I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
,
p
p
.
1530
~
1
5
3
7
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
7
i
3
.
p
p
1
5
3
0
-
1537
1530
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
Cha
ra
cter
isti
cs o
f
Minera
l
O
il
-
ba
se
d Nano
fluids
for
Po
w
er
Tra
nsfo
r
m
e
r Ap
p
lica
tion
I
.
H
.
Z
a
k
a
ria
1
,
M
.
H
.
Ah
m
a
d
2
,
Y.
Z
.
Ar
ie
f
3
,
N.
A.
Aw
a
ng
4
,
N.
A.
Ah
m
a
d
5
1,
2,
3,
4
,
5
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
C
u
rre
n
t
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
8
1
3
1
0
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
7
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
5
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
29
,
2
0
1
7
T
re
n
d
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
n
a
n
o
m
a
ter
ial
-
b
a
se
d
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
sh
o
w
m
o
st
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
w
o
rk
s
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
ly
o
n
th
e
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
b
u
t
li
m
it
e
d
stu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s.
S
in
c
e
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
stil
l
c
a
n
p
ro
d
u
c
e
th
e
se
d
im
e
n
tatio
n
,
th
u
s
th
e
c
o
ld
-
a
tm
o
sp
h
e
ric
p
re
ss
u
re
p
las
m
a
m
e
th
o
d
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
to
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
ly
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
S
il
ico
n
Dio
x
id
e
(
S
iO
2
)
n
a
n
o
f
il
ler
in
o
rd
e
r
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
th
e
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s.
T
h
e
A
C
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
stre
n
g
th
o
il
sa
m
p
les
b
e
f
o
re
a
n
d
a
f
ter
m
o
d
if
ica
ti
o
n
we
re
m
e
a
su
re
d
.
It
w
a
s
fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
p
las
m
a
trea
t
e
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
e
r
A
C
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
p
u
re
o
i
l
a
n
d
u
n
trea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s.
A
lso
,
F
o
u
rier
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
In
f
ra
r
e
d
(F
T
IR)
S
p
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
u
se
d
in
th
is
stu
d
y
to
a
n
a
ly
s
e
th
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
f
o
il
sa
m
p
les
.
It
is
e
n
v
isa
g
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
a
d
d
e
d
sili
c
a
n
a
n
o
f
il
ler
h
a
s
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
e
ff
e
c
t
o
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
th
e
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
w
h
ich
w
o
u
ld
e
n
a
b
le
t
o
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
c
las
s
o
f
li
q
u
i
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
f
o
r
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Min
er
al
o
il
Nan
o
f
l
u
id
s
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
P
las
m
a
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
d
Haf
izi
Ah
m
ad
,
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
H
ig
h
Vo
lta
g
e
&
H
ig
h
C
u
r
r
en
t (
I
V
A
T
)
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
al
a
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
,
8
1
3
1
0
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
E
m
ail:
m
o
h
d
h
af
iz
i@
u
t
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
in
tai
n
i
n
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
a
m
aj
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
P
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
cr
u
cia
l
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
w
h
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
d
itio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
s
u
s
tai
n
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
n
s
u
lat
io
n
i
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
o
lid
an
d
liq
u
id
d
i
elec
tr
ics
w
h
ich
p
la
y
m
aj
o
r
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
li
f
eti
m
e.
T
h
e
w
o
r
ld
'
s
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
p
etr
o
leu
m
o
il
f
o
r
ce
n
tu
r
ie
s
i
n
m
a
n
y
ar
ea
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
,
an
d
ele
ctr
icit
y
.
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
m
a
i
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
s
u
latio
n
m
at
er
ial
f
o
r
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
I
n
1
8
9
2
,
Gen
er
al
E
lectr
ic
h
ad
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
m
in
er
al
o
il
as
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
o
lan
t
[
1
]
.
