Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 3
108
~
3115
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp3108
-
31
15
3108
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
o
re.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Design
an
d
i
mplem
ent WSN/
IOT
sma
rt
pa
rk
ing
man
ag
eme
nt
sys
tem
us
ing
micr
ocon
troll
er
A.
E
.
H
amz
a
1
,
H
.
H
.
Qasi
m
2
, S
.
A
.
Alw
as
h
3
, M
.
M
.
F
adh
el
4
, L
.
A
ud
ah
5
, H
.
H
.
Ibr
ah
i
m
6
,
O
.
S
.
H
ame
d
7
,
H. A.
S
aeed
8
,
A.
I
. Hussei
n
9
,
M
.
I
.
H
amz
a
10
1
,2,5,6,8
W
ire
le
ss
a
nd
Radi
o
Scie
n
c
e
Cen
tre (WA
RAS
),
Facul
t
y
of Electrical a
nd
E
l
ec
tron
ic
Engi
n
eering,
Univer
siti
Tun H
uss
ei
n
Onn
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
1,4,7,9
Depa
rtment
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
a
nd
Buil
t
Env
iron
m
ent
,
Univer
si
ti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
si
a
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
3
Depa
rtment of
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Alnisour
Uni
ver
sit
y
Co
ll
eg
e
,
Ira
q
10
Depa
rtment
of C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersity
of
Basr
ah
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
6
, 2
019
Re
vised
N
ov 9
,
20
19
Accepte
d
Ja
n 8
, 20
20
W
it
h
the
dra
m
a
ti
c
expa
nsion
o
f
new
net
works
suc
h
as
W
ire
l
ess
Sensor
Network
(W
SN)
and
Inte
rne
t
-
of
-
Thi
ngs
(IoT
)
,
tre
m
endous
opportuni
ties
have
be
en
eme
rge
d
to
in
cor
po
rat
e
such
t
e
chn
ologi
es
for
v
aluable
ta
sks
.
One
of
the
se
tas
ks
is
the
s
m
art
ca
r
par
king
w
her
e
there
is
an
impera
ti
v
e
demand
to
m
ana
ge
the
p
ark
ing
i
n
var
ious
fac
i
li
t
i
es,
which
m
a
y
h
el
p
drive
rs
to
save
their
tim
e.
Sever
al
r
ese
arc
h
studie
s
ha
ve
addr
essed
th
i
s
ta
sk
using
wide
ran
ge
of
ap
proa
che
s.
How
e
ver
,
th
e
ene
rg
y
c
onsum
pti
on
is
st
il
l
a
seriou
s
conc
ern
.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
proposes
a
sm
art
ca
r
par
k
ing
b
ase
d
on
cloud
-
base
d
appr
oac
h
al
ong
with
var
i
ety
of
s
ensors.
Pass
ive
I
nfra
red
Sensors
(PIRs
)
have
bee
n
used
to
sen
se
the
object
m
ot
ion.
W
hil
e Li
ght
Depe
ndent
R
esi
stor
(LDR)
sensors
have
been
uti
lized
to
sen
se
the
li
gh
t
of
th
e
par
king
a
la
rm
and
displ
a
y
infor
m
at
ion
reg
a
rding
the
o
cc
upi
ed
and
non
-
oc
c
upie
d
par
k
ing
lo
ts.
Finall
y
,
m
ult
i
-
m
ic
ro
con
trol
ler
of
Arduino
have
bee
n
e
xploi
te
d
in
ord
e
r
to
tra
nsm
it
the
informati
on
collecte
d
to
t
he
serve
r
.
Fin
a
lly
,
a
prototy
p
e
Android
appl
i
ca
t
ion
has
bee
n
dev
el
oped
in
orde
r
t
o
re
ce
iv
e
the
inf
o
r
m
at
ion
from
the
serve
r.
R
esult
s
of
sim
ula
ti
on
show
ed
the
eff
ic
a
c
y
of
th
e
proposed
m
et
hod.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ardu
i
no
m
ic
ro
contr
oller
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
Ligh
t
de
pend
e
nt r
esi
st
or
Sm
art car p
ar
ki
ng
W
i
reless se
nso
r netw
ork
Copyright
©
202
0
In
stit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
A.
E
.
Ham
za,
W
i
reless a
nd R
adio Sci
ence
Centre
(
WA
R
A
S)
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
U
ni
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn,
Ba
tu Pa
hat, J
ohor,
Mal
ay
sia
.
E
m
a
il
: eng
.abd
ulwa
hh
a
b.1
991@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
m
agn
ific
e
nt
e
xp
a
ns
io
n
on
netw
orks
no
wad
ay
s
ha
s
le
d
to
t
he
em
erg
e
nce
of
new
to
polo
g
ie
s
s
uc
h
as
W
irel
ess
Se
ns
or
Net
w
o
r
k
(
WSN)
an
d
I
nt
ern
et
-
of
-
T
hing
s
(IoT)
[
1,
2]
.
Su
c
h
net
wor
ks
hav
e
bee
n
pr
opo
se
d
as
a
respo
ns
e
to
the
spe
ct
a
cular
e
voluti
on
on
sm
art
dev
i
ces
su
c
h
as
ph
on
e
s,
ca
rs,
ca
m
eras
an
d
othe
rs
[3]
.
