Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
3, N
o
.1,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
2
013
, pp
. 52
~63
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
52
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Modern Applications of
E
l
ect
ronic Nose: A Revi
ew
Hasin
Al
am
1
, S.
H
a
s
a
n Sae
e
d
2
1
Deptt of
Engg
,
Ibra College of
Techno
log
y
, Ibr
a
, Oman
2
Deptt of
EC
E, I
n
tegral University
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Aug 4, 2012
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 28
, 20
12
Accepte
d
Ja
n 14, 2013
Electronic noses have provided a plet
hora o
f
benefits to a variety
o
f
com
m
e
rcial ind
u
stries, inc
l
udin
g
the agri
cultur
a
l, biom
ed
ica
l
,
cosm
etics
,
environm
enta
l,
food, m
a
nufac
t
u
ring, m
ili
tar
y
,
pharm
aceut
i
c
a
l
,
regul
ator
y
,
and var
i
ous scientific r
e
sear
ch
fi
elds
. Advances ha
ve improved product
a
t
t
r
i
b
ut
e
s
,
uni
f
ormi
ty
,
a
nd
c
onsi
s
t
e
ncy
a
s
a
re
sul
t
of i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n
qua
lity
control c
a
pab
ili
t
i
es
afforded b
y
ele
c
tronic-nose
monitoring of all phases of
industrial manuf
actur
ing processes. This
paper is a review of some of the
more important
and modern
a
pplications th
at ha
v
e
been of
greatest benef
i
t to
the
humankind
.
K
eyw
ords
:
Aflatox
i
n
s
El
ect
roni
c
To
n
gue
Li
vest
oc
k
Olfactom
etry
Sm
art
nose
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Hasin
A
lam
,
Dep
tt
o
f
Engg
, Ib
ra C
o
lleg
e
of Tech
no
log
y
,
Ib
ra, OM
A
N
Em
a
il: ala
m
h
a
sin
@
g
m
ai
l.com
1.
FOO
D
S A
ND DRI
NK
S
1.
1. C
o
o
k
ed C
h
i
c
ken Mea
t
B
a
rba
r
a Si
e
g
m
und,
Wer
n
e
r
Pfa
n
nha
use
r
(
1
9
9
9
)
ha
d c
o
m
p
ared t
h
e
re
sul
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
by
t
h
e
new
technique
of the electronic nose to
t
hose gai
n
ed
by
GC
-M
S and
GC
ol
fa
ctom
e
t
ry (using com
p
arative arom
a
ex
tract d
ilu
tion
an
alysis).C
h
ill sto
r
ag
e at 4
7
C
of
coo
k
e
d
ch
ick
e
n
m
eat sh
o
w
ed
larg
e in
creases in
co
n
c
en
tration
as well as in
fl
av
our d
ilu
tion
facto
r
s of
t
y
pi
cal
l
i
p
i
d
oxi
da
t
i
on p
r
od
uct
s
s
u
ch as
sat
u
r
a
t
e
d an
d
uns
at
urat
e
d
al
dehy
des as
w
e
l
l
as al
ky
l
a
t
e
d f
u
rans
, es
pe
cially with
in
th
e fi
rst 24
h
.
Th
ese
resu
lts were
con
f
i
r
m
e
d by
cl
ust
e
r anal
y
s
i
s
of sel
ect
ed l
i
pi
d o
x
i
d
at
i
o
n
pr
od
uct
s
.
An
al
y
s
i
ng t
h
e ch
i
c
ken m
eat
wit
h
a
n
el
ect
roni
c
no
se
sh
owe
d
re
sul
t
s w
h
i
c
h a
r
e hi
ghl
y
co
rr
el
at
ed
wi
t
h
t
h
ose
obt
ai
ned
by
com
m
onl
y
used an
d wel
l
kn
o
w
n
gas c
h
rom
a
t
ogra
phi
c
t
echni
q
u
es
. T
h
ey
ha
ve d
e
m
onst
r
at
ed t
h
at
t
h
e ne
w an
al
y
t
i
cal
m
e
t
hod
o
f
t
h
e
electronic nose
is
a
technique whic
h
ca
n be used very we
ll in
flav
our an
alysis as an add
itio
n
a
l
rap
i
d
screen
ing
t
echni
q
u
e
t
h
at
doe
s not
req
u
i
r
e
t
i
m
e
-i
ntense
sam
p
le pre-tre
a
tm
ent [1].
