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e
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
R
GB
i
m
a
g
e
.
T
ex
tu
r
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
i
f
ied
C
S
L
B
P
o
n
g
r
a
y
s
ca
le
i
m
a
g
e
(
L
u
m
i
n
a
n
ce
ch
a
n
n
e
l)
.
As
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ea
t
u
r
es
i
n
cr
e
ases
,
h
as
h
in
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
g
i
v
e
s
d
esira
b
le
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
q
u
alit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
ize
o
f
h
a
s
h
a
ls
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
co
lo
r
an
d
tex
t
u
r
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
s
ep
ar
atel
y
b
u
t
co
lo
r
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
ed
o
n
te
x
t
u
r
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e.
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
t
u
d
ied
i
m
ag
e
h
a
s
h
i
n
g
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
a
lit
y
f
ea
t
u
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
t
h
e
ir
co
m
p
ac
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
P
air
in
g
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
lo
b
al
f
ea
t
u
r
es
to
g
et
h
er
is
q
u
ite
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
p
o
p
u
lar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
im
a
g
e
h
as
h
i
n
g
a
s
it
id
en
ti
f
ie
s
co
n
te
n
t
ch
an
g
e
at
lo
ca
l
as
w
ell
a
s
at
g
lo
b
al
lev
el.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
r
ep
r
esen
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
g
lo
b
al
an
d
lo
ca
l
f
ea
tu
r
es
p
air
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
ten
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
lo
ca
tio
n
lo
ca
ll
y
as
w
ell
as
g
lo
b
all
y
.
DW
T
-
SVD
a
n
d
S
alie
n
c
y
o
b
j
ec
t
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
esid
u
al
m
o
d
el
;
P
r
o
j
ec
te
d
G
r
ad
ien
t
N
on
-
n
e
g
ati
v
e
M
atr
ix
F
ac
to
r
izatio
n
(
P
GNM
F)
,
r
in
g
p
ar
titi
o
n
a
n
d
s
alien
c
y
d
etec
tio
n
;
Z
er
n
i
k
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Salie
n
t
p
o
in
t
d
etec
tio
n
;
Z
er
n
i
k
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Har
alick
lo
ca
l
f
e
atu
r
es;
Z
er
n
i
k
e
m
o
m
e
n
ts
,
M
OD
-
L
B
P
an
d
Har
alick
tex
tu
r
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
;
I
n
v
ar
ian
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
R
ad
o
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
a
n
d
s
tatis
tica
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
R
ad
o
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
;
D
C
T
co
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
f
W
atso
n
'
s
v
is
u
al
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
SIFT
k
ey
p
o
in
ts
;
C
o
lo
r
v
ec
to
r
an
g
le
a
n
d
Salie
n
t e
d
g
e
p
o
in
t
s
[
5
-
1
2
]
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
an
v
er
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
w
a
y
to
s
ep
ar
ate
o
u
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
an
i
m
ag
e.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
co
n
te
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
co
n
ten
t
p
r
eser
v
in
g
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
in
h
as
h
f
o
r
m
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
s
i
m
p
le
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Fo
u
r
ier
–
Me
llin
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
(
FMT
)
i
m
a
g
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
p
o
lar
co
-
o
r
d
in
ates.
Fro
m
p
o
l
ar
co
-
o
r
d
in
ates,
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
q
u
an
t
ized
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
b
in
ar
y
h
as
h
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
i
m
p
er
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
asp
ec
t
in
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
,
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
DC
T
an
d
D
W
T
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
s
u
s
ed
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
m
ess
a
g
e
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
OT
P
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
r
o
m
attac
k
s
,
w
av
ele
t
b
ased
L
ea
s
t
Sig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
B
it
W
ater
m
ar
k
in
g
(
W
L
SB
W
M)
in
te
g
r
ates
th
e
alp
h
ab
et
p
atter
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
g
en
er
ated
th
e
s
h
u
f
f
led
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
w
a
v
elet
co
n
c
ep
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
it
y
o
f
w
ater
m
ar
k
[
1
5
]
.
T
ex
tu
r
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
W
av
e
ato
m
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
h
a
v
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
s
p
ar
s
er
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
.
Gr
a
y
co
d
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
ch
ao
tic
m
ap
q
u
a
n
tizati
o
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
[
1
6
]
.