Since
t
hese
de
vices
hav
e
the
acce
ssibil
it
y
to
the
i
nter
net
th
us
,
the
netw
or
ks
ha
ve
been
e
xam
ined
in
te
r
m
s
of
ta
kin
g
the
a
dvantage
of
thes
e
de
vices
to
a
ccom
plish
sp
e
ci
fic
ta
sk
s
[4
-
6]
.
T
his
has
l
ed
to
pro
pose
sm
art
hous
es
w
he
re
nu
m
erous
dev
i
ces
inside
a
ho
us
e
ca
n
be
i
nc
orp
or
at
ed
to
m
anag
e
an
d
sec
ur
e
the
hous
e
[7,
8]
.
Su
c
h
a
pp
li
cat
ion
can
be
ap
pl
ie
d
to
var
i
ou
s
facil
it
ie
s
su
ch
as
hos
pital
,
s
hoppin
g
m
al
ls
an
d
oth
er
s.
O
ne
of
the
fiel
ds
that
needs
to
be
i
nvest
igate
d
i
n
te
rm
s
of
W
S
N
and
IoT
is
the
parkin
g
area
s
locat
ed
in
num
ero
us
facil
it
ie
s
[9
-
13]
.
This
is
du
e
to
the
chall
eng
i
ng
ta
s
k
of
m
anag
ing
oc
cup
ie
d
an
d
non
-
occupied
pa
rk
i
ng
lots
w
here
dr
i
ver
can
w
ast
e
long
tim
e
for
fin
ding
an
av
ai
la
ble
parki
ng
es
pecial
ly
duri
ng
the
co
ngest
io
n
tim
es
[14
-
1
8]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nt W
SN/I
OT
s
m
ar
t
pa
rk
ing
m
a
na
gem
e
nt system
usi
ng
… (
A. E.
H
am
z
a
)
3109
Seve
ral
resear
ch
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
add
re
ssed
th
e
do
m
ai
n
of
sm
art
car
par
ki
ng
f
or
exam
ple,
Sw
at
ha
an
d
Pooj
a
[19]
pro
po
s
ed
a
sm
art
car
pa
rk
i
ng
s
yst
e
m
us
ing
Bl
uetoo
t
h
-
base
d
transm
iss
ion
and
Glob
al
P
osi
ti
on
Syst
e
m
(G
PS).
The
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
util
iz
ed
the
G
PS
to
send
th
e
inf
orm
at
ion
reg
a
rd
i
ng
non
-
occ
upie
d
or
avail
able
park
ing
t
o
th
e
use
r.
Using
t
he
Bl
ueto
oth
t
ra
ns
m
i
ss
ion
via
any
sm
artphon
e
,
the
syst
e
m
ca
n
accuratel
y assi
gn the
nea
rest
parkin
g.
Ni
et
al
.
[
20
]
pro
po
se
d
a
pr
i
vacy
-
pr
ese
rv
i
ng
sm
art
parking
syst
em
.
The
auth
ors
ha
ve
ad
dr
esse
d
th
e
pr
ob
le
m
of
vi
olati
ng
pri
vate
in
form
at
i
on
of
t
he
us
er
or
dri
ve
r
w
he
n
he
\
sh
e
sub
m
it
s
per
sonal
qu
e
ries
seekin
g
for
a
va
il
able
parkin
g
.
F
or
t
his
pu
rpose,
t
he
a
uthor
s
ha
ve
pr
ese
nt
ed
a
n
ef
fici
ent
and
secu
re
d
re
trie
val
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
for
t
he
dr
iv
er
us
in
g
Bl
oo
m
f
il
te
rs.
Re
he
na
et
al
.
[
21
]
ha
ve
e
xam
ined
the
prob
le
m
of
sm
art
parkin
g
syst
em
as
an
optim
iz
a
ti
on
issue
wh
e
r
e
the
aim
is
to
fin
d
the
opti
m
al
so
luti
on
t
hat
can
m
ee
t
the
us
er'
s
desires
.
F
or
th
is
pur
pose,
t
he
aut
hors
ha
ve
pr
ese
nted
a
m
ulti
-
crit
eria
a
lg
or
it
hm
that
in
pu
t
the
query
of
use
r
and
fin
d
an
appr
opriat
e
pa
rk
i
ng
place
base
d
on
pre
ferred
locat
io
n,
pri
ce
an
d
sp
ace
by
th
e
us
er.
So
m
ani
et
al.
[
22
]
, have
propose
d
a s
m
art c
ar p
ar
king syst
e
m
b
ased on
a cloud
-
base
d
ap
proac
h.
The pr
o
po
s
e
d
syst
e
m
utilized
the
cl
oud
-
com
pu
ti
ng
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent
in
order
t
o
colle
ct
inf
orm
at
ion
about
pa
rk
i
ng
l
ot
in
spe
ci
fic
area.
T
hen,
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
il
l
be
sent
into
Ultra
Hi
gh
Fre
qu
e
ncy
(
U
HF)
sens
ors.
Fi
na
ll
y,
the
inform
at
ion
will
b
e
passe
d i
nto
us
er'
s sm
a
rtp
hone.
As dep
ic
te
d f
orm
the lit
eratur
e, one ca
n
noti
ce that
ther
e a
r
e w
id
e
ra
ng
e
of chall
en
ges
t
ha
t
m
igh
t st
ill
face p
r
opos
i
ng
an
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
sm
art
car p
ar
king
syst
em
s.
On
e
of
t
hese
c
halle
ng
e
s
is
t
he
ene
rg
y
c
ons
um
pt
ion
for
the
sens
ors
instal
le
d
in
s
pecific
parkin
g
lot.