1.2. Stored
Oysters
Xiaop
e
i Hu
,
Param
e
swara Ku
m
a
r Mallik
arjun
a
n(200
8) h
a
v
e
stud
ied th
e effectiv
en
ess of two
electro
n
i
c
no
se (e-no
s
e) system
s to
assess the qu
ality o
f
on liv
e o
y
sters
sto
r
ed
at
4
an
d 7
º
C
fo
r 14
d
a
ys. E-
n
o
s
e d
a
ta
were co
rrelated
with
a train
e
d sen
s
o
r
y p
a
n
e
l ev
alu
a
tion
b
y
qu
an
titativ
e d
e
scrip
tion
an
alysis an
d
wi
t
h
aero
b
i
c
pl
at
e count
.
Oy
st
ers st
ore
d
at
bo
t
h
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
s
exhi
bi
t
e
d var
y
i
ng de
grees
o
f
m
i
crobi
al
spo
i
l
a
ge,
with bacterial load
reachi
ng
107 CFU/
g at day 7 for 7ºC st
ora
g
e. Cyra
nos
e
320 e-nose syste
m
was capable of
g
e
n
e
rating
ch
aracterized sm
e
ll p
r
in
ts t
o
d
i
fferen
tiate
o
y
ster
q
u
a
lities of
varyin
g ag
e (100
% sep
a
ratio
n). Th
e
v
a
lid
ation
results sh
owed
t
h
at Cyrano
se
32
0 can id
en
tif
y th
e
q
u
a
lity of
oysters in
term
s
of storag
e time wit
h
93% accuracy
. Com
p
arative
l
y, the correc
t
classifi
cation rate
for
VOC chec
k e
-
nos
e wa
s onl
y
22%
.
Co
rrelatio
n
of e-no
se d
a
ta wi
th
m
i
crobi
al
cou
n
t
s
s
u
gge
st
ed C
y
ra
no
se
32
0
was a
b
l
e
t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
e m
i
cro
b
i
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Mo
dern
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
of
El
ect
roni
c
N
o
se
: A
Revi
ew
(
H
asi
n
Al
am)
53
q
u
a
lity o
f
o
y
sters. C
o
rrelatio
n
of sen
s
ory p
a
n
e
l scores
with e-no
se
d
a
ta re
v
ealed
that e-no
se
h
a
s d
e
m
o
nstrated
p
o
t
en
tial as a q
u
a
lity assessm
en
t
to
o
l
by
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
varyin
g
d
e
grees o
f
o
y
ster qu
ality.Th
e
d
e
velo
p
e
d
m
e
t
hod
ol
o
g
y
t
o
e
v
al
uat
e
t
h
e
od
o
r
o
f
oy
st
ers
was a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
od
uce a
di
st
i
n
c
t
sm
el
l
-
pri
n
t
of
oy
st
ers
st
ore
d
at
t
w
o
te
m
p
eratures
for va
rious tim
e
pe
riods
[2].
1.
3. Proces
sed
Chees
es and
E
vap
or
ate
d
Mi
l
k
Lau
r
en
t Pillo
nel et a
l
(2
00
1) in
v
e
stig
ated
, p
r
o
c
essed
cheeses an
d
ev
ap
orated
m
ilk
as referen
c
e
materials, sh
ow th
at d
a
ta tran
sf
e
r
bet
w
ee
n
t
w
o el
ect
ro
ni
c nos
es base
d o
n
m
a
ss spect
rom
e
t
r
y
i
s
possi
bl
e and
si
m
p
le,
th
e
tran
sfer o
f
d
a
ta between
two
SMar
tn
oses
do
es no
t
r
e
qu
ir
e an
y
co
m
p
licate
d
o
p
eration
s
an
d
is v
e
ry
user
fri
en
dl
y
.
