I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Oct
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
1
~2
730
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v7
i
5
.
pp
2
7
2
1
-
2
730
2721
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
A P
er
for
m
a
nce
R
ev
ie
w
of Intra a
n
d Inter
-
G
ro
up M
ANET
Ro
uting Proto
co
l
s under
Va
ry
ing
Speed
o
f
Nodes
Dilip
Si
ng
h
Sis
o
d
ia
,
Riy
a
Sin
g
ha
l,
Vij
a
y
K
ha
nd
a
l
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ra
ip
u
r,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
24
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
22
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
l
11
,
2
0
1
7
M
o
b
i
le
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(M
AN
ET
s)
a
re
a
c
lu
ste
r
o
f
se
l
f
-
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
a
n
d
se
lf
-
g
o
v
e
rn
in
g
w
irele
ss
n
o
d
e
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
b
a
c
k
b
o
n
e
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
c
e
n
tralize
d
a
d
m
in
istratio
n
.
T
h
e
v
a
rio
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
in
M
A
NET
m
o
v
e
ra
n
d
o
m
l
y
,
a
n
d
th
is
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
a
y
p
o
se
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
n
In
t
ra
a
n
d
in
terg
ro
u
p
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
re
v
ie
w
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s
M
A
NET
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
a
re
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ry
in
g
sp
e
e
d
o
f
n
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
in
c
lu
d
e
d
i
n
th
is
stu
d
y
a
r
e
re
a
c
ti
v
e
,
p
ro
a
c
ti
v
e
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls.
T
h
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
re
v
ie
w
is
d
o
n
e
u
sin
g
t
h
e
NS2
sim
u
lato
r
a
n
d
ra
n
d
o
m
wa
y
p
o
in
t
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
is
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
th
ro
u
g
h
sta
n
d
a
r
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
tri
c
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
ra
ti
o
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
ro
u
ti
n
g
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
a
n
d
e
n
d
t
o
e
n
d
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
w
it
h
v
a
r
y
in
g
sp
e
e
d
o
f
n
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
s
re
su
lt
sh
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
re
is
n
o
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
o
n
sta
n
d
a
r
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
m
e
tri
c
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
H
y
b
r
id
MA
NE
T
NS2
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ics
P
r
o
ac
tiv
e
R
ea
cti
v
e
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dilip
Sin
g
h
Sis
o
d
ia,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
an
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
R
aip
u
r
,
GE
R
o
ad
,
R
aip
u
r
-
4
9
2
0
1
0
,
C
h
h
atti
s
g
ar
h
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail: d
s
s
is
o
d
ia.
cs
@
n
itrr
.
ac
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
cu
tti
n
g
ed
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
ab
led
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices a
n
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
M
A
NE
T
s
)
ar
e
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
.
MA
NE
T
s
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
m
il
itar
y
to
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
Mo
b
ile
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
s
)
co
n
n
ec
ts
w
ir
ele
s
s
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
m
o
t
io
n
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
It
is
s
e
lf
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
zin
g
a
n
d
s
el
f
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
w
ir
ed
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
s
o
r
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
ac
t
as
h
o
s
t
s
an
d
also
as
r
o
u
ter
s
to
s
en
d
th
e
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
MA
NE
T
is
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
f
r
ee
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
s
u
c
h
as
lap
to
p
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
tab
let
P
C
,
etc
.
I
t
h
a
s
m
an
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
I
n
M
A
NE
T
s
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
ce
n
tr
al
s
e
r
v
er
an
d
n
o
d
es
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
a
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
p
er
atio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
on
-
d
e
m
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
[
3
]
.
No
d
es
ar
e
f
r
ee
to
m
o
v
e
a
n
y
w
h
er
e
w
h
e
n
e
v
er
an
d
w
h
er
e
v
er
th
e
y
w
an
t,
an
d
th
e
y
ar
e
a
ls
o
f
r
ee
to
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
eir
s
p
ee
d
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
a
n
d
at
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
i
m
e
s
.
No
d
es
ca
n
s
en
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
t in
r
a
n
g
e
o
r
n
o
r
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
[
5
]
.
MA
NE
T
h
a
s
m
a
n
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
.
I
t
is
s
ca
lab
le
as
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
ir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
o
s
i
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
r
esu
lt
s
in
m
a
n
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
ail
u
r
es.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
h
an
d
le
th
ese
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
[
6
]
.
MA
NE
T
s
ar
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
t.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
is
t
h
at
th
e
n
o
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
w
ir
eless
r
o
u
ter
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
ter
a
n
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
t
h
an
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
7
2
0
–
2
7
3
0
2722
tr
ad
itio
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
M
AN
E
T
s
ar
e
in
s
tal
led
q
u
ic
k
l
y
a
s
i
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
y
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
in
s
ta
llatio
n
[
4
]
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
d
e
v
ices
a
n
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
g
ain
in
g
p
r
io
r
it
y
a
n
d
is
h
a
v
i
n
g
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
.
I
t
is
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
w
ar
zo
n
es
(
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
ld
ier
s
,
th
e
ir
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
m
ilit
ar
y
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
ter
)
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
etc.
T
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
s
it
u
atio
n
al
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
is
p
a
s
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
in
an
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
o
r
in
a
r
esc
u
e
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esc
u
e
tea
m
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
ea
c
h
o
th
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
m
al
l
h
an
d
h
eld
s
as
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
estab
l
is
h
ed
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
q
u
ick
l
y
.