Ma
i
ntainin
g
these
se
nsors
f
or
prol
ongi
ng
their
li
f
e
tim
e
i
s
an
im
per
at
ive
dem
and
.
He
nc
e,
this
pa
per
pro
poses
an
e
ff
i
ci
ent
sm
art
car
parkin
g
us
i
ng
Moti
on
Se
nso
r
an
d
Ligh
t
De
pend
ent
Re
sist
ors
(LD
Rs
).
Finall
y,
a
prot
otype
has
bee
n
im
plem
ented
in
order
to
i
ncor
porate
Ardu
i
no m
ic
ro
contr
oller se
nsors
alo
ng w
it
h
sm
art
ph
on
e
app.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
m
et
ho
dolog
y
of
this
pa
per
ca
n
be
de
pi
ct
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
1
w
her
e
t
he
pro
posed
sm
art
car
pa
rk
i
ng
syst
e
m
is
com
po
s
ed
of
m
ultip
le
com
pone
nts
inclu
ding
t
he
cl
oud
-
base
d
I
oT
reposit
ory
,
wh
ic
h
m
eant
to
st
or
e
the infor
m
at
ion
r
e
gardin
g
o
c
cup
ie
d
an
d
no
n
-
occ
upie
d
pa
r
ki
ng
, as wel
l as,
a u
ser
-
f
rien
dly app
li
cat
ion
i
nst
al
le
d
on the
us
e
r’
s
s
m
artphon
e
to g
et
su
c
h
in
form
at
ion
.
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
S
m
a
r
t
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
st
e
m
S
e
v
e
r
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
Figure
1
.
Archi
te
ct
ur
e
of
t
he p
rop
os
ed
syst
em
The
cent
rali
zed
ser
ver
,
w
hich
m
anag
es
to
store
entire
s
m
art
par
ki
ng
s
yst
e
m
s
inform
at
ion
su
c
h
a
s
nu
m
ber
of
slot
s,
a
vaila
bil
it
y
of
ve
hicle
s
et
c
.
a
nd
this
i
nfo
rm
ation
,
will
be
acce
s
sed
th
rou
gh
so
m
e
secur
e
d
gateways
thr
ough
net
work.
This
sm
art
pa
rk
i
ng
syst
em
,
wh
ic
h
c
onsist
s
o
f
seve
ral
co
m
po
nen
ts
a
nd
their
functi
onal
it
y i
nclud
es:
Ce
ntrali
zed se
r
ver
: m
ai
ntains
inf
or
m
at
ion
abou
t
pa
rk
i
ng spac
es prese
nt in t
he
pa
r
king.
Ardu
i
no: t
he
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
t
hat
use
d t
o
im
ple
m
ent o
ur
parkin
g
syst
em
an
d
it
is att
ache
d sens
or
s
.
Androi
d
A
pp:
us
er
can
con
ne
ct
w
it
h
the
sm
a
rt p
a
rk
i
ng syst
e
m
w
it
h
their
s
m
art p
ho
nes.
2.1
.
Arc
hitect
ure co
mp
on
en
ts
desc
ri
pt
io
n
The
a
rch
it
ect
ure
c
on
ta
ins
th
r
ee
m
a
in
com
po
ne
nts
wh
ic
h
can
be
dep
ic
te
d
in
Table
1
wh
e
re
t
hese
com
po
ne
nts are
b
ei
ng e
xpla
in
ed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
3
1
0
8
-
3
1
1
5
3110
Table
1
.
C
om
po
ne
nts
desc
ript
ion
Co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Descripti
o
n
Pack
in
g
I
OT
It
i
s
co
m
p
o
sed
b
y
1
Ardu
in
o
Mega
co
n
n
ected
to
a
NRF2
4
L01
Mod
u
le
to
rece
iv
e
d
ata
f
ro
m
eth
er
p
acki
n
g
p
art
an
d
Cytr
o
n
W
if
i
Sh
iel
d
wh
ich
is
u
sed
t
o
sen
d
d
ata
to
clo
u
d
.
An
d
3
Ardu
in
o
Nan
o
co
n
n
ected to
NRF2
4
L01
M
o
d
u
le to trans
m
it data
to Ar
d
u
in
o
M
eg
a
An
d
roid
App
T
h
e
ap
p
will
sh
o
w
all
th
e
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t
an
d
d
ed
u
ct
th
e
e
m
p
t
y
an
d
f
u
ll
p
arkin
g
u
sin
g
An
y
p
h
o
n
e
th
at
h
av
e And
roid
OS
Server
An
HTT
P
serv
er
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
n
a
m
e
d
web
serv
er,
is
d
ef
i
n
e
as
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
p
rocess
es
requ
ests
v
ia
th
e
H
TT
P
n
etwo
rk
p
roto
co
l
u
sed
to
sp
read
an
d
sh
are
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
n
th
e
W
o
rld
W
id
e
W
eb
.
This
serv
er
will
b
e
resp
o
n
sib
l
e
f
o
r
readin
g
th
e
HTT
P
requ
ests
sen
t
b
y
th
e
alert
n
o
tif
icatio
n
the
m
and
sen
d
br
o
ad
cast
m
ess
ag
e
to u
ser.
2.2
.
