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1.
I
NT
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Op
tical
f
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m
u
ltip
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x
in
g
(
DW
DM
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n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
No
n
lin
ea
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f
f
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ts
h
a
v
e
a
h
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ter
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w
wav
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ated
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ac
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ex
o
f
t
h
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f
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[
2
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.
T
h
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s
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th
e
n
e
w
l
y
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en
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ated
w
a
v
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m
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co
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ig
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ts
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ase
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On
-
Of
f
k
e
y
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
OOK
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is
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e
x
tr
a
d
e
g
r
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f
f
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ata
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ase
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r
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ze
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o
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R
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latio
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ase
o
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Z
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g
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al
is
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d
u
la
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at
h
a
lf
t
h
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it
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ase
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tr
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tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
i
n
ter
f
er
e
d
estr
u
ct
iv
el
y
[
3
]
.
A
l
th
o
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g
h
s
u
c
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
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s
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b
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to
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ce
th
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in
tr
a
-
c
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n
n
el
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f
ec
ts
,
h
o
w
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v
er
,
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h
as
b
ee
n
test
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o
n
l
y
f
o
r
a
s
i
n
g
le
c
h
an
n
el.
I
n
[
4
]
;
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
A
P
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p
r
o
p
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s
ed
an
d
r
es
u
lted
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
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to
ler
an
ce
o
f
N
RZ
-
OOK
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
d
i
s
tan
ce
.
S
i
m
ilar
l
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,
i
n
[
5
]
an
o
p
tical
p
h
ase
co
n
j
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g
atio
n
(
OP
C
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f
ir
s
t
l
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p
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s
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f
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s
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p
p
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th
e
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f
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t.
Un
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p
o
s
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ess
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ev
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m
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tio
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s
as
i
t
is
v
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co
m
p
lex
,
p
o
s
s
es
s
ex
tr
a
lo
s
s
,
a
n
d
it
co
s
t
to
o
m
u
c
h
.
R
ec
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
[
6
-
9
]
u
s
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
s
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n
DW
DM
s
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te
m
to
in
cr
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s
e
th
e
n
o
n
li
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s
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c
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o
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R
Z
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,
ca
r
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ier
s
u
p
p
r
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r
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n
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C
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,
Di
f
f
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Dif
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P
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p
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I
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&
C
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p
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n
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I
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N:
2088
-
8708
R
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u
ctio
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o
f F
our
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W
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Mixin
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in
DW
DM S
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s
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W
h
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n
[
1
0
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th
e
n
o
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lin
ea
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f
f
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in
W
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s
y
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f
f
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1
1
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;
h
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I
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1
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On
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f
FW
M
i
n
a
v
ir
t
u
al
ca
r
r
ier
(
V
C
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s
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i
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ted
d
ir
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t
d
etec
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u
lti
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o
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al
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en
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ip
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m
p
le
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e
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ti
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g
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l
tr
a
-
d
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s
e
W
DM
w
a
s
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
e
v
alu
a
ted
in
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
th
e
VC
-
VC
-
b
an
d
FW
M
li
m
it
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
e
n
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
u
n
t
i
s
h
ig
h
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
o
p
tical
b
is
tab
ilit
y
an
d
FW
M
i
n
a
h
y
b
r
id
Op
to
-
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
th
eo
r
etica
ll
y
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
[
1
4
]
;
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
p
ea
k
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
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al
u
e
o
f
FW
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an
d
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
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et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
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k
s
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th
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tr
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m
o
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FW
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n
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tr
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lled
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th
e
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ab
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f
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en
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n
d
th
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it
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r
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ato
r
co
u
p
lin
g
s
tr
e
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g
t
h
r
esp
ec
tiv
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y
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u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
lin
ea
r
p
o
lar
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
FW
M
in
[
1
5
]
,
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
s
u
ch
as;
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is
o
n
l
y
ap
p
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f
o
r
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y
s
te
m
in
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h
t
h
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u
m
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ch
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n
n
el
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is
n
o
t
m
an
y
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ad
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itio
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s
s
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tr
o
d
u
ce
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d
n
o
t
e
f
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iv
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at
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i
g
h
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h
p
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w
er
.