T
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ev
ices
at
h
o
m
e
[
9
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
le
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
an
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
MA
NE
T
,
it
also
h
as
to
f
ac
e
f
ew
ch
a
llen
g
es
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
ca
n
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
P
as
s
i
v
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
attac
k
s
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
P
ass
iv
e
at
tack
s
ar
e
ch
ec
k
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
g
etti
n
g
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
A
ct
iv
e
attac
k
s
ar
e
in
j
ec
ti
n
g
ce
r
tai
n
p
ac
k
ets
w
i
th
a
n
ai
m
to
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
ir
ed
lin
k
s
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
th
a
n
th
e
w
ir
e
les
s
li
n
k
s
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
r
ates
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
lin
k
b
y
atte
n
u
at
io
n
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
No
d
es
ca
n
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
in
f
i
n
ite
ti
m
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
as
th
eir
b
atter
y
g
et
s
ex
h
a
u
s
ted
.
Un
lik
e
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
n
o
d
es
i
n
M
A
NE
T
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
as
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
m
o
b
ile.
M
ANE
T
h
as a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es it d
i
f
f
icu
lt to
r
o
u
te
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
4
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
e
n
ev
er
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
e
ed
s
to
s
en
d
p
ac
k
et
s
to
th
e
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
e
class
i
f
icatio
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fla
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
a
s
s
i
g
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
le
to
al
l
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
n
o
d
es
w
h
er
ea
s
i
n
H
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
t
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
o
les
ar
e
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
o
d
es
[
1
1
]
.
Flat
r
o
u
tin
g
i
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
class
i
f
ied
i
n
to
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
P
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
a
in
ta
in
s
an
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
w
h
ic
h
co
n
ta
in
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
o
r
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
p
er
io
d
icall
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
es
s
ag
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es.
I
n
R
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
r
o
u
te
s
ar
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
o
n
l
y
w
h
en
a
s
o
u
r
ce
w
a
n
ts
to
s
en
d
s
o
m
e
p
ac
k
et
s
to
th
e
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
u
s
ed
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
b
o
th
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
w
a
s
m
ad
e
to
o
v
er
p
o
w
er
th
e
ir
w
ea
k
n
es
s
es.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
is
f
ir
s
t
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
h
ic
h
th
e
n
ac
ti
v
ate
f
e
w
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
d
o
r
ea
ctiv
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
h
ich
in
c
lu
d
es
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
P
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
s
ed
ar
e
DSDV,
O
L
S
R
,
a
n
d
FS
R
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
s
ed
ar
e
A
ODV,
D
SR
,
an
d
A
OM
D
V.
H
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
u
s
ed
is
Z
R
P
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
M
A
NE
T
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
1
.
1
.
Dest
ina
t
io
n
-
Sequ
ence
d Dista
nce
-
Vec
t
o
r
Ro
uting
(
DSDV)
DSDV
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
C
.
P
er
k
i
n
s
a
n
d
P
.
B
h
ag
w
a
t in
1
9
9
4
,
is
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
w
h
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
a
B
ell
m
an
-
Fo
r
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
u
s
es
Dis
ta
n
ce
v
ec
to
r
r
o
u
tin
g
w
i
t
h
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
th
at
s
o
lv
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
a
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
o
p
.
E
ac
h
m
o
b
i
le
n
o
d
e
th
at
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
ain
tai
n
s
a
n
u
p
d
ated
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
t
h
at
s
to
r
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
all
t
h
e
d
est
in
at
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
th
eir
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ea
ch
in
g
t
h
o
s
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
R
ev
iew
o
f I
n
tr
a
a
n
d
I
n
ter
-
Gro
u
p
MANET R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
…
(
Dilip
S
in
g
h
S
is
o
d
ia
)
2723
1
.
2
.
Des
t
ina
t
io
n Sequence
Ro
uting
(
DSR)
DSR
is
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
t
u
s
es
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
.
I
t
u
s
es
t
w
o
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
.
B
y
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
d
s
p
ac
k
e
ts
to
th
e
d
es
tin
atio
n
an
d
o
b
tain
s
th
e
f
u
ll
p
at
h
to
i
t
b
y
f
lo
o
d
in
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
ests
(
R
R
E
Q)
.
No
d
es
ca
n
r
ep
ly
to
th
e
R
R
E
Q
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
(
R
R
E
P
)
b
y
u
n
icasti
n
g
i
t
b
ac
k
to
it
s
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
f
u
ll
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
to
r
ed
as
a
p
at
h
i
n
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ch
ec
k
i
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
ch
a
n
g
ed
[
1
4
]
.
1
.
3
.
Ad H
o
c
O
n
-
De
m
a
nd
Di
s
t
a
nce
Vec
t
o
r
Ro
uting
(
AO
DV)
A
O
DV
[
1
5
]
is
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
t
u
s
es
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
an
d
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
DSR
a
n
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
a
n
d
p
er
io
d
ic
u
p
d
ates
f
r
o
m
DSD
V
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
f
lo
o
d
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
es
t p
ac
k
et
(
R
R
E
Qs)
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
n
f
lo
o
d
s
to
th
eir
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tin
u
es
till
t
h
e
d
est
in
atio
n
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
o
r
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e,
w
i
th
a
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
,
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
T
h
e
y
t
h
e
n
s
en
d
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
(
R
R
E
P
)
b
ac
k
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ich
tell
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
th
e
p
ath
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
1
.
4
.
F
is
hey
e
Sta
t
e
R
o
uting
(
F
SR)
FS
R
i
s
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
I
t
u
s
es
"
Fis
h
e
y
e"
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
ac
cu
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
ea
r
b
y
n
o
d
es
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
ar
a
w
a
y
n
o
d
es.
An
y
u
p
d
ate
i
n
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
also
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
to
th
e
n
ea
r
b
y
n
o
d
es
t
h
an
th
e
f
ar
a
w
a
y
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
[
1
7
]
.
