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[
1
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3
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W
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[
4
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6
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[
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[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
3
0
5
1
-
3059
3052
Fin
all
y
,
h
ig
h
p
ea
k
to
a
v
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e
p
o
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is
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s
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w
it
h
OFD
M
[
9
]
.
Du
e
to
th
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af
o
r
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
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s
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w
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to
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ep
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e
I
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d
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b
lo
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s
[
1
0
]
.
Dis
cr
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m
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DW
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m
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al
s
ca
lled
w
a
v
el
ets
h
a
v
in
g
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
DW
T
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
b
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
als.
Si
n
ce
i
n
F
FT
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
i
g
n
als
o
n
l
y
o
v
er
l
ap
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
w
h
i
le
DW
T
-
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
s
o
v
er
lap
b
o
th
i
n
ti
m
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ain
s
,
s
o
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
C
P
as
i
n
t
h
e
F
FT
-
OFDM
c
ase.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
FF
T
,
w
h
ich
u
s
e
s
a
s
in
g
le
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
w
i
n
d
o
w
,
t
h
e
W
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
u
s
e
s
s
h
o
r
t
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
at
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
an
d
lo
n
g
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
at
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
.
T
h
at’
s
w
h
y
th
e
w
av
ele
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
L
o
w
P
ass
Fi
lter
(
L
P
F)
an
d
Hig
h
P
ass
Fil
ter
(
HP
F),
p
er
f
ec
t
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
als
is
ac
h
ei
v
ed
.
I
n
li
ter
atu
r
e,
th
ese
t
w
o
f
ilter
s
ar
e
also
ca
ll
ed
s
u
b
b
an
d
co
d
in
g
s
in
ce
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
als
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
u
b
-
s
ig
n
al
s
o
f
lo
w
a
n
d
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
.
A
w
a
v
elet
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
o
f
P
A
P
R
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e,
s
ev
er
al
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
et
w
e
en
DW
T
-
OFDM
an
d
FF
T
-
OF
DM
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
1
2
]
,
th
er
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
DW
T
-
OFDM
o
v
er
FFT
-
OFDM.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
O
FD
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
Dis
cr
et
e
W
av
elet
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
DW
T
-
OFDM,
Fo
r
w
ar
d
E
r
r
o
r
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
co
d
e
a
n
d
Vi
ter
b
i
d
ec
o
d
er
o
f
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
w
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
4
]
.
Oth
er
s
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
s
ev
er
al
m
o
t
h
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
w
a
v
elet
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
[
1
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
e
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
OF
DM
d
is
cr
ete
w
av
ele
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
b
o
th
ch
an
n
els
A
W
GN
an
d
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
ch
a
n
n
els,
t
h
e
y
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
s
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
r
ates.
Fin
al
l
y
,
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
[
1
5
]
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
DW
T
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
w
i
th
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
DFT
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
in
[
1
5
]
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
DW
T
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
th
an
DFT
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t in
[
1
5
]
w
as c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
eh
ic
les o
r
u
s
er
s
p
ee
d
s
.
P
r
atim
a,
et.
a
l
,
in
[
1
6
]
,
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
P
A
P
R
u
s
i
n
g
S
L
M
w
it
h
C
y
cl
ic
&
L
i
n
ea
r
b
lo
ck
co
d
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
P
A
P
R
f
o
r
th
e
DFT
b
ased
MC
-
C
D
M
A
an
d
DW
T
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
in
[
1
7
]
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
f
o
r
ev
er
y
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
le
v
el
to
o
b
tain
th
e
b
est
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
lev
el
f
o
r
e
ac
h
w
av
ele
t
f
a
m
il
y
,
an
d
th
eir
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
DW
T
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
clip
p
i
n
g
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
it
y
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
m
w
it
h
DW
T
-
OFDM
an
d
D
FT
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
U
n
li
k
e
o
u
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
s
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
P
A
P
R
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
DFT
-
an
d
DW
T
-
b
as
ed
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
i
s
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
DW
T
w
it
h
m
u
lt
icar
r
ier
s
y
s
te
m
as
a
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
DFT
in
a
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
DW
T
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
DFT
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
B
it E
r
r
o
r
R
ate
(
)
an
d
P
ea
k
to
A
v
er
a
g
e
P
o
w
er
R
atio
(
)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
2
,
w
e
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
F
FT
-
OFDM
.