Min
er
al
o
il
w
h
ich
i
s
r
ef
i
n
ed
f
r
o
m
p
etr
o
leu
m
i
s
a
g
o
o
d
in
s
u
lati
n
g
m
ater
ial
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
g
o
o
d
el
ec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
ag
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
,
lo
w
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
,
lo
w
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
(
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
)
an
d
lo
w
v
is
co
s
it
y
.
M
i
n
er
al
o
il
h
a
s
m
u
c
h
b
etter
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ate
th
a
n
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
o
lid
in
s
u
lati
n
g
m
ater
ial
an
d
it
h
as
al
s
o
b
etter
s
elf
-
h
ea
l
in
g
af
t
er
a
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
i
n
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il a
r
e
co
m
p
l
ex
m
ix
tu
r
es
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
s
.
Fo
r
a
lo
n
g
ter
m
ap
p
licatio
n
,
it
is
ess
e
n
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
an
d
th
e
th
er
m
a
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
[
3
]
.
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
e
n
g
th
an
d
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
ils
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
liq
u
id
n
a
m
el
y
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
.
T
h
e
ter
m
“n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
”
w
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
at
t
h
e
A
r
g
o
n
n
e
Natio
n
al
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
r
e
f
er
s
to
a
t
wo
-
p
h
ase
m
ix
t
u
r
e
[
4
]
,
co
n
tain
i
n
g
a
liq
u
id
p
h
ase
w
h
i
ch
is
th
e
h
o
s
t,
a
n
d
d
is
p
er
s
ed
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
.
A
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
is
a
h
ea
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f Min
era
l O
il
b
a
s
ed
N
a
n
o
flu
id
s
fo
r
P
o
w
er Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer A
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
I
.
H.
Za
ka
r
ia
)
1531
tr
an
s
f
er
f
lu
id
,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
a
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
n
an
o
-
s
ized
m
ater
ials
(
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle,
n
an
o
f
ib
er
s
,
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
es,
n
an
o
w
ir
e
s
,
n
an
o
r
o
d
s
o
r
n
an
o
s
h
ee
ts
)
ar
e
s
tab
l
y
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
in
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
f
l
u
i
d
(
s
u
ch
as
m
i
n
er
al
o
il,
w
a
ter
o
r
eth
y
le
n
e
g
l
y
co
l)
[
2
]
.
Hu
i
f
ei
et
al.
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
-
b
ase
d
s
ilica
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
Si
O
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
n
er
al
o
il [
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
ed
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
r
s
lu
d
g
e
is
a
m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
o
cc
u
r
s
in
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
I
m
p
r
o
p
er
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
w
o
u
ld
r
es
u
lt
in
s
ed
i
m
e
n
tat
io
n
w
h
ic
h
ev
e
n
t
u
all
y
lead
i
n
g
to
n
o
n
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticl
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
as
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
ap
p
licatio
n
.
P
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
c
h
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
ts
o
r
d
is
p
er
s
an
ts
ca
n
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
s
ed
i
m
e
n
t
is
s
u
e
in
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
.
A
d
d
in
g
d
is
p
er
s
a
n
ts
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
ater
ial
s
is
an
ea
s
y
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
et
h
o
d
b
u
t
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
ta
n
t
s
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
also
a
b
ig
co
n
ce
r
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
t
s
ca
n
av
o
id
ea
r
l
y
s
ed
i
m
en
tatio
n
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
th
e
e
x
ac
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
ta
n
ts
ad
d
ed
to
p
ar
ticle
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
e
i
s
r
e
m
ain
ed
a
q
u
esti
o
n
.
A
ls
o
,
it
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ab
le
as
a
m
aj
o
r
ch
allen
g
e
to
s
elec
t
s
u
i
tab
le
s
u
r
f
a
ctan
ts
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
t
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
h
as
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
d
i
s
p
er
s
io
n
b
u
t
lo
w
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ea
ctiv
it
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
f
iller
s
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
in
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
Mo
s
tl
y
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
ts
ar
e
ac
id
b
ased
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
if
an
ag
e
in
g
h
ap
p
en
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
g
ein
g
r
ate
w
o
u
ld
b
ec
o
m
e
m
u
c
h
f
a
s
ter
an
d
th
e
ac
id
it
y
w
o
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
er
eb
y
af
f
ec
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
lati
n
g
p
ap
er
in
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
I
n
v
ie
w
o
f
f
o
r
eg
o
in
g
,
th
is
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
w
h
ic
h
m
o
d
if
ie
s
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticl
es.