1
.
5
.
O
ptim
ized
L
i
n
k
Sta
t
e
Ro
uting
(
O
L
SR)
OL
S
R
is
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
.
I
t
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
eg
io
n
.
No
d
es
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
HE
L
L
O
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
w
i
th
th
e
ir
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
o
n
e
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
an
d
it
s
t
w
o
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
ch
o
o
s
es
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
as
m
u
ltip
o
in
t
r
elay
s
(
MP
R
)
to
c
o
v
er
s
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
w
o
h
o
p
s
a
w
a
y
a
n
d
s
en
d
s
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
MP
R
s
s
elec
to
r
s
o
n
l
y
i
n
s
tea
d
o
f
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
it
to
its
en
tire
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
[
1
8
]
.
1
.
6
.
Ad
-
ho
c
O
n
-
de
m
a
nd
M
ultipa
t
h Dista
nc
e
Vec
t
o
r
Ro
uting
(
AO
M
DV)
A
OM
DV
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
A
O
DV
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
m
u
ltip
le
lo
o
p
-
f
r
ee
,
li
n
k
d
is
j
o
in
t
p
ath
s
,
a
n
d
n
o
d
e
d
is
j
o
i
n
t
p
ath
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
w
a
n
ts
a
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
es
tin
at
io
n
,
i
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
R
R
E
Q
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
g
e
ts
m
u
l
tip
l
e
R
R
E
P
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es.
I
t
s
to
r
es
all
th
e
r
o
u
tes
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
u
n
l
ik
e
A
O
DV
w
h
ich
s
to
r
es
th
e
b
est
p
ath
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
r
o
u
te
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
d
is
j
o
in
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
co
m
m
o
n
lin
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
at
h
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
n
o
d
e
d
is
j
o
in
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
co
m
m
o
n
n
o
d
es a
m
o
n
g
p
ath
s
[
1
9
]
.
1
.
7
.
Z
o
ne
Ro
uti
ng
P
ro
t
o
co
l (
Z
R
P
)
Z
R
P
i
s
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
t
co
m
b
in
e
s
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
b
o
th
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
A
r
o
u
tin
g
zo
n
e
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e.
Z
R
P
h
as
th
r
ee
u
n
it
s
n
a
m
el
y
,
I
n
tr
az
o
n
e
zo
n
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
A
R
P
)
,
I
n
ter
zo
n
e
R
o
u
t
in
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
E
R
P)
an
d
B
o
r
d
er
ca
s
t
R
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
B
R
P
)
.
E
ac
h
u
n
i
t
w
o
r
k
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
u
n
i
t.
I
A
R
P
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
zo
n
e,
n
o
d
es
in
s
id
e
th
e
zo
n
e
b
eh
a
v
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
el
y
,
an
d
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
zo
n
e
h
a
s
an
u
p
d
ated
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
zo
n
e
[
2
0
]
.
I
E
R
P
is
u
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
e
s
ti
n
atio
n
i
s
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
w
ith
i
n
t
h
e
zo
n
e.
I
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
B
R
P
i
n
w
h
ich
b
o
r
d
er
n
o
d
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
n
-
d
em
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
to
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
o
d
es r
esid
i
n
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
zo
n
e
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
an
I
n
tr
a
an
d
I
n
ter
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
et
w
ee
n
ab
o
v
e
d
escr
ib
ed
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
n
o
d
es
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sec
tio
n
2
g
iv
e
s
a
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
r
elat
ed
w
o
r
k
.
Sect
io
n
3
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
et
r
ics
u
s
ed
.
Sectio
n
4
tell
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
s
etti
n
g
u
p
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
NS2
.
S
ec
tio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ica
l
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
all
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
.
Sectio
n
6
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
r
es
u
lt
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
7
.
2
.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
I
n
liter
at
u
r
e,
d
if
f
er
en
t st
u
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
M
A
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
a
d
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
So
m
e
n
o
te
w
o
r
t
h
y
r
elate
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
[
3
]
,
A
O
DV
is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
lin
k
s
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
h
r
ee
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
els
,
Gau
s
s
-
Ma
r
k
o
v
,
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
P
o
in
t
Gr
o
u
p
Mo
b
ilit
y
(
R
P
GM
)
,
a
n
d
Ma
n
h
a
ttan
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
MA
NE
T
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
T
h
e
y
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
els
o
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
also
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
n
e
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
e
tr
ic
ca
lled
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
o
u
t
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
7
2
0
–
2
7
3
0
2724
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
r
ate
o
f
r
o
u
te
estab
lis
h
ed
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l is r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
r
o
u
tes e
s
tab
lis
h
m
en
t.
I
n
[
2
2
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
DSR
an
d
DSDV
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
R
an
d
o
m
W
ay
p
o
in
t,
Gr
o
u
p
Mo
b
ilit
y
,
Fr
ee
w
a
y
an
d
Ma
n
h
atta
n
m
o
d
els.
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
v
ar
ies
w
id
el
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
b
ili
t
y
m
o
d
el
s
,
an
d
h
en
ce
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
an
o
th
er
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
at
DSR
g
av
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
l
y
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
an
DSDV.
I
n
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
4
]
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
A
ODV,
DS
R
a
n
d
DSD
V
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
el
s
s
u
c
h
as
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
o
in
t
g
r
o
u
p
Mo
b
ilit
y
(
R
P
GM
)
,
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
i
n
t
(
R
W
)
,
Gau
s
s
-
Ma
r
k
o
v
(
GM
)
a
n
d
Ma
n
h
a
ttan
Gr
id
(
MG
)
in
NS
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
r
elativ
e
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
m
o
b
ili
t
y
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
,
an
d
it a
ls
o
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
p
ee
d
.