DW
T
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
S
ec
tio
n
3
.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
4
,
M
u
lticar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
S
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
S
ec
tio
n
5
,
an
d
w
e
co
n
c
lu
d
e
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
in
S
ec
tio
n
6
.
2.
F
F
T
B
ASE
D
O
F
DM
SYST
E
M
U
s
in
g
o
f
D
is
cr
ete
Fo
u
r
ier
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
D
FT
)
to
p
ar
allel
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
eli
m
i
n
ates t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
an
k
s
o
f
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
el
o
s
cillato
r
s
a
n
d
co
h
er
en
t d
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
an
d
s
o
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
DFT
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
ca
lled
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
OFDM.
OFDM
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
ited
f
o
r
w
id
eb
an
d
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
As
y
m
m
etr
ic
Di
g
ita
l
Su
b
s
cr
ib
er
L
i
n
es (
A
D
S
L
)
,
an
d
HDT
V
ter
r
estrial
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
.
L
et
b
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
b
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
OF
DM
s
u
b
ch
an
n
els,
th
e
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
e
s
d
ata
b
its
to
m
o
d
u
late
e
ac
h
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
an
d
s
en
d
s
th
e
m
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
o
v
er
lo
w
er
s
y
m
b
o
l
r
ate
,
h
en
ce
ea
ch
b
it
n
o
w
ca
n
b
e
s
e
n
t
in
lo
n
g
er
s
y
m
b
o
l
d
u
r
atio
n
s
=
/
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
ca
r
r
ier
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
to
1
/
r
esu
l
tin
g
i
n
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ass
u
m
e
is
th
e
ℎ
b
it
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ℎ
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
=
+
,
th
en
t
h
e
OFDM
co
m
p
lex
s
ig
n
al
(
)
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
all
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
els
s
ig
n
al
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
(
)
=
∑
2
π
(
+
Δ
)
−
1
=
0
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
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SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
W
a
ve
let
b
a
s
ed
mu
ltica
r
r
ie
r
C
DMA
s
yste
m
(
N
a
s
s
e
r
Ha
ma
d
)
3053
Af
ter
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
(
)
at
1
/
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
r
ate,
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
i
n
(
1
)
is
r
ew
r
it
ten
as
(
)
=
∑
2
π
(
+
Δ
)
n
T
s
/
N
c
=
0
(
2
)
L
et
=
0
,
an
d
r
ec
all
th
at
=
1
,
th
e
n
(
)
=
∑
2
π
T
s
/
N
c
−
1
=
0
(
3
)
I
n
v
er
s
e
(
DFT
)
I
DF
T
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
OFDM
d
ata
b
lo
ck
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
3
)
an
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
b
y
I
n
v
er
s
e
Fas
t
Fo
u
r
ier
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
aster
a
n
d
less
co
m
p
lex
m
e
th
o
d
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
OFDM
A
s
y
s
te
m
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
A
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
id
e,
th
e
s
e
r
ial
in
p
u
t
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
i
s
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
p
ar
allel
d
ata,
b
its
at
a
ti
m
e
.
T
h
ese
b
its
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
a
in
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
t
h
eir
a
m
p
litu
d
e
s
an
d
p
h
ase
s
ar
e
th
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
ch
an
n
el
s
o
f
th
e
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
FF
T
th
en
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
to
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
p
ar
allel
d
ata
is
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
s
er
ial
d
ata
an
d
cy
c
lic
p
r
ef
i
x
ex
ti
n
ctio
n
i
s
ad
d
ed
to
elim
i
n
at
e
I
SI.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
i
s
th
en
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
t
o
an
alo
g
u
e
u
s
i
n
g
lo
w
p
as
s
f
il
ter
an
d
u
p
co
n
v
er
ted
to
OFD
M
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e,
af
ter
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
is
co
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e,
it
is
d
o
w
n
co
n
v
er
ted
a
n
d
d
ig
itized
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
y
clic
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
i
s
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
an
d
FF
T
o
p
er
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ar
allel
tim
e
d
o
m
a
in
s
a
m
p
le
s
to
r
ec
o
v
er
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
a
m
p
le
s
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
cir
cu
it.
