Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp
.
3936
~
39
41
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp
3936
-
39
41
3936
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Maximu
m voltag
e sag
comp
ensation usin
g dire
ct convert
er by
modu
lati
ng the c
arri
er si
gn
al
S. Abd
ul R
ahman,
Ge
brie
Te
sho
me
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Co
m
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Inst
it
ut
e
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
Uni
ver
sit
y
of
Gonda
r,
E
thi
opi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
24
, 201
9
Re
vised
Feb
2
1
,
2020
Accepte
d
Ma
r
1
, 2
020
The
a
im
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
ac
hi
eve
m
axi
m
um
volt
ag
e
sag
compensat
ion
o
f
52%
using
dire
ct
conve
r
te
r
bas
ed
DV
R.
The
DV
R
topol
og
y
has
onl
y
tw
o
sw
it
che
s.
The
D
VR
is
designe
d
to
compensat
e
th
e
volt
ag
e
sag
in
a
phase
b
y
ta
king
power
fro
m
the
sam
e
phase
.
A
dir
ec
t
conv
ert
er
is
connect
e
d
bet
wee
n
the
serie
s
tra
nsf
orm
er
and
the
li
ne
in
which
s
ag
compensat
io
n
is
to
be
ac
hi
eve
d
.
If
th
e
ac
tu
al
ampli
tude
of
the
er
ror
sign
al
is
used
and
th
e
amplit
ud
e
of
ca
rr
ie
r
sign
al
is
kept
at
1
uni
t,
i
t
is
poss
ible
t
o
ac
hi
eve
onl
y
22%
of
sag
compensat
ion.
If
the
amplit
ude
o
f
the
ca
rr
ie
r
sig
nal
is
m
odulated
accordi
ng
to
the
p
erc
en
ta
g
e
of
exi
st
ing
sa
g,
52%
of
the
s
ag
is
compensat
ed
through
ordina
r
y
PW
M
te
ch
n
ique
with
t
he
THD
le
ss
tha
n
5%.
Matlab
Sim
ula
ti
on
result
s a
r
e
pr
ese
nte
d
for
th
e
v
al
i
dat
ing
the a
n
aly
s
is.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Direct c
onver
t
er
DVR
Modula
te
d
ca
rri
er s
ig
nal
Series tra
nsfo
r
m
er
Vo
lt
age
sa
g
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
c
i
enc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
S. Abd
ul Rah
m
an,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Com
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng, Instit
ut
e o
f
Tech
nolo
gy,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Gon
dar, Go
nd
ar,
Et
hiopia.
Em
a
il
:
m
sajce.ab
dulra
hm
an@gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Th
ough
we
ha
ve
m
any
po
wer
qual
it
y
issues
li
ke
sa
g,
swell
,
flic
ke
r
,
ha
rm
on
ic
s,
volt
age
sa
g
is
consi
der
e
d
to
be
the
seve
re
issue
as
it
aff
ec
ts
the
op
er
at
io
n
of
sensiti
ve
load
s
li
ke
com
pu
te
r,
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er,
Digital
Sign
al
Pr
oce
ssor,
F
PGA.
A
s
m
o
st
of
the
in
dustrie
s
are
a
ut
om
a
te
d,
the
entire
operati
on
of
the
industries
dep
e
nds
up
on
the
operati
ng
conditi
on
of
th
ese
sensiti
ve
load
s.
Wh
e
n
sa
g
or
swell
occ
ur
s
in
the
in
du
st
rial
areas,
t
hese
se
ns
it
ive
loa
ds
a
re
getti
ng
af
fe
ct
ed,
le
adi
ng
t
o
im
m
or
al
operati
on
of
th
e
entire
industry
[
1
-
8].
Fo
r
the
com
pen
sat
io
n
of
vo
l
ta
ge
sag,
Dy
na
m
ic
Vo
lt
age
Re
store
r
(DVR)
con
sid
ere
d
to
be
a
n
eff
ect
ive
dev
i
ce
wh
e
n
c
ompare
d
to
oth
e
r
de
vices
li
ke
UP
S
,
ST
AT
COM
[9
-
11
]
.
Thou
gh
m
any
DV
R
topolo
gies
li
ke
DV
R
base
d
on
ene
r
gy
stora
ge
de
vices
(li
ke
batte
ries,
ca
p
aci
tors
a
nd
s
up
e
r
ca
pacit
ors)
ha
ve
been
propose
d
[1
2
-
17
]
,
in
this
pap
e
r
DV
R
base
d
on
direc
t
con
ve
rt
is
presented
[
18
-
22]
.