DS
DV
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
tab
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
;
A
ODV
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
R
P
GM
.
DS
R
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
i
th
R
W
m
o
d
el.
I
n
[
2
5
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
(
AODV
,
DS
R
)
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
(
OL
S
R
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
n
d
er
C
B
R
tr
af
f
ic
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
O
L
S
R
s
h
o
w
ed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
elay
.
DS
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
o
o
r
l
y
in
s
tr
es
s
f
u
l
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
w
h
e
r
e
A
ODV
is
m
o
r
e
d
esira
b
le
in
a
s
tr
es
s
f
u
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
h
ig
h
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
OL
SR
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
at
h
i
g
h
er
s
p
ee
d
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
it
h
as
h
i
g
h
r
o
u
t
in
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
I
n
[
2
6
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
A
ODV
an
d
DSD
V
at
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
v
ar
y
in
g
s
p
ee
d
b
et
w
ee
n
2
5
m
/
s
,
3
5
m
/
s
,
an
d
5
0
m
/s
.
AODV
s
h
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
er
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
th
an
D
SDV.
I
n
[
2
7
]
,
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
etw
ee
n
A
ODV,
DS
R
,
an
d
DSD
V.
T
h
ey
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
A
ODV
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
a
n
d
DSDV
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
A
O
DV
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
DSDV
a
n
d
DS
R
in
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
A
ODV
ad
ap
ts
its
el
f
to
ch
a
n
g
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
i
n
t
h
i
s
ar
ticl
e
in
ter
a
n
d
in
tr
a
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
M
A
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
ev
a
lu
ated
u
s
in
g
all
th
e
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
3
.
P
E
RF
O
R
M
ANCE M
E
T
RICS
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
i
s
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
w
it
h
w
h
ich
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
t
h
e
g
i
v
e
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
NS2
,
th
e
a
w
k
f
il
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
it,
w
h
ic
h
is
r
u
n
o
n
t
h
e
tr
ac
e
f
ile
g
e
n
er
ated
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
m
etr
ic.
T
h
e
s
t
an
d
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ar
e:
3
.
1
.
P
a
ck
et
Deliv
er
y
Ra
t
io
(
P
DR)
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
is
th
e
r
at
io
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
f
i
n
al
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
to
th
o
s
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
m
e
an
s
t
h
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
=
∑
∑
(
1
)
3
.
2
.
T
hro
ug
hp
ut
(
T
H
P
)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t is t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
r
ate
o
f
p
ac
k
ets s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
s
e
n
t t
o
th
eir
f
i
n
al
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
er
u
n
it ti
m
e.
(
)
=
∗
∗
8
.
0
1000
∗
(
−
)
(2
)
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
is
th
e
s
ize
o
f
a
p
ac
k
et
u
s
ed
in
A
p
p
licat
io
n
l
a
y
er
in
b
y
tes.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
i
s
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
its
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
1
0
0
0
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
en
d
ti
m
e
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
en
d
ti
m
e
o
f
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
s
tar
t
ti
m
e
wh
ich
i
s
t
h
e
s
tar
t ti
m
e
o
f
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
to
g
et
t
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t i
n
k
b
p
s
.
3
.
3
.
E
nd
-
to
-
E
nd
(
E
2
E
)
Dela
y
E
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
i
s
th
e
a
v
er
a
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ti
m
e
ta
k
en
a
d
e
la
y
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ti
m
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
en
t
it
to
th
e
ti
m
e
it
w
a
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
at
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ti
m
e
s
p
en
t
in
th
e
p
ac
k
et
q
u
eu
e,
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
d
elay
s
,
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
an
d
th
e
ti
m
e
tak
e
n
to
m
a
k
e
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
is
lo
s
t,
et
c.
[
2
3
]
,
[
7
]
.
2
=
∑
−
∑
(3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
R
ev
iew
o
f I
n
tr
a
a
n
d
I
n
ter
-
Gro
u
p
MANET R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
…
(
Dilip
S
in
g
h
S
is
o
d
ia
)
2725
3
.
4
.
Ro
uting
O
v
er
hea
d (
RO
)
R
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
i
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
to
tal
o
f
b
y
tes
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
lete
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
NS
2
,
it
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
u
s
in
g
tr
ac
e
f
ile
b
y
d
i
v
id
i
n
g
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ac
k
et
s
b
y
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets r
ec
ei
v
ed
.
=
∑
∑
(4
)
4
.
SI
M
UL
AT
E
D
E
XP
E
RI
M
E
NT
AND
RE
S
UL
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
s
et
i
n
N
S2
.
Ub
u
n
t
u
1
5
.
0
4
w
it
h
4
GB
R
A
M,
1
T
B
d
is
k
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
I
n
tel
C
o
r
e
i5
P
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
s
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
to
o
ls
in
cl
u
d
in
g
OM
NE
T
++
[
2
9
]
,
Qu
alNe
t
[
3
0
]
,
OP
NE
T
an
d
NS2
[
3
1
]
.
NS2
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
v
er
o
th
er
s
as
it
i
s
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
m
a
n
y
n
o
n
p
r
o
f
it
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
a
n
y
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
NS2
.
3
5
is
u
s
ed
as
a
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
Gr
ap
h
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
u
s
in
g
L
ib
r
eOf
f
ice
C
alc.
NS2
is
an
o
b
j
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
t
ed
s
i
m
u
lato
r
w
r
itte
n
i
n
C
++
an
d
h
as
OT
cl
(
Ob
j
ec
t
O
r
ien
ted
T
o
o
l
c
o
m
m
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e)
as
its
f
r
o
n
ten
d
.