We sh
o
w
ed t
h
at
dat
a
im
port
e
d fr
om
anot
h
e
r i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
coul
d easi
l
y
be t
r
ansfe
rre
d t
o
t
h
e
train
i
ng
set o
f
th
e o
r
i
g
in
al in
stru
m
e
n
t
an
d
fit in
to
th
e di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on pr
o
f
i
l
e
. They
use
d
e
v
ap
o
r
at
ed m
i
l
k
and
air as referen
c
es for stand
a
rdisati
o
n
.
Ex
cep
t
for Glarissa, wh
ich
shows a
p
o
o
r
er rep
eatab
ility in
th
e PCA, all
othe
r chee
ses
(1/
4
Fett, Em
mental, Sala
mi) and e
v
apor
a
t
ed m
i
lk can
be
used as re
ference m
a
terials for
stan
d
a
rd
isation [3
].
1.
4. St
ored
Ve
get
a
bl
e Oi
l
s
N. Shen et al (2001)
designe
d
a
p
r
oj
ect to
determin
e th
e correlation
between sens
ory evaluation a
n
d
“electro
n
i
c no
se” an
alyses. Can
o
l
a, co
rn
, and
so
ybean
o
ils
were stored
at
6
0
°
C in
th
e
dark
u
n
til su
fficien
tly
o
x
i
d
i
zed
. On
d
a
ys 0,
3
,
6
,
9
,
and
1
2
,
o
ils were ev
al
u
a
ted
for
p
e
ro
x
i
d
e
v
a
lu
e, for
v
o
l
atile co
m
p
o
und
s
b
y
“el
ect
roni
c
n
o
s
e
,” an
d
fo
r
of
f
-fl
av
o
r
by
se
ns
ory
e
v
al
ua
tion. The
res
u
lts sugge
st that the
“electronic
nos
e” is
cap
ab
le of m
e
asu
r
i
n
g
ch
anges in
v
o
l
atile
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s asso
ciated
with
o
il o
x
i
d
a
tion
an
d
co
u
l
d
b
e
used
to
su
pp
lem
e
n
t
d
a
ta ob
tain
ed from
sen
s
o
r
y ev
alu
a
tio
ns [4
].
1.
5.
Ch
oc
ol
a
t
e
s
An
d P
a
ck
a
g
i
n
g
M
a
teri
al
s
Hans
-
D
ieter Werlein (
2
00
1
)
were car
ried
out
Arom
a a
n
alyses with the Arom
aScan using the
m
u
lt
i
s
am
pl
er techni
que
an
d a
n
ar
ray
o
f
3
2
d
i
ffere
nt
p
o
l
y
m
e
r sen
s
o
r
s.
O
p
t
i
m
u
m
m
easurem
ent
param
e
t
e
rs f
o
r
t
h
e ol
fact
ory
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
di
f
f
e
r
ent
ki
n
d
s
of c
hoc
ol
at
e an
d
p
ackagi
n
g
m
a
t
e
ri
al
s pri
n
t
e
d
wi
t
h
o
d
o
rl
ess a
n
d
t
o
t
a
l
od
o
r
l
e
ss col
o
r
s
wer
e
de
vel
o
ped
.
T
h
e
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on
of
m
i
l
k
and
pl
ai
n c
hoc
ol
at
e w
a
s carri
e
d
out
at
a
te
m
p
erature of
60
0
C
.
T
h
e sa
m
e
t
e
m
p
erat
ure was nee
d
ed
for t
h
e
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on of t
h
e fo
ur di
ffe
re
nt
m
i
l
k
choc
olates. The
finge
r
prints of
the fo
ur m
i
lk c
hoc
olates
were
ide
n
tical bu
t th
ey
d
i
ffered in
i
n
ten
s
it
y. The
opt
i
m
u
m
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
f
o
r t
h
e
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on
of
t
h
e
pac
k
agi
n
g m
a
t
e
ri
als was
1
2
0
0
C. The
transm
ission of
volatile com
pounds from
the packa
g
ing m
a
te
rials into the choc
olate is also a
subject of this article and
can be
established at a te
m
p
erature
of 120
0
C
.
