Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp.
3057
~
3065
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
3
.
pp3057
-
30
65
3057
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn a
nd
co
nt
rol t
ec
hn
i
qu
e for
s
ingle ph
ase bipol
ar H
-
b
rid
ge
inverter
co
nn
ect
ed
to
th
e grid
Li
nda
Ha
ss
ai
ne
,
Moham
ed
Rida Be
n
go
u
r
ina
Cent
re
de
Déve
l
oppement
des
E
ner
gie
s
R
enouvela
bl
es,
CDER
,
A
lge
ri
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
9,
2018
Re
vised Dec
2, 2019
Accepte
d
Dec
10
, 201
9
The
power
qual
i
t
y
in
je
c
te
d
int
o
t
he
grid
and
the
per
form
anc
e
of
th
e
conve
rt
er
s
y
stem
depe
nd
on
the
qua
li
t
y
of
the
inv
erter
cur
ren
t
cont
ro
l.
Thi
s
paper
proposes a
design
and
cont
rol
t
echnique
for
a
pho
tovol
taic
inv
erte
r
conne
c
te
d
to
the
grid
b
ase
d
on
the
di
gi
ta
l
p
ulse
-
width
m
odula
ti
on
(DS
PW
M
)
which
ca
n
s
y
nchr
onise
a
sinusoidal
ou
tput
cur
ren
t
with
a
grid
vo
lt
ag
e
a
nd
cont
ro
l
a
power
fa
ct
or
.
The
cur
ren
t
i
nje
c
te
d
m
ust
be
sinusoidal
wi
th
red
uc
ed
har
m
onic
distortion.
Th
e
connect
ed
PV
sy
st
em
is
base
d
on
H
-
Brid
ge
in
ver
te
r
cont
rolled
b
y
bi
pola
r
PW
M
Swi
tc
hing
.
Th
e
cur
ren
t
con
trol
t
echnique
an
d
func
ti
on
al
structure
of
thi
s
s
y
stem
are
pre
sented
and
sim
ula
te
d
.
Deta
i
led
ana
l
y
sis,
Sim
ula
ti
ons
result
s
of
output
volt
a
ge
and
cur
ren
t
wave
form
demons
tra
te
th
e
cont
ribution
of
thi
s
appr
oa
ch
to
determ
ina
te
t
he
suita
bl
e
cont
rol
of
the
s
ystem.
A
digi
t
al
design
of
a
g
enerat
or
PW
M
using
VH
DL
is
proposed
and
implemente
d
on
a
Xili
nx
FP
GA
an
d
it
has
bee
n
validated
with
expe
riment
al
re
sults.
As
a
resu
lt
,
th
e
proposed
inve
rte
r
imple
m
ent
at
ion
i
s
sim
ple
,
and
i
t
b
ec
om
es
an
attra
ct
iv
e
soluti
on
fo
r
low
power
gri
d
conne
c
te
d
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bi
po
la
r P
W
M
Con
tr
ol
Gr
i
d
c
onnected
pho
t
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
H
-
Bri
dge in
vert
er
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Lind
a
H
as
sai
ne
,
Ce
ntre de
Dével
oppem
ent d
e
s En
e
r
gies Ren
ouvelables
, C
DER,
BP62 Ro
ute
de
l’obse
rv
at
oire 163
40 Bo
uzar
é
ah,
Algie
rs,
Al
ger
ia
.
Em
a
il
: l
.h
assai
ne@
c
der.dz
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
m
ark
et
for
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
s
has
a
ver
y
high
in
crease
rate
ar
ound
30
to
40%
per
ye
ar
.
This
ex
cepti
on
al
increase,
is
m
ai
nly
du
e
to
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
syst
e
m
(P
V)
connecte
d
to
t
he
gri
d
a
nd
r
esults
by
te
chnolo
gical
inn
ovat
ion
and
lo
we
r
cos
ts
of
PV
m
odules
but
al
so
sign
ific
a
nt
effor
ts
in
resea
rc
h
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
in
the
fiel
d
of
powe
r
el
ect
r
onic
s.
In
P
V
s
yst
e
m
s
connec
te
d
to
the
gri
d,
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
w
hic
h
conve
rts
the
outp
ut
direct
c
urren
t
(
DC)
of
the
so
la
r
m
odules
to
the
al
te
rn
at
e
curre
nt
(A
C
)
is
rec
ei
vin
g
incr
ease
d
i
nter
est
in
order
to
ge
ner
at
e
pow
er
to
util
it
y.
In
fact,
t
he
te
c
hnic
al
pe
rfor
m
ance
a
nd
reli
a
bili
ty
of
inv
e
rters
us
e
d
in
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
syst
e
m
s
conn
ect
ed
to
t
he
gri
d
are
pa
ram
eter
s
that
ca
n
great
ly
var
y
the
annual
el
ect
rici
ty
po
w
er
an
d
th
us
the
finan
ci
a
l
via
bi
li
t
y
of
a
syst
em
.
On
e
i
m
po
rtant
par
t
of
the
s
yst
e
m
con
nect
ed
to
the grid
is it
s c
on
t
ro
l.
Th
e
c
ontrol task
s ca
n b
e d
ivi
ded int
o
t
wo m
ajo
r parts
[1
-
11
]
.
1.
Inp
ut
-
side
c
ontrolle
r,
with
t
he
m
a
in
pr
op
erty
to
extract
the
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
fro
m
the
inp
ut
so
urce
,
PV
m
odules.
P
ro
te
ct
io
n of
t
he
input
-
si
de
c
onver
te
r
is also
c
on
si
der
e
d
i
n
th
is co
ntro
ll
er
.
2.