The
com
pen
sat
ing
range
of
t
he
D
VRs
ba
sed
on
energy
sto
rag
e
de
vices,
dep
e
nd
s
up
on
t
he
r
at
ing
of
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
de
vices,
bu
t
in
t
he
D
V
Rs
based
on
di
rect
co
nv
e
rters
,
it
is
based
on
the
avail
abili
ty
of
vo
lt
age
i
n
the
phase
from
wh
ic
h
the
power
is
t
aken
f
or
c
om
pen
sat
io
n
a
nd
m
od
ulati
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
I
n
th
e
D
VR
t
opologies
base
d
on
direct
conve
rter,
s
o
f
ar
a
m
axi
m
u
m
sag
c
om
pen
sat
ion
of
33
%
ha
d
bee
n
done
[23].
Eve
n
from
the
analy
sis
do
ne
i
n
this
pap
e
r
(
dir
ect
con
ve
rter
base
d
D
VR,
in
w
hich,
to
m
it
igate
vo
lt
age
sag
in
one
ph
ase
the
power
will
be
ta
ken
f
ro
m
the
sa
m
e
ph
ase)
by
ordina
ry
P
W
M
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
it
is
po
ssible
to
achieve
o
nly
22
%
of
sa
g
com
pen
s
at
ion.
If
the
car
rier
si
gn
al
is
m
od
ula
te
d
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
per
ce
nta
ge
of
e
xisti
ng
sag,
it
is
bee
n
sh
ow
n
in this
pa
per
t
ha
t i
t i
s p
ossi
ble
to
ac
hieve
52
% of sa
g
c
om
pen
sat
io
n.
2.
PRI
NC
I
PLE
OF OPE
R
ATION
The
to
polo
gy
of
t
he
direct
c
onve
rter
based
DV
R
is
bee
n
sh
own
in
the
F
igure
1.
It
has
a
direct
conve
rter,
a
L
C
filt
ers
at
the
input
side
of
the
dire
ct
co
nverter
an
d
a
no
ther
LC
filt
er
at
the
outp
ut
s
ide
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maxim
um v
oltag
e
s
ag com
pe
ns
ati
on u
si
ng di
rect
co
nverter
by m
odula
ti
ng
the c
ar
rie
r …
(
S.
A
bdul R
ah
man
)
3937
the
co
nv
e
rter,
and
a
se
ries
tr
ansfo
rm
er.
The
LC
filt
ers
are
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
har
m
on
ic
s
du
e
t
o
switc
hing.
The
direct
co
nverter
has
t
wo
bid
irect
io
nal
switc
hes
S
1
a
nd
S2
as
sho
w
n
in
the
F
ig
ure
1.
T
he
to
polog
y
of
the b
i
directi
on
al
sw
it
ch
is
sho
wn in t
he
F
i
gur
e 2
.
Fig
ure
1.
T
opol
og
y
of the
D
V
R
Fig
ure
2.
T
opol
og
y
of the
bid
i
recti
on
al
s
witc
h
Wh
e
n
the
sup
p
ly
volt
age
is
at
rated
val
ue,
the
switc
h
S
1
is
ope
n
a
nd
s
witc
h
S2
is
cl
os
e
d.
I
n
this
conditi
on, th
e
seco
nd
a
ry of the ser
ie
s tra
nsf
or
m
er is sh
ort
circuite
d wh
ic
h
res
ults in zer
o
volt
age injec
ti
on
a
nd
the
load
volt
age
is
m
ai
nta
ined
at
it
s
rated
value.
W
hen
t
he
sa
g
occurs,
the
D
VR
will
synthesis
the
com
pen
sat
ing
volt
age
by
ta
king
po
wer
from
the
sam
e
ph
ase
a
nd
operati
ng
the
switc
hes
S1
and
S
2
al
te
rn
at
ively
.
The
c
om
pen
sat
ing
volt
age
i
s
add
e
d
in
ph
ase
with
the
su
pply
volt
age
thr
ough
the
series
trans
form
er.
The
t
ur
ns
rati
o o
f
the
ser
ie
s t
ransform
er is 1
:1
.
3.
CONTR
OL A
LGORIT
HM
The
s
upply
si
de
volt
age
is
m
easur
e
d
a
nd
th
e
peal
value
of
the
instanta
ne
ous
volt
age
is
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
si
ng
le
phase
dq
the
ory
[
24
-
26]
.