A cl
ea
r di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
i
on b
e
t
w
ee
n t
h
e
choc
olates stored wit
h
odorle
ss and
to
tal o
dorless co
lored p
a
ck
ag
in
g m
a
terial is
p
o
s
sib
l
e
[5
].
1
.
6
.
Trimethy
la
mine (TMA) in
Milk
Silv
ia A
m
p
u
e
r
o
et al
(
2002
) h
a
v
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d a sim
p
le, r
a
p
i
d,
r
e
liab
l
e an
d h
i
g
h
l
y au
to
m
a
ted
anal
y
t
i
cal
m
e
tho
d
t
o
det
e
rm
ine t
r
i
m
et
hy
l
a
m
i
ne (TM
A
) i
n
m
i
l
k
usi
ng a
n
M
S
base
d el
ect
ro
ni
c no
se (
S
M
a
rt
No
se). A set of Swed
ish
m
i
l
k
sam
p
les with
an
d
with
o
u
t
natu
rally o
ccu
rrin
g
TMA was u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
are th
is
new m
e
t
hod
w
i
t
h
sens
ory
ana
l
y
s
i
s
and dy
na
m
i
c headspace
(D
HS
) gas c
h
r
o
m
a
t
ograp
hy
wi
t
h
fl
am
e i
oni
sat
i
o
n
det
ect
i
on (GC
-
FID
)
.
T
h
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
cal
m
e
t
hod devel
ope
d wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
i
s
i
nvest
i
g
at
i
on
has
bee
n
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
o
be
ro
b
u
st
,
rel
i
a
bl
e, an
d
re
pr
o
duci
b
l
e
as i
t
gi
ves c
o
m
p
arabl
e
res
u
l
t
s
i
n
ru
ns
per
f
o
r
m
e
d at
i
n
t
e
r
v
al
s o
f
seve
ral
wee
k
s a
n
d
wi
t
h
di
ffe
rent
M
S
em
i
ssi
on f
i
l
a
m
e
nt
s. As a
resul
t
a
nd
beca
use
of t
h
e aut
o
m
a
t
i
c
sam
p
l
i
n
g o
f
t
h
e
SM
art
No
se
syste
m
, th
e p
r
esen
t set-up
can b
e
p
r
og
ramm
e
d
, withou
t furth
e
r
o
p
tim
isat
io
n
,
fo
r
n
on-stop an
alysis at a
rate o
f
a few m
i
n
p
e
r
sam
p
le. Th
erefo
r
e, th
is is an
u
p
t
o
d
a
te m
e
t
h
od
o
f
cho
i
ce fo
r t
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e d
e
term
in
atio
n
of
TMA in
m
ilk
. It also
pro
v
i
d
e
s furth
e
r qu
alitativ
e in
fo
rm
ati
o
n
on
th
e m
ilk
an
alysed
, su
ch
as th
e
p
r
esence o
f
ad
d
ition
a
l
o
f
f-flav
ou
rs,
u
s
ing
t
h
e
fu
ll MS
rang
e an
d th
e
PC
A an
alysis supp
lied
with
t
h
is
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t [6
].
1.
7.
Cl
as
si
fi
ca
ti
on
o
f
E
d
i
b
l
e
Oi
l
s
Z. Ali et al (2
0
03) h
a
v
e
d
e
velo
p
e
d
an
electron
ic
n
o
s
e
u
tilisin
g
an
array o
f
six
-
bu
lk
aco
u
s
tic wav
e
polym
er coated Piezoelectric
Quartz (P
ZQ
)
sens
ors
.