Su
b
b
an
d
i
m
a
g
es
ar
e
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
2
-
le
v
el
DW
T
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
co
lo
r
i
m
a
g
e.
LL
2
s
ub
-
b
an
d
i
m
ag
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
r
i
n
g
s
t
o
ex
tr
ac
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
f
o
r
h
a
s
h
cr
ea
tio
n
[
17
].
Featu
r
es
s
u
c
h
as
Di
s
cr
ete
C
o
s
in
e
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
DC
T
)
an
d
Gr
a
y
L
e
v
el
C
o
-
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
Ma
tr
ix
(
G
L
C
M)
ar
e
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
in
cir
c
u
lar
r
i
n
g
s
to
g
en
er
ate
r
o
tatio
n
i
n
v
ar
ian
t
h
as
h
[
18
]
.
Fo
r
co
lo
r
im
a
g
e
h
as
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
lo
r
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
t
u
r
e
to
d
etec
t
ch
an
g
e
s
.
P
er
ce
p
tu
al
co
lo
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
b
y
co
lo
r
v
ec
to
r
an
g
le
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
h
as
h
.
S
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
co
lo
r
v
ec
to
r
an
g
le.
Me
an
is
ca
lc
u
lat
ed
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
i
m
ag
e
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
DW
T
to
g
en
er
ate
co
m
p
ac
t
h
as
h
[
19
].
Fr
o
m
H
SI
p
lan
e,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
HSI
q
u
a
n
tized
i
m
a
g
e
is
g
e
n
er
ated
.
2
4
b
in
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
i
s
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
q
u
a
n
tized
H
SI
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
h
as
h
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
u
r
ely
g
lo
b
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
a
n
d
h
en
ce
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
li
m
ited
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
attac
k
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fro
m
HSI
a
n
d
YC
b
C
r
co
lo
u
r
s
p
ac
e,
b
lo
ck
m
ea
n
an
d
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
et
w
ee
n
b
lo
ck
f
ea
t
u
r
es
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
ea
t
u
r
es
a
n
d
tr
ea
ted
as
a
im
a
g
e
h
a
s
h
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
r
ee
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
f
o
r
an
co
lo
r
i
m
a
g
e
.
His
to
g
r
a
m
ca
p
t
u
r
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ix
el
o
v
er
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
w
h
ic
h
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as f
o
u
r
m
o
m
e
n
t li
k
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
s
k
e
w
n
es
s
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
i
s
to
g
en
er
ate
h
as
h
[
2
2
]
.
L
o
ca
l
B
in
ar
y
P
atter
n
(
L
B
P
)
tex
tu
r
e
d
escr
ip
to
r
is
p
o
p
u
lar
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
to
ler
an
ce
f
o
r
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
ch
a
n
g
e
s
,
r
o
tatio
n
an
d
s
ca
le
i
n
v
ar
i
an
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
it
g
e
n
er
ates
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
o
f
2
5
6
b
in
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ch
o
ice
an
i
m
ag
e
h
a
s
h
in
g
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
I
m
a
g
e
h
as
h
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
C
e
n
tr
e
S
y
m
m
etr
ic
L
o
ca
l
B
in
ar
y
P
atter
n
(
C
S
L
B
P
)
[
2
5
]
is
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
as
it
g
e
n
er
ates
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
o
f
1
6
b
in
.
I
n
C
S
L
B
P
,
to
ex
tr
ac
t
tex
t
u
r
e,
o
n
l
y
s
i
g
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
o
u
r
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
p
air
s
i
s
tak
e
n
.
Dav
ar
za
n
i
et
al.
[
2
6
]
u
s
ed
s
ig
n
a
s
w
ell
a
s
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
o
u
r
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
p
air
s
.
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
au
th
o
r
s
g
en
er
ated
f
o
u
r
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
w
i
th
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
as
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
,
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lted
in
to
tal
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
o
f
6
4
b
in
.
T
h
e
6
4
b
in
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
v
io
lates c
o
m
p
ac
t le
n
g
t
h
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
i
m
ag
e
h
as
h
a
s
w
e
ll a
s
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
w
ei
g
h
t o
n
ea
ch
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
d
id
n
o
t
en
h
a
n
ce
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
C
S
L
B
P
h
is
to
g
r
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m
ca
n
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e
c
o
m
p
r
es
s
ed
b
y
f
lip
p
ed
d
if
f
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ce
co
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ce
p
t
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
p
lain
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
g
i
v
es
p
o
o
r
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
o
g
et
d
esira
b
le
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
h
a
s
h
in
g
,
l
o
ca
l
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ap
p
r
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ac
h
es,
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
d
i
s
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
.