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
la
s
m
a
s
h
av
e
a
w
id
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
.
Y
an
et
al.
[
9
]
r
eso
lv
ed
ag
g
lo
m
er
ate
is
s
u
es
i
n
n
an
o
m
i
x
t
u
r
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
er
m
al
l
y
n
o
n
-
eq
u
il
ib
r
iu
m
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
s
ilica
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
Ki
m
e
t
al.
clai
m
ed
t
h
at
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
w
i
th
d
esire
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ali
ties
ca
n
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
i
n
ter
ac
t
w
i
th
liq
u
id
m
o
lecu
le
s
w
it
h
b
etter
d
is
p
er
s
ed
in
to
th
e
b
ase
f
lu
id
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
tab
le
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
co
ld
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
ca
n
m
o
d
if
y
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
o
f
th
e
s
ilica
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
to
en
h
an
ce
th
ei
r
co
m
p
atib
il
it
y
w
i
th
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
an
d
r
eliab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il.
B
esid
es,
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
t
s
ca
n
b
e
e
li
m
i
n
ated
t
h
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
-
b
ased
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
e
e
lectr
ical
a
n
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
-
b
ased
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t [
1
0
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
H
y
r
ax
H
y
p
er
tr
an
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
is
a
p
r
em
i
u
m
u
n
i
n
h
ib
it
ed
m
i
n
er
al
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
il
m
a
d
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
ev
er
el
y
h
y
d
r
o
-
tr
ea
ted
w
ax
-
f
r
ee
n
ap
h
t
h
en
ic
o
il
w
h
ich
is
g
o
o
d
as
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
an
d
a
co
o
lan
t.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
b
ase
o
il
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
il
ica
(
SiO
2
)
n
an
o
f
iller
s
w
er
e
p
u
r
c
h
ased
f
r
o
m
Sig
m
a
A
ld
r
ic
h
w
ith
m
ea
n
d
r
y
p
ar
tic
le
s
ize
o
f
1
2
n
m
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
it
h
0
.
0
5
w
t%
an
d
0
.
1
w
t
%
w
er
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
v
is
co
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
test
s
.
2
.
2
.
Na
no
f
lui
ds
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n
T
w
o
-
s
tep
m
et
h
o
d
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
et
h
o
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
in
lar
g
e
s
ca
l
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
n
an
o
p
o
w
d
er
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
e
en
s
ca
le
d
u
p
to
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lev
el
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
t
w
o
-
s
tep
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
-
b
ased
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
ir
s
tl
y
w
ei
g
h
ed
.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
i
n
itial
l
y
d
is
p
er
s
ed
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
il.
T
h
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e
w
as
s
tirr
ed
w
ith
a
m
a
g
n
et
ic
s
tirr
er
f
o
r
w
it
h
i
n
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes
an
d
th
e
n
s
o
n
icat
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
g
o
o
d
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
ix
t
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
ilica
n
an
o
f
i
ller
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
0
.
1
%
an
d
0
.
