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rna
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l J
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urna
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f
E
lect
rica
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ring
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I
J
E
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)
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
9
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
1
~
3
1
2
9
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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3129
3121
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ttp
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Ada
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w
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a
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DVB
-
T sy
ste
m
ba
sed o
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picture
quali
ty
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ub
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a
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m
a
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nd
y
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h
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nto
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m
y
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a
t
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u
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d
o
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Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
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T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
1
4
,
2
0
1
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ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
1
,
2
0
1
9
A
cc
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ted
A
p
r
1
2
,
2
0
1
9
In
d
ig
it
a
l
tele
v
isio
n
sy
ste
m
s
su
c
h
a
s
DV
B
-
T
,
se
rv
ic
e
p
ro
v
id
e
r
h
a
s
d
if
f
icu
lt
ies
to
o
b
se
rv
e
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
p
ictu
re
re
c
e
p
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
v
iew
e
rs’
t
e
lev
isi
o
n
.
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h
is
is
d
u
e
to
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e
u
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a
v
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il
a
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li
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e
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a
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ro
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v
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rs’
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e
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s
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e
se
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ro
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id
e
r.
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h
e
re
f
o
re
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is
re
se
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h
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ro
p
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o
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ra
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e
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h
e
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s
s
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t
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o
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s
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th
e
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v
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e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
a
rti
f
a
c
ts
in
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P
EG
v
id
e
o
.
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h
e
n
u
m
e
ri
c
a
l
re
su
lt
s
h
a
v
e
sh
o
w
n
th
a
t
p
o
w
e
r
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
c
o
u
l
d
m
a
in
tain
g
o
o
d
p
ict
u
re
q
u
a
li
ty
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
tran
s
m
issio
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
ti
m
e
o
n
th
e
d
ig
it
a
l
tele
v
isio
n
tran
sm
issio
n
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sc
h
e
m
e
is
a
lso
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
DV
B
sy
ste
m
a
s
we
ll
a
s
v
a
ri
o
u
s
d
ig
it
a
l
tele
v
isio
n
sy
ste
m
sta
n
d
a
rd
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DVB
Feed
b
ac
k
ch
an
n
el
L
i
n
k
ad
ap
tatio
n
P
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
Qu
alit
y
m
etr
ic
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
9
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
u
b
ag
u
s
Ma
u
lan
a
K
u
s
u
m
a,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Gu
n
ad
ar
m
a,
Ma
r
g
o
n
d
a
R
a
y
a
Stre
et,
No
.
1
0
0
,
Dep
o
k
1
6
4
2
4
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
m
ail:
m
k
u
s
u
m
a
@
s
ta
f
f
.
g
u
n
ad
ar
m
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
u
lti
m
e
d
ia
s
y
s
te
m
tr
i
g
g
er
s
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ita
l
telev
i
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
Di
g
ita
l
Vid
eo
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
(
DVB
)
,
Dig
ital
Mu
lti
m
ed
ia
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
(
DM
B
)
,
I
n
te
g
r
a
ted
Ser
v
ice
Dig
i
tal
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
ti
n
g
(
I
SDB
)
,
an
d
A
d
v
a
n
ce
d
T
elev
is
io
n
S
y
s
te
m
s
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
A
T
SC
)
[
1
-
2]
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
a
v
aila
b
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
ad
o
p
ted
DVB
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
eir
n
atio
n
al
tele
v
i
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
.
DVB
is
a
s
u
it
e
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
all
y
accep
ted
o
p
en
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
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ig
ital
telev
i
s
io
n
.
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s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
b
y
th
e
DVB
P
r
o
j
ec
t,
an
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
co
n
s
o
r
tiu
m
w
it
h
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
7
0
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
an
d
ar
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
a
J
o
in
t
T
e
ch
n
ical
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
J
T
C
)
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
Sta
n
d
ar
d
s
I
n
s
t
itu
te
(
E
T
SI)
,
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
C
o
m
m
i
ttee
f
o
r
E
lectr
o
tech
n
ical
S
tan
d
ar
d
izat
io
n
(
C
E
NE
L
E
C
)
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
U
n
io
n
(
E
B
U)
.
DVB
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
co
n
ten
t,
s
u
c
h
as
DVB
-
T
/T2
(
ter
r
estrial)
,
DVB
-
S/
S2
(
s
atelli
te)
,
DVB
-
C
/C
2
(
ca
b
le)
,
DVB
-
H/SH
(
h
a
n
d
h
eld
)
.