I
t
is
w
o
r
t
h
y
to
m
e
n
ti
o
n
th
at
t
h
e
to
tal
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
b
lo
ck
d
u
r
atio
n
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
y
m
b
o
l
d
u
r
atio
n
p
lu
s
th
e
i
n
s
er
ted
c
y
c
lic
p
r
ef
i
x
i
n
ter
v
al
,
i.e
.
,
=
+
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
O
FDM
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
ef
f
icien
tl
y
u
s
in
g
I
F
FT
/FF
T
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
allit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
c
h
an
n
els
an
d
ca
n
ce
l
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
it
y
o
f
t
u
n
ed
s
u
b
c
h
a
n
n
els
r
ec
ei
v
er
f
ilter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
O
FDM
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
is
a
n
o
t
h
er
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
s
u
c
h
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
i
s
th
e
les
s
b
an
d
w
id
th
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
c
y
cl
ic
p
r
ef
ix
an
d
th
e
les
s
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
d
u
e
to
.
3.
DWT
B
AS
E
D
O
F
DM
SYST
E
M
T
h
e
I
FF
T
/FF
T
an
d
cy
clic
p
r
ef
i
x
b
lo
ck
s
at
th
e
O
FDM
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
w
i
th
I
DW
T
/DW
T
(
I
n
v
er
s
e
Dis
cr
ete
W
av
elet
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
)
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
w
a
v
elet
b
a
s
ed
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
C
o
n
tin
o
u
s
W
av
ele
t T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
C
W
T
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
,
)
=
∫
(
)
1
√
ѱ
∗
(
−
)
∞
−
∞
,
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
3
0
5
1
-
3059
3054
w
h
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
g
n
al
to
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
,
is
th
e
s
ca
le,
is
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
ѱ
is
th
e
m
o
t
h
er
wa
v
elet
an
d
is
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
ets
o
f
m
o
th
er
w
a
v
el
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w
i
th
d
if
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er
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n
t
p
r
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p
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ties
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at
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ak
e
t
h
e
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licati
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n
s
.
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h
e
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
y
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ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ap
p
ea
r
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i
n
s
ca
le
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
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n
w
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e
s
ca
le
co
n
tain
s
th
e
s
p
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tr
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m
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
1
/
)
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
(
h
ig
h
s
ca
les)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
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g
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b
al
in
f
o
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m
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o
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a
s
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n
al,
w
h
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s
h
ig
h
f
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eq
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en
c
ies (
lo
w
s
ca
les)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
d
etailed
in
f
o
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m
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n
o
f
a
h
id
d
en
p
atter
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in
t
h
e
s
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n
al
.
A
ti
m
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s
ca
le
r
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r
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o
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a
d
ig
i
tal
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n
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ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
g
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f
i
lter
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
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d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
co
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f
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n
t
ar
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co
m
p
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ted
w
i
t
h
a
f
ast
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o
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it
h
m
th
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t
ca
s
ca
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cr
ete
co
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v
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lu
tio
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w
it
h
ℎ
an
d
g
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
a
m
p
les
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
DW
T
,
i
ter
ativ
e
h
alf
b
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
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w
p
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s
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h
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h
p
as
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ter
s
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ℎ
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y
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p
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o
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th
e
d
is
cr
et
e
s
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n
al
[
]
in
ev
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y
le
v
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o
f
d
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o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
a
s
s
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o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
w
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s
d
is
cr
ete
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s
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tp
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o
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en
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b
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R
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f
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u
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2
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h
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ir
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g
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al
is
n
o
w
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
o
n
l
y
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al
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
He
n
ce
,
p
r
ec
is
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t
i
m
e
r
eso
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tio
n
at
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
at
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
.
E
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
i
n
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
[
]
=
∑
h
[
−
2
]
∞
=
−
∞
1
[
]
(
5
)
2
[
]
=
∑
g
[
−
2
]
∞
=
−
∞
1
[
]
(
6
)
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
Ma
llat
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
[
18
]
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
lev
el
o
f
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
s
i
g
n
al
[
]
.