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ec
en
t
l
y
,
a
h
y
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c
h
e
m
e
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o
m
b
i
n
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n
g
s
u
b
o
p
ti
m
u
m
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
ep
ar
atio
n
(
S
-
C
S)
a
n
d
eq
u
al
ch
an
n
el
s
ep
ar
atio
n
(
E
C
S)
s
ch
e
m
es
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
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ed
u
c
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
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M
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
h
y
b
r
id
s
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h
e
m
e,
an
al
g
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ith
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s
d
e
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n
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al
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ca
t
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o
f
t
h
e
o
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ig
i
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al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
,
w
h
ic
h
h
e
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s
to
o
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ti
m
ize
th
e
tr
ad
e
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o
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f
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et
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n
t
h
e
s
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ec
tr
al
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d
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h
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ir
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en
ts
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n
d
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
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o
m
t
h
e
FW
M
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f
e
ct.
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n
th
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ar
ticle,
a
tec
h
n
iq
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e
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ed
o
n
elec
tr
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o
p
tic
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ase
m
o
d
u
lato
r
(
E
OP
M)
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
F
W
M
ef
f
ec
t
s
in
6
4
W
DM
ch
an
n
e
ls
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
eq
u
al
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
,
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
W
h
er
e
a
s
in
g
le
E
OP
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p
lace
d
af
ter
th
e
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DM
m
u
lti
p
le
x
er
to
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tr
o
d
u
ce
a
p
h
ase
s
h
i
f
t
∅
EO
PM
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et
w
ee
n
p
u
ls
e
s
.
th
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
FW
M
is
tak
en
p
lace
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
ase
d
ev
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n
w
h
ich
w
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
E
OP
M.
DW
DM
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
at
1
0
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p
s
u
s
in
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t
w
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t
y
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e
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f
f
i
b
er
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,
s
in
g
le
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o
d
e
f
ib
er
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d
d
is
p
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s
h
i
f
t
ed
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ib
er
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h
e
ef
f
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ts
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a
n
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m
b
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f
w
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g
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n
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s
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n
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le
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o
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th
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ce
o
f
t
h
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s
y
s
te
m
ar
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v
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2.
SYST
E
M
DE
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P
T
I
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lectr
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o
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tic
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p
lace
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ter
th
e
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m
u
ltip
lex
er
a
s
s
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o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
E
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M
is
u
s
ed
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tr
o
d
u
ce
a
p
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ase
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h
if
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et
w
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h
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e
p
h
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ter
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tr
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c
h
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el
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e
f
f
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Ma
t
h
e
m
a
ticall
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an
s
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itted
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n
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s
w
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h
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d
w
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t E
OP
M
d
ev
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ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
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q
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1
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d
(
2
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,
r
esp
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tiv
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t
f
j
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i
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t
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(
(
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2
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(
t
f
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w
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t
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r
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Fig
u
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1
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p
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s
m
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P
I
D:
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UI
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6
0
0
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2
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ra
n
a
M
,
“
De
n
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v
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Div
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M
u
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lex
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Ne
t
w
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rk
S
y
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m
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In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
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lec
trica
l
a
n
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Co
m
p
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ter
E
n
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IJ
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),
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0
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,
v
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.
2
,
n
o
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2
,
p
p
.
2
0
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0
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.
[2
]
Ag
ra
w
a
l
G
,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
f
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e
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o
p
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s”
,
5
th
e
d
.
,
Amste
rd
a
m: A
c
a
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mi
c
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
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5
7
.
[3
]
F
o
rz
a
ti
M
,
Be
rn
tso
n
A
,
M
a
rten
ss
o
n
J,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
S
in
g
le
-
M
ZM
A
P
RZ
T
ra
n
sm
it
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rs”
,
J
.
L
ig
h
tw.
T
e
c
h
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.
,
2
0
0
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,
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