DVB
-
T
w
a
s
s
elec
ted
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
ee
-
to
-
air
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
it
is
s
ti
ll
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
b
y
m
a
n
y
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
alth
o
u
g
h
DVB
-
T
2
h
as b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
es
MP
E
G
-
2
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
Stre
a
m
(
MP
E
G
-
2
T
S)
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
tr
ea
m
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
o
v
er
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
D
VB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
.
D
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
tr
ea
m
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
ch
an
n
el
i
m
p
a
ir
m
e
n
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
n
o
is
e,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
id
eo
q
u
alit
y
t
h
at
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
b
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
id
en
tif
ied
b
y
t
h
e
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
i
n
a
g
o
o
d
co
n
d
itio
n
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
i
n
co
m
b
atin
g
s
u
c
h
s
it
u
atio
n
i
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
w
er
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
o
u
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
c
h
an
n
e
l
co
n
d
itio
n
m
i
g
h
t
lead
to
p
o
w
er
in
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
9
:
3
1
2
1
-
3
1
2
9
3122
As
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
ch
a
n
g
e
o
v
er
ti
m
e,
th
u
s
p
o
w
er
ad
ap
tatio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
a
in
tai
n
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
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n
tr
o
l
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p
ar
t
o
f
lin
k
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
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p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
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p
li
cit
lin
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ad
ap
tatio
n
.
L
i
n
k
ad
ap
tatio
n
tec
h
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iq
u
es
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a
v
e
g
a
in
ed
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
atte
n
tio
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
wir
eless
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
es [
3
-
13
]
.
I
n
ex
p
licit l
in
k
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as th
e
s
i
g
n
al
p
o
w
er
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
co
n
s
tellat
i
o
n
,
o
r
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
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u
n
d
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c
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p
r
o
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id
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f
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er
r
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
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ex
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licitl
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u
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ted
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co
m
p
en
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ate
f
o
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th
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v
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n
ch
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co
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r
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c
h
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n
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tate
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f
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T
h
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
en
ab
le
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
ad
ap
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
n
a
r
eg
u
l
ar
b
asis
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
C
S
I
at
th
e
ti
m
e.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
t
r
o
l
w
as
s
elec
ted
s
i
n
ce
it
h
as
l
o
w
er
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
th
a
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
d
in
g
.
A
d
ap
tin
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
it si
g
n
al
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
s
i
g
n
al
f
ad
es th
at
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
at
h
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
r
o
th
er
ch
a
n
n
e
l
i
m
p
air
m
e
n
ts
,
r
e
s
u
lt
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
b
ei
n
g
u
s
e
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
it
ta
k
e
s
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
8
-
12]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
is
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
as
m
u
c
h
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
h
ile
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
li
n
k
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
a
wi
d
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
in
clu
d
e
re
d
u
ce
d
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
lo
n
g
er
b
atter
y
li
f
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
ad
ap
tin
g
to
s
m
all
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
q
u
al
it
y
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
in
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
,
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
is
o
n
m
et
r
ics
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
in
itiate
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
.
I
n
Sectio
n
2
,
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
,
w
h
ich
co
n
tai
n
r
esear
c
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
d
esig
n
,
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
et
u
p
,
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
co
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
e
m
ar
k
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Sectio
n
4
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
ad
ap
tiv
e
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
th
at
in
cl
u
d
es
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
b
lo
c
k
an
d
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
ck
w
ill
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
th
at
w
a
s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
Si
m
u
lin
k
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
in
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
DVB
-
T
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
tak
e
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
f
ile
in
MP
E
G2
-
T
S
o
r
MP
E
G2
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
Stre
a
m
f
o
r
m
at.
I
n
p
u
t
d
ata
is
s
e
g
m
en
te
d
in
to
f
r
a
m
es
w
it
h
t
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
1
8
8
b
y
tes
p
er
f
r
a
m
e.
T
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
e
n
co
d
er
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
o
u
ter
a
n
d
i
n
n
er
en
co
d
er
s
.
Fo
r
o
u
ter
e
n
co
d
er
s
,
R
ee
d
So
lo
m
o
n
(
R
S)(
2
5
5
,
1
8
8
)
c
o
d
e
w
as
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
i
n
d
1
8
8
b
y
tes
as
a
n
in
p
u
t
f
r
a
m
e
len
g
t
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
i
n
n
er
en
co
d
er
,
p
u
n
ctu
r
ed
co
n
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
al
co
d
e
w
i
th
r
ate
3
/4
w
as
u
s
ed
.