0
5
%
m
ass
f
r
ac
tio
n
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
1
0
0
% b
y
w
ei
g
h
t o
f
b
ase
f
l
u
id
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
lo
w
h
u
m
id
it
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il,
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
w
er
e
d
r
ied
f
o
r
at
least
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
in
a
v
ac
u
u
m
o
v
e
n
at
6
0
º
C
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
co
n
d
itio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
u
n
tr
e
ated
a
n
d
tr
ea
ted
s
ilica
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
Af
ter
1
4
d
ay
s
,
th
e
s
ed
i
m
en
tatio
n
s
w
er
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
a
m
p
les
w
h
ile
n
o
s
ed
i
m
en
t
atio
n
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
p
la
s
m
a
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s
a
m
p
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
5
3
0
–
1
5
3
7
1532
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
-
b
as
ed
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Min
er
al
o
il
-
b
ased
Si
O
2
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
a
f
ter
1
4
d
ay
s
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
: (
a)
u
n
tr
ea
ted
s
ilic
a/
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
,
(
b
)
tr
ea
ted
s
ilica/
m
in
er
al
o
il n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
2
.
3
.
P
la
s
m
a
T
r
ea
t
m
e
nt
o
f
t
he
Na
no
f
illers
T
h
e
s
ilica
n
a
n
o
f
il
ler
s
w
er
e
tr
ea
ted
u
s
i
n
g
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
las
m
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
w
er
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
t
h
e
n
an
o
f
iller
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
a
v
o
i
d
ea
r
l
y
s
ed
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
cc
u
r
i
n
t
h
e
o
il.
T
h
e
co
ld
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
a
ir
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
w
a
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
5
0
Hz
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
1
0
k
Vr
m
s
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
w
a
s
9
-
10
W
.
T
h
e
p
las
m
a
s
et
u
p
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
g
las
s
p
lates
an
d
th
e
n
an
o
f
iller
s
w
as
p
lace
d
in
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
late
s
.
A
ti
n
co
ated
co
p
p
er
co
il
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
a
s
p
la
ce
d
2
m
m
ab
o
v
e
th
e
to
p
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
la
y
er
.
Air
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
g
a
s
f
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
r
ea
t
m
en
t
ti
m
e
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ti
m
e
3
0
m
in
u
te
s
.
T
h
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
s
t
ir
r
ed
f
o
r
3
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
at
e
v
er
y
5
m
i
n
u
te
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
to
obt
ain
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
p
las
m
a
t
r
ea
t
m
en
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
et
-
u
p
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t,
th
e
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
i
lle
r
s
w
er
e
m
ix
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
ase
o
il a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
w
o
s
tep
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
co
ld
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
-
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
p
las
m
a
r
ea
cto
r
P
u
r
e
M.Oil
0
.
1
%
w
t
S
i
O
2
+M.O
0
.
0
5
% wt
S
i
O
2
+M.O
se
d
im
e
n
tatio
n
P
u
r
e
M.Oil
0
.
1
%
w
t
S
i
O
2
+M.O
0
.
0
5
% wt
S
i
O
2
+M.O
No
se
d
im
e
n
tatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f Min
era
l O
il
b
a
s
ed
N
a
n
o
flu
id
s
fo
r
P
o
w
er Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer A
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
I
.
H.
Za
ka
r
ia
)
1533
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
A
C
B
re
a
k
do
w
n Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
est
T
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
te
s
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
C
6
0
1
5
6
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
te
s
t
ce
ll
f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
Hae
f
el
y
,
DM
I
5
5
1
)
w
it
h
o
p
er
atin
g
ter
m
i
n
al
(
Hae
f
el
y
,
OT
2
7
6
)
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
s
p
h
er
ical
b
r
ass
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
it
h
2
.
5
m
m
g
ap
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
r
is
e
w
as
2
k
V/s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
A
C
b
r
e
ak
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
lu
i
d
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
s
ee
n
th
at
t
h
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
i
th
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
.
T
h
e
tr
e
ated
0
.
1
w
t%
s
ilica
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
y
ield
s
h
i
g
h
e
s
t r
es
u
lt
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
a
m
p
les.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
T
est ce
ll f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
tes
t,
(
b
)
Dig
ital
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t (
DM
I
5
5
1
)
w
it
h
o
p
er
atin
g
ter
m
i
n
al
(
OT
2
7
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles.
As
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
,
t
h
e
p
las
m
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
d
icatio
n
t
r
ea
t
m
en
t
o
f
s
ilica
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
h
ig
h
er
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
0
.