I
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
th
en
b
o
th
T
cl
(
T
o
o
l
co
m
m
an
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e)
an
d
C
++
h
a
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
[
3
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
,
s
h
o
w
s
a
ll
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
w
it
h
t
h
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
al
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
T
cl
co
d
e
f
o
r
all
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
a
s
w
r
itte
n
to
s
et
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
So
m
e
p
ap
er
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
v
al
u
e
s
s
et
i
n
NS2
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
els
-
Fre
eSp
ac
e,
T
w
o
R
a
y
Go
u
n
d
,
Sh
ad
o
w
i
n
g
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
T
w
o
R
a
y
Go
u
n
d
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
i
s
u
s
ed
as
t
h
er
e
is
a
li
m
ita
tio
n
i
n
NS2
t
h
at
s
en
d
e
r
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
h
e
ig
h
t.
T
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
g
i
v
es
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
at
a
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
th
an
t
h
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
[
3
3
]
,
an
d
it
g
i
v
es
b
ette
r
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
an
S
h
ad
o
w
i
n
g
[
3
4
]
.
T
C
P
/FTP
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
v
er
UDP
/C
B
R
[
3
5
]
as
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
e
tr
ics,
s
u
c
h
as
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
a
n
d
av
er
ag
e
e
n
d
to
en
d
d
elay
g
i
v
es b
etter
r
esu
lts
w
i
th
T
C
P
/F
T
P tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
T
C
P
/FT
P
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
tr
af
f
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
[
2
1
]
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
at
Z
R
P
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
ex
tr
ao
r
d
in
ar
il
y
lo
w
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
w
h
en
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
i
s
h
ig
h
.
W
it
h
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
ad
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
th
e
Z
o
n
e
R
ad
iu
s
.
I
f
T
h
e
zo
n
e
r
ad
iu
s
i
s
k
ep
t
in
th
e
r
an
g
e,
2
-
4
th
e
n
it
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
av
er
ag
e
en
d
to
en
d
d
ela
y
is
l
ea
s
t
at
h
i
g
h
Z
o
n
e
R
ad
i
u
s
.
He
n
ce
,
Z
o
n
e
r
ad
iu
s
as
2
h
as b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
Z
R
P
to
g
et
b
est r
esu
lts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
U
b
u
n
t
u
1
5
.
0
4
S
i
mu
l
a
t
o
r
NS
-
2
.
3
5
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
/
O
m
n
i
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
L
i
n
k
l
a
y
e
r
t
y
p
e
LL
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
5
0
0
m*
4
0
0
m
M
o
b
i
l
e
n
o
d
e
s
20
M
a
c
l
a
y
e
r
t
y
p
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
/
M
a
c
P
a
c
k
e
t
si
z
e
5
0
0
b
y
t
e
s
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
so
u
r
c
e
T
C
P
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
R
a
d
i
o
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
T
w
o
R
a
y
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
v
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
sp
e
e
d
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
m/
s
5
.
RE
SUL
T
ANAL
YSI
S
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e,
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
m
ad
e
b
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
an
av
er
ag
e
e
n
d
to
en
d
d
elay
an
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
r
ap
h
s
.
Sev
e
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
th
at
ta
k
e
th
e
v
alu
e
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
an
d
4
0
.
Fo
r
th
is
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
k
ep
t c
o
n
s
ta
n
t to
2
0
n
o
d
es.
5
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
perf
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
pro
a
c
t
iv
e
pro
t
o
c
o
ls
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
w
h
ich
a
r
e
DSDV,
OL
S
R
,
an
d
FS
R
b
ased
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
ab
o
v
e.
I
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
,
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
h
as
a
v
er
y
s
li
g
h
t
v
ar
iatio
n
w
it
h
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
.
F
SR
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
alu
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
6
5
9
k
b
p
s
am
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
i
le
OL
S
R
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
least
v
alu
e
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
a
lu
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
6
4
9
k
b
p
s
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
it
ca
n
c
h
ec
k
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
7
2
0
–
2
7
3
0
2726
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
w
it
h
s
p
e
ed
.
I
t
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
tan
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t.
FS
R
h
a
s
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
w
it
h
ap
p
r
o
x
.
9
8
.
7
% p
ac
k
ets d
eliv
er
ed
.
OL
S
R
h
a
s
th
e
lea
s
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
.
9
1
%
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
E
n
d
to
en
d
d
elay
v
ar
ie
s
v
er
y
s
li
g
h
tl
y
w
it
h
s
p
ee
d
.
F
SR
s
h
o
w
s
a
d
i
s
ad
v
an
tag
e
h
er
e
b
y
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
n
d
to
e
n
d
d
elay
,
a
n
d
OL
S
R
h
a
s
th
e
lea
s
t
v
al
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
r
e
m
a
in
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
w
ith
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
iatio
n
.
O
L
S
R
h
a
s
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
w
it
h
v
alu
e
0
.
1
6
.
DSDV
h
as
th
e
leas
t
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
v
alu
e
0
.
0
2
8
.
FS
R
h
a
s
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
0
6
9
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
u
b
tle
a
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
OL
SR
b
u
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
DSDV.
5
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
Rea
ct
i
v
e
P
ro
t
o
co
ls
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
et
w
ee
n
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
am
o
n
g
A
OD
V,
DSR
,
a
n
d
A
OM
DV.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
it
c
an
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
A
O
DV
h
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
t
h
as
a
v
alu
e
o
f
al
m
o
s
t
6
8
0
k
b
p
s
.