It
is
com
par
ed
with
the
pea
k
valu
e
of
the
rate
d
vo
lt
age
to
ge
ne
rate
the
er
r
or
sig
na
l.
The
er
ror
sig
nal
is
c
om
par
ed
with
t
he
ca
rri
er
to
ge
ner
at
e
P
W
M
f
or
co
nt
ro
ll
ing
the
sw
it
ches
as sho
wn in t
he
Fig
ur
e
3.
Fig
ure
3. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
f
or
P
W
M
ge
ner
at
ion wit
h m
od
ul
at
ed
er
ror
si
gnal
In
ord
e
r
to
ge
ne
rate
the
P
WM
,
the
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
ca
rr
ie
r
is
sig
nal
is
ke
pt
at
1
un
it
. Th
e
actual
erro
r
sign
al
in
per
unit
is
com
par
ed
with
the
ca
rri
er
sign
al
.
It
is
been
obser
ve
d
from
the
ta
ble
1th
at
if
the
act
ual
error
si
gn
al
is
us
e
d
to
gen
e
rat
e
P
W
M,
it
is
possible
to
achi
eve
only
2
2%
of
sa
g
c
om
pensat
ion
.
Th
ough
there
is
a
com
pen
sat
ion
by
t
he
DVR
for
m
or
e
t
ha
n
22%
of
sag
,
t
he
lo
ad
volt
ag
e
is
not
m
et
with
the
IE
EE
sta
nd
a
r
d.
But
it
is
possi
bl
e
to
im
pr
ove
t
he
range
of
sa
g
com
pen
sat
io
n,
since
suffici
en
t
vo
lt
a
ge
is
a
va
il
able
at
the
s
upply
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3936
-
3941
3938
side
to
m
it
igate
sag
up
to
52%.
It
c
ould
be
obser
ve
d
f
ro
m
the
T
a
ble
1
t
ha
t,
for
a
sa
g
of
22%,
t
he
duty
cy
cl
e
of
the
P
W
M
is
only
22%.
S
o
by
inc
reasin
g
t
he
du
ty
cy
cl
e
of
the
P
W
M
t
he
com
pen
sat
in
g
range
al
s
o
c
ould
be
increase
d.
The
duty
cy
cl
e
cou
l
d
be
inc
re
a
sed
by
m
od
ul
at
ing
the
ca
rri
er
sig
nal
am
plit
ud
e
acc
ord
ing
t
o
the
per
ce
nta
ge
of
sa
g.
T
he
car
rier
sig
nal
is
m
odulate
d
in
s
uc
h
a
way
that,
if
the
sag
is
0
to
11
%
,
the
car
rier
i
s
no
t
m
odulate
d
and
the
act
ual
error
is
com
pa
red
with
the
ca
rr
ie
r
to
ge
ner
at
e
the
P
WM
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
he
s
wi
tc
hes.
Fo
r
a
sa
g
of
m
or
e
tha
n
11%
a
nd
le
ss
tha
n
or
equ
al
to
27%,
the
err
or
is
am
pl
it
ud
e
of
th
e
carrier
sig
nal
is
kep
t
at
0.8
un
it
.
If
t
he
sa
g
is
m
or
e
than
27%
an
d
le
ss
tha
n
or
e
qu
al
t
o
36%,
t
he
ca
rr
ie
r
is
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
m
od
ul
at
ed
by
a
gain
of
0.6
7.
F
or
t
he
sa
g
of
m
or
e
than
36%
a
nd
le
ss
than
or
e
qu
al
to
45%
,
the
c
arr
ie
r
is
am
pli
tud
e
m
od
ulate
d
by
a
gain
of
0.6.
Fo
r
the
sag
of
m
or
e
than
45
%
an
d
le
ss
t
ha
n
or
e
qual
to
52%,
t
he
ca
rri
er
is
m
od
ulate
d
by
the
gai
n
of
0.5
.
It
c
ould
be
obser
ve
d
from
t
h
e
T
a
ble
2
tha
t
t
he
c
om
pen
sat
ed
loa
d
volt
age
f
or
the chose
n
m
od
ulat
io
n fact
or
is m
a
intai
ned
within t
he IEE
E stan
dard
val
ue.
Table
1.