The n
o
se was
prese
n
t
e
d wi
t
h
3
46 sa
m
p
l
e
s of fresh
edi
b
l
e
o
il h
e
ad
sp
ace v
o
l
atiles,
g
e
n
e
rated
at 45°C. Ex
tra
v
i
rg
in
o
liv
es (EVO), No
n-v
i
rg
in
o
liv
e o
il
(OI)
and
Sun
f
l
o
w
e
r
o
il (SFO)
,
w
e
r
e
u
s
ed
ov
er
a p
e
r
i
od
of
30
d
a
ys. Th
e sen
s
or
r
e
spo
n
s
es w
e
r
e
th
en
an
alysed
pr
od
u
c
i
ng
an
arch
itectu
r
e
for th
e Rad
i
al Basis Fun
c
tion
Artificial
Ne
ural
Net
w
or
k
(R
B
F
).
It
was
fo
u
nd t
h
at
t
h
e
R
B
F
resul
t
s
were
ex
cel
l
e
nt
, gi
vi
n
g
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
ons
of
ab
o
v
e
99%
f
o
r
t
h
e
ve
get
a
bl
e oi
l
t
e
st
sam
p
l
e
s
[7
].
1.
8. C
o
nt
ami
n
ate
d
and Unc
o
nt
ami
n
a
t
ed Mi
l
k
Z. Ali et al (2003)
have
succe
ssfu
lly appliedheadspace
anal
ysis by m
eans of
sens
or arrays to a
wide
rang
e of qu
alitativ
e ap
p
licatio
n
s
. In
th
is stu
d
y
, a six
elemen
t array o
f
co
ated
Qu
artz Crystal Micro
b
a
lan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:20
88-
870
8
IJEC
E
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 1,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
13
:
52
–
6
3
54
(QCM) se
nsors was used
for the hea
d
s
p
ace analysis
of
m
ilk volatiles. The sens
ors were e
x
pos
e
d to
unc
o
n
t
a
m
i
nat
e
d sam
p
l
e
s of
m
i
l
k
and sam
p
l
e
s cont
am
i
n
at
ed wi
t
h
Pseu
dom
ona
s fra
gi
(Ps
.
f
r
agi
)
or Esc
h
er
i
c
hi
a
col
i
(E. c
o
l
i
)
.
Pri
n
ci
pal
co
m
ponent
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
(PC
A
)
wa
s use
d
t
o
a
n
al
y
s
e t
h
e sens
o
r
array
re
sp
o
n
s
e
s. N
o
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on bet
w
ee
n u
n
co
nt
am
i
n
at
ed m
i
l
k
sam
p
l
e
s a
nd those conta
m
inated with
Ps. fragi
w
as observe
d
.
Thi
s
can
be ex
pl
ai
ned
by
Ps.
fra
gi
bei
n
g a
p
o
o
r
fe
rm
ent
e
r of m
i
l
k
. Ho
we
ver
,
enc
o
u
r
a
g
i
ng
res
u
l
t
s
wer
e
fo
un
d
for th
e d
i
scrimin
a
tio
n
b
e
t
w
een
th
e m
i
lk
samp
les an
d tho
s
e
co
n
t
am
in
ated
with
E. co
li
[8
].
1.
9.
Au
then
tic
i
ty
of
t
h
e Bo
t
a
nical Origi
n
o
f
H
o
ne
y
S.
Am
puero et
al
(
20
0
3
)
ha
v
e
ap
pl
i
e
d a
n
el
ect
ro
ni
c n
o
se
base
d
on
m
a
ss spect
r
o
m
e
t
r
y
to t
h
e
co
nt
r
o
l
o
f
th
e
au
t
h
en
ti
city
o
f
t
h
e b
o
t
an
ical
orig
i
n
of h
o
n
e
y.
PCA an
d DFA
m
o
dels
were b
u
ilt b
a
sed
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
sam
p
l
e
s i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d as t
y
pi
cal
uni
fl
oral
ho
ne
y
by
a cl
assi
cal
m
e
t
hod, i
.
e. a
com
b
i
n
at
i
on o
f
sens
o
r
y
,
p
o
l
l
e
n an
d
physic
o
chem
ic
al analysis. Swiss unifl
o
ral
honeys
of
t
h
e
following types were
analy
s
ed: acacia, c
h
estnut,
dandelion, lime, fir a
n
d ra
pe
. T
h
ree
differe
n
t sam
p
li
ng m
ode
s
were
tested: sta
tic
hea
d
space (SHS), solid-
pha
se m
i
cro-e
x
t
r
act
i
o
n (
S
P
M
E) a
n
d
i
n
si
de
needl
e
dyna
m
i
c extraction (INDE
X).