Gr
i
d
-
si
de
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
w
hich
c
an
ha
ve
the
f
ollow
in
g
ta
s
ks
:
con
t
ro
l
of
act
iv
e
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
ge
ner
at
e
d
to the g
rid; c
ontrol
of
dc
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age;
ens
ure
h
ig
h q
ualit
y of t
he
in
j
ect
e
d power;
gr
i
d
sy
nc
hro
nizat
ion
.
The
DC
–
AC
c
onve
rter
injec
ts
sinu
s
oid
al
cu
rr
e
nt
into
the
gr
i
d,
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
powe
r
fa
ct
or
.
S
om
e
key
po
i
nts
ha
ve
bee
n
ide
ntifie
d
in
w
hich
sign
ific
a
nt
i
m
pro
vem
ents
ca
n
be
car
ried
out
in
the
desi
gn
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
io
n
of
the
in
vert
ers
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
gri
d,
as:
low
total
har
m
on
ic
dist
or
ti
on,
el
im
ina
ti
on
of
the
DC
c
om
po
nen
t
in
j
ect
e
d
into
the
co
nnect
ed
gri
d,
co
ntr
ol
bo
th
the
act
iv
e
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
an
d
the
dig
it
a
l
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
[2
,
3].
The
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
ap
plied
to
t
he
gr
i
d
-
si
de
c
onver
te
r
co
ns
ist
s
m
a
inly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
30
57
-
3065
3058
of
tw
o
casca
de
d
lo
op
s
.
Us
ua
ll
y,
there
is
a
fast
internal
current
lo
op,
wh
ic
h
re
gu
la
te
s
the
gr
i
d
c
urren
t,
and
a
n
exte
rn
a
l
vo
lt
age
lo
op,
wh
ic
h
c
ontr
ols
the
dc
-
li
nk
volt
age.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
loop
is
re
sp
onsi
ble
for
pow
e
r
qu
al
it
y i
ssu
es and
c
urren
t p
ro
t
ect
ion
; t
hu
s
, h
a
rm
on
ic
co
m
pe
ns
at
io
n
and
dynam
ic
s
are
the
i
m
po
rtant prop
erti
es
of
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er
.
T
he
dc
-
li
nk
vol
ta
ge
co
ntr
oller
is
desig
ne
d
for
bala
ncin
g
the
powe
r
flo
w
in
the
syst
e
m
.
Usu
al
ly
,
the
desi
gn
of
this
c
on
tr
oller
ai
m
s
fo
r
syst
e
m
sta
bil
it
y
hav
i
ng
sl
ow
dy
nam
ic
s.
The
a
i
m
of
exter
nal
con
tr
ol
le
r
is
the
dynam
ic
s
yst
e
m
stab
il
it
y
and
the
op
tim
al
reg
ulati
on
;
so
this
volt
age
loop
is
des
ign
e
d
for
a
l
ow
sta
bili
ty
tim
e
5
to
20
ti
m
es
hig
her
that
the
in
te
rn
a
l
current
l
oop.
The
i
ntern
al
a
nd
e
xter
nal
lo
ops
can
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
decou
pling,
th
eref
or
e
the
t
ra
ns
fe
r
f
unct
ion
of
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op
is
no
t
consi
der
e
d
when
it
is
desig
ne
d
the
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
.
In
so
m
e
wo
r
ks
,
t
he
c
on
t
r
ol
of
gr
id
-
side
co
ntro
ll
er
is
b
ase
d
on
a
dc
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age
l
oop
c
ascade
d
with
a
n
in
ner
power
loop
instea
d
of
a
cur
re
nt
lo
op.
In
t
his
way,
the
cu
rr
e
nt
inje
ct
ed
into
the
gri
d
is
ind
irect
ly
con
t
ro
ll
ed
[11
-
15]
.
The
ge
ner
at
e
d
pu
lse
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
(PW
M)
is
able
to
r
edu
ce
the m
agn
it
ud
e
of the
l
ow ord
e
r of
ha
rm
on
ic
co
m
po
ne
nts
pr
e
sent in
the i
nput
A
C s
upply.
Digital
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
pr
ov
i
de
s
i
m
pr
ov
em
ents
over
their
a
nalo
g
co
un
te
rparts.
They
are
i
m
m
un
e
to
no
ise
an
d
ar
e
le
ss
s
us
ce
pt
ible
to
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e
c
hang
es.
Hen
ce
,
a
n
i
nterest
to
di
gita
l
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
has
been
note
d.
Using
FPGA’s
will
pro
vid
e
fle
xibi
li
t
y
and
sim
plici
ty
in
m
o
difyin
g
the
desi
gn
e
d
ci
rcu
it
with
out
al
te
ring
the
ha
r
dw
a
re
a
nd
rap
i
d
prot
otypin
g
[
16
-
23
]
.
T
he
obj
ect
ive
of
this
wor
k
is
to
im
pr
ove
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
po
w
er
qu
al
it
y
of
gri
d
c
onnecte
d
PV
i
nv
e
rters
a
nd
lo
wer
eq
ui
pm
ent
costs
f
or
these
syst
e
m
s.
This
will
be
achieve
d
thr
ough
H
-
br
idg
e
in
ver
te
r
and
c
on
t
ro
l
.
I
n
this
pa
per
,
desc
riptio
n
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
te
chn
iq
ue
is
presented
a
nd
im
plem
ented
in
FPGA.
T
he
f
un
ct
ion
al
struct
ure
of
this
syst
e
m
,
has
been
va
li
date
with sim
ulati
on
s a
nd e
xp
e
rim
ental
r
es
ults. T
he pr
oto
ty
pe
has bee
n real
iz
ed.
2.
CUR
RENT
C
ONTROL
TE
CHNIQ
UE
The
po
wer
qu
al
it
y
inj
ect
ed
into
the
gri
d
a
nd
the
perf
orm
ance
of
the
conve
rter
syst
e
m
dep
en
d
on
the
qual
it
y
of
the
in
ver
te
r
c
urren
t
co
ntr
ol,
Fi
gure
1
.