I
n
A
Q
-
C
SL
B
P
[
2
8
]
,
in
s
tead
o
f
s
ep
ar
ate
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
,
th
e
a
v
er
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e
o
f
m
a
g
n
i
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d
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
o
u
r
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
et
r
ic
p
air
s
is
u
s
ed
a
s
w
ei
g
h
t
f
ac
to
r
.
I
n
SD
Q
-
C
S
L
B
P
[
2
9
]
,
w
e
ig
h
t
f
ac
to
r
is
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
i
s
u
s
ed
.
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Fi
n
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L
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[
3
1
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L
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o
f
Gau
s
s
ia
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(
L
o
G)
o
f
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2
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th
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r
is
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s
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ch
c
o
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r
ch
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y
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a
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d
th
en
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f
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ch
an
n
els
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n
w
h
ic
h
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n
ter
p
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el
is
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ch
a
n
n
el
an
d
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
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r
i
n
g
p
i
x
els
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
th
er
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
er
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o
r
e
b
y
t
h
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
to
tal
n
i
n
e
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
ar
e
g
e
n
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ated
.
Size
o
f
r
es
u
lta
n
t
d
escr
ip
t
o
r
is
h
u
g
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
p
air
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
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-
G
an
d
G
-
R
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t,
s
o
eith
er
o
f
th
e
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt in
t
o
tal
s
ix
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
s
(
R
ch
a
n
n
el,
G
c
h
an
n
el,
B
ch
an
n
el,
R
G
ch
a
n
n
el,
R
B
ch
a
n
n
el,
GB
ch
an
n
el)
.
Ge
n
er
ated
f
ea
t
u
r
e
v
ec
to
r
is
s
i
x
ti
m
e
s
lar
g
er
t
h
a
n
L
B
P
s
.
Fo
r
co
lo
r
i
m
ag
e
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
L
B
P
ar
e
av
ailab
le
lik
e
R
GB
-
L
B
P
,
n
R
GB
-
L
B
P
,
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
co
lo
r
L
B
P,
Op
p
o
n
en
t
L
B
P
,
n
Op
p
o
n
en
t
-
L
B
P
,
Hu
e
-
L
B
P
[
3
3
].
I
n
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
Op
p
o
n
en
t
C
o
lo
u
r
[
3
4
]
,
in
tr
a
a
n
d
in
ter
ch
a
n
n
e
l
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
,
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
.
I
n
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt
an
a
l
y
s
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at,
a
ll t
h
ese
co
lo
r
L
B
P
v
ar
ian
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
n
o
t su
itab
le
f
o
r
i
m
ag
e
h
as
h
i
n
g
d
u
e
its
lo
n
g
le
n
g
t
h
a
n
d
p
o
o
r
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
p
o
w
er
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
R
GB
co
lo
r
im
ag
e
i
s
co
n
v
er
ted
to
L
*
a
*
b
*
co
lo
r
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
co
lo
r
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ex
tr
ac
t
io
n
.
L
u
m
i
n
a
n
ce
ch
an
n
el
o
f
L
ab
co
lo
r
s
p
ac
e
is
u
s
ed
b
y
C
S
L
B
P
an
d
C
an
n
y
ed
g
e
d
etec
to
r
.
C
S
L
B
P
ex
tr
ac
ts
tex
tu
r
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
C
an
n
y
ed
g
e
d
et
ec
to
r
d
etec
ts
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
g
r
ad
ie
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
lo
ca
l
r
eg
io
n
.
2
.
1
.
P
re
-
pro
ce
s
s
ing
I
n
itiall
y
,
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
R
GB
co
lo
r
im
a
g
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
f
ix
ed
s
ize
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
b
ili
n
ea
r
in
te
r
p
o
latio
n
.