The last two
showe
d
in
terestin
g ab
il
ities to
ex
tract
vo
latile co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s in a
h
i
g
h
e
r co
ncen
tratio
n
an
d, m
o
st i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
, heav
ier
com
pou
nd
s t
h
an SH
S. The
best
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on,
un
der t
h
e
sam
p
l
i
ng con
d
i
t
i
ons u
s
ed
, was p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
by
t
h
e
SPM
E sam
p
l
i
n
g m
ode. Thi
s
m
e
t
hod p
r
ove
d
t
o
be fast
, rel
i
a
bl
e and p
o
w
erf
u
l
fo
r t
h
i
s
t
y
pe of t
a
sk
. A
go
od
cor
r
el
at
i
on
wa
s fo
u
nd
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e p
r
ese
n
t
app
r
oac
h
an
d th
e classical
o
n
e
for th
e
determin
atio
n
of th
e
bot
a
n
i
cal
o
r
i
g
i
n
of
h
o
n
ey
[9
].
1.
10
. Fr
uit
M
a
tu
rity
JesúsBre
zm
es
et al (2005)
have
done a study to see
whet
her a
n
ar
tificial o
l
factory syste
m
can
b
e
use
d
as a nondestructive ins
t
rum
e
nt
to
m
e
asu
r
e
fru
it
m
a
t
u
rity. In
o
r
d
e
r to
m
a
k
e
an
ob
j
ective co
m
p
arison
,
sam
p
les
measu
r
ed
wit
h
ou
r electron
i
c n
o
s
e
p
r
o
t
o
t
yp
e
we
re later ch
aracterized
u
s
ing
fru
i
t q
u
a
lity tech
n
i
q
u
e
s.
Th
e cu
ltiv
ars ch
o
s
en
for th
e stu
d
y
were p
e
ach
e
s,
n
ectar
in
es, app
l
es, and
p
ears.
W
ith
p
e
ach
es and
nectarin
es,
a PCA analysis on the electronic nose m
e
a
s
urem
ents help
ed
to
gu
ess op
t
i
m
a
l
h
a
r
v
est dates th
at w
e
r
e
in
go
od
ag
reem
en
t with
th
e on
es ob
t
a
in
ed
wit
h
fru
i
t q
u
a
lity
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s. A goo
d co
rrelation
b
e
tween
sen
s
or sig
n
a
ls
an
d
so
m
e
fru
i
t
q
u
a
lity in
d
i
cato
r
s
was al
so
fou
n
d
.
With
p
e
ars, t
h
e stu
d
y
addressed
th
e
p
o
ssib
ility o
f
cl
assi
fy
i
ng sa
m
p
l
e
s regardi
n
g t
h
ei
r ri
penes
s
st
at
e aft
e
r diffe
rent col
d
stora
g
e an
d shel
f-life pe
rio
d
s.
A PC
A
anal
y
s
i
s
sh
o
w
ed g
o
o
d
sepa
r
a
t
i
on bet
w
ee
n
sam
p
l
e
s
m
e
asure
d
aft
e
r
a shel
f
-
l
i
f
e peri
o
d
of
se
ven
da
y
s
an
d
sam
p
les with
fo
ur
o
r
less
d
a
ys. Fin
a
lly, the electro
n
i
c
no
se m
o
n
ito
red th
e sh
elf-lif
e
ri
pe
ni
n
g
o
f
ap
pl
es.
A
go
o
d
co
rrel
a
t
i
on
bet
w
ee
n el
ect
ro
ni
c n
o
se
si
gnal
s
a
nd
fi
r
m
ness, st
arch
i
nde
x, a
nd aci
di
t
y
param
e
t
e
rs was
fo
u
n
d
.
T
h
ese
r
e
sul
t
s
p
r
ove
t
h
at
el
ect
roni
c
n
o
ses
ha
ve t
h
e
p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
o
f
bec
o
m
i
ng a rel
i
a
bl
e i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
t
o
assess
fr
ui
t
ri
pe
ness
[
10]
.