Ge
ner
a
ll
y,
fo
r
lo
wer
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
of
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
s
connecte
d
to
the
gr
i
d,
pulse
width
m
od
ulati
on
(
P
W
M
)
is
a
wide
ly
us
e
d
t
echn
i
qu
e
f
or
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
th
e
vo
lt
a
ge
so
urce
in
ve
rter
s
inj
ect
s
c
urrent
s
into
the
gri
d.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
in
j
ect
ed
m
us
t
be
sinu
s
oid
al
with
reduce
d
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on.
Mo
reover
,
a
sin
usoidal
in
put
current
s
hould
be
achieve
d
with
a
total
har
m
on
ic
disto
rtio
n
(
TH
D
)
belo
w
5%
a
s
su
ggest
s
the
i
nter
national
st
and
a
r
d
IEE
E
std
929
-
2000
[3
]
Table
1.
Most
of
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
egies
wer
e
m
ade to
contr
ol the c
urre
nt i
nj
ect
e
d
i
nto
t
he
grid a
nd
pow
er f
act
or.
Figure
1.
Inve
rter c
urren
t c
ontrol
Table
1.
Har
m
on
ic
s
d
ist
orsio
n order
ODD H
ARM
ONI
C
DIST
ORTI
ON
LI
MI
T
3
rd
th
ro
u
g
h
9
th
Less th
an
4.0
%
11
th
th
rou
g
h
15
th
Less th
an
2.0
%
17
th
th
rou
g
h
21
st
Less th
an
1.5
%
23
rd
th
rough
3
3
rd
Les than
0.6
%
The
m
ai
n
ob
je
ct
ive
of
the
current
co
ntr
ol
le
r
is
to
ensure
that
the
outpu
t
inv
e
rter
c
urren
t
f
ollo
w
caref
ully
the
r
efere
nce
c
urre
nt
in
dep
e
ndent
ly
of
the
sel
ec
te
d
co
ntr
ol
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
T
he
c
urren
t
c
ontr
oller
of
powe
r
co
nv
e
rt
ers
can
be
a
cl
os
e
d
loop
P
W
M,
su
ch
as
Hyste
resis
Curren
t
Con
trol
,
li
near
P
W
M,
pr
e
di
ct
ive
con
t
ro
ll
ers
,
op
tim
iz
ed
con
tr
ol
le
rs,
neural
ne
twork
a
nd
f
uz
zy
log
ic
con
tr
oller
syst
e
m
s
[4
]
.
In
c
om
par
ison
t
o
Cur
r
e
n
t
con
tr
ol
L
D
C/A
C
V
inv
I
o
u
t
I
o
u
t
M
odu
lat
or
V
dc
V
dc
V
g
r
i
d
V
g
r
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd control te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
si
ng
le
phase
b
i
po
l
ar
H
-
bri
dg
e
inverte
r
…
(
Linda
Ha
s
s
ain
e
)
3059
op
e
n
lo
op.
P
WM
te
chn
i
qu
es,
ha
ve
sev
er
al
con
sid
era
ble
adv
a
ntage
s,
su
c
h
as
extre
m
el
y
go
od
dy
nam
ic
s,
instanta
ne
ous
peak
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
an
d
pre
ven
ti
on
of
ove
rloa
d
an
d
puls
e
droppin
g
pro
blem
s
[1
1].
Hyste
resis
current
c
on
tr
ol
hav
e
a
good
s
ta
bili
ty
,
wh
ic
h
is
pr
ovide
d
by
m
ai
ntaining
current
er
r
or
s
within
the
hyste
resis
band.
Fig
ur
e
2
sho
ws
the
diff
e
re
nt
P
WM
con
tr
ol
cu
r
ren
t
m
et
ho
ds
.
Linear
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ol
us
e
s
P
WM
m
od
ulati
on
.
In
this
co
ntro
l,
as
show
n
in
F
igure
3,
the
m
odulati
ng
sig
na
l
is
com
par
ed
with
t
he
tria
ngular
carrier
com
ing
from
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
a
li
nea
r
regulat
or,
usu
al
ly
a
pr
op
or
ti
on
al
-
integ
ral
P
I
re
gul
at
or.
I
n
m
os
t
sit
uations
a
si
nu
s
oi
dal
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
is
re
qu
i
red.
This
m
ay
be
achieve
d
by
m
od
ulati
ng
t
he
pulse
width
of
each
br
i
dg
e
le
g
us
in
g
a
sine
wav
e
re
fer
e
nce
.
T
her
e
are
t
w
o
c
omm
on
swi
tc
hin
g
strat
e
gies,
wh
ic
h
are
a
pp
li
ed
to the H
-
Brid
ge
inv
e
rter; t
hes
e are Bip
olar
a
nd Unip
olar
P
WM s
witc
hing
.
Figure
2. Cu
rr
e
nt contr
ol m
et
ho
ds
Figure
3. Linea
r
c
urren
t c
ontr
ol
3.
PV
S
YS
TE
M CO
NN
E
CTED TO
THE G
RID
Figure
4
sho
w
an
el
ect
rical
schem
e
of
t
he
sin
gle
phase
H
-
Bri
dge
in
ve
rter
c
onnecte
d
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
The
m
ai
n
sp
eci
ficat
ion
of
the
inv
erte
r
co
nn
ect
ed
to
the
gri
d
is
that
the
current
m
us
t
be
inj
ect
ed
from
a
P
V
pan
el
with
a
powe
r
facto
r
wi
thin
a
ce
rtai
n
r
ang
e
[
3].