A
ndr
oid
stu
di
o
Androi
d
Stu
di
o
is
the
offi
ci
al
In
te
grat
e
d
Dev
el
op
m
ent
En
vir
onm
e
nt
f
or
G
oogl
e'
s
An
dr
oid
app
li
cat
io
n
ad
van
cem
ent.
Ma
nufactu
red
in
li
gh
t
of
Jet
Brai
ns
'
In
te
ll
iJ
ID
E
A
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
and
de
signe
d
par
ti
cula
rly
f
or
And
ro
i
d de
velop
m
ent Sm
art p
ar
king syst
em
u
se
r
this
IDE
f
or the c
reati
on
of this m
ob
il
e
App.
2.3
.
Bl
ock di
agra
m
The
f
ollo
wing
figures
il
lustr
at
es
the
dif
fere
nt
com
po
ne
nt
s
in
the
pr
oj
ec
t.
it
’s
con
sist
of
four
pa
rts,
the
m
ai
n
par
t
is
com
po
sed
of
Ar
dui
no
Me
ga
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
ol
le
r
connect
to
NRF24L
01
M
odule
w
hich
re
cei
ve
data
of p
ar
ki
ng
from
anther
pa
rts
an
d
c
onne
ct
to
P
IR
Se
nsor
to d
et
ect
the
m
otion
inside
the
pa
r
king
s
pa
ce
if
it
detect
m
otion
the
LED
li
ght
will
switc
h
on,
and
Ardu
i
no
Me
ga
co
nn
ect
to
Cy
tron
W
i
-
Fi
sh
ie
ld
w
hic
h
sen
d
the
data
of
the
parkin
g
spot
to
cl
oud
ser
ve
r
[23
-
25]
.
T
he
seco
nd
par
t
is
com
po
sed
of
Ardu
i
no
Na
no
m
ic
ro
-
con
t
ro
ll
er
c
on
nect
to
NRF24L
01
M
odule
wh
ic
h
se
nd
da
ta
of
parkin
g
t
o
the
m
ai
n
pa
rt,
an
d
c
onnec
t
to
3
Infr
a
red
to
det
ect
the
fu
ll
/e
m
pty
pa
rk
i
ng
s
pot,
a
nd
se
rvo
t
o
op
e
n/close
t
he
E
ntra
nce
ga
te
.
The
thir
d
par
t
is
com
po
sed
of
Ardu
i
no
Nano
m
ic
ro
-
c
ontroll
er
c
onnect
to
NRF24L
01
M
odule
wh
ic
h
s
end
data
of
pa
rk
i
ng
to
the
m
ai
n
par
t,
and
co
nnect
to
3
I
nfra
red
t
o
de
te
ct
the
fu
ll
/e
m
pt
y
par
ki
ng
s
po
t.
The
f
ourth
par
t
is
c
om
po
sed
of
Ardu
i
no
Na
no
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
oller
co
nn
ect
to
NRF24L
01
Module
w
hich
se
nd
data
of
parkin
g
to
the
m
a
in
part
,
and
co
nnect
to
3
I
nfrar
e
d
t
o
detect
the
f
ull/
e
m
pty
par
ki
ng
s
pot,
a
nd
servo
t
o
ope
n/cl
os
e
the
E
xit
gat
e
The bloc
k diag
ram
o
f
Sm
art Park
i
ng syst
em
i
s sho
w belo
w
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
f
or
hard
war
e im
ple
m
entat
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nt W
SN/I
OT
s
m
ar
t
pa
rk
ing
m
a
na
gem
e
nt system
usi
ng
… (
A. E.
H
am
z
a
)
3111
2.4.
H
ardwar
e
c
onnecti
on
s
In
orde
r
t
o
si
m
ula
te
the
ha
r
dw
a
re
c
onnect
ion
s
,
9
po
i
nts
of
A
rduin
o
m
i
cro
co
ntr
ollers
ha
ve
been
i
m
ple
m
ented
al
ong
with
a
m
ai
n
point.
Ta
ble
2
desc
ribes
t
he
m
ai
n
po
int
sens
or
s
s
pecifi
cat
ion
s.
As
s
how
n
i
n
Table
2,
t
her
e
are
fi
ve
ty
pes
of
sens
ors.
Fir
st
ty
pe
is
inte
nd
to
se
ns
e
the
m
ot
ion
pro
du
c
ed
by
ob
j
ect
s
i
n
order
to
detect
veh
ic
le
m
otion
.
Second
ty
pe
is
intend
to
se
ns
e
th
e
li
gh
t
in
or
de
r
to
con
fi
gure
the
sta
tus
of
pa
rk
i
ng
al
arm
wh
et
her
it
on
or
off.
T
hir
d
ty
pe
of
se
ns
or
is
i
nten
d
t
o
c
ollec
t
inf
orm
at
ion
re
garding
the
non
-
oc
c
up
ie
d
parks.
F
o
u
rth
ty
pe
aim
s
to
connect
the
pi
ns
,
w
hil
e
the
fifth
ty
pe
is
in
te
nd
to
sen
d
the
in
form
at
i
on
to
the ser
ve
r.
Ta
bl
e 3
s
hows
the
descr
i
ption o
f sens
or
s
fro
m
pi
n
1 t
o pin
3.
As
s
how
n
i
n
Table
3,
t
her
e
are
six
ty
pe
of
sens
ors
that
ha
ve
bee
n
im
pl
e
m
ented
betwe
en
pin
1
t
o
pin
3.