1
w
t%
a
n
d
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
h
a
v
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
i
n
a
b
o
u
t
3
5
.
3
3
%
an
d
2
5
.
4
%
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
u
r
e
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
W
h
ils
t,
th
e
0
.
1
w
t%
a
n
d
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
u
n
tr
ea
te
d
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
h
a
s
en
h
a
n
ce
d
in
ab
o
u
t
2
5
.
8
2
%
an
d
7
.
9
2
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
u
r
e
m
i
n
er
a
l
o
il.
T
h
ese
o
b
v
io
u
s
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
b
ased
o
n
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
h
a
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il
w
h
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
ten
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
af
ter
ce
r
tain
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
[
1
3
]
.
DM
I
5
5
1
OT
2
7
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
5
3
0
–
1
5
3
7
1534
T
ab
le
1
.
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t i
n
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
3
.
2
.
W
eib
ull
A
na
ly
s
is
o
f
AC
b
r
ea
kd
o
w
n t
ests
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
2
-
p
ar
am
eter
W
eib
u
ll
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
in
er
al
o
il,
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
0
5
w
t%
a
n
d
0
.
1
w
t%
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
w
i
th
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
W
ei
b
u
ll
p
lo
t
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
e
w
eib
u
ll
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
les
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
b
ase
o
il
s
h
o
w
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
A
ll
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
an
d
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
r
e
o
il,
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
w
er
e
co
m
p
iled
in
T
ab
le
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
W
eib
u
ll
a
n
al
y
s
is
at
6
3
.
2
% b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
(
a)
p
u
r
e
o
il,
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
0
5
w
t
% a
n
d
0
.
1
w
t
%
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
,
(
b
)
f
o
r
p
u
r
e
o
il,
tr
e
ated
0
.
0
5
w
t% a
n
d
0
.
1
w
t%
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
T
ab
le
2
.
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
at
6
3
.
2
% b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il,
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
u
s
i
n
g
2
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
W
eib
u
ll a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
S
a
mp
l
e
s
B
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
En
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
(
%)
P
u
r
e
M
i
n
e
r
a
l
O
i
l
3
1
.
2
5
-
0
.
1
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
p
l
a
sma
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
4
2
.
0
3
3
4
.
5
0
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
p
l
a
sm
a
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
3
9
.
4
0
2
6
.
0
8
0
.
1
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
3
9
.
4
9
2
6
.
3
7
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
3
4
.
9
7
1
1
.
9
0
Fo
r
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
te
s
ts
,
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
at
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
w
it
h
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
an
d
0
.
1
w
t
%
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
at
0
.
1
w
t%
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
s
r
em
ar
k
ab
le.
T
h
e
A
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
SiO
2
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
in
p
ar
ticle
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
.
3
.
3
.
Vis
co
s
it
y
Vis
co
s
it
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
b
o
th
h
e
at
tr
ea
n
s
f
er
an
d
elec
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
n
an
o
f
lu
id
[
5
]
.
Vis
co
s
it
y
test
o
n
th
e
o
il
s
a
m
p
les
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
B
r
o
o
k
f
ield
DV
-
I
I
+
P
r
o
Au
to
m
ated
v
is
co
m
eter
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
w
it
h
C
P
-
4
2
s
p
in
d
le
b
ased
o
n
I
SO
3
1
0
4
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
r
h
eo
m
eter
h
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
t
h
e
v
is
co
s
it
y
at
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
o
f
4
0
°C
,
6
0
°C
a
n
d
1
0
0
°C
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
it c
an
b
e
el
u
cid
ated
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
tr
ea
ted
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
b
u
t
a
b
it
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
u
r
e
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
e
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
it
h
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
At
40
°C
,
it
is
clea
r
l
y
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
s
a
m
p
les
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
4
.
7
7
%
f
o
r
tr
ea
ted
0
.
1
w
t%,
1
.
4
8
%
f
o
r
tr
ea
ted
0
.