DC/DC
co
nverte
r
is
em
plo
ye
d
to
boos
t
t
he
P
V
-
arr
ay
vo
lt
age
to
a
n
appr
opriat
e
le
vel
based
on
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
util
it
y
vo
lt
age,
wh
il
e
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
of
the
D
C
-
DC
conve
rter
is
de
sign
e
d
to
ope
r
at
e
as
a
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
point
trac
ker
(
MPPT)
t
hat
in
creases
t
he
ec
onom
ic
al
feasibil
it
y
of
t
he
P
V
syst
em
.
A
la
r
ge
var
ie
ty
of
MPP
trac
king
al
gorithm
s
exists:
look
-
up
ta
ble,
pe
rturbati
on
and
obser
vatio
n
(P&O
),
inc
r
e
m
ental
con
du
ct
ance
et
c.
For
the
MPPT
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
t
he
per
t
urb
-
a
nd
-
observ
e
m
et
ho
d
is
ad
opte
d
ow
i
ng
t
o
it
s
si
m
ple
str
uctu
re
an
d
the
fact
that
it
req
u
i
res
fe
wer
m
easur
ed
pa
ra
m
et
ers.
This
strat
egy
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
t
o
op
er
at
e
unde
r
rap
i
dly
changin
g
so
la
r
r
adi
at
ion
in
a
pow
er
PV
gri
d
c
onnected
Syst
e
m
[
24
-
25]
.
+
g
r
id
I
Fil
ter
I
n
v
er
ter
I
r
ef
V
i
nv
PI
V
dc
PW
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
30
57
-
3065
3060
Figure
4. G
rid connect
ed
ph
ot
ovoltai
c in
ver
t
er s
yst
em
4.
INV
E
RTER
CONTR
OL
The
co
ntr
ol
str
uctu
re
that
has
been
im
ple
m
e
nted
f
or
the
si
ng
le
-
phase
in
ve
rter
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
ph
otovo
lt
a
ic
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
in
photov
ol
ta
ic
gen
erat
or
(
PVG),
a
m
axim
u
m
po
we
r
po
int
trackin
g
(M
PPT)
and
the
in
ve
rter
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
s
tructu
re
propo
sed
for
the
sing
le
-
phase
i
nverte
r
corres
ponds to
2
c
on
t
ro
l l
oops [
12
-
15]
.
-
An
e
xter
nal
con
t
ro
l
lo
op
of
the
DC
volt
age
is
necessa
r
y
to
m
ai
ntain
the
DC
-
bus
vo
lt
age
const
ant
to
gu
a
ra
ntee the c
orrect f
unct
ion o
f
the
MPPT
.
-
An
inter
nal
con
t
ro
l
lo
op
of
the
cur
re
nt
is
desig
ned
to
con
tr
ol
the
powe
r
inj
ect
e
d
into
the
gri
d.
This
al
lows
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
con
tr
ol
in
in
s
ta
ntaneous
val
ues.
T
o
im
po
s
e
a
sinu
s
oid
al
current,
i
n
pha
se
with the g
ri
d
volt
age,
the r
e
fe
ren
ce cu
rrent I
r
ef
, is
gen
e
rated
from
a
sinu
so
i
dal r
efer
ence
, th
e am
pli
tud
e is
regulat
ed fr
om t
he ou
t
pu
t
of t
he
e
xter
nal vol
ta
ge
lo
op.
The
DC
-
bu
s
vo
lt
age
of
the
PV
syst
em
i
s
m
a
intai
ned
const
ant
s
uch
that
act
ive
powe
r
balanc
e
betwee
n
the
in
j
ect
ing
s
olar
e
nergy
an
d
the
syst
e
m
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
can
be
achieve
d.
T
he
DC
-
bu
s
volt
ag
e
V
dc
,
can
be
fe
d
bac
k
an
d
c
om
par
ed
with
t
he
de
s
ired
value
of
V
dc
(r
e
f)
w
hile
a
PI
re
gula
tor
is
add
e
d
to
re
gu
la
te
the erro
r
betw
e
en
the
desire
d vo
lt
age a
nd the
actual
D
C b
us vo
lt
age
, h
e
nce
the r
efe
re
nce c
urren
t si
gn
al
c
an
be
ob
ta
ine
d.
T
he
current
regulat
or
is
em
plo
ye
d
to
re
gu
la
te
t
he
er
r
or
betwe
en
the
desir
ed
curre
nt
an
d
a
ct
ual
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
.One
of
the
adv
a
ntage
s
prov
i
ded
by
this
con
tr
ol
stra
t
egy
is
it
s
si
m
pl
ic
it
y
as
f
ar
as
the co
m
pu
ta
ti
onal
r
e
quirem
ents o
f
the c
o
ntr
ol
circuit.
Figure
5
.
Co
ntr
ol str
uctu
re
of
t
he
in
ve
rter c
on
nected t
o
t
he g
rid
This
struct
ur
e
is
associat
ed
w
it
h
propor
ti
ona
l
integral
con
t
r
ollers
(PI)
.
To
i
m
pr
ove
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
PI
co
nt
ro
ll
er
in
su
c
h
a
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
st
ru
ct
ur
e
a
nd
to
cancel
the
volt
age
rip
ples
of
ph
otov
oltai
c
gen
e
rato
r,
due
to
var
ia
ti
ons
in
the
instanta
ne
ou
s
powe
r
flo
w
thr
ough
the
photov
oltai
c
syst
e
m
,
will
dep
en
d
on
I
PV
S
1
D
1
S
2
D
2
S
3
D
3
S
4
D
4
+
v
PV
-
L
PV
C
G
S
C
PV
PV
i
out
L
O
+
v
grid
-
+
v
G
-
D
V
PV
B
o
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd control te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
si
ng
le
phase
b
i
po
l
ar
H
-
bri
dg
e
inverte
r
…
(
Linda
Ha
s
s
ain
e
)
3061
on
e
ha
nd
on
the
cha
nge
of
atm
os
ph
e
ric
conditi
ons
(m
ai
nly
the
irra
di
ance
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
),
t
he
faster
respo
ns
e
of
th
e
boos
t
co
ntr
ol
loo
p,
t
he
inve
rter
an
d
the
va
lue
of
the
D
C
bu
s
ca
pacit
or.