Ou
ter
a
n
d
I
n
n
er
i
n
ter
lea
v
e
w
er
e
al
s
o
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
b
u
r
s
t
er
r
o
r
s
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
i
s
6
4
-
Q
AM
w
ith
2
K
-
m
o
d
e
Or
th
o
g
o
n
al
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
Di
v
i
s
io
n
Mu
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
(
OF
DM
)
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
.
Ou
ter
an
d
I
n
n
er
d
ec
o
d
er
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
w
h
e
r
e
Viter
b
i d
e
co
d
e
r
w
a
s
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
in
n
er
d
ec
o
d
er
.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
wh
ite
Gau
s
s
ia
n
n
o
is
e
(
A
W
GN)
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
lo
ck
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
1
8
8
b
y
te
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
a
m
e
f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
8
8
b
y
tes o
f
in
p
u
t
f
r
a
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
p
o
w
er lin
k
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
o
n
DV
B
-
T sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
p
ictu
r
e
…
(
Tu
b
a
g
u
s
Ma
u
la
n
a
K
u
s
u
ma
)
3123
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DVB
-
T
a
d
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
c
h
an
n
e
l,
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
ch
e
m
e.
Ma
n
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
,
s
u
c
h
as
f
u
ll
-
r
e
f
er
en
ce
(
a
r
ec
eiv
ed
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
th
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
p
ictu
r
e)
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
-
r
e
f
er
en
ce
(
f
ea
t
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ictu
r
e
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
s
to
r
ed
f
e
atu
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
p
ictu
r
e)
,
an
d
n
o
-
r
ef
er
en
ce
(
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
i
m
a
g
e
b
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
i
m
ag
e/b
li
n
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t)
[
14
-
15
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
ict
u
r
e
q
u
alit
y
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
th
e
n
o
-
r
ef
er
en
ce
(
N
R
)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
e
th
o
d
,
s
in
ce
n
o
ex
tr
a
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
d
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
as
w
ell
as
n
o
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
p
ictu
r
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
1
6
-
1
7
]
.
Fo
r
r
ea
l
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
,
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
r
r
etu
r
n
ch
a
n
n
el
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
f
o
r
DVB
-
T
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
b
ased
-
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
p
ac
k
et
r
ad
io
s
er
v
ice
(
GP
R
S)
o
r
o
th
er
s
u
itab
le
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
d
ata
is
o
n
l
y
a
f
e
w
b
it
s
i
n
le
n
g
th
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
in
ter
v
al
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
e
v
er
y
5
0
f
r
a
m
e
s
o
r
ev
er
y
1
0
0
f
r
a
m
es.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
w
ill
b
e
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
5
0
f
r
am
es
o
r
1
0
0
f
r
a
m
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
b
e
d
ep
en
d
ed
u
p
o
n
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
in
ter
v
al.
P
o
w
er
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
i
ll
b
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
is
q
u
alit
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
q
u
al
it
y
is
b
elo
w
a
ce
r
tain
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
q
u
a
lit
y
th
r
es
h
o
ld
,
th
e
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
w
il
l
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
w
il
l
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
q
u
alit
y
is
g
r
ea
ter
o
r
eq
u
al
to
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
.
B
y
ad
a
p
tin
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
th
e
p
ict
u
r
e
q
u
alit
y
w
il
l
b
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
in
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
w
h
ile
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
m
a
in
ta
in
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DVB
-
T
A
d
ap
tiv
e
P
o
w
er
C
o
n
tr
o
l M
eth
o
d
2
.
1
.
P
ic
t
ure
qu
a
lity
i
m
pa
irm
e
nts
Hu
m
an
v
is
io
n
h
a
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
i
m
a
g
e
attr
ib
u
te
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
s
h
ap
e,
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
s
iz
e,
tex
tu
r
e,
g
r
ad
ien
t,
l
u
m
i
n
an
ce
,
b
r
i
g
h
t
n
es
s
,
an
d
co
n
tr
ast.
A
ll
th
e
s
e
attr
ib
u
tes
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
a
n
i
m
ag
e
o
r
im
a
g
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ev
e
al
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e.
An
u
n
d
is
to
r
ted
i
m
ag
e
ca
r
r
ies
its
n
at
u
r
al
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
n
ce
th
e
s
e
i
m
a
g
es
g
et
co
r
r
u
p
ted
d
u
e
to
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
n
e
w
ar
tif
icial
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ea
tu
r
es,
w
h
ic
h
d
o
n
o
t
ex
is
t
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
i
m
a
g
es,
ar
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
t
h
ese
n
e
w
ar
ti
f
icia
l
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
ar
tif
ac
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
ti
cs
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ar
ti
f
ac
t
to
an
o
th
er
.