T
he
firs
t
ty
pe
aim
s
to
sense
t
he
ve
hi
cl
e
obj
ect
w
he
ther
it
is
loca
te
d
on
the
gat
e
of
pa
rk
i
ng
or
not.
Wh
il
e,
the
sec
ond
ty
pe
ai
m
s
to
tur
n
the
parkin
g
al
arm
int
o
on
or
off
bas
ed
on
the
occupati
on
sta
t
us
pro
duc
e
d
by
fir
s
t
ty
pe
s
ens
or
s.
T
hir
d,
four
t
h
a
nd
fift
h
ty
pes
are
m
eant
to
detect
wh
et
her
pa
rk
i
ng
occupied
or
no
t
f
or
sp
ot
1,
s
po
t
2
,
an
d
s
po
t
3
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Fi
na
ll
y,
the
sixth
ty
pe
aim
s
to
s
end
the
i
nfor
m
at
ion
c
ollec
te
d
for
m
the
la
tt
er
sensors
into
the
m
ain
Ard
uino
sen
s
or.
Tab
le
4
de
pi
ct
s
the
sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
of
the
s
ens
or
s
im
ple
m
ented
from
p
in 4 to
pi
n
6.
Table
2
. Mai
n part’
s
pin
s
of c
onnecti
ng
de
vices
Sen
so
r
t
y
p
e
In Ardu
in
o
M
eg
a
In sen
so
r
No
te
PIR Sens
or
GND
GND
A
l
l
o
w
t
o
s
e
n
s
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
t
e
c
t
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
a
h
u
m
a
n
h
a
s
m
o
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
r
a
n
g
e
+5
v
+5
v
13
out
LED
GND
GND
Use to
ligh
t on
/of
f
th
e parkin
g
19
Data
LCD
GND
Pin
1
LE
D
placed
in en
tr
an
ce parkin
g
An
d
us
e to d
isp
lay
inf
o
r
m
atio
n
abo
u
t the p
ar
k
in
g
sp
ace
+5
v
Pin
2
Pin
3
Pin
7
Pin
4
GND
Pin
5
Pin
8
Pin
6
--
Pin
7
--
Pin
8
--
Pin
9
--
Pin
10
Pin
9
Pin
11
Pin
10
Pin
12
Pin
11
Pin
13
Pin
12
Pin
14
Po
t
m
eter
GND
Pin
1
Pin
3 in
Po
t
m
ete
r
co
n
n
ect to p
in
3
in
LCD
+
5v
Pin
2
Pin
3
Cytr
o
n
W
if
i sh
ield
Co
n
n
ect abo
v
e the
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
ag
e
Use to
sen
d
park
in
g
inf
o
r
m
atio
n
to th
e sev
er
Table
3
.
Par
king
from
1
to 3
pi
ns
of
c
onnecti
ng d
e
vices
Sen
so
r
t
y
p
e
In Ardu
in
o
Nano
In sen
so
r
No
te
In
f
rar
ed
+5
v
+5
v
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
en
trance gate u
se t
o
detect if
the
car
in
the g
ate
of
park
in
g
GND
GND
2
OUT
Servo
GND
GND
Servo
placed
in en
trance gate u
se to
o
p
en
and
clos
e
th
e gate of
park
in
g
+5
v
+5
v
23
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
plac
ed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 1 an
d
u
se to
detect
wh
eth
er
th
e sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
3
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 2 an
d
u
se to
detect
wh
eth
er
th
e sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
4
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 3 an
d
u
se to
detect
wh
eth
er
th
e sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
5
OUT
NRF2
4
L01
Mod
u
le
+3
.3V
VCC
Use to
tr
an
s
m
it dat
a f
ro
m
the seco
n
d
a
ry
Ardu
in
o
Nan
o
to Main A
rdu
in
o
M
eg
a
As
s
how
n
in
Table
4,
four
m
ai
n
ty
pes
of
sens
or
s
ha
ve
be
en
im
ple
m
ent
ed
betwee
n
pin
4
to
pin
6.
The
fir
st,
seco
nd
a
nd
t
hird
ty
pes
are
m
eant
to
detect
wh
et
her
the
parkin
g
occ
upie
d
or
no
t
f
or
s
pot
1,
sp
ot
2
and
s
pot
3
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Fi
nally
,
the
fou
rth
ty
pe
ai
m
s
to
sen
d
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
into
the
m
ai
n
s
ens
or
s
.
Eve
ntu
al
ly
,
for
Table
5,
the
s
ens
or
s
ty
pes
be
tween
pin
5
to
pi
n
9
a
re
six
ty
pes
.
First
ty
pe
is
inten
d
to
sens
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
3
1
0
8
-
3
1
1
5
3112
the
m
otion
pr
oduce
d
by
ob
j
ect
s
in
orde
r
to
detect
veh
ic
l
e
m
otion
.
Second
ty
pe
is
intend
to
sense
the
li
gh
t
in
ord
er
to
co
nf
i
gure
the
sta
tus
of
pa
rk
i
ng
al
arm
wh
et
her
it
on
or
off.
F
or
the
third,
fou
r
th
an
d
fift
h
ty
pes,
the
ai
m
was
to
detect
wh
et
he
r
pa
r
kin
gs
a
re
occ
upie
d
or
not
for
s
po
t
1
,
spot
2
,
and
s
pot
3.
Fi
nally
,
the sixt
h
ty
pe
a
i
m
s to
sen
d
the
infor
m
at
ion
to
the m
ai
n
sens
or
s
.