O
n
the
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
the
outp
ut
volt
age
is
t
he
m
ai
ns
volt
age,
re
presents
a
n
e
xter
nal
dist
urba
nce
of
c
on
si
der
a
bl
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
at
50Hz
for
the
syst
em
,
there
exists
a
com
pen
sat
ion
of
these
e
ff
ect
s
at
the
ou
tp
ut
of
the
PI
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
so
as
to
cal
culat
e
directl
y
the
re
fer
e
nce
volt
ag
e
f
or
the
i
nduc
ta
nce.
Fig
ur
e
6
sho
ws
t
he
con
t
ro
l
l
oop
of
the
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
current.
T
he
in
ver
te
r
outp
ut c
urren
t e
xpres
sion i
s
giv
e
n:
D
V
s
V
s
out
G
P
V
Is
out
Ls
(1)
Figure
6
.
Co
ntr
ol lo
op str
uctu
r
e of alt
ernat
ive
outp
ut curre
nt
The
f
eed
-
f
orw
ard
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
based
on
i
nclu
ding
new
te
rm
s
to
var
ia
bles
co
ntr
ol,
i
n
this
case
the
duty
cy
cle,
in
orde
r
to
el
i
m
inate
the
dep
e
ndence
relat
ed
to
the
per
tu
r
bations
of
c
on
tr
ol
s
yst
e
m
.
To
com
pen
sat
e
the
eff
ect
of
ou
tp
ut
volt
ag
e,
is
us
ed
the
aver
a
ge
an
d
fi
lt
ered
outp
ut
volt
age
val
ues,
cal
le
d
V
out,m
es
,
Figu
re
7.
H
ow
e
ver,
t
o
c
om
pen
sat
e
the
vo
lt
age
V
GP
V,
it
’s
necessar
y
to
us
e
,
the
m
easur
e
d
value
befor
e
filt
ered
. I
n
this
case, it
’s
r
e
qu
i
red a
du
ty
cyc
le
calc
ulate
sinc
e the tra
nsfers
functi
ons:
,,
,
L
r
e
f
o
u
t
m
e
s
o
u
t
m
e
s
vv
d
v
(2)
K
sv
the
sam
e st
ep of
m
easur
ed
circuits,
obta
ined:
,
L
r
e
f
s
v
o
u
t
s
v
G
P
V
v
K
v
d
Kv
(3)
Fr
om
the
du
ty
cy
cl
e, the
in
du
ct
ance volt
age
V
L
,
L
r
e
f
L
G
P
V
s
sv
v
v
d
v
v
K
(4)
The
ad
va
ntage
of
this
co
ntr
ol
struct
ur
e
is
the
con
t
ro
l
of
the
in
sta
nta
ne
ous
powe
r
in
j
ect
ed
int
o
the
gr
i
d
f
ro
m
t
he
so
la
r
m
od
ul
e
and
t
he
sync
hro
nizat
ion
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
sig
nal
with
the
gri
d
volt
age
(
Volt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt
i
n
ph
ase
)
wh
i
ch
gu
a
ran
te
e
a
highe
r
po
wer
facto
r
a
nd
im
pr
ov
e
t
he
MPP
T
dy
nam
ic
.
The
disad
va
nta
ge
is
t
he
no
ise
in
the
i
nv
e
rter
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
sign
al
due
to
the
us
e
of
the
gri
d
si
gn
al
sam
ple
to
gen
e
rate a
nd s
ynch
ronize t
he
r
efe
re
nce c
urr
ent w
it
h t
he
grid si
gn
al
.
5.
DIG
IT
AL I
M
PLE
MENT
A
TION
The
Di
gital
Pu
lse
-
W
i
dth
-
M
odulato
r
(DP
WM)
co
nverts
the
cod
e
in
pulsa
ti
ng
sig
nal
and
ge
ne
rates
the
dri
vi
ng
sig
nals
of
t
he
s
witc
hes
(
T
1,
T
2,
T
3,
T
4
).
T
he
syn
chro
nizat
ion
of
the
volt
age
gri
d
a
nd
the
i
nverte
r
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
inj
ect
e
d
to
the
gr
i
d
is
assum
e
d
with
the
zer
o
cro
ssin
g
detec
tor
(
ZC
D)
.
T
hi
s
is
acco
m
plis
hed
by
gen
e
rati
ng
a
synch
r
on
ism
sign
al
in
each
c
rossing
by
zer
o
of
the
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge.
I
n
Fi
gure
7
is
sh
own
t
he
di
gital
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n of t
he bip
olar
P
W
M.
T
he
s
w
it
ching
fr
e
que
nc
y i
s 10kH i
n o
rd
e
r
to
r
e
duce
har
m
on
ic
s.
V
L
,
r
e
f
Com
pe
ns
at
i
ons
C
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
H
(s
)
R(s
)
V
G
P
V
1
1
L
s
V
o
u
t
,
m
e
s
I
out
Cont
r
ol
l
e
r
H
(s
)
V
1
V
G
P
V
,
m
e
s
I
ou
t
,
r
e
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
30
57
-
3065
3062
Figure
7. D
P
WM
sign
al
s
6.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
The
ph
otovo
lt
a
ic
gen
erat
or
(
P
VG),
the
m
axim
u
m
po
we
r
po
int
(MPPT)
a
nd
the
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
inv
erte
r
DC/AC
be
hav
i
or
hav
e
been
m
od
el
ed
and
s
i
m
ulate
d
by
PSI
M.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
par
am
e
te
rs
us
e
d
are:
vo
lt
a
ge
V
grid
230
V,
f
reque
ncy
50
Hz,
L
=
4.7
m
H,
Vd
c
=
375
V
an
d
f
re
quency
m
od
ulat
ion
in
de
x
m
f
=
200.