I
m
ag
e
r
e
s
izi
n
g
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
an
a
l
y
s
is
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
A
ls
o
it
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at,
i
m
ag
e
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
eso
l
u
t
io
n
s
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
s
i
m
i
lar
h
as
h
co
d
e.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
a
g
ai
n
s
t
co
n
te
n
t
p
r
eser
v
in
g
m
a
n
ip
u
latio
n
s
,
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
f
ilter
ed
b
y
Ga
u
s
s
ia
n
f
ilter
.
A
3
×3
Gau
s
s
ia
n
f
i
lter
m
a
s
k
is
co
n
v
o
lv
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
en
tire
i
m
a
g
e.
B
y
d
o
in
g
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
s
li
k
e
n
o
is
e,
lo
s
s
y
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
dified
CSL
B
P
C
S
L
B
P
co
n
s
id
er
s
o
n
l
y
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
p
air
s
w
h
ich
ca
p
tu
r
es
r
o
tatio
n
in
v
ar
ia
n
t
te
x
t
u
r
e
d
etails
a
n
d
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
w
i
t
h
less
n
o
.
o
f
b
in
.
C
S
L
B
P
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
s
i
g
n
ed
g
r
a
y
le
v
el
d
i
-
er
en
ce
s
o
f
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
p
i
x
el
p
air
s
m
u
ltip
li
ed
b
y
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
t
w
o
i
n
a
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fo
r
3
×
3
lo
ca
l
ar
ea
,
C
S
L
B
P
v
alu
e
f
o
r
a
p
ix
el
lie
s
i
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
5
,
w
h
ic
h
le
ad
s
to
1
6
b
in
h
is
to
g
r
a
m
at
s
e
m
i
g
lo
b
al
lev
el.
C
S
L
B
P
is
s
u
itab
le
c
h
o
ice
f
o
r
h
as
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First
i
t
g
e
n
er
ates
s
m
al
l
h
i
s
to
g
r
a
m
,
ca
p
tu
r
es
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
tex
t
u
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
es r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
o
n
f
lat
ar
ea
s
.
E
q
u
ati
o
n
s
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
C
S
L
B
P
.
P
/
2
1
p
C
S
L
B
P
(
g
)
s
(
g
g
)
2
cp
P
,
R
,
T
(
P
/
2
)
p0
(
1
)
p
p
(
P
/
2
)
p
p
(
P
/
2
)
1
,
(g
g
)
T
s
i
g
n
(g
g
)
0
,
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
T
:
th
r
esh
o
ld
;
R
:
r
ad
i
u
s
;
P
:
n
o
.
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
;
g
c
:
ce
n
ter
p
ix
el;
g
p
:
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
o
f
ce
n
tr
e
p
ix
el;
s
(
g
p
-
g
p+
(
P/2)
)
:
s
ig
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
C
S
L
B
P
;
C
S
L
B
P
:
C
S
L
B
P
tex
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
to
r
.
Val
u
es
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
s
et
a
s
T
=0
.
1
,
P
=8
,
R
=1
.
I
n
m
o
d
if
ied
C
S
L
B
P
,
w
e
d
iv
i
d
ed
eig
h
t
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
in
to
t
wo
ty
p
es,
f
o
u
r
i
m
m
ed
iate
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
an
d
f
o
u
r
d
ia
g
o
n
al
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
I
m
m
ed
iate
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
ar
e
at
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
u
n
it
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
e
p
i
x
el
w
h
ile
d
ia
g
o
n
a
l
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
ar
e
at
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
(
√
2
)
u
n
it.
Si
g
n
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
cr
o
s
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
p
air
s
is
tak
en
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
i
m
m
ed
iate
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
an
d
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
d
iag
o
n
al
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
s
ep
a
r
atel
y
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
P
/
2
1
n
M
_
C
S
L
B
P
(
g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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3
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f
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p
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1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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On
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
K.
B.
A
d
e
d
e
ji
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
P
o
n
n
le
,
“
Im
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r
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n
d
o
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e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
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t
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(
IJ
EE
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p
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.
[2
]
S
u
g
ian
to
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e
t
a
l
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“
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NIKA
T
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8
.
[3
]
Z.
G
u
o
ju
a
n
a
n
d
L
.
Dia
n
ji
,
“
A
n
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it
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l
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ter
m
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r
k
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g
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g
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re
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sic
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1
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1
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IEE
E
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
-
3
3
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
A
.
J.
F
rid
rich
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
tec
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o
f
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-
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re
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sic
Res
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rc
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2
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0
3
.