1.
11
.
Myc
o
to
x
i
ns i
n
Wh
ea
t
G. T
o
g
n
on et
a
l
(20
0
5
)
devel
op t
h
e i
n
n
o
v
at
i
v
e m
e
t
hod o
f
t
h
e sens
o
r
i
a
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
(based
o
n
t
h
e u
s
e o
f
an “electronic nos
e”),
with the aim
of
eval
uat
i
ng i
t
s
pot
ent
i
al
use as a rapi
d di
ag
no
st
i
c
test
for
det
e
rm
inat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e lev
e
ls of myco
to
x
i
n con
t
amin
atio
n
in
d
u
ru
m
wh
eat[11
]
. Th
e
o
n
-lin
e ev
alu
a
tion
of th
e
q
u
a
lity o
f
du
ru
m
wheat (
Triticum d
u
r
um
)
rep
r
esen
ts, i
n
term
s of
h
ealth
an
d safety,
o
n
e
of
th
e lead
ing
ch
allen
g
e
s
o
f
th
e
mil
lin
g
i
n
d
u
st
ry
.
K
n
o
w
l
e
dge of
t
h
e
c
ont
e
n
t
an
d di
st
ri
but
i
o
n of
m
y
cot
oxi
ns on wheat
ker
n
el
i
s
very
ec
o
n
o
m
i
cal
ly
rel
e
va
nt
an
d ha
s great
heal
t
h
i
m
pli
cat
i
ons d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
hi
g
h
i
m
pact
o
n
h
u
m
a
n heal
t
h
an
d
on
t
h
e safet
y
o
f
t
h
e use
o
f
d
e
co
rtication
pro
d
u
c
ts in
an
im
a
l
n
u
t
rition
.
Th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
y
co
tox
i
n
s
b
y
p
a
rticu
l
ar m
o
u
l
d
st
rain
s is
g
e
n
e
rally associated
with
t
h
e p
r
od
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
vo
latile su
bstan
ces su
ch
as alco
ho
ls, aldeh
y
d
e
s, keton
e
s and
esters (Ma
g
a
n
and E
v
ans
,
2000) [43].
1.
12
. T
e
a Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
Mo
ni
tori
n
g
S. B
o
ra
h et
al
(2
00
8)
desc
ri
bed a
n
i
n
vest
i
g
at
i
on i
n
t
o
t
h
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
of a Ne
u
r
al
N
e
t
w
o
r
k (
N
N
)
base
d El
ect
r
o
n
i
c Nose
(E
N)
s
y
st
em
, whi
c
h c
a
n
di
scri
m
i
nat
e
t
h
e ar
om
a of
d
i
ffere
nt
t
ea g
r
a
d
es.
The
EN
sy
st
em
com
p
ri
si
ng
of
an ar
ray
o
f
f
o
u
r
t
i
n
-
oxi
de
gas
sens
ors
wa
s used
to
sn
iff
th
i
r
teen
ra
ndom
l
y selected tea grades
,
wh
ich
were exe
m
p
l
ars o
f
eigh
t categ
ories in
term
s
o
f
aroma profiles. T
h
e m
ean a
nd peak
of the tra
n
sient
si
gnal
s
ge
nerat
e
d
by
t
h
e
gas s
e
ns
ors,
as a
res
u
l
t
of
ar
om
a sni
ffi
ng
,
were t
r
eat
ed as t
h
e
fe
at
ure
vect
o
r
s f
o
r t
h
e
anal
y
s
i
s
. P
r
i
n
c
i
pal
C
o
m
pone
nt
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
(
P
C
A
)
was
us
ed t
o
vi
sual
i
s
e t
h
e
di
f
f
ere
n
t
cat
eg
ori
e
s
of
ar
om
a
p
r
o
f
iles. In
add
itio
n
,
K
-
m
ean
s and
Ko
honen
’
s Self
O
r
g
a
n
i
sing
Map
(
S
O
M
)
clu
s
ter
an
alysis in
d
i
cated
th
er
e
were ei
gh
t clu
s
ters in
t
h
e
d
a
taset. Data classi
ficati
on was pe
rf
orm
e
d
usi
n
g
sup
e
r
v
i
s
ed N
N
cl
assi
fi
ers;
na
m
e
ly
th
e Mu
lti-Layer Percep
tro
n
(MLP)
n
e
two
r
k
,
Rad
i
al
Basis Fun
c
tio
n (RBF) n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
C
o
nstru
c
tive
Prob
ab
ilistic Neural Net
w
ork
(CPNN)
were u
s
ed
fo
r ar
oma classificati
o
n. Th
e resu
lts were th
at the th
ree
NNs
pe
rf
o
r
m
e
d as
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
9
0
.