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ults
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
con
necte
d
to
the
gri
d
are
pr
ese
nted
.In
F
igure
8
(a
),
al
l
resu
lt
s
sign
al
s
of
the
input
si
de
of
P
V
syst
em
con
ne
ct
ed
to
t
h
e
gr
id
can
be
see
n.
The
DC
bus
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rrent
of
PV
m
od
ule
,
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
c
urrent
of
the
boos
t.
Figure
8
(
b)
,
s
hows
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
the
inv
e
rter
a
ve
rag
e
m
od
el
cl
os
ed
loop,
the
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
cu
r
ren
t,
I
out
in
ph
ase
with
the
gri
d
volt
age
V
g
rid
a
nd
the
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age.
(a)
Figure
8
.
Outp
ut sig
nals
of P
V
syst
em
, (
a)
I
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
current
I
out
, gri
d vo
lt
age
V
grid
V
s
i
n
……
T1
…
..
T4
…
..
T2
…
..
.
T3
…
..
V
t
ri
……
.
C
l
k
…
.
D
i
r
…
.
V
s
i
n
……
T1
…
..
T4
…
..
T2
…
..
.
T3
…
..
V
t
ri
……
.
C
l
k
…
.
D
i
r
…
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd control te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
si
ng
le
phase
b
i
po
l
ar
H
-
bri
dg
e
inverte
r
…
(
Linda
Ha
s
s
ain
e
)
3063
(b)
Figure
8. O
utput sig
nals
of P
V
syst
em
(b)
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
(
c
onti
nue
)
7.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
T
Figure
9
sho
w
s
a
pr
oto
ty
pe
of
sing
le
-
phase
inv
e
rter
with
the
dig
it
al
con
t
r
ol
i
m
ple
m
ente
d
in
a
FPGA
platfo
rm
(S
part
an
-
3
of
Xili
nx)
reali
zed
an
d
te
ste
d.
V
grid
=
230
V
,
an
d
co
upli
ng
i
nducta
nce
L
=
20
m
H.
Figure 1
0(a)
s
hows
t
he
P
WM sw
it
chin
g
sig
na
ls,
inv
e
rter o
ut
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
I
out
and
grid v
olta
ge
V
out.
Fig
ur
e 1
0(
b)
sh
ows
I
nv
e
rter
outp
ut curre
nt
I
out
an
d
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
ag
e V
inv
(b)
.
Figure
9
.
Sin
gl
e
-
phase i
nv
e
rte
r prototy
pe
V
gr
i
d
V
in
I
ou
t
T
im
e
(s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
30
57
-
3065
3064
(a)
(b)
Figure
10. P
WM sign
al
,
(
a
)
i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
current
I
out
a
nd grid
volt
age
V
out
,
(b) In
ver
te
r ou
t
pu
t c
urre
nt I
out
and in
ver
te
r
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
V
inv
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pa
per
ha
s
f
ocu
se
d
on
t
he
desi
gn
a
nd
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
te
ch
nique
of
PV
i
nv
e
rter
connecte
d
t
o
the
gr
i
d.
T
his
con
tr
ol
is
ba
sed
on
H
-
Br
idg
e
i
nverte
r
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
dig
it
al
pu
lse
-
wi
dt
h
m
od
ulati
on
(DSP
W
M
)
wh
ic
h
can
sync
hro
nise
a
si
nu
s
oi
dal
cu
rr
e
nt
ou
t
put
with
a
gr
id
vo
lt
age
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
a
powe
r
facto
r
.
T
he
sim
ulatio
n
res
ults
validat
e
the
the
or
e
ti
cal
pr
edict
io
ns
a
nd
dem
on
strat
e
the
viabi
li
ty
of
the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
ro
l.
T
he
ex
per
im
ental
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
the
vi
abili
ty
of
the
bipolai
re
DSP
WM
m
e
tho
d
pro
posed
,
the
si
m
plici
ty
of
the
dig
it
al
im
ple
m
entat
ion
.
The
te
ch
niqu
e
confirm
that
the
co
ntro
l
ca
n
be
ap
plied
to
con
t
ro
l
the
powe
r
an
d
the
cu
rr
e
nt
inj
e
ct
ed
into
the
gr
id.
Usi
ng
Xili
nx
FP
G
A
to
ge
ne
rate
P
W
M
prov
i
des
fle
xib
il
it
y
to
m
od
ify
the
des
ign
e
d
ci
rc
uit
without
al
te
rin
g
the
hardw
a
re
pa
rt.
T
his
sys
tem
can
im
pr
ove
t
he
power
qu
al
it
y
ou
t
pu
t
of
gr
id
connecte
d P
V
i
nv
e
rters
and l
ower
equipm
ent co
sts
f
or
t
hese
syst
e
m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
nd control te
c
hn
i
qu
e
for
si
ng
le
phase
b
i
po
l
ar
H
-
bri
dg
e
inverte
r
…
(
Linda
Ha
s
s
ain
e
)
3065
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
X.
S.
Li
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Anal
y
sis
and
Si
m
pli
fic
a
ti
on
of
Thre
e
-
Dim
ensio
nal
Spac
e
Vec
to
r
PW
M
for
Thre
e
-
Phase
Four
-
Leg
Inve
rte
rs,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Industrial Elect
ronics,
vol
.
58
,
p
p.
450
-
464
,
Feb
.