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y
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
i
m
a
g
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
ar
tif
icial
f
ea
t
u
r
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
er
r
o
r
s
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ete
cted
.
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r
eo
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er
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
e
v
er
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
e
ar
tif
ac
ts
ca
n
also
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
I
n
MP
E
G
v
id
eo
,
th
e
i
m
p
air
m
en
t
i
s
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
b
lo
ck
in
g
ar
tif
ac
t.
B
lo
ck
i
n
g
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
all
b
lo
ck
-
b
ased
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
i
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
co
ar
s
e
q
u
a
n
t
izatio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
ar
ti
f
ac
ts
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
is
co
n
ti
n
u
i
t
y
o
r
an
ed
g
e
at
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lo
ck
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
No
n
-
o
v
er
l
ap
p
ed
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lo
ck
-
b
ased
s
ch
e
m
e,
s
u
c
h
as
DC
T
,
g
i
v
es
r
is
e
to
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
ar
ti
f
ac
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
it
h
a
b
lo
ck
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
s
u
c
h
as
MP
E
G
is
t
h
at
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
is
s
u
b
-
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
u
b
-
b
lo
ck
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
8
-
by
-
8
p
ix
el
s
ea
c
h
.
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h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
an
tita
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
ar
e
th
en
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
u
b
-
b
lo
ck
s
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ll
y
a
n
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
l
y
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
p
atia
ll
y
ad
j
ac
en
t
s
u
b
-
b
lo
ck
s
i
s
n
o
t
ta
k
en
in
to
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co
u
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
en
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
s
a
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
,
s
m
o
o
t
h
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
ed
g
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
b
lo
ck
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ed
g
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
ll
y
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
as
it
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
i
m
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
ar
e
n
o
w
b
ei
n
g
v
i
s
ib
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
lo
ck
in
ess
o
r
b
lo
ck
in
g
ar
ti
f
ac
t
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e
as s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
t is
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
w
h
e
n
t
h
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b
i
t r
ate
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
its
to
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
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4
,
A
u
g
u
s
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201
9
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3
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2
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
DVB
-
T
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
i
m
p
air
m
e
n
ts
2.
2
.
P
ic
t
ure
qu
a
lity
m
et
ric
Me
tr
ic,
b
y
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
,
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
f
ac
ili
tates
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
s
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m
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
I
n
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
m
etr
ic
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
m
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s
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r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
ass
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
a
p
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r
e
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
a
n
titati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
h
u
m
an
v
i
s
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al
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ce
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tio
n
.
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h
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p
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r
e
q
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alit
y
m
etr
ic
th
at
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n
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r
p
o
r
ates
h
u
m
a
n
v
i
s
u
a
l
p
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ce
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tio
n
is
ca
lled
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
p
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r
e
q
u
al
i
t
y
m
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ic.
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h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
is
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
p
s
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h
o
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h
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ical
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p
r
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h
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ased
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a
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al
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te
m
(
HV
S)
w
h
er
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in
ee
r
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
b
ased
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n
f
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r
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e
x
tr
ac
tio
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s
p
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if
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ts
.
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n
th
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s
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d
er
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tr
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p
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if
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ar
tif
ac
t
o
f
MP
E
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ea
m
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n
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b
lo
ck
in
g
ar
ti
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ac
t.
T
h
e
j
u
s
tif
icatio
n
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
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r
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th
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x
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y
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in
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t
i
s
lo
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n
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n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
al
l
asp
ec
ts
o
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H
VS
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n
m
ea
s
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p
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r
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alit
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s
i
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t
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m
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s
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g
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th
e
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ai
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
D
VB
-
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p
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r
e
q
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ality
m
o
n
ito
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i
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g
.
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h
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
ar
tif
ac
t
will
b
e
tar
g
eted
o
n
th
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
n
b
lo
ck
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
Sev
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es,
w
h
ic
h
tak
e
h
u
m
a
n
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
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tr
ac
t
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ar
tif
ac
t,
s
u
ch
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
W
an
g
et
al.
in
[
14
-
1
5
]
.
W
an
g
e
t
al.
h
a
v
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p
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n
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tr
ac
tio
n
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n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
[
14
-
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
b
as
ed
o
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e
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n
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w
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e
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a
t
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ig
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at
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m
ai
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ar
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lled
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h
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n
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s
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e
th
e
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m
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f
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tu
r
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r
eq
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2
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3
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m
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ig
n
al.