T
h
e
DW
T
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al
i
s
t
h
en
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
ca
te
n
ati
n
g
all
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
,
an
d
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
last
le
v
el
o
f
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
i
n
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er
s
e
d
is
cr
ete
w
a
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s
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o
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m
I
DW
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th
at
r
ec
o
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u
ct
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e
o
r
ig
i
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al
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i
g
n
a
l
[
]
f
r
o
m
th
e
w
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e
let
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
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o
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im
at
io
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icie
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el
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r
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p
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led
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,
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ass
ed
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h
r
o
u
g
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th
e
lo
w
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as
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n
d
h
i
g
h
p
ass
s
y
n
t
h
es
is
f
ilter
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,
ℎ
1
an
d
g
1
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esp
ec
ti
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el
y
,
a
n
d
th
en
ad
d
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
1
[
]
=
∑
h
1
[
−
2
]
∞
=
−
∞
2
[
]
+
∑
g
1
[
−
2
]
∞
=
−
∞
2
[
]
(
7
)
4.
M
UL
T
I
CARR
I
E
R
SYS
T
E
M
A
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
co
m
b
i
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o
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m
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lticar
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is
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lled
a
MC
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i
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u
s
er
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h
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th
e
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a
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u
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d
e
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ep
ar
ate
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ch
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er
s
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ec
if
ic
d
ata.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
r
ate
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
ar
e
s
er
ial
to
p
a
r
allel
co
n
v
er
ted
to
g
et
a
p
a
r
allel
lo
w
r
ate
s
u
b
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
th
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
at
u
r
e
co
d
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ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
d
ata
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y
m
b
o
l
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
to
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
OF
DM
s
u
b
c
h
an
n
el.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
MC
-
C
DM
A
i
s
a
s
er
ial
co
n
ca
te
n
atio
n
o
f
DS
-
C
DM
A
a
n
d
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
t
h
e
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
b
ased
o
n
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
W
av
e
let
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
to
m
o
d
u
late
its
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
el
s
to
en
d
w
it
h
a
W
av
elet
o
r
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
W
a
ve
let
b
a
s
ed
mu
ltica
r
r
ie
r
C
DMA
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yste
m
(
N
a
s
s
e
r
Ha
ma
d
)
3055
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
av
elet
o
r
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
4
.
1
.
MC
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CD
M
A
s
y
s
t
em
m
o
del
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
p
ar
t
o
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M
C
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DM
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o
r
a
u
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t
h
e
u
p
l
in
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
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n
e
ac
ti
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er
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th
e
d
o
w
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li
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k
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is
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io
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h
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n
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r
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tiv
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er
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d
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en
o
te
th
e
s
in
g
le
co
m
p
le
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alu
ed
d
ata
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m
b
o
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d
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
i
g
n
at
u
r
e
co
d
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
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e
u
s
er
k
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
er
e
=
〈
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
〉
an
d
is
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
(
So
m
eti
m
e
s
it
is
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
g
ai
n
w
h
ich
is
t
h
e
r
ati
o
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et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
b
i
t
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
ch
ip
d
u
r
atio
n
)
.
I
f
th
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
s
er
ial
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
ls
is
=
1
/
,
th
en
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
s
er
ial
s
p
r
ea
d
d
ata
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w
h
er
e
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v
e
n
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y
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=
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−
1
=
0
=
〈
0
,
1
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…
,
−
1
〉
.
(
8
)
T
h
e
s
p
r
ea
d
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
ar
e
s
er
ial
to
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ar
allel
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n
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to
m
o
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u
late
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u
b
ca
r
r
ier
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o
f
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h
e
OFDM
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y
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te
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u
s
i
n
g
e
it
h
er
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F
FT
o
r
I
DW
T
,
i.e
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ea
ch
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
is
s
p
r
ea
d
o
v
er
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
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n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
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r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
g
ai
n
eq
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als
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
OF
DM
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
o
n
e
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
p
er
u
s
er
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
i
n
o
n
e
OFDM
s
y
m
b
o
l.