2011.
[2]
M.
Cal
a
is,
J.
M
y
rz
ik,
T.
Spoon
er
and
V.
G
.
Ageli
dis
,
“
Inve
rters
for
single
-
ph
ase
grid
conne
c
te
d
photovo
lt
a
i
c
s
y
stems
-
an
over
vie
w,
”
2002
IE
EE
33rd
Annua
l
IEEE
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
Sp
e
ci
ali
sts
Con
fe
re
nce
.
Proceedi
ng
s
(
Cat.
No.
02CH37289)
,
Cai
rns,
Q
ld.
,
Aus
tra
l
ia,
vo
l.
4
,
pp
.
1995
-
20
00,
2002
.
[3]
S.
B.
Kj
ae
r
,
J.
K.
Peder
sen
,
and
F.
Bl
aa
b
jerg,
“
A
Revi
ew
of
Single
-
Phas
e
Grid
-
Conne
cted
Inve
r
te
rs
fo
r
Photovolt
aic
Mo
dule
s,”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
In
dustry
Applicati
ons
,
vol. 41, no.
5,
2005
.
[4]
L.
Hass
ai
n
e,
E.
Olía
s,
J.
Quinte
r
o,
and
V.
Sal
as,
“
Overvi
ew
of
P
ower
Inve
rt
er
T
opologi
es
and
C
ontrol
Struc
ture
s
for
Grid
conn
ecte
d
Photovol
ta
i
c
S
y
stems
,
”
Re
n
ewabl
e
&
Susta
inabl
e
Ene
rgy
Re
v
ie
ws
,
vo
l.
3
0,
pp.
796
–
807,
Feb.
2014
.
[5]
Y.
Yang
and
F
.
blaabj
erg
,
“
Overvi
ew
of
sing
le
-
phase
gr
id
c
onn
ec
t
ed
photo
volt
aic
s
y
s
te
m
s,”
Elec
tri
c
Pow
er
Components
Sys
te
ms
,
vol
.
43
,
no
.
12
,
pp
.
1352
–
1
363,
Jul.
2015.
[6]
Y.
Yang,
F.
Bl
aa
bj
erg
,
H.
W
a
ng,
and
M.
Si
m
oes,
“
Pow
er
Control
Flexi
b
iliti
es
for
Grid
-
C
onnec
t
ed
Multi
-
Functi
onal Phot
ovolt
aic
Inv
erter
s,”
IET
Re
n
ewab
l
e Powe
r Gen
erati
on,
vol. 10
,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
504
-
51
3,
2016
.
[7]
L.
Hass
ai
ne
and
A.
Mraoui,
“
Control
strateg
y
ba
sed
on
SP
WM
s
witc
hing
pa
ttern
s
for
grid
connect
ed
photovo
ltai
c
inve
rt
er
g
ene
ra
tion s
y
st
ems
,
”
In:
AIP
conf
er
enc
e
proce
edi
ng
s
,
A
m
er
ic
an Instit
ut
e
of
Ph
y
s
ic
s
In
c.
,
vol.
1814
,
2017
,
[8]
L.
Hadj
ide
m
et
r
i
ou,
E.
K
y
r
ia
kid
e
s,
Y.
Yang,
and
F.
Bla
ab
je
rg
,
“
A
s
y
nchr
on
iz
a
ti
on
m
et
hod
for
single
-
phase
gr
id
-
tie
d
inve
rt
ers,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
on
on
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
31
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
2139
–
2149
,
2016.
[9]
S.
A.
Khaje
hod
din,
M.
Kar
imi
-
Ghart
emani
,
A.
Bakhshai
,
and
P.
Jain,
“
A
power
cont
rol
m
et
hod
with
sim
pl
e
struct
ure
and
f
a
st
d
y
namic
resp
onse
for
single
-
phase
grid
-
conn
ec
t
ed
DG
sy
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
on
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
28,
no.
1,
pp.
22
1
–
233,
Jan
.
201
3.
[10]
M.R.
Bengouri
n
a,
M.
R
ah
li,
S.
Slami,
L.
Hass
a
ine
,
“
PS
O
base
d
dire
ct
power
cont
rol
for
a
m
ult
ifunction
al
gr
id
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
s
y
stem,
”
Inte
rnational
J
ournal
of
Powe
r
El
ec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
m
(
I
JP
EDS
),
vol
.
9,
no.
2
,
pp
.
610~6
21
,
Jun.
2018.
[11]
L.
Hass
ai
n
e,
E
.
Olía
s,
J.
Qu
inte
ro,
and
A.
B
arr
ado,
“
Pow
er
Co
ntrol
for
Grid
C
onnec
t
ed
Appli
c
at
ions
b
ase
d
on
the
Phase
Shifti
ng
of
the
Inve
rt
er
output
Volt
a
ge
with
respe
c
t
to
the
Grid
Volta
g
e,
”
In
te
rnat
ional
Journal
o
f
El
e
ct
rica
l
Pow
er
and
En
ergy
S
yst
ems
,
vol
.
57
,
pp
.
250
–
260,
2014.
[12]
L.
Hass
ai
ne
,
M.
R.
Bengouri
n
a,
“
Design
and
digi
ta
l
implementat
ion
of
power
co
ntrol
strateg
y
fo
r
grid
conne
c
te
d
photovol
taic
inv
ert
er
,
”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
o
f
Powe
r
E
lectronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
m
(
IJP
EDS
)
,
vol.
10,
no.
3
,
pp.
1564~1574,
Sep
.
2019
.
[13]
L.
Hass
ai
ne
,
E
.
Olia
s,
J.
Quint
er
o,
and
A.