Table
4
. Par
king
from
4
to 6
pi
ns
of
c
onnecti
ng d
e
vices
Sen
so
r
Ty
p
e
In Ardu
in
o
Nano
In sen
so
r
No
te
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 1
an
d
u
se to
detect
wh
eth
er
th
e sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
3
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 2 an
d
u
se to
detect
wh
eth
er
th
e sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
4
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 3 an
d
u
se to
d
etect
weather the sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
5
OUT
NRF2
4
L01
Mod
u
le
3
.3V
VCC
Use to
tr
an
s
m
it dat
a f
ro
m
the seco
n
d
a
ry
Ardu
in
o
Nan
o
to Main A
rdu
in
o
M
eg
a
Table
5
. Par
king
from
5
to 9
pi
ns
of
c
onnecti
ng d
e
vices
Sen
so
r
Ty
p
e
In Ardu
in
o
Nano
In sen
so
r
No
te
Inf
rar
ed
+5
v
+5
v
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
en
trance gate u
se t
o
detect
if
the car
in th
e gat
e of
park
in
g
GND
GND
2
OUT
Servo
GND
GND
Servo
placed
in en
trance gate u
se to
o
p
en
an
d
clos
e the
g
ate
o
f
park
in
g
+5
v
+5
v
23
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 1 an
d
u
se to
d
etect we
ath
e
r
th
e
sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
V
3
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 2 an
d
u
se to
d
etect we
ath
e
r
th
e
sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
v
4
OUT
Inf
rar
ed
GND
GND
Inf
rar
ed
placed
in
p
arkin
g
sp
o
t 3 an
d
u
se to
d
etect we
ath
e
r
th
e
sp
o
t e
m
p
t
y
or
f
u
ll
+5
v
+5
V
+5
v
OUT
NRF2
4
L01
Mod
u
le
+3
.3v
VCC
Use to
tr
an
s
m
it dat
a f
ro
m
the seco
n
d
a
ry
Ardu
in
o
Nano
to Main Ardu
in
o
M
e
g
a
GN
D
GND
8
CSN
7
CE
13
SCK
11
MOSI
12
MI
SO
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
Af
te
r
the
desi
gn
phase,
we
i
m
ple
m
ented
th
e
pro
j
ect
as
f
our
pa
rts.
T
he
m
ai
n
par
t
is
c
om
po
sed
of
Ardu
i
no
Me
ga
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
oller
co
nn
ect
to
NRF24L
01
Module
,
wh
ic
h
r
ecei
ve
data
of
p
ar
king
f
ro
m
an
o
t
her
par
ts
an
d
co
nn
ect
to
PI
R
Sensor
to
detect
t
he
m
otion
inside
the
pa
rk
i
ng
sp
ace
.
I
f
it
detect
m
otion
the
LED
li
gh
t wil
l swit
ch
on, a
nd
Ard
ui
no
Mega c
onne
ct
to
Cy
tron
W
i
fi sh
ie
ld
whic
h
sen
d
the d
a
ta
o
f
the p
a
r
king spot
to
cl
oud
se
r
ver.
Par
t
A
is
com
po
s
ed
of
A
rdui
no
Na
no
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
oller
co
nnect
to
NRF24
L0
1
Mo
du
le
w
hich
sen
d
data
of
pa
rk
i
ng
t
o
the
m
ai
n
par
t,
a
nd
connect
to
3
I
nfrar
e
d
to
dete
ct
the
fu
ll
/e
m
p
ty
par
ki
ng
s
po
t,
and
servo
t
o
open/
cl
os
e
the
E
ntra
nce
gate.
The
par
t
B
is
c
om
po
se
d
of
A
rduin
o
Nano
m
ic
ro
-
con
t
ro
ll
er
co
nn
ect
to
NRF24L
01
M
odule
wh
ic
h
s
end
data
of
pa
rk
i
ng
to
t
he
m
ai
n
par
t,
a
nd
c
onnect
t
o
3
Infr
a
red
to
detect
the full
/em
pty parkin
g
s
pot. T
he part C is c
om
po
sed of
Ard
uino
Nano
m
icr
o
-
co
ntr
oller c
onnect to
N
RF
24L
01
Module
w
hich
send
data
of
parkin
g
to
the
m
ai
n
par
t,
an
d
co
nn
ect
to
3
I
nfrar
e
d
to
detect
the
fu
ll
/em
pty
parkin
g
s
pot, a
nd serv
o
to
ope
n/close t
he
E
xi
t gate. Fi
gure
3 sh
ows all
the
f
our parts
con
ne
ct
ed
to
gethe
r.
As
s
how
n
in
Figure
3,
t
he
re
are
m
ulti
ple
sen
sors
w
her
e
t
he
fi
rst
ty
pe
is
the
Ardu
i
no
na
no
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
oller
w
hich
ca
n
be
de
picte
d
in
Figure
4(a)
.
Wh
il
e
the
sec
ond
ty
pe
is
the
Infr
a
red
w
h
ic
h
can
be
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fi
gure
4
(
b)
,
a
nd
finall
y,
the
third
on
e
is
relat
ed
to
the
servo
m
otor
in
the
entr
ance
gate
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
be
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
4
(
c)
.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
Fig
ure
4
(d)
s
hows
the
sam
ple
car
use
d
in
the
sim
u
la
ti
on
.