I
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e,
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
s
e
OFD
M
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
al
l
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
co
n
v
o
lv
ed
w
it
h
ch
an
n
el
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
r
esp
o
n
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e
ℎ
(
)
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
ad
d
itiv
e
w
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ite
Ga
u
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
A
W
GN
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
P
r
o
v
id
ed
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at
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
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is
lar
g
e
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n
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th
e
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u
ar
d
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ter
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al
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n
g
en
o
u
g
h
to
ab
s
o
r
b
s
all
t
h
e
ec
h
o
es
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n
o
I
SI)
,
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
r
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o
n
s
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
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r
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ier
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n
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e
m
o
d
eled
as
a
f
lat
f
ad
in
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ch
a
n
n
el
an
d
t
h
e
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e
d
s
ig
n
a
l a
f
ter
t
h
e
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
=
∑
−
1
=
0
+
=
〈
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
〉
,
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
ef
f
ici
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
ch
a
n
n
els
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
s
er
,
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
(
8
)
an
d
is
th
e
n
o
i
s
e
v
ec
to
r
o
f
le
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
i
n
th
e
MC
-
C
DM
A
ca
n
b
e
w
r
i
tten
a
s
=
+
=
〈
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
〉
,
(
1
0
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
×
ch
a
n
n
el
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
v
ec
to
r
th
at
is
f
ed
to
a
d
ata
d
etec
to
r
to
esti
m
at
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itten
as,
=
∑
∑
−
1
=
0
−
1
=
0
+
∑
−
1
=
0
.
(
1
1
)
I
n
s
i
n
g
le
u
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
s
tr
at
eg
y
,
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
v
ec
to
r
is
co
m
p
en
s
a
ted
u
s
in
g
s
i
m
p
le
m
u
ltip
lier
eq
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aliza
tio
n
w
it
h
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
d
o
m
a
in
g
ain
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
,
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d
th
en
d
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
i
n
g
co
d
e
′
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
o
f
in
ter
est
′
to
g
et
th
e
n
o
is
y
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
′
′
as
′
′
=
∑
∑
′
−
1
=
0
−
1
=
0
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′
−
1
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0
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′
∑
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∑
∑
′
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1
=
0
−
1
=
0
≠
′
+
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′
−
1
=
0
.
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ter
m
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
d
esire
d
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ter
m
is
t
h
e
m
u
lti
p
le
ac
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s
s
in
ter
f
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e
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ce
(
M
A
I
)
,
an
d
t
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e
la
s
t
o
n
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i
s
t
h
e
n
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s
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m
p
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e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
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a
n
ce
o
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th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
m
u
lti
u
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
u
s
e
s
all
t
h
e
a
v
ailab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
t
h
e
r
e
ce
iv
er
,
s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
3
0
5
1
-
3059
3056
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
co
d
es
o
f
all
th
e
u
s
e
r
s
an
d
t
h
eir
c
h
an
n
el
i
m
p
u
ls
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
k
n
o
w
n
m
u
ltiu
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
i
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
d
ete
ctio
n
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
ce
latio
n
th
at
d
etec
t
s
an
d
s
u
b
tr
ac
t
s
th
e
in
ter
f
er
in
g
s
i
g
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
ef
o
r
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
o
f
i
n
t
er
est
,
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
etail
s
o
n
m
u
lti
u
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
an
d
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es [
1
9
,
20
]
.
4
.
2
.
P
ea
k
t
o
a
v
er
a
g
e
po
w
er
r
a
t
io
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
v
elo
p
e
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
OF
D
M
s
i
g
n
al
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ea
k
to
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
r
atio
g
iv
e
n
b
y
=
{
|
|
2
}
[
1
∑
|
|
2
−
1
=
0
]
⁄
,
(
1
3
)
w
h
er
e
i
,
=
0
,
1
,
…
.
,
−
1
ar
e
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
t
h
e
OFDM
s
i
g
n
al
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
d
is
cr
ete
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
I
D
FT
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
d
i
s
cr
ete
w
a
v
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tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
I
DW
T
.