0
5
w
t
%,
2
5
.
7
6
%
f
o
r
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
1
w
t%
a
n
d
7
.
6
3
%
f
o
r
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
0
5
w
t%
S
a
mp
l
e
s
En
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
(
%)
0
.
1
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
p
l
a
sma
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
3
5
.
3
3
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
p
l
a
sm
a
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
2
5
.
4
0
.
1
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
2
5
.
8
2
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
S
i
O
2
u
n
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
N
F
7
.
9
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f Min
era
l O
il
b
a
s
ed
N
a
n
o
flu
id
s
fo
r
P
o
w
er Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer A
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
I
.
H.
Za
ka
r
ia
)
1535
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
ase
o
il.
Ho
w
e
v
er
at
6
0
°C
,
th
e
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
o
f
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
a
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
a
b
o
u
t
7
.
6
3
%
f
o
r
0
.
1
w
t%
an
d
3
.
8
6
%
f
o
r
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
w
h
ile
f
o
r
u
n
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
les,
th
e
v
is
co
s
i
t
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
ab
o
u
t
2
7
.
7
4
%
f
o
r
0
.
1
w
t%
a
n
d
1
0
.
7
0
%
f
o
r
0
.
0
5
w
t%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
ase
o
il.
T
h
e
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
al
l
s
a
m
p
l
es
h
a
v
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
at
1
0
0
°C
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
le
s
h
a
v
e
r
esu
lted
i
n
2
2
.
7
%
h
i
g
h
er
f
o
r
0
.
1
w
t%
a
n
d
9
.
3
%
h
i
g
h
er
f
o
r
0
.
0
5
w
t
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
ase
o
il
w
h
er
ea
s
4
7
.
5
%
an
d
3
5
.
1
1
%
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
1
w
t
%
an
d
0
.
0
5
w
t%
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
ase
o
il.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
V
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
p
u
r
e
m
i
n
er
al
o
il,
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
0
.
0
5
w
t% a
n
d
0
.
1
w
t%
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
at
(
a)
4
0
°C
,
(
b
)
6
0
°C
an
d
(
c)
1
0
0
°C
3
.
4
.
F
T
I
R
S
pect
ra
I
n
f
r
ar
ed
Sp
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
I
R
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
s
tl
y
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
r
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ce
r
tain
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
m
o
lecu
lar
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
o
n
d
s
n
o
r
m
all
y
tr
an
s
m
it
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
s
tr
etc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
ap
p
ea
r
.
A
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ar
o
u
n
d
2
7
0
0
–
2
8
5
0
cm
-
1
w
o
u
ld
i
n
d
icate
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
H
–
C
=O
b
o
n
d
,
ca
r
b
o
n
y
l
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
t
h
o
s
e
t
h
at
co
n
t
ain
t
h
e
C
=O
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
ald
e
h
y
d
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
it
is
at
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
a
ca
r
b
o
n
ch
ain
.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
in
th
e
C
=O
b
o
n
d
o
f
ald
eh
y
d
es
i
s
also
b
o
n
d
ed
to
an
o
th
er
ca
r
b
o
n
an
d
a
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
T
h
is
2
g
r
ap
h
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
s
h
ap
e
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ch
e
m
ica
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
h
ap
p
en
ed
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
e
o
il sa
m
p
le
s
h
o
w
lo
w
er
in
te
n
s
it
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
o
th
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
5
3
0
–
1
5
3
7
1536
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
FT
I
R
Sp
ec
tr
a
o
f
(
a)
t
r
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
l
u
id
s
a
n
d
(
b
)
u
n
tr
ea
ted
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
at
2
5
0
0
-
3
0
0
0
c
m
-
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
On
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
an
d
s
tab
le
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
o
f
f
in
e
p
ar
ticles
is
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
las
m
a
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
n
an
o
f
iller
s
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
ta
n
t
s
,
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
p
lasm
a
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
i
s
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e,
s
i
m
p
le,
i
n
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
f
r
ien
d
l
y
m
et
h
o
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
as
w
e
ll.