T
h
e
alg
o
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ith
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lati
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ce
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x
els
a
lo
n
g
t
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r
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w
to
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h
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if
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ce
,
ℎ
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m
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if
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.
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e
d
if
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ce
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m
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.
Nex
t,
th
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b
lo
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s
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is
co
m
p
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b
y
tak
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av
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d
if
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er
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ac
r
o
s
s
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b
o
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ies,
.
Fo
r
a
×
i
m
ag
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t
h
e
h
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n
tal
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
[
14
-
15
]
.
ℎ
=
1
(
⌊
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8
⌋
−
1
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∑
|
ℎ
(
,
8
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w
h
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·
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d
en
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tes
th
e
in
d
ex
o
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ix
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I
n
ad
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itio
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to
ex
tr
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g
th
e
b
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ar
ti
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ac
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th
i
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
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s
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to
id
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it
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.
I
t is
b
eliev
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th
at
s
o
m
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in
s
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g
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ab
o
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t
th
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elati
v
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b
lu
r
ca
n
b
e
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b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
b
in
i
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g
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lo
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in
ess
w
i
th
t
h
e
ac
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it
y
m
ea
s
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r
e
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
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b
e
m
ea
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r
ed
u
s
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w
o
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m
eter
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th
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a
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er
ag
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te
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if
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c
e
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et
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m
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m
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le
s
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,
an
d
th
e
ze
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o
-
cr
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g
(
Z
C
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r
ate,
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
am
eter
in
t
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
d
ir
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tio
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ca
n
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e
o
b
tain
ed
as [
1
5
]
.
ℎ
=
1
7
[
8
(
−
1
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∑
∑
|
ℎ
(
,
)
|
−
1
=
1
=
1
−
ℎ
]
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
p
o
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k
a
d
a
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ta
tio
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o
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DV
B
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T sys
tem
b
a
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n
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Ma
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3125
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4
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2
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w
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1
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ℎ
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T
h
en
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m
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s
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,
t
h
e
m
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te
d
if
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ce
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d
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e
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ate,
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=
(
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=
(
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1
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T
h
e
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al
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lo
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n
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s
m
ea
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e
o
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i
n
g
[
1
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,
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3
4
5
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1
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w
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1
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2
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3
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d
5
d
en
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th
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o
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tain
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8
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3
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0
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1
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2
9
[
1
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e
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b
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ti
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p
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m
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t
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ata
w
er
e
o
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tain
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f
r
o
m
a
s
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b
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ec
tiv
e
te
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t,
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h
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co
m
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lied
w
it
h
I
T
U
-
R
B
T
.
5
0
0
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l sch
e
m
e.
2.
3
.
Ada
ptiv
e
po
w
er
c
o
ntr
o
l
P
o
w
er
i
n
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ar
t
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
ef
f
icien
tl
y
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
as
m
u
c
h
tr
a
n
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
h
i
le
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
lin
k
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
it
t
ak
es
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[8
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
in
cl
u
d
e
lo
n
g
er
b
atter
y
li
f
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
ad
ap
tin
g
to
s
m
al
l
va
r
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
q
u
al
it
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
ai
n
l
y
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
d
icate
lin
k
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
w
it
h
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
s
tr
en
g
t
h
-
b
ased
[
8
]
,
s
ig
n
a
l
-
to
-
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
-
r
atio
(
SIR)
b
ased
[
8
]
,
B
E
R
-
b
ased
[
8
]
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
q
u
alit
y
(
P
Q)
b
ased
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l [
9
-
12
]
.
Stre
n
g
th
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l:
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
th
at
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
a
m
o
b
ile
ter
m
i
n
al.
I
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
a
g
iv
e
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
at
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ter
m
in
al
w
ill
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
As
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
at
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
t
er
m
in
a
l
w
il
l
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
SIR
-
b
as
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
e
s
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
r
atio
(
SI
R
)
as
an
i
n
d
icato
r
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
lin
k
q
u
alit
y
e
x
p
lo
its
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
in
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
n
o
is
e
an
d
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
I
f
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
an
d
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
i
ll
b
e
tr
ig
g
er
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
w
il
l
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
en
n
o
is
e
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
B
E
R
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
es
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
as
an
in
d
ica
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
lin
k
q
u
ali
t
y
.
S
i
m
il
ar
l
y
,
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
m
a
y
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
f
r
a
m
es
o
r
FER.