The
sim
ulati
on
has
bee
n
a
djust
ed
t
o
te
st
the
m
otion
of
the
sam
ple
ve
hic
le
in
wh
ic
h
the
fir
st
sen
so
r
at
the
entra
nce
w
il
l
detect
the
c
ar
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figu
re
5(
a
).
Con
s
eq
ue
ntial
ly
,
the
Ar
duin
o
na
no
m
ic
ro
-
co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nt W
SN/I
OT
s
m
ar
t
pa
rk
ing
m
a
na
gem
e
nt system
usi
ng
… (
A. E.
H
am
z
a
)
3113
will
sense
the
m
ot
ion
of
t
he
car
w
he
n
it
pa
sses
the
parkin
gs
as
s
how
n
i
n
5(
b)
.
A
fter
t
hat,
w
he
n
the
car
is
bein
g
occ
up
yi
ng
the
pa
r
king
as
sh
own
in
Figure
5(c),
th
e
pr
op
os
e
d
prototype
ap
plica
ti
on
will
sh
ow
that
parkin
g
is
occ
upie
d
a
s s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
5(d).
Finall
y,
the
la
st
sens
or
w
hic
h
is
t
he
LC
D
will
sense
the
li
gh
t
of
pa
rk
i
ng
al
arm
in
ord
er
to
cl
arify
the
num
ber
of
occupied
an
d
non
-
occupied
pa
rk
i
ng
l
ots
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
6.
E
ve
ntu
al
ly
,
Fig
ur
e
7
will
sh
ow
the
li
gh
ti
ng
syst
e
m
wh
ere
th
e
LDR
a
nd
P
I
R
sens
or
s
are
inco
rpor
at
e
d
t
o
se
nd
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
t
he
m
a
in
m
ic
ro
-
co
ntr
oller.
T
his
ca
n
be
de
picte
d
wh
e
r
e
the
L
DRs
a
r
e
sensi
ng
the
li
gh
t
unti
l
it
stop
s
(i
.e.
t
he
parkin
g
is
act
ive).
A
s
we
ll
as,
the
PI
R
will
sense
the
obj
ect
m
otion
in
w
hich
if
the
LDR
is
stop
s
ensin
g,
the
LE
D
will
tur
n
into
on
as
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
7.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
if
the
dr
i
ver
hits
the
parkin
g
inap
pro
pr
ia
t
el
y,
the
LED
will
no
t
tur
n
on
un
ti
l
the
c
ar
is
being
parke
d
pro
per
l
y
as
sh
own
in
Figure
8.
Ta
bl
e
6
sh
ows
the
f
inal
read
in
gs
of
from
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
colle
ct
ed
of
al
l
the
senso
rs
.
Ap
a
rt
from
t
he
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
pro
pos
ed
syst
e
m
,
it
s
howe
d
an
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
perform
ance in
te
r
m
s o
f
the e
nergy co
nsum
ption
wh
ic
h
m
akes it com
petit
ive an
d sca
la
ble.
Figure
3
.
F
our parts
of
parki
ng
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
4
.
Com
pone
nt of t
he
s
i
m
ulati
on
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
5
.
Testi
ng sim
ulati
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
3
1
0
8
-
3
1
1
5
3114
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Figure
6
.
Testi
ng of LC
D
Figure
7
.
Tur
nin
g LE
D
int
o o
n
a
nd off
(a)
(b)
Figure
8
.
Inap
pro
pr
ia
te
parkin
g
m
otion
Table
6
. Res
ults o
f
se
nsor rea
dings
INPU
T=I
R
SENS
OR
OUTPU
T
No
.
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
An
d
roid
Ap
p
LCD
Servo
=Gate(
in
)
1
*
P1
,P2,P3
,P4,P5
,P6
,P7,P8
,P9=Fre
e
9
Availab
le
o
p
en
2
*
*
*
P4
,P7=B
u
sy
7
Availab
le
o
p
en
3
*
*
*
*
P2
,P3,P5
=Bu
sy
6
Availab
le
o
p
en
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
P2
,P4,P5
,P6,P7
,P9
=Bu
sy
3
Availab
le
o
p
en
5
*
*
P8
=Bu
sy
8
Availab
le
o
p
en
6
*
*
*
*
*
P1
,P2,P3
,P4=B
u
sy
5
Availab
le
o
p
en
7
*
*
P7
=Bu
sy
9
A
v
ailab
le
o
p
en
8
*
*
*
*
*
*
P1
,P3,P5
,P6,P8
=B
u
sy
4
Availab
le
o
p
en
9
*
*
*
P2
,P7=B
u
sy
7
Availab
le
o
p
en
10
*
*
*
*
P1
,P4,P5
=Bu
sy
6
Availab
le
o
p
en
11
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
P1
,P2,P3
,P4,P5
,P6
,P7,P8
,P9=B
u
sy
Parkin
g
is f
u
ll
clo
se
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
pe
r
ha
s
pr
ese
nted
a
s
m
art
car
parki
ng
base
d
on
a
cl
oud
-
base
d
a
ppr
oac
h
al
ong
with
va
r
ie
ty
of
sens
or
ty
pes
.
Passive
Infr
a
re
d
Se
nsors
(P
I
Rs)
ha
ve
been
us
e
d
to
se
ns
e
the
obje
ct
m
o
ti
on
.
Wh
il
e
L
ED
a
nd
LCD
se
ns
ors
hav
e
bee
n
util
iz
ed
to
se
ns
e
t
he
li
gh
t
of
t
he
parkin
g
al
arm
and
dis
play
inf
or
m
at
ion
re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
occ
up
ie
d
a
nd
non
-
occ
upi
ed
pa
rk
i
ng
l
ots
.