Hi
g
h
er
s
ilica
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
f
o
r
b
o
th
tr
ea
ted
an
d
u
n
tr
ea
ted
m
in
er
al
o
il
-
b
a
s
ed
n
an
o
f
lu
id
s
b
u
t
th
e
tr
ea
ted
0
.
1
w
t
%
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
AC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
ted
s
am
p
les
al
s
o
s
h
o
w
lo
w
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
t
h
a
n
u
n
tr
ea
te
d
s
a
m
p
les
w
it
h
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
t
h
u
s
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
t
h
e
tr
ea
ted
s
a
m
p
les
h
a
v
e
also
g
o
o
d
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
FT
I
R
s
p
ec
tr
a
ca
p
tu
r
ed
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
class
i
f
ie
d
as
m
ed
iu
m
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
w
h
er
e
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
o
n
d
s
n
o
r
m
all
y
ab
s
o
r
b
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
u
ch
as
h
e
at
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
to
g
ai
n
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
in
er
al
o
il
-
b
ased
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
id
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
U
n
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
m
o
HE
)
f
o
r
f
in
a
n
c
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
s
v
o
te
1
0
J
8
7
,
4
F5
9
9
,
4
F6
7
2
,
1
3
H9
8
,
an
d
1
1
H2
1
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
E.
Yu
li
a
stu
ti
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
O
f
Die
le
c
tri
c
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
Be
tw
e
e
n
M
in
e
ra
l
Oil
A
n
d
S
y
n
th
e
ti
c
Ester
Oil,
”
De
l
f
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
S
c
T
h
e
sis
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
H.
Jin
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
M
i
n
e
ra
l
Oil
b
a
se
d
S
il
ica
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
In
su
la
ti
o
n
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
21
(
3
),
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
I.
L
.
Ho
sie
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
S
u
it
a
b
le
V
e
g
e
tab
le
Oil
f
o
r
Hig
h
V
o
l
tag
e
In
su
latio
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
J
.
Ph
y
s.
Co
n
f
.
S
e
r.,
v
o
l.
1
8
3
,
p
p
.
0
1
2
0
1
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
Y.
J.
Ki
m
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
las
m
a
T
re
a
tme
n
t
o
f
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
F
o
r
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
En
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
ia
o
f
M
i
c
ro
fl
u
id
ics
a
n
d
Na
n
o
fl
u
i
d
ics
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
H.
Jin
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
C
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
V
isc
o
sity
o
f
M
in
e
ra
l
Oil
b
a
se
d
S
iO
2
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
De
l
f
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
De
l
f
t,
th
e
Ne
th
e
rlan
d
s,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
W.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s:
P
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
,
S
ta
b
il
it
y
M
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
m
a
ter
ia
ls,
v
ol
.
2
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
M
.
Ra
f
iq
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s,
Op
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
,
a
n
d
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
T
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
Oil
-
Ba
se
d
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
Hin
d
a
w
i
P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
C
o
rp
o
r
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
m
a
ter
ia
ls,
v
ol
.
2
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
P
.
Ko
n
g
,
“
A
t
m
o
sp
h
e
ric
-
P
re
ss
u
re
P
las
m
a
P
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
S
OH
N
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
On
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
o
f
M
e
ta
ls
a
n
d
M
a
ter
i
a
ls;
Prin
c
i
p
les
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
In
d
u
stria
l
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
2
0
0
6
.
[9
]
W.
Ya
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
il
ica
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
T
re
a
ted
b
y
Co
ld
A
tm
o
sp
h
e
ric
-
P
re
ss
u
re
P
las
m
a
s
I
m
p
ro
v
e
th
e
Die
lec
tri
c
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
Or
g
a
n
ic−
In
o
rg
a
n
ic Na
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
,
”
ACS
A
p
p
l
ied
M
a
ter
ia
ls
&
In
ter
fa
c
e
s R
e
se
a
rc
h
Arti
c
le,
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f Min
era
l O
il
b
a
s
ed
N
a
n
o
flu
id
s
fo
r
P
o
w
er Tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer A
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
I
.