C
lear
l
y
,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
o
w
er
w
ill
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
if
th
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
ex
ce
ed
s
a
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
th
r
es
h
o
ld
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
m
a
y
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
9
:
3
1
2
1
-
3
1
2
9
3126
r
ed
u
ce
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
I
n
a
P
Q
-
b
ased
s
c
h
e
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
b
ase
d
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
q
u
alit
y
(
P
Q)
,
th
e
li
n
k
q
u
alit
y
is
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
a
s
u
itab
le
p
er
ce
p
t
u
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
q
u
alit
y
m
etr
ic.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
s
h
all
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
m
etr
ic
i
n
d
icate
s
a
lo
w
le
v
el
o
f
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ata.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
o
w
er
w
i
ll b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
if
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ata
is
well
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
e
tr
ic.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
P
Q
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
w
as
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
w
as
ad
ap
ted
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
u
s
i
n
g
ON
-
OFF
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
ate
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
o
w
er
ad
ap
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
ich
i
s
b
ased
o
n
p
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r
e
q
u
al
it
y
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
i
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
ictu
r
e
q
u
alit
y
m
et
r
ic
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ch
e
m
e
is
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
n
o
-
r
e
f
er
en
ce
b
lo
ck
in
g
m
etr
ic
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
15
]
.
B
lo
ck
in
g
m
etr
ic
w
as
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
ar
ti
f
ac
t
in
MP
E
G
v
id
eo
is
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
ar
ti
f
ac
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
b
y
s
etti
n
g
t
h
e
in
itial
p
o
w
er
to
a
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
v
id
eo
s
tr
ea
m
i
s
th
en
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
i
tial
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o
w
er
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t
t
h
e
r
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h
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i
s
d
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d
ed
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th
e
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er
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tu
al
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Q)
is
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ea
s
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r
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.
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h
e
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r
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alit
y
is
i
n
th
e
r
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g
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o
f
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0
,
w
h
er
e
0
m
ea
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s
t
h
e
w
o
r
s
t
an
d
1
0
0
m
ea
n
s
th
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b
est
[
1
6
-
18]
.
Qu
alit
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th
r
esh
o
ld
(
ℎ
ℎ
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u
s
t
b
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et
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s
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et
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h
e
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h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
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s
ter
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i
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ated
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
State
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r
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m
o
f
P
Q
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
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ch
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m
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
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AL
Y
SI
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I
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th
i
s
s
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e
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r
o
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m
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test
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t
h
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u
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h
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tr
an
s
m
itted
th
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o
u
g
h
DVB
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T
s
y
s
te
m
in
t
h
e
Si
m
u
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ich
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s
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ased
-
o
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th
e
E
T
SI
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N
3
0
0
7
4
4
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
ter
r
estrial
tr
an
s
m
i
s
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io
n
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
tele
v
is
io
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
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T
s
y
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te
m
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h
r
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g
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t
th
e
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K
Mo
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n
o
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-
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ier
ar
ch
ical
t
r
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s
m
is
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io
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
t
ed
ch
an
n
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
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ap
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au
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A
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b
etw
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8
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9
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B
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h
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1
8
d
B
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g
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s
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g
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n
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,
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
I
t
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clea
r
l
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
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th
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th
e
p
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w
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ct
u
ated
d
u
e
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ch
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n
el
co
n
d
itio
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s
.
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h
e
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ap
tatio
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s
ch
e
m
e
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tr
o
l
th
e
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f
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h
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m
itter
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ased
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n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ec
ei
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.
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h
e
in
f
o
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at
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s
e
n
t
f
r
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m
t
h
e
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ec
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is
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e
r
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le
o
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t
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ch
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(
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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a)
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T
p
o
w
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an
d
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b
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s
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T
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Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
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.
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t
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s
h
o
w
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t
h
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q
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t
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r
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.
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t
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t
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4
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B
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4
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B
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v
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en
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m
ic
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ali
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m
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ll
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w
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Fi
g
u
r
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7
.
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h
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a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
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m
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o
f
q
u
a
lit
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m
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e
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n
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th
d
y
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a
m
ic
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o
w
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ad
ap
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n
:
(
a)
Q=
8
1
,
(
b
)
Q=
8
5
,
an
d
(
c
)
Q
=1
0
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
o
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el
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w
er
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tr
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l
s
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h
e
m
e
f
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DVB
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T
s
y
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te
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i
s
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,
w
h
ich
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e
s
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e
u
s
e
r
p
er
ce
iv
ed
q
u
alit
y
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
e
is
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ased
o
n
n
o
-
r
e
f
er
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
p
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r
e
q
u
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etr
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c,
w
h
ich
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o
es
n
o
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r
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ir
e
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r
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er
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ce
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ict
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at
t
h
e
r
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n
d
is
t
h
er
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o
r
e
well
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ited
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ea
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ti
m
e
ap
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n
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.