[5
]
R.
K.
Ka
rsh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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tral
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RA
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o
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l.
2
0
1
7
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p
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.
[6
]
R.
K.
Ka
rsh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ro
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n
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tu
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s,
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l
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5
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p
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9
9
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0
1
6
.
[7
]
Y.
Zh
a
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ro
b
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Zern
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e
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n
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.
[8
]
G.
So
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
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c
k
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a
se
d
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sin
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l
f
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tu
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s,
”
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o
ft
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mp
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t
in
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ste
ms
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2
0
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.
I
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ter
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fer
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g
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r
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
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5
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
L
.
S
.
S
e
b
a
stian
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
a
g
e
a
u
th
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ro
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st
im
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l
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l
f
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a
tu
re
s,
”
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se
v
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J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
Pr
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p
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0
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0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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L
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I.
U.
Yu
li
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.,
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m
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1
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a
n
g
,
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t
a
l
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v
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m
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b
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p
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1
3
3
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3
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[1
2
]
C.
Qin
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
P
e
rc
e
p
t
u
a
l
h
a
sh
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se
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ti
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f
str
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c
tu
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a
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f
e
a
tu
re
s,
”
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se
v
ier
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
ig
n
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l
Pro
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l
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2
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p
.
1
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4
-
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5
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1
8
.
[1
3
]
A
.
S
wa
m
in
a
th
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
se
c
u
re
im
a
g
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sh
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p
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0
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2
0
0
6
.
[1
4
]
W
.
S
.
S
a
ri,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
se
c
re
t
sp
li
tt
in
g
,
se
c
re
t
sh
a
rin
g
a
n
d
re
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rsiv
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n
d
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rit
ten
im
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g
e
s,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
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ics
a
d
n
C
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n
tr
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l
,
v
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l
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ss
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e
:
15
(
4
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p
p
.
1
9
8
7
-
1
9
9
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
V
.
A
.
Ku
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
h
y
b
rid
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ig
it
a
l
w
a
ter
m
a
rk
in
g
a
p
p
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si
n
g
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lets
a
n
d
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S
B,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
7
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
2
4
8
3
-
2
4
9
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
F
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
W
a
v
e
a
to
m
tran
sfo
rm
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e
n
e
ra
t
e
d
stro
n
g
im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
285
(
24
)
,
p
p
.
5
0
0
8
-
5
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
L
.
N.
V
a
d
lam
u
d
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ro
b
u
st
ima
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
ten
t
a
u
t
h
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
DWT
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
Vi
sio
n
a
n
d
Im
a
g
e
Pr
o
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e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
1
7
.
In
ter
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lt
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o
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l
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n
fer
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n
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g
e
r
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
-
1
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1
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0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
A
.
Ne
e
li
m
a
a
n
d
K.
M
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
A
ro
b
u
st
im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
f
u
n
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ti
o
n
b
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se
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n
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o
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r
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n
d
tex
tu
re
f
e
a
tu
re
s
o
f
th
e
im
a
g
e
,
”
Ad
v
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n
c
e
d
Co
mp
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ti
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
5
,
IS
ACC
2
0
1
5
,
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m I
EE
E
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
-
2
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
Z.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ro
b
u
st
im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
v
ia
c
o
lo
u
r
v
e
c
to
r
a
n
g
les
a
n
d
d
isc
re
te
w
a
v
e
let
tran
sf
o
r
m
,
”
IET
Ima
g
e
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
Y.
Zh
a
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
l
o
r
h
isto
g
ra
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
&
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
Z.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ro
b
u
st
im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
lo
c
a
l
c
o
lo
r
f
e
a
tu
re
s,
”
EU
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
2
]
S
.
Da
tt
a
th
e
ry
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
g
e
n
e
r
a
li
z
e
d
i
m
a
g
e
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
sta
ti
sti
c
a
l
m
o
m
e
n
ts
o
f
c
o
lo
r
h
isto
g
ra
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s
i
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
4
0
-
4
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
T
.
Oja
la,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
u
lt
ires
o
lu
ti
o
n
g
ra
y
-
s
c
a
le
a
n
d
ro
tatio
n
in
v
a
rian
t
tex
tu
re
c
las
si
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
lo
c
a
l
b
in
a
ry
p
a
tt
e
rn
s,
”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
a
n
a
lys
is a
n
d
ma
c
h
i
n
e
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
4
]
E.