H.
Za
ka
r
ia
)
1537
[1
0
]
Y.
J.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
las
m
a
T
r
e
a
tme
n
t
o
f
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
f
o
r
Na
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
En
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
ia
o
f
M
icr
o
fl
u
i
d
ics
a
n
d
Na
n
o
fl
u
i
d
ics
,
p
p
1
6
9
1
-
1
6
9
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
M
.
S
in
g
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
y
o
n
T
h
e
rm
a
l
Co
n
d
u
c
t
iv
it
y
a
n
d
Visc
o
sity
o
f
A
l2
O3
-
Na
n
o
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
Oil,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ied
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
T
AR
M
E),
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
2
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
9
–
3
1
8
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
G
.
P
a
u
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
c
e
n
trat
io
n
a
n
d
siz
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
-
silv
e
r
d
isp
e
rse
d
w
a
ter
b
a
s
e
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
id
s,”
J
.
Co
ll
o
id
In
ter
fa
c
e
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
3
7
1
,
p
p
.
20
-
27
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
R.
M
a
rti
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
s in
S
e
rv
ice
w
it
h
Ne
w
In
su
latin
g
L
iq
u
id
s,”
W
o
rk
in
g
Gr
o
u
p
A
2
-
3
5
CIG
RE
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
A
.
A
.
S
u
leim
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
M
o
istu
re
o
n
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
V
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
S
tru
c
t
u
re
o
f
P
a
lm
Ba
se
d
In
su
latio
n
Oi
ls,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
In
su
l
a
ti
o
n
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
21
(
5
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Iz
z
a
h
Ha
z
irah
Zak
a
ria
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
8
9
.
S
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
siti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
5
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
a
t
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Hig
h
V
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
Cu
rre
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st i
n
c
lu
d
e
s ele
c
tri
c
a
l
tree
in
g
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
i
d
s f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
M
o
h
d
Ha
f
izi
A
h
m
a
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
a
n
d
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
U
T
M
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
H
e
wa
s
f
o
r
m
e
rl
y
v
isit
in
g
re
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
L
e
ic
e
ste
r,
UK
,
S
ri
w
ij
a
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
n
d
T
a
n
ju
n
g
p
u
r
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
w
it
h
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
t
u
to
r
i
n
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
f
ro
m
2
0
0
9
t
o
2
0
1
3
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
w
o
rk
s
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
t
u
re
r
in
t
h
e
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Hig
h
Vo
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
C
u
rre
n
t,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
c
o
v
e
r
d
if
fe
re
n
t
ty
p
e
s
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
su
latio
n
,
n
a
n
o
d
iele
c
tri
c
s,
in
su
lat
io
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
o
f
d
iele
c
tri
c
m
a
teria
ls.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
IET
.
Ya
n
u
a
r
Z.
A
rief
o
b
tain
e
d
B.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
T
a
n
ju
n
g
p
u
ra
Un
iv
e
r
sity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
9
4
.
A
lso
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
d
e
g
r
e
e
f
ro
m
t
h
e
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
P
h
D
f
ro
m
K
y
u
sh
u
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
in
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
a
lso
P
o
st
-
Do
c
to
ra
l
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
ieg
e
n
,
Ge
r
m
a
n
y
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
s
e
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
Cu
rre
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
o
f
p
o
ly
m
e
ri
c
in
su
l
a
ti
n
g
m
a
teri
a
ls.
No
o
r
A
z
li
n
d
a
A
h
m
a
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
a
lso
M
S
c
.
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(P
o
w
e
r)
f
ro
m
U
T
M
in
2
0
0
3
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
Hi
g
h
Cu
rre
n
t,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
li
g
h
tn
in
g
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
i
e
ld
&
ra
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
e
m
issio
n
.
S
h
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IET
a
n
d
IEE
E.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.