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e
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
d
esig
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ed
to
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s
u
r
e
th
e
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t
y
o
f
t
h
e
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e
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ased
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s
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n
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d
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
.
F
isc
h
e
r,
“
Dig
it
a
l
V
id
e
o
a
n
d
A
u
d
io
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
:
A
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
G
u
id
e
,”
He
id
e
lb
e
rg
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
]
El
-
Ha
jj
a
r
M
,
Ha
n
z
o
L
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
Dig
it
a
l
T
e
l
e
v
isio
n
Bro
a
d
c
a
st
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
u
rv
e
y
s T
u
to
ri
a
ls
,
1
5
(
4
),
1
9
2
4
-
1
9
4
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
3
]
T
.
M
.
Ku
su
m
a
,
M
.
Ca
ld
e
ra
a
n
d
H.
-
J.
Zep
e
rn
ick
,
"
Util
is
in
g
o
b
jec
t
iv
e
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
im
a
g
e
q
u
a
li
ty
m
e
t
rics
f
o
r
im
p
li
c
it
li
n
k
a
d
a
p
tati
o
n
,
"
2
0
0
4
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Im
a
g
e
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
ICIP
'
0
4
,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
9
-
2
3
2
2
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
4
]
C.
M
o
re
l,
P
.
-
D.
A
ra
p
o
g
lo
u
,
M
.
A
n
g
e
lo
n
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
in
e
si,
“
L
in
k
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sa
telli
te
v
id
e
o
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
stin
g
:
A
s
y
ste
m
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
v
o
l.
6
1
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
–
6
1
4
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
5
.
[
5
]
M
.
A
n
g
e
lo
n
e
,
A
.
G
in
e
si,
E.
Re
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ci
o
n
i
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
a
te
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
a
DV
B
-
RCS
2
sy
ste
m
,
”
in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
6
th
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
a
tel
li
te
M
u
lt
ime
d
i
a
S
y
ste
ms
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
12
th
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
fo
r
S
p
a
c
e
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
–
1
3
1
,
S
e
p
2
0
1
2
.
[
6
]
S
.
A
n
d
re
n
a
c
c
i,
D.
S
p
a
n
o
,
D.
Ch
ri
sto
p
o
u
l
o
s,
S
.
Ch
a
tzin
o
tas
,
J.
Kra
u
se
,
a
n
d
B.
Otters
ten
,
“
Op
ti
m
i
z
e
d
li
n
k
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
f
o
r
DV
B
-
S
2
X
p
re
c
o
d
e
d
w
a
v
e
f
o
rm
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
S
NIR
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
,
”
in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
5
0
th
Asil
o
m
a
r
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ig
n
a
ls,
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
s
,
p
p
.
5
0
2
–
5
0
6
,
No
v
2
0
1
6
.
[
7
]
G
.
Ku
a
n
d
J.
M
.
W
a
lsh
,
"
R
e
so
u
rc
e
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
L
in
k
A
d
a
p
t
a
ti
o
n
i
n
L
T
E
a
n
d
L
T
E
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
:
A
T
u
to
rial,
"
in
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
5
-
1
6
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
8
]
D.
M
.
No
v
a
k
o
v
ic
a
n
d
M
.
L
.
Du
k
ic,
“
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
DS
-
CDMA
to
w
a
rd
3
G
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,”
M
a
y
2
0
0
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
c
o
m
so
c
.
o
rg
/p
u
b
s/su
rv
e
y
s
[
9
]
A
.
S
e
l
m
i,
M
.
S
iala
a
n
d
H.
Bo
u
jem
a
a
,
"
E
ff
icie
n
t
li
n
k
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
jo
i
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l,
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
d
in
g
w
it
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
A
RQ
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l,
"
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s,
Co
mp
u
ter
s
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
IS
NCC)
,
Ya
sm
i
n
e
Ha
m
m
a
m
e
t,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
0
]
B.
Ro
h
a
n
i
a
n
d
H.
-
J.