Po
s
sib
le
c
om
pen
sat
io
n wit
hout m
odulati
ng
t
he
ca
rri
er
sig
nal
Su
p
p
ly
Voltag
e
in
Vo
lts
% o
f
Sag
Er
ror
Du
ty
C
y
cle
o
f
PW
M
Co
m
p
en
satin
g
vo
ltag
e gen
erate
d
by
t
h
e
DVR =
Su
p
p
ly
Voltag
e * Du
ty
C
y
cle
Load
Vo
ltag
e
=
Su
p
p
ly
Vo
ltag
e
+
Du
t
y
Cy
cle
100
0%
0
0
0
100
90
10%
10
10%
9
99
80
20%
20
20%
16
96
78
22%
22
22%
1
7
.16
9
5
.16
77
23%
23
23%
1
7
.71
9
4
.71
76
24%
24
24%
1
8
.24
9
4
.24
70
30%
30
30%
21
91
60
40%
40
40%
24
84
50
50%
50
50%
25
75
Table
2.
Po
s
sib
le
Com
pen
sat
ion by m
odulati
ng the ca
rr
ie
r
s
ign
al
Vsu
p
p
ly
Sag
in %
Er
ror
in %
Load
Voltag
e f
o
r
Mod
u
latin
g
Factor of
1
0
.8
0
.67
0
.6
0
.5
100
0
0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
99
0
.01
0
.01
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.2
1
0
0
.5
1
0
0
.7
1
0
1
.0
98
0
.02
0
.02
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.5
1
0
0
.9
1
0
1
.3
1
0
1
.9
97
0
.03
0
.03
9
9
.9
1
0
0
.6
1
0
1
.3
1
0
1
.9
1
0
2
.8
96
0
.04
0
.04
9
9
.8
1
0
0
.8
1
0
1
.7
1
0
2
.4
1
0
3
.7
95
0
.05
0
.05
9
9
.8
1
0
0
.9
1
0
2
.1
1
0
2
.9
1
0
4
.5
95
0
.05
0
.05
9
9
.8
1
0
0
.9
1
0
2
.1
1
0
2
.9
1
0
4
.5
94
0
.06
0
.06
9
9
.6
1
0
1
.1
1
0
2
.4
1
0
3
.4
1
0
5
.3
93
0
.07
0
.07
9
9
.5
1
0
1
.1
1
0
2
.7
1
0
3
.9
1
0
6
.0
92
0
.08
0
.08
9
9
.4
1
0
1
.2
1
0
3
.0
1
0
4
.3
1
0
6
.7
91
0
.09
0
.09
9
9
.2
1
0
1
.2
1
0
3
.2
1
0
4
.7
1
0
7
.4
90
0
.1
0
.1
9
9
.0
1
0
1
.3
1
0
3
.4
1
0
5
.0
1
0
8
.0
89
0
.11
0
.11
9
8
.8
1
0
1
.2
1
0
3
.6
1
0
5
.3
1
0
8
.6
88
0
.12
0
.12
9
8
.6
1
0
1
.2
1
0
3
.8
1
0
5
.6
1
0
9
.1
87
0
.13
0
.13
9
8
.3
1
0
1
.1
1
0
3
.9
1
0
5
.9
1
0
9
.6
86
0
.14
0
.14
9
8
.0
1
0
1
.1
1
0
4
.0
1
0
6
.1
1
1
0
.1
85
0
.15
0
.15
9
7
.8
1
0
0
.9
1
0
4
.0
1
0
6
.3
1
1
0
.5
84
0
.16
0
.16
9
7
.4
1
0
0
.8
1
0
4
.1
1
0
6
.4
1
1
0
.9
83
0
.17
0
.1
7
9
7
.1
1
0
0
.6
1
0
4
.1
1
0
6
.5
1
1
1
.2
82
0
.18
0
.18
9
6
.8
1
0
0
.5
1
0
4
.0
1
0
6
.6
1
1
1
.5
81
0
.19
0
.19
9
6
.4
1
0
0
.2
104
.0
1
0
6
.7
1
1
1
.8
80
0
.2
0
.2
9
6
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
3
.9
1
0
6
.7
1
1
2
.0
79
0
.21
0
.21
9
5
.6
9
9
.7
1
0
3
.8
1
0
6
.7
1
1
2
.2
78
0
.22
0
.22
9
5
.2
9
9
.5
1
0
3
.6
1
0
6
.6
1
1
2
.3