Hig
h
P
A
P
R
is
ac
tu
a
ll
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n
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n
tr
i
v
ial
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
O
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
th
e
an
a
lo
g
to
d
ig
ital
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
to
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
r
ed
u
c
es
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
am
p
li
f
ier
,
i.e
.
w
h
e
n
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
ig
n
al
tr
av
er
s
es
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
i
n
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
to
a
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
it
r
esu
lts
in
a
h
ig
h
o
u
t
o
f
b
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
p
o
w
er
,
u
n
le
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
’
s
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
ex
h
ib
its
a
n
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
h
i
g
h
lin
ea
r
it
y
w
h
ic
h
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
ac
h
ie
v
e,
an
d
s
o
s
e
v
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Ou
r
m
ai
n
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
to
g
i
v
e
a
f
u
ll
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
w
av
e
let
b
ased
MC
-
C
D
MA
a
n
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
i
th
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
MC
-
C
D
MA
i
n
b
o
th
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
a
n
d
u
p
lin
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
an
d
u
p
li
n
k
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
b
o
th
th
e
w
a
v
elet
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
MC
-
C
D
MA
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
s
ed
th
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
W
als
h
co
d
es
g
en
er
ate
d
u
s
i
n
g
Had
a
m
ar
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
to
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
u
s
er
s
d
ata.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
ar
e
M
-
Q
A
M
a
n
d
M
-
P
SK
an
d
w
e
ap
p
lied
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
u
s
er
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
i
s
m
o
d
eled
as
A
d
d
iti
v
e
W
h
ite
Ga
u
s
s
ian
No
i
s
e
A
W
GN
C
h
a
n
n
el.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
MC
-
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
D
a
t
a
l
e
n
g
t
h
1
8
0
K
b
i
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
1
2
8
,
2
5
6
,
5
1
2
,
1
0
2
4
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
u
se
r
s
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
M
-
Q
A
M
,
M
-
PSK
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
S
i
n
g
l
e
u
se
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
d
e
s
O
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
d
e
s (W
a
l
sh
)
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
D
o
w
n
l
i
n
k
a
n
d
U
p
l
i
n
k
I
n
t
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
w
e
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
v
elet
b
ased
M
C
-
C
DM
A
o
v
er
t
h
e
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
o
n
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
an
d
P
A
P
R
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
w
a
v
elet
f
a
m
ilie
s
,
m
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
ar
iab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
as
g
iv
e
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
w
a
v
elet
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
(
Haa
r
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
a
n
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ase
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
M
-
P
SK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
o
v
er
th
e
A
W
GN
c
h
an
n
el
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
w
av
e
let
s
y
s
te
m
is
b
etter
th
a
n
t
h
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
M
-
QA
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
in
b
o
th
u
p
lin
k
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
l
in
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
D
if
f
er
en
t
w
a
v
elet
f
a
m
ilies
s
u
ch
as
Dau
b
ec
h
ies,
S
y
m
l
ets,
B
io
r
th
o
g
o
n
al,
r
ev
er
s
e
B
io
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
an
d
C
o
if
let
s
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
d
is
cr
ete
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
w
i
th
d
is
cr
ete
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
w
h
er
e
4
0
0
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
i
n
5
1
2
-
ch
a
n
n
el
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
f
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
v
er
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
o
n
e
,
it
also
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
'
Haa
r
'
h
as
th
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
t
h
e
wav
elet
f
a
m
ilies
.
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u
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u
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er
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Fig
u
r
e
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E
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p
er
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d
if
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er
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8
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
0
S
N
R
BER
F
F
T
B
P
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D
W
T
B
P
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F
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K
F
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8
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8
-
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T
1
6
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T
1
6
-
P
S
K
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2
4
6
8
10
12
14
10
-5
10
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10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
S
N
R
(
a
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u
p
l
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BER
F
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4
-
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M
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F
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1
6
-
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T
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6
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M
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10
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10
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10
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S
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8
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M
F
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3
2
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M
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T
3
2
-
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M
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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10
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10
0
S
N
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BER
FFT
D
W
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H
a
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o
r
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r
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2
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g
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s
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-
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Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
w
a
v
elet
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
b
ased
MC
-
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DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
th
e
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
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d
u
p
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n
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s
m
i
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at
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
a
n
d
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fro
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
,
o
n
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
t
h
e
is
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
b
o
th
ca
s
es
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
W
av
elet
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
is
s
li
g
h
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
tio
n
al
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
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s
in
t
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e
d
o
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n
k
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
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io
n
w
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s
,
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n
th
e
u
p
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n
k
tr
a
n
s
m
i
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t
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e
o
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n
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n
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n
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tr
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n
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m
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ier
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.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
PAPR
p
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o
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m
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6.