P
ra
se
ty
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
c
las
s
K
-
su
p
p
o
rt
v
e
c
to
r
n
e
a
re
st
n
e
ig
h
b
o
u
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
g
o
lea
f
c
las
si
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
d
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
16
(
4
)
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
J.
X
iao
a
n
d
G
.
W
u
,
“
A
ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
d
e
sc
rip
to
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
e
n
ter
-
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
LBP
,
”
Ima
g
e
a
n
d
Gr
a
p
h
ics
,
2
0
1
1
,
ICIG 2
0
1
1
,
S
ixth
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
-
393
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
6
]
R.
Da
v
a
r
z
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
I
m
a
g
e
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
L
BP
-
b
a
se
d
p
e
rc
e
p
tu
a
l
im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
AI
a
n
d
Da
t
a
M
in
in
g
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
7
]
J.
Ba
b
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Q
-
CS
L
BP
:
c
o
m
p
re
ss
io
n
o
f
CS
L
BP
d
e
sc
rip
to
r,
”
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
1
2
.
Pa
c
if
ic
-
Ri
m co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
-
5
2
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
8
]
V
.
P
a
ti
l
a
n
d
T
.
S
a
ro
d
e
,
“
Im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
u
sin
g
A
Q
-
CS
L
BP
w
it
h
d
o
u
b
le b
it
q
u
a
n
ti
z
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Im
a
g
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
ICOI
P
2
0
1
6
.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
IEE
E,
p
p
.
3
0
-
34.
[2
9
]
V
.
P
a
ti
l
a
n
d
T
.
S
a
ro
d
e
,
"
I
m
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
b
y
S
DQ
-
CS
L
BP
,
”
in
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
2
0
1
6
.
ICACCI
2
0
1
6
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
7
-
2
0
6
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
V
.
P
a
t
il
a
n
d
T
.
S
a
ro
d
e
,
“
Im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
b
y
CCQ
-
CS
L
BP
,
”
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
W
IECON
-
ECE
2
0
1
6
.
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
78
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
1
]
V
.
P
a
ti
l
a
n
d
T
.
S
a
ro
d
e
,
“
Im
a
g
e
h
a
sh
in
g
b
y
L
o
G
-
QCSL
BP
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
ACM
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
2
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
2
]
T
.
M
ä
e
n
p
ä
ä
a
n
d
M
.
P
ietik
ä
in
e
n
,
“
Clas
si
f
ica
ti
o
n
w
it
h
c
o
lo
r
a
n
d
tex
tu
re
:
j
o
in
t
ly
o
r
se
p
a
ra
tel
y
?
”
Pa
tt
e
rn
Rec
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
3
]
C.
Zh
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
sc
a
le
c
o
lo
r
lo
c
a
l
b
in
a
ry
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
f
o
r
v
isu
a
l
o
b
jec
t
c
las
se
s
re
c
o
g
n
it
io
n
,
”
P
a
tt
e
rn
Rec
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
ICPR
2
0
1
0
.
T
we
n
ti
e
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
5
-
3
0
6
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
4
]
F
.
Bian
c
o
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
o
p
p
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
lo
u
r
l
o
c
a
l
b
i
n
a
r
y
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
f
o
r
c
o
lo
u
r
tex
tu
re
c
las
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
lo
r Im
a
g
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
7
,
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
-
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
5
]
W
.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Dy
n
a
m
ic
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
s
u
b
trac
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
sp
a
ti
a
l
-
c
o
lo
r
b
i
n
a
ry
p
a
tt
e
rn
s,
”
Ima
g
e
a
n
d
Gr
a
p
h
ics
,
2
0
1
1
,
ICIG 2
0
1
1
.
S
ixt
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
-
3
1
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Va
r
s
h
a
P
a
til
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
.
E.
(Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
M
u
m
b
a
i
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
0
7
,
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
.
D
.
f
ro
m
M
u
m
b
a
i
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
,
IND
I
A
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
2
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
r
k
in
g
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
S
o
u
th
In
d
ian
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
u
m
b
a
i.
S
h
e
is
L
if
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
(IS
T
E).
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
Im
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Da
ta
M
in
i
n
g
,
M
a
c
h
in
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
.
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