77
0
.23
0
.23
9
4
.7
9
9
.1
1
0
3
.4
1
0
6
.5
1
1
2
.4
76
0
.24
0
.24
9
4
.2
9
8
.8
1
0
3
.2
1
0
6
.4
1
1
2
.5
75
0
.25
0
.25
9
3
.8
9
8
.4
1
0
3
.0
10
6
.3
1
1
2
.5
74
0
.26
0
.26
9
3
.2
9
8
.1
1
0
2
.7
1
0
6
.1
1
1
2
.5
73
0
.27
0
.27
9
2
.7
9
7
.6
1
0
2
.4
1
0
5
.9
1
1
2
.4
72
0
.28
0
.28
9
2
.2
9
7
.2
1
0
2
.1
1
0
5
.6
1
1
2
.3
71
0
.29
0
.29
9
1
.6
9
6
.7
1
0
1
.7
1
0
5
.3
1
1
2
.2
70
0
.3
0
.3
9
1
.0
9
6
.3
1
0
1
.3
1
0
5
.0
1
1
2
.0
69
0
.31
0
.31
9
0
.4
9
5
.7
1
0
0
.9
1
0
4
.7
11
1
.8
68
0
.32
0
.32
8
9
.8
9
5
.2
1
0
0
.5
1
0
4
.3
1
1
1
.5
67
0
.33
0
.33
8
9
.1
9
4
.6
1
0
0
.0
1
0
3
.9
1
1
1
.2
66
0
.34
0
.34
8
8
.4
9
4
.1
9
9
.5
1
0
3
.4
1
1
0
.9
65
0
.35
0
.35
8
7
.8
9
3
.4
9
9
.0
1
0
2
.9
1
1
0
.5
64
0
.36
0
.36
8
7
.0
9
2
.8
9
8
.4
1
0
2
.4
1
1
0
.1
63
0
.37
0
.37
8
6
.3
9
2
.1
9
7
.8
1
0
1
.9
1
0
9
.6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maxim
um v
oltag
e
s
ag com
pe
ns
ati
on u
si
ng di
rect
co
nverter
by m
odula
ti
ng
the c
ar
rie
r …
(
S.
A
bdul R
ah
man
)
3939
Table
2.
Po
s
sib
le
co
m
pen
sat
io
n by m
od
ulati
ng the
er
ror
si
gnal
(
co
ntin
ue
)
Vsu
p
p
ly
Sag
in %
Er
ror
in %
Load
Voltag
e f
o
r
Mod
u
latin
g
Factor of
1
0
.8
0
.67
0
.6
0
.5
62
0
.38
0
.38
8
5
.6
9
1
.5
9
7
.2
1
0
1
.3
1
0
9
.1
61
0
.39
0
.39
8
4
.8
9
0
.7
9
6
.5
1
0
0
.7
1
0
8
.6
60
0
.4
0
.4
8
4
.0
9
0
.0
9
5
.8
1
0
0
.0
1
0
8
.0
59
0
.41
0
.41
8
3
.2
8
9
.2
9
5
.1
9
9
.3
1
0
7
.4
58
0
.42
0
.42
8
2
.4
8
8
.5
9
4
.4
9
8
.6
1
0
6
.7
57
0
.43
0
.43
8
1
.5
8
7
.6
9
3
.6
9
7
.9
1
0
6
.0
56
0
.44
0
.44
8
0
.6
8
6
.8
9
2
.8
9
7
.1
1
0
5
.3
55
0
.45
0
.45
7
9
.8
8
5
.9
9
1
.9
9
6
.3
1
0
4
.5
54
0
.46
0
.46
7
8
.8
8
5
.1
9
1
.1
9
5
.4
1
0
3
.7
53
0
.47
0
.47
7
7
.9
8
4
.1
9
0
.2
9
4
.5
1
0
2
.8
52
0
.48
0
.48
7
7
.0
8
3
.2
8
9
.3
9
3
.6
1
0
1
.9
51
0
.49
0
.49
7
6
.0
8
2
.2
8
8
.3
9
2
.7
1
0
1
.0
50
0
.5
0
.5
7
5
.0
8
1
.3
8
7
.3
9
1
.7
100
.0
49
0
.51
0
.51
7
4
.0
8
0
.2
8
6
.3
9
0
.7
9
9
.0
48
0
.52
0
.52
7
3
.0
7
9
.2
8
5
.3
8
9
.6
9
7
.9
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
F
o
r
e
a
s
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
s
e
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
1
0
0
V
,
5
0
H
z
.