A
O
MD
V
h
a
s
t
h
e
leas
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
ch
ec
k
ed
th
at
A
OD
V
an
d
DSR
v
ar
y
s
li
g
h
tl
y
w
i
th
s
p
ee
d
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
A
OM
DV
s
h
o
w
s
h
ig
h
er
en
d
to
en
d
d
elay
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
A
ODV
a
n
d
DSR
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
A
OM
DV
i
s
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
A
OD
V
an
d
DSR
w
i
th
a
v
al
u
e
0
.
2
6
w
h
er
ea
s
A
ODV
a
n
d
DSR
h
av
e
s
m
a
ll r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
0
.
0
4
.
5
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
ro
a
ct
iv
e,
Re
a
ct
iv
e
a
nd
H
y
brid P
ro
t
o
co
ls
I
n
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
,
all
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
i.e
.
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ev
alu
ate
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
s
at
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
,
it
m
a
y
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
Z
R
P
h
as
th
e
least
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lies
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
l
g
iv
es
a
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ea
c
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Am
o
n
g
all,
A
O
DV
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
Z
R
P
h
a
s
t
h
e
least
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
poor
as
its
d
esi
g
n
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
v
er
w
e
ig
h
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
FS
R
an
d
A
OD
V
h
av
e
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
p
ac
k
e
t
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
a
m
o
n
g
al
l
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
tells
th
at
Z
R
P
h
as
th
e
leas
t
en
d
to
en
d
d
ela
y
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
y
R
ati
o
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
Dela
y
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
R
ev
iew
o
f I
n
tr
a
a
n
d
I
n
ter
-
Gro
u
p
MANET R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
…
(
Dilip
S
in
g
h
S
is
o
d
ia
)
27
27
an
d
A
OM
DV
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
en
d
to
en
d
d
ela
y
a
m
o
n
g
all
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
Z
R
P
h
as e
x
ce
p
tio
n
all
y
lar
g
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
an
d
DSDV
h
as t
h
e
least
v
al
u
e.
6
.
RE
SUL
T
DIS
C
USS
I
O
N
Am
o
n
g
all
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
i.e
.
DSDV,
FS
R
an
d
OL
SR
,
FS
R
is
b
etter
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
as
it
u
s
es
ca
ch
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
r
ed
u
c
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
OL
S
R
h
a
s
a
leas
t
en
d
-
t
o
-
en
d
d
ela
y
i
f
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
as
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
eb
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
tica
s
t
r
ela
y
s
b
u
t
h
a
s
a
g
r
ea
t r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
A
ll
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
am
o
n
g
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
d
o
n
e
i
n
cl
u
d
e
AODV
,
DSR
,
a
n
d
A
OM
DV.
A
O
DV
i
s
b
etter
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
a
n
e
n
d
to
e
n
d
d
ela
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
A
OM
DV
h
a
s
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
r
o
u
t
in
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
alter
n
ate
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
in
d
esig
n
in
g
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
u
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
I
A
P
,
I
E
R
P
,
an
d
B
R
P
.
I
t
is
al
s
o
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
o
t
h
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
lik
e
zo
n
e
r
ad
iu
s
etc.
He
n
ce
,
H
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
m
a
d
e
to
co
m
b
i
n
e
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
r
es
u
lted
i
n
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
co
m
p
lex
it
y
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
7
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
AN
D
F
U
T
UR
E
WO
RK
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
M
ANE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
(
DSDV,
OL
SR
,
an
d
FS
R
)
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
(
AODV
,
AOM
DV
an
d
DS
R
)
an
d
H
y
b
r
i
d
(
Z
R
P
)
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
is
d
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
i
th
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
m
/
s
to
4
0
m
/
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
an
e
n
d
to
e
n
d
d
ela
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
It
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
l
ts
,
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
m
all
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
es o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
atr
ic
e
s
f
o
r
all
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
I
t
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
th
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
atr
ic
e
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
it
h
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
n
eg
l
ig
ib
le.
I
n
f
u
t
u
r
e,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ev
alu
a
te
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
y
R
ati
o
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
Dela
y
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
7
2
0
–
2
7
3
0
2728
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
atr
ic
es
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
av
er
a
g
e
j
itter
etc.
m
a
y
als
o
b
e
u
s
ed
to
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
t
h
o
r
s
w
a
n
t
to
th
a
n
k
Nat
io
n
al
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
R
ai
p
u
r
,
I
n
d
ia
f
o
r
its
k
i
n
d
co
-
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R.
De
sa
i
a
n
d
B.
P
.
P
a
ti
l,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
Re
in
f
o
rc
e
m
e
n
t
-
Ba
se
d
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NET
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
6
4
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
S
.
S
u
n
d
a
r,
P
iy
u
sh
A
ro
ra
,
S
a
rth
a
k
Ag
ra
w
a
l,
R.
Ku
m
a
r,
Ha
rish
M
.
Kitt
u
r
,
"
T
e
stin
g
M
A
NE
T
P
ro
to
c
o
l
u
sin
g
Zi
g
b
e
e
b
a
se
d
X
b
e
e
M
o
d
u
les
.,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
.
,
v
o
l
3
,
n
o
2
,
p
p
.
4
4
1
-
4
4
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
S
.
A
.
Ku
m
a
r,
E.
S
.
Ba
b
u
,
C.
Na
g
a
r
a
ju
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
G
o
p
i,
“
A
n
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
Crit
iq
u
e
o
f
On
-
De
m
a
n
d
Ro
u
t
in
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
a
g
a
in
st
Ru
sh
in
g
A
tt
a
c
k
in
M
A
NE
T
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
A
.
Ba
k
sh
i,
A
.