Barr
ad
o,
“
Digit
al
Contr
ol
base
d
on
the
Shifti
ng
Phase
for
Grid
Connec
t
ed
Photovolt
aic
Inv
ert
er
,
”
in
IEEE Appli
ed
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronic
Confer
enc
e
and
E
xposit
ion
,
pp.
945
–
951,
2008
.
[14]
X.
W
ang,
P.
C.
Loh,
and
F.
Bl
aa
bj
erg
,
“
Stabi
lit
y
An
aly
sis
and
Control
l
er
S
y
n
t
hesis
for
Single
-
Loop
Volta
g
e
-
Control
le
d
VS
Is,”
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
on
on
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
,
vo
l
.
3
2,
no
.
9
,
pp
.
739
4
-
7404,
Sep
.
20
17.
[15]
N.
Chai
ta
n
y
a
,
1P.
Sujat
ha,
K.
Chandra
Sekhar
,
“
Curre
nt
Control
ler
Based
Pow
er
Mana
gement
Strate
g
y
fo
r
Inte
rfa
ci
ng
DG
Units
to
Micro
Grid,
”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
El
ectric
al
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
(
IJE
CE
),
vol.
7
,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
2300
~ 2308
,
Oc
t.
2017
.
[16]
G.
Vijay
krishna
and
Y.
Kus
um
al
at
ha
,
“
Design
and
Im
ple
m
ent
at
io
n
of
Thre
e
Phase
Reve
rsing
Vol
ta
ge
Mul
t
il
ev
el
Inve
rte
r
,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal of
App
li
ed
Pow
e
r E
ngineering
(
IJA
P
E)
,
vol. 5, n
o.
2
,
pp
.
59~71,
Aug
.
2016.
[17]
Sham
al
a
N,
an
d
C.
La
kshm
ina
r
a
y
ana,
“
Perfor
m
anc
e
Enh
anc
e
m
ent
in
Act
ive
Pow
er
Filt
er
(AP
F)
by
FP
GA
Im
ple
m
ent
at
ion
,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
and
Computer
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol.
8,
no.
2
,
pp.
689
~ 698, A
pr.
2018
.
[18]
N.
Chet
ti
b
i
and
Mell
it,
“
A
F
PGA
-
base
d
rea
l
ti
m
e
sim
ula
ti
on
and
cont
rol
of
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
s
y
st
ems
,
”
Simulat
ion
Mod
el
li
ng
Prac
ti
c
e
a
nd
Theory
,
vol.
43,
pp
.
34
-
53
,
A
pr.
2014
.
[19]
M.
Parve
z,
M.
F.
M.
El
ia
s,
N.
A.
Rahi
m
,
and
N.
Osman,
“Curr
ent
cont
ro
l
te
chni
qu
es
for
thre
e
-
phase
gri
d
int
er
conne
c
ti
on
of
ren
ew
abl
e
po
wer
gen
era
t
ion
s
y
stems
:
A r
evie
w,”
Solar
Ene
rg
y
,
vo
l. 135, pp. 2
9
–
42,
2016
.
[20]
F.
S.
Li
n,
J.
F.
Chen,
T.
J.
L
i
an
g,
R.
L.
Li
n
,
an
d
Y.
C.
Kuo,
“De
sign
and
implementa
t
ion
of
F
PG
A
-
base
d
sing
le
stage
pho
tovol
t
a
ic
ene
rg
y
convers
ion
s
y
st
em,”
T
he
2004
I
EEE
A
sia
-
Pac
ific
Conf
ere
nce
on
C
ircu
it
s
and
S
yste
ms
,
2004,
Proce
edi
n
gs,
Taina
n
,
pp
.
7
45
-
748,
2004
.
[21]
S.
J.
Pin
to,
G.
P
anda
and
R
.
Pee
sapa
ti,
“
An
Im
ple
m
ent
ation
of
Hy
brid
Con
trol
St
rat
eg
y
for
Dist
ri
bute
d
Gene
r
atio
n
S
y
stem
Inte
rf
ace
Us
ing
Xili
nx
Sy
stem
Gene
r
at
or
,
”
in
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Indu
strial
Informatics
,
vol.
13
,
no.
5
,
pp.
2735
-
2745
,
Oct.
2017
.
[22]
A.
V
.
Pete
rch
e
v
and
S.
R.
Sa
nder
s,
“
Quanti
z
at
ion
resolution
and
li
m
it
c
y
cl
i
ng
in
digi
t
al
l
y
cont
rolled
PWM
conve
rt
ers,
”
in
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Powe
r
Ele
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
18
,
no.
1,
pp.
301
-
3
08,
Jan
.
2003
.
[23]
C.
Bucce
lla,
C
.
Cec
a
ti
and
H.
L
at
af
at
,
“
Digi
ta
l
Contro
l
of
Pow
er
Convert
ers
—
A
S
urve
y
,
”
in
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
Infor
matic
s
,
vo
l. 8, n
o.
3
,
pp
.
437
-
44
7,
Aug.
2012.
[24]
A.
RezaRe
isi,
H
.
M.
Mor
adi
,
an
d
S.
Jam
asb,
“
C
la
ss
ifi
c
at
ion
and
compari
son
of
m
axi
m
um
powe
r
point
tracki
n
g
te
chn
ique
s for
p
hotovol
taic
s
y
st
e
m
:
a
r
evi
ew,”
Renew.
S
usta
in. E
n
ergy
R
ev
.
,
vol
.
1
9,
pp
.
433
–
443
,
2013.
[25]
Hass
an
Abouobaida,
and
EL
B
ei
d
Said
,
“
Prac
t
ic
a
l
Perform
ance
Evaluation
of
Maximum
Po
wer
Point
Tracki
n
g
Algorit
hm
s
in
Photovolt
a
ic
S
y
st
em,”
Int
ernati
o
nal
Journal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol.
8
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1744~1755,
Dec
.
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.