T
h
e
D
V
R
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
1
m
H
a
n
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
1
5
u
F
a
t
t
h
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
4
K
H
z
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
4
-
8
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
s
a
g
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
5
2
%
.
Figure
4. Sa
g
c
om
pen
sat
ion o
f 22
%
Figure
5. Sa
g
c
om
pen
sat
ion o
f 30
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3936
-
3941
3940
Fig
ure
6. Sa
g
c
om
pen
sat
ion o
f 37
%
Figure
7. Sa
g
c
om
pen
sat
ion o
f 45
%
Figure
8. Sa
g C
om
pen
sat
ion
of 52%
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
As
the
D
VR
is
co
ns
tr
ucted
usi
ng
direct
c
onve
rter,
e
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
ge
de
vices
are
a
vo
i
ded
w
hi
ch
le
ads
to
savin
g
of
c
os
t,
sp
ace,
wei
gh
t
an
d
m
ai
ntenan
ce.
D
ur
in
g
c
om
pen
sat
ion
only
two
switc
hes
a
re
al
te
rn
a
ti
vely
m
od
ulate
d.
T
hus
switc
hing
losses
are
m
inim
iz
ed
and
s
witc
hin
g
pulse
ge
ner
at
io
n
is
ea
sie
r.
W
it
h
al
l
these
adv
a
ntage
s,
it
is
been
dem
onstrat
ed
in
t
his
pap
e
r
that
it
is
possible
to
ac
hie
ve
52%
of
sag
c
om
pen
sat
ion
by
m
od
ulati
ng
th
e
carrier
sig
na
l
accord
i
ng
t
o
the
per
ce
ntag
e
of
vo
lt
age
s
ag,
usi
ng
a
DV
R
base
d
on
direc
t
conve
rter
with
THD le
ss t
han
5%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Maxim
um v
oltag
e
s
ag com
pe
ns
ati
on u
si
ng di
rect
co
nverter
by m
odula
ti
ng
the c
ar
rie
r …
(
S.
A
bdul R
ah
man
)
3941
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S
.
S
u
r
a
y
a
,
P
.
S
u
j
a
t
h
a
,
a
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d
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.
B
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
“
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
D
G
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
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d
D
V
R
f
o
r
s
a
g
,
s
w
e
l
l
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
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J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
1
-
2
7
3
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
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W
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Tee,
et
a
l,
“
Volta
ge
v
ari
a
tions
ide
nt
ifi
c
at
io
n
using
gabor
t
ran
sform
and
ru
le
-
base
d
c
la
ss
ifica
t
ion
m
et
hod
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
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Farooqi,
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“
Miti
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power
qualit
y
prob
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s
using
serie
s
a
ct
iv
e
fil
t
er
in
a
m
icrogrid
s
y
st
em,”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
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Syst
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[4]
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S.
Srivatcha
n
,
and
P
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ara
j
an,
“
Half
c
y
c
le
d
iscrete
trans
form
at
ion
for
volt
ag
e
sag
improvem
ent
in
a
n
isla
nded
m
i
cro
gr
id
using
d
y
nami
c
voltage
restor
e
r,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Power
El
ectronics
an
d
Dr
i
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S
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p
ika
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ar,
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,
“
E
nhanc
ement
of
volt
ag
e
reg
ul
ati
on
using
a
7
-
L
e
vel
inv
ert
e
r
base
d
el
e
ct
ri
c
spring
with
red
uc
ed
numbe
r
of
sw
it
che
s,
”
Inte
rnational
J
ournal
of
Powe
r
El
ec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
,
vol.
11
,
no
.
2
,
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[6]
K.
Daud,
e
t
al,
“
Eva
lua
t
ing
win
dowing
-
base
d
c
onti
nuous
S
-
tra
n
sform
with
neur
al
ne
twork
class
ifi
er
for
d
etec
t
in
g
and
class
if
y
ing
power
qual
ity
d
i
sturbanc
es,
”
Ind
onesian
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
En
gine
ering
and
C
omputer
Sci
en
ce,
v
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a
m
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v
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a
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s
t
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r
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r
w
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t
h
r
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d
u
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d
-
r
a
t
i
n
g
i
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t
e
g
r
a
t
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d
D
C
–
D
C
c
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n
v
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r
t
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r
f
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r
w
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d
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-
r
a
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g
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v
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l
t
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g
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s
a
g
c
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m
p
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n
s
a
t
i
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n
,
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I
E
E
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T
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r
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r
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r
v
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m
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a
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b
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