Zep
e
r
n
ick
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
sp
e
e
c
h
q
u
a
li
ty
m
e
tri
c
f
o
r
li
n
k
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
i
n
w
irele
ss
sy
ste
m
s,”
in
Pro
c
.
IE
EE
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
W
ire
les
s C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
-
2
6
4
,
S
e
p
2
0
0
4
.
[
1
1
]
E.
Da
n
ish
,
A
.
F
e
rn
a
n
d
o
,
O.
A
b
d
u
l
-
Ha
m
e
e
d
a
n
d
M
.
P
o
u
ra
z
a
d
,
"
P
e
rc
e
p
t
u
a
l
q
u
a
li
ty
-
d
riv
e
n
re
so
u
r
c
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
e
n
e
rg
y
-
a
wa
re
w
irele
ss
v
id
e
o
m
u
lt
ica
stin
g
,
"
1
0
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
He
ter
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
Ne
two
rk
in
g
fo
r
Qu
a
li
ty,
Relia
b
il
it
y
,
S
e
c
u
rity
a
n
d
Ro
b
u
stn
e
ss
,
Rh
o
d
e
s,
p
p
.
1
0
1
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
E.
G
h
o
re
ish
i
,
A
.
A
ij
a
z
a
n
d
A
.
H.
A
g
h
v
a
m
i,
"
D
e
la
y
-
Co
n
stra
in
e
d
Vid
e
o
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
:
A
P
o
w
e
r
-
Eff
i
c
ien
t
Re
s
o
u
rc
e
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
G
u
a
ra
n
tee
d
P
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
Qu
a
li
ty
,
"
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
G
lo
b
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
GLOBE
COM
)
,
S
a
n
Die
g
o
,
CA
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
3
]
E.
Da
n
ish
,
A
.
F
e
rn
a
n
d
o
,
O.
A
b
d
u
l
-
Ha
m
e
e
d
,
M
.
A
lsh
a
m
r
a
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
Ko
n
d
o
z
,
"
P
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
Qo
E
b
a
se
d
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
3
D
v
id
e
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
n
s
u
me
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
(
ICCE)
,
L
a
s V
e
g
a
s,
NV
,
p
p
.
4
5
4
-
4
5
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
4
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
A
.
C.
Bo
v
ik
,
a
n
d
B.
L
.
Ev
a
n
s,
“
Bli
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
lo
c
k
in
g
a
rti
f
a
c
ts
in
ima
g
e
s,”
in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Im
a
g
e
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
p
p
.
9
8
1
–
9
8
4
,
S
e
p
2
0
0
0
.
[
1
5
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
H.
R.
S
h
e
ik
h
,
a
n
d
A.
C.
Bo
v
ik
,
“
No
-
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
q
u
a
li
ty
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
JP
E
G
c
o
m
p
re
ss
e
d
im
a
g
e
s,”
in
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ima
g
e
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
p
p
.
4
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p
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6
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T
.
M
.
Ku
su
m
a
a
n
d
H.
J.
Zep
e
r
n
ick
,
“
In
-
se
rv
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i
m
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g
e
m
o
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it
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n
g
u
sin
g
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p
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q
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li
ty
m
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tri
c
s,”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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e
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trica
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rin
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,
v
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4
,
p
p
.
2
3
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–
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De
c
2
0
0
3
.
[
1
7
]
U.
En
g
e
lk
e
,
T
.
M
.
Ku
su
m
a
a
n
d
H.
Zep
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rn
ick
,
"
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rc
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p
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a
li
t
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id
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p
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s,"
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th
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ti
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l
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y
mp
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n
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u
rb
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Co
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la
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o
p
ics
;
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l
IT
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.
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1
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]
“
IT
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c
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.
5
0
0
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3
:
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th
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n
t
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th
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q
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tele
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p
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s,”
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e
n
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v
a
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w
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rlan
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2
0
1
2
.
[
1
9
]
“
ET
S
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EN
3
0
0
7
4
4
v
1
.
6
.
2
.
:
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it
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Br
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(D
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B);
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r
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m
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re
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h
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n
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n
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
f
o
r
d
ig
it
a
l
terre
strial
tele
v
isio
n
,
”
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
Un
io
n
(E
BU),
Ce
d
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x
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ra
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,
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
0
]
N.
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.
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S
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Us
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t
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s
Ch
a
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n
e
ls,"
2
0
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1
I
n
ter
n
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ti
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l
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n
fer
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mp
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e
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n
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mm
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ica
ti
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n
Ne
two
rk
s
,
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li
o
r,
p
p
.
6
7
7
-
6
8
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.