2
0
1
5
9
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICS
PCS
)
,
Ca
irn
s,
QL
D,
A
u
stra
li
a
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[1
3
]
A
.
H.
W
h
e
e
b
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
1
-
5
1
8
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
A
.
H.
W
h
e
e
b
a
n
d
D.
N.
Ka
n
e
ll
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
S
im
u
late
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
CT
P
a
n
d
T
F
RC o
v
e
r
M
A
NE
T
s:
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
traff
ic
lo
a
d
a
n
d
n
o
d
e
s
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
ss
Da
ta
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
-
8
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
5
]
A
.
A
.
Ch
a
v
a
n
,
D.
S
.
K
u
r
u
l
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
U
.
D
e
r
e
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
A
O
D
V
a
n
d
D
S
D
V
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
n
M
A
N
E
T
a
n
d
M
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
A
O
D
V
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
B
l
a
c
k
H
o
l
e
A
t
t
a
c
k
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
,
p
p
.
8
3
5
-
8
4
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
D.
S
.
S
iso
d
ia,
R.
S
i
n
g
h
a
l,
a
n
d
V
.
K
h
a
n
d
a
l,
“
A
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
re
v
ie
w
o
f
In
tra
a
n
d
in
ter
-
g
ro
u
p
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ry
in
g
sp
e
e
d
o
f
n
o
d
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
1
-
2
7
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
D.
R.
M
o
h
se
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
Z
.
Ism
a
e
e
l,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
Us
in
g
F
u
z
z
y
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
t
w
o
rk
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
, v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
-
1
6
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
1
8
6
-
3192
3192
[1
8
]
S
.
Nik
a
m
,
a
n
d
B.
T
.
,
“
D
e
la
y
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
DSDV
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
u
si
n
g
NS
2
.
3
4
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
H.
Zem
r
a
n
e
,
Y.
Ba
d
d
i,
a
n
d
A
.
Ha
sb
p
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tran
s
p
o
rtati
o
n
sy
ste
m
:
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
th
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
0
,
n
o
.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
7
5
8
-
7
6
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
R.
v
a
n
G
lab
b
e
e
k
,
P
.
Hö
f
n
e
r,
M
.
P
o
rtm
a
n
n
,
a
n
d
W
.
L
.
Tan
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
v
e
rify
in
g
th
e
AO
DV
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
”
Distrib
u
ted
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
S
.
Ka
ti
y
a
r,
R.
G
u
jral,
a
n
d
B.
M
a
l
li
c
k
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
M
AN
ET
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
m
il
it
a
r
y
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
NS2
,
”
2
0
1
5
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Gr
e
e
n
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
I
n
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(
ICGCIo
T
)
,
G
re
a
ter No
id
a
,
In
d
ia,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
-
6
0
9
.
[2
2
]
I.
Ba
d
d
a
ri,
M
.
A
.
Riah
la,
a
n
d
M
.
M
e
z
g
h
ich
e
,
“
A
N
e
w
A
OMDV
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
P
ro
lo
n
g
i
n
g
Ro
u
ti
n
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
-
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
Ra
m
a
d
o
ss
P
ra
b
h
a
a
n
d
N.
Ra
m
a
r
a
j
,
“
A
n
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
m
u
lt
ip
a
th
M
A
NET
r
o
u
ti
n
g
u
si
n
g
li
n
k
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
sw
a
r
m
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
EURA
S
IP
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
N.
P
ra
th
v
iraj
,
a
n
d
S
.
L
.
De
sh
p
a
n
d
e
,
“
Ro
u
g
h
se
t
b
a
se
d
Q
o
S
e
n
a
b
led
m
u
lt
ip
a
t
h
so
u
rc
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
5
-
1
9
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
A
.
H.
W
h
e
e
b
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
V
o
IP
i
n
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
IJ
CNW
C)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
H.
A
lan
i,
M
.
A
b
d
e
lh
a
q
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
lsa
q
o
u
r,
“
D
y
n
a
m
ic
ro
u
ti
n
g
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
h
ig
h
m
o
b
il
it
y
i
n
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
2
-
3
7
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ali
H
.
W
h
e
e
b
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
De
g
r
e
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
i
n
2
0
1
4
.
A
lso
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
ro
m
o
ti
o
n
(L
e
c
tu
re
r)
in
2
0
1
9
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
L
e
c
tu
re
r
A
li
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
f
a
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
th
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
1
0
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
a
ls
a
n
d
o
n
e
Bo
o
k
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
re
v
ie
we
r
f
o
r
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
re
p
u
tati
o
n
jo
u
rn
a
ls
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
b
y
S
p
rin
g
e
r
Na
tu
re
,
El
se
v
ier,
IG
I,
a
n
d
IA
ES
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls,
Ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls,
M
A
NE
T
,
F
A
NE
T
S
,
w
irele
ss
n
e
t
wo
rk
,
W
S
N,
Io
T
,
a
n
d
Ne
t
w
o
rk
S
im
u
latio
n
NS
2
&
NS3
.
M
a
r
w
a
Ta
h
e
r
Na
se
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
De
g
re
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
in
2
0
1
6
.
A
ss
e
st
e
n
t
L
e
c
tu
re
r
M
a
r
w
a
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
th
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
2
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
a
ls.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
a
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls,
M
A
NET
,
W
S
N,
Io
T
,
a
n
d
NS2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.