Finall
y,
m
ult
i
-
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
of
A
rduin
o
hav
e
bee
n
ex
pl
oited
in
orde
r
t
o
tra
nsm
it
the
infor
m
at
ion
colle
ct
ed
to
t
he
se
rv
e
r.
Fi
nally
,
a
pr
oto
ty
pe
A
ndro
i
d
a
pp
li
cat
ion
ha
s
bee
n
dev
el
op
e
d
in
orde
r
t
o
re
c
e
ive
the
i
nf
o
r
m
at
ion
from
the
ser
ver.
F
or
f
uture
di
recti
on,
the
us
e
of
Ra
s
pb
e
r
ry
Pi
sens
or
s
can
im
pro
ve
th
e
trans
m
iss
ion
of i
nfo
rm
ation
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
L.
M.
Borg
es,
F.
J.
Velez,
and
A.
S.
Le
bre
s
,
“
Surve
y
on
the
cha
r
ac
t
eri
z
at
ion
and
cl
assifi
ca
t
ion
o
f
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
work a
pp
lications,
”
I
EEE
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons S
urve
ys
&
Tutor
ial
s,
vol
.
16
,
no
.
4,
pp
.
1860
-
189
0,
2014
.
[2]
E.
Fad
el,
V.
C.
Gungor,
L
.
Nass
ef,
N
.
Akkari
,
M.
A.
Mal
ik,
S.
Alm
asri,
and
I.
F.
Ak
y
i
ldiz,
“
A
surve
y
on
wire
les
s
sensor ne
tworks
for
sm
art
grid
,
”
Computer
Comm
unic
ati
ons,
v
ol
.
71
,
pp
.
22
-
33
,
2015.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nt W
SN/I
OT
s
m
ar
t
pa
rk
ing
m
a
na
gem
e
nt system
usi
ng
… (
A. E.
H
am
z
a
)
3115
[3]
N.
Raj
pu
t,
“
Inte
r
net
of
Th
ings:
S
urve
y
,
”
Imperial
Journal
o
f
In
te
r
disci
pli
nary
R
ese
arch,
vo
l. 3, no. 6, 2017.
[4]
E.
A
.
Khal
il,
S.
Ozde
m
ir,
and
S.
Tosun,
“
Evolutiona
r
y
ta
sk
all
oca
t
ion
in
Int
er
net
of
Thi
ngs
-
b
ase
d
app
li
c
atio
n
dom
ai
ns,
”
Fut
ure
Gene
rat
ion
Co
mputer
Syste
ms
,
vol.
86
,
pp
.
121
-
133,
2018
.
[5]
B.
Am
bore
,
“
Novel
m
odel
for
boosting
sec
ur
ity
streng
th
an
d
ene
rg
y
eff
ici
ency
in
interne
t
-
of
-
thi
ngs
usin
g
m
ult
i
-
stage
d
g
a
m
e,
”
Int
er
nati
o
nal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
Computer
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJE
C
E)
,
vol.
9,
no
.
5,
pp
.
4326
-
4335
,
2019.
[6]
S.
Sw
at
hi,
and
H.
Yogish,
“
Se
cur
e
data
aggr
e
gat
ion
in
IoT
u
sing
eff
ic
i
ent
-
C
SD
A,
”
Inte
r
national
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
v
ol.
9
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
4
889
-
4897
,
2019
.
[7]
B.
M.
Esk
ofie
r
,
S.
I.
Lee,
M.
B
aro
n,
A
.
Sim
on,
C.
F.
Mart
inda
l
e,
H
.
Gaßn
er,
a
nd
J.
Kluck
en,
“
An
Overvi
ew
o
f
Sm
art
Shoes
in
the
Inte
r
net
of
Hea
lt
h
Th
ings:
Gait
and
Mobil
i
t
y
As
sess
m
ent
in
Hea
lt
h
Prom
oti
on
and
Disea
s
e
Monitori
ng,
”
Ap
pli
ed
Scienc
es,
v
ol.
7
,
no
.
10
,
pp
.
986,
2017
.
[8]
V.
Redd
y
,
and
P.
Ga
y
a
thri,
“
Integrat
ion
o
f
in
te
rn
et
of
thi
ngs
with
wire
l
ess
sensor
net
work,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journa
l
of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring
(
IJE
C
E)
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
439
-
444
,
2019
.
[9]
S.
Kaz
i,
S.
Kha
n,
U.
Ans
ari
,
an
d
D.
Man
e,
“
S
m
art
Parking
base
d
Sy
st
em
for
sm
art
er
ci
ties,
”
Confe
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t
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on
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m
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cqua
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ta
n
ce
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tal
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”
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te
rnation
al
Journal
of
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rica
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n
ce
S
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c
ia
l
Int
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l
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enc
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“
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Based
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lligen
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C
once
ptu
al
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ng
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ernati
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”
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renc
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ria
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aki
ng
fa
ir
an
d
pre
fer
red
par
kin
g
rese
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t
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n
sm
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ci
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2
018
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Smar
t
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f
thi
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Int
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on
al Journal
of
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e
ct
rica
l
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sm
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m
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eri
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pm
ent
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ene
r
g
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m
ana
gement
s
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Int
ernational
Journal
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f
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e
ct
ri
cal
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ernati
ona
l
Journal
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rical
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Computer
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