K.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
ish
ra
,
“
S
ig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
D
-
HO
C
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
(
M
A
NE
T
S
),
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
t
ive
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Exp
l
o
rin
g
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
IT
EE
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
A
a
rti
a
n
d
D.
S
.
S
.
T
y
a
g
i,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
M
A
NE
T
:
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rit
y
A
tt
a
c
k
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Co
mp
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
so
f
twa
re
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
252
–
2
5
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
K.
Ka
rth
ik
,
T
.
G
u
n
a
se
k
h
a
r,
D.
M
e
e
n
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
n
u
sh
a
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
n
I
P
Ne
tw
o
rk
Re
c
o
v
e
r
y
th
ro
u
g
h
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
(
IJ
EE
I)
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
–
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
N.
S
a
rm
a
a
n
d
S
.
Na
n
d
i,
“
A
m
u
lt
ip
a
th
Q
o
S
ro
u
ti
n
g
w
it
h
ro
u
te
sta
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s,”
IET
E
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
--
3
9
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
y
R
a
tio
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
s
.
Sp
e
ed
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
E
2
E
Dela
y
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
R
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
v
s
.
Sp
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
R
ev
iew
o
f I
n
tr
a
a
n
d
I
n
ter
-
Gro
u
p
MANET R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
ls
…
(
Dilip
S
in
g
h
S
is
o
d
ia
)
2729
[8
]
M
.
F
ro
d
ig
h
,
P
.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
a
rss
o
n
,
“
W
irele
s
s
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
-
th
e
a
rt
o
f
n
e
tw
o
rk
i
n
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
Erics
so
n
Rev
iew (
En
g
li
sh
Ed
i
ti
o
n
)
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
8
–
2
6
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[9
]
J.
L
o
o
,
J.
L
.
M
a
u
ri,
a
n
d
J.
H
.
Orti
z
,
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s: cu
rr
e
n
t
sta
tu
s
a
n
d
fu
tu
re
tre
n
d
s
. C
RC
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
H.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
Y.
L
u
o
,
F
.
Ye
,
S
.
W
.
L
u
,
a
n
d
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
S
e
c
u
rit
y
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
so
lu
ti
o
n
s,”
I
EE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
1
1
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
3
8
–
4
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
1
]
X
.
H.
X
.
Ho
n
g
,
K.
X
.
K.
X
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
G
e
rla,
“
S
c
a
lab
le
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
Ne
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
2
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
2
]
N.
Ch
a
u
ra
sia
,
S
.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
a
n
d
D.
S
o
n
i
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
to
c
o
ls
a
n
d
V
e
rsa
ti
le
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
M
A
NE
T
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
–
1
5
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
C.
E.
P
e
rk
in
s,
P
.
Bh
a
g
w
a
t,
C.
E.
P
e
rk
in
s,
a
n
d
P
.
Bh
a
g
w
a
t,
“
Hi
g
h
ly
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
D
e
stin
a
ti
o
n
-
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
d
Dista
n
c
e
-
V
e
c
to
r
Ro
u
ti
n
g
(DSDV
)
f
o
r
M
o
b
li
e
Co
m
p
u
ters
,
”
in
Pro
c
.
ACM
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,
Pro
to
c
o
ls
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (
S
IG
COM
M
’9
4
)
,
1
9
9
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
–
2
4
4
.
[1
4
]
D.
M
a
lt
z
,
D.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
a
n
d
Y.
Hu
.
,
“
T
h
e
D
y
n
a
m
ic
S
o
u
rc
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(DSR)
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
le
A
d
H
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
IP
v
4
,
”
I
n
ter
n
e
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
a
sk
Fo
rc
e
RF
C
4
7
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
5
]
C.
P
e
rk
in
s,
Be
ld
i
n
g
-
Ro
y
e
r,
El
iza
b
e
th
,
a
n
d
S
.
Da
s,
“
A
d
h
o
c
On
-
De
m
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
(
A
OD
V
)
Ro
u
ti
n
g
,
”
In
ter
n
e
t
RF
C
3
5
6
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
3
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
6
]
S
.
K.
G
u
p
ta
a
n
d
R
.
K.
S
a
k
e
t,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
M
e
tri
c
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
AO
DV
a
n
d
DSD
V
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
I
n
M
A
NE
T
s
Us
in
g
NS
-
2
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
R
e
v
iews
in
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
339
–
3
5
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
G
.
P
e
i,
M
.
G
e
rla,
a
n
d
T
.
-
W
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
F
is
h
e
y
e
S
tate
Ro
u
ti
n
g
:
A
Ro
u
ti
n
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
A
d
Ho
c
W
irele
s
s
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
0
,
p
p
.
7
0
–
7
4
.
[1
8
]
T
.
Clau
se
n
a
n
d
P
.
Ja
c
q
u
e
t,
“
RF
C3
6
2
6
O
p
ti
m
ize
d
L
in
k
S
tate
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
(OL
S
R),
”
In
ter
n
e
t
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
a
sk
Fo
rc
e
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
9
]
W
.
T
ru
n
g
,
Ha
Du
y
e
n
Be
n
jap
o
lak
u
l
a
n
d
P
.
M
.
Du
c
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
d
h
o
c
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
–
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
8
–
2
4
9
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
0
]
Z.
Ha
a
s,
M
.
P
e
a
rlm
a
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
a
m
a
r,
“
T
h
e
Zo
n
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
(ZR
P
)
f
o
r
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.,
”
Dr
a
ft
-
In
ter
n
e
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
a
sk
F
o
rc
e
.
2
0
0
2
.
[2
1
]
N.
Ja
in
a
n
d
Y.
Ch
a
b
a
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
b
a
se
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Zo
n
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
in
M
a
n
e
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
7
–
5
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
B.