CO
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SI
O
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p
ap
er
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a
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ll
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p
ar
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et
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er
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ased
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te
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d
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ier
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ased
MC
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s
y
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m
o
v
er
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AW
GN
in
ter
m
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o
f
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d
w
as
m
a
d
e.
T
h
e
r
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lts
s
h
o
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t
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e
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ased
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er
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r
ier
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J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
2
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
3
9
5
5
-
3
9
6
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
S
.
G
.
M
a
ll
a
t
,
“
M
u
t
ires
o
lu
t
io
n
A
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
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a
v
e
let
Ort
h
o
n
o
rm
a
l
Ba
e
s
o
f
L
2
(
R
)
,”
T
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
Ame
ric
a
n
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
3
1
5
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
69
-
87
,
1
9
8
9
.
[1
9
]
S
.
V
e
rd
u
,
“
M
u
lt
iu
se
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
,”
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
UK
.
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
0
]
H.
Na
ss
e
r
a
n
d
T
.
Ha
sh
im
o
to
,
“
Re
v
e
rs
e
li
n
k
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
a
w
irel
e
ss
m
u
lt
i
m
e
d
ia
CDM
A
s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
g
a
in
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
c
o
n
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
w
it
h
CCI
c
a
n
c
e
ll
e
r
,”
I
EICE
T
ra
n
s.
Fu
n
d
a
me
n
ta
ls
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
8
4
(A
)
,
pp.
3
4
7
-
355
,
2
0
0
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Na
ss
e
r
A.
H
a
m
a
d
wa
s
b
o
rn
Na
b
lu
s,
P
a
les
ti
n
e
o
n
A
u
g
u
st
1
5
,
1
9
6
7
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
S
C
a
n
d
P
h
D.
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
El
e
c
tro
-
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
T
o
k
y
o
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
,
in
1
9
9
8
,
a
n
d
2
0
0
1
.
He
is
n
o
w
a
n
As
so
c
iate
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
o
f
Ra
s
A
l
Kh
a
i
m
a
h
,
Ra
s
A
l
Kh
a
im
a
h
,
U
A
E.
His
m
a
in
in
tere
sts
a
r
e
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Ce
ll
u
lar
m
o
b
il
e
s
y
ste
m
s a
n
d
d
a
ta se
c
u
rit
y
a
n
d
st
e
g
a
n
o
g
ra
p
h
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
M
a
e
n
Ta
k
r
u
r
i
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(UT
S
),
S
y
d
n
e
y
in
2
0
1
0
.
He
a
lso
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
BS
c
a
n
d
M
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
Jo
rd
a
n
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
n
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
th
e
Ch
a
irm
a
n
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
t
ro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
Am
e
rica
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ra
s
A
l
Kh
a
i
m
a
h
(A
UR
AK
).
He
h
a
s
a
w
id
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
th
a
t
in
c
lu
d
e
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
d
a
ta
f
u
sio
n
,
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
targ
e
t
trac
k
in
g
,
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
s
y
ste
m
s,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
.
M
a
h
d
i
B
a
r
h
o
u
sh
re
c
e
iv
d
h
is
M
S
c
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
f
o
r
m
a
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
R
WT
H
A
a
c
h
e
n
–
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
i
n
2
0
1
5
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
BS
c
i
n
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
th
e
A
ra
b
Am
e
ric
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
–
P
a
les
ti
n
e
.
His
m
a
in
in
tres
ts
in
c
lu
d
e
Cy
p
e
r
-
P
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
Distrib
u
te
d
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
.
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