Div
e
c
h
a
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
o
n
M
A
NET
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
m
o
d
e
l
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Di
g
it
a
l
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
2
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
A
.
A
l
-
M
a
a
sh
ri
a
n
d
M
.
Ou
l
d
-
Kh
a
o
u
a
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
se
lf
-
si
m
il
a
r
tra
ff
ic.,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
1
st I
EE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s,
n
o
.
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r,
p
p
.
801
–
8
0
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
4
]
V
.
T
im
c
e
n
k
o
,
M
.
S
to
jan
o
v
ic,
a
n
d
S
.
Ra
k
a
s,
“
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
v
s.
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
e
ls:
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
9
t
h
W
S
EA
S
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ap
p
li
e
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
–
2
7
6
.
[2
5
]
C.
M
b
a
ru
sh
im
a
n
a
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
h
ra
b
i,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
r
e
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
p
ro
a
c
ti
v
e
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
2
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
t
wo
rk
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
AINA
W
’0
7
)
IE
EE
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
6
7
9
–
6
8
4
.
[2
6
]
S
.
G
o
s
w
a
m
i,
S
.
Jo
a
rd
a
r,
a
n
d
C.
B.
Da
s,
“
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
P
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
M
e
tri
c
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
in
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
N
e
tw
o
rk
s
NS
2
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
0
8
–
4
9
1
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
S
.
V
a
n
th
a
n
a
a
n
d
V
.
S
.
J.
P
ra
k
a
s
h
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
P
ro
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
to
c
o
l
s
Us
in
g
Ns
2
,
”
W
o
rld
C
o
n
g
re
ss
o
n
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
2
7
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
8
]
G
.
Ka
p
il
,
“
A
u
g
m
e
n
ted
ZRP
a
s
a
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
M
A
NET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
IJ
CER
)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
2
–
8
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
9
]
G
.
P
o
n
g
o
r,
“
OMNe
T
:
Ob
jec
ti
v
e
M
o
d
u
lar
Ne
tw
o
rk
Tes
tb
e
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
,
An
a
lys
is
&
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
o
n
c
o
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
tele
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m M
AS
COT
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
–
3
2
6
,
1
9
9
3
.
[3
0
]
S
c
a
lab
le Ne
tw
o
rk
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
“
Qu
a
lNe
t
5
.
1
Us
e
r’s G
u
id
e
,
”
n
o
.
Ju
n
e
.
p
p
.
1
–
3
8
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
1
]
K.
F
a
ll
a
n
d
K.
V
a
ra
d
h
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
NS
M
a
n
u
a
l
(f
o
rm
e
rl
y
n
s
No
tes
a
n
d
Do
c
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
),
”
T
h
e
VINT
p
ro
jec
t
.
p
p
.
1
–
4
3
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
2
]
G
.
Bo
rb
o
ru
a
h
a
n
d
G
.
Na
n
d
i,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
n
L
a
rg
e
-
S
c
a
le
Ne
t
w
o
rk
S
i
m
u
lato
rs,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
3
1
8
–
7
3
2
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
3
]
G
ru
b
e
r,
In
g
o
,
O.
K
n
a
u
f
,
H.
L
i,
I.
G
ru
b
e
r,
O.
Kn
a
u
f
,
a
n
d
H.
L
i,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
A
d
Ho
c
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
Urb
a
n
En
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
in
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
W
ire
les
s
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
2
7
.
[3
4
]
I.
K.
El
tah
ir,
“
T
h
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Diffe
re
n
t
Ra
d
io
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
NET
w
o
rk
s
(
M
A
NE
T
)
in
Urb
a
n
A
re
a
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
in
T
h
e
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
Ultr
a
W
id
e
b
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
Au
sW
ire
les
s 2
0
0
7
)
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
9.
[3
5
]
R.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
K.
G
u
p
ta,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
b
a
se
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
UD
P
/CBR
a
n
d
T
CP
/F
T
P
T
ra
ff
ic
u
n
d
e
r
A
O
DV
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
n
M
A
NET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
7
2
0
–
2
7
3
0
2730
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dili
p
S
i
n
g
h
S
iso
d
ia
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E.
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
De
g
re
e
s
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
&
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
w
it
h
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
in
a
rti
f
icia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
)
f
ro
m
th
e
Ra
ji
v
G
a
n
d
h
i
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Bh
o
p
a
l,
In
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Ra
ip
u
r,
In
d
ia.
Dr.
S
iso
d
ia
is
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ra
ip
u
r.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
th
irt
e
e
n
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s
re
p
u
ted
in
sti
tu
tes
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ics
&
re
se
a
rc
h
.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
1
5
re
f
e
rre
d
a
rti
c
les
a
n
d
se
rv
e
d
a
s a re
v
i
e
w
e
r
f
o
r
se
v
e
ra
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls,
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
M
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
Dr.
S
iso
d
ia
is
a
c
ti
v
e
l
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
w
it
h
v
a
rio
u
s p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
so
c
ieties
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
IEE
E,
A
CM
,
CS
I
,
IE
(I
n
d
ia) IE
T
E,
e
tc.
Riy
a
S
in
g
h
a
l
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
&
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
a
g
o
ld
m
e
d
a
l
in
2
0
1
6
f
ro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ra
ip
u
r.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
so
f
t
w
a
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
In
f
o
Ed
g
e
In
d
ia L
im
it
e
d
.
V
ij
a
y
Ka
n
d
a
l
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
&
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
h
o
n
o
rs
in
2
0
1
6
f
ro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ra
ip
u
r.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
In
f
o
Ed
g
e
In
d
ia L
im
it
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.