7
7
,
92
.3
1,
an
d
93
.8
5%,
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
i
n
t
e
r
m
s of cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on acc
uracy
.
He
nce
t
h
e pe
rf
orm
a
nc
e of
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed m
e
t
hod
o
f
arom
a anal
y
s
i
s
dem
onst
r
at
es
t
h
at
i
t
i
s
pos
si
bl
e t
o
use
NN
base
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Mo
dern
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
of
El
ect
roni
c
N
o
se
: A
Revi
ew
(
H
asi
n
Al
am)
55
EN to
assist with
th
e tea q
u
a
lity
m
o
n
ito
rin
g
p
r
o
c
ed
ure du
ri
n
g
th
e tea gradin
g
pro
cess. In ad
d
itio
n
the resu
lts
in
d
i
cate th
e possib
ility fo
r
stan
d
a
rd
izatio
n
of th
e tea aro
m
a in
nu
m
e
ric term
s [1
2
]
.
1.
13
. Cl
assi
fi
cati
on of
B
l
ack
T
e
a
B
i
panT
ud
u et
al
(2
00
9
)
p
r
op
ose
d
, a
n
i
n
c
r
e
m
ent
a
l
-
l
earni
n
g
f
u
zzy
m
odel
fo
r cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on
of
bl
ac
k
tea using electronic nose m
e
asurem
ent, since comm
only
use
d
classification algorithm
s
are not capa
b
le
of
in
crem
en
tal le
arn
i
n
g
.
Wh
en
a n
e
w p
a
ttern
is p
r
esen
ted
to
su
ch
a co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
a
l m
o
d
e
l, it can
eith
er cl
assify
th
e unk
nown pattern
b
a
sed on its leg
acy trainin
g
o
r
d
eclare
t
h
e
p
a
ttern as an
o
u
tlier if su
ch
a
p
r
ov
ision
is bu
ilt
in
to
th
e asso
ci
ated
alg
o
rith
m
.
In
th
e case
o
f
th
e p
a
ttern
b
e
in
g
an
ou
tlier to
th
e ex
istin
g
train
i
ng
m
o
d
e
l, it is
desi
ra
bl
e t
h
at
t
h
e sam
e
coul
d be seam
l
e
ssl
y i
n
cl
ude
d i
n
the train
i
n
g
m
o
del with
ap
propriate class lab
e
ls so
t
h
at
a uni
ver
s
al
co
m
put
at
i
onal
m
odel
m
a
y
be evol
ve
d i
n
crem
ent
a
l
l
y
. To t
h
i
s
end,
cl
assi
fi
ers hav
i
ng t
h
e
in
crem
en
tal-learn
i
n
g
ab
ility
can
b
e
o
f
great
b
e
n
e
fit b
y
au
to
m
a
t
i
cally
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
e
wly p
r
esen
ted
p
a
ttern
s
in
th
e train
i
n
g
d
a
ta set with
ou
t affecting
class in
teg
r
ity o
f
th
e p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
train
e
d
system
.
Fo
r app
licatio
n
in
black tea grade discrim
i
nation, an
attem
p
t
h
a
s b
e
en
m
a
d
e
to
co
rrelate th
e m
u
lt
isen
so
r aro
m
a p
a
ttern
of
electronic nos
e
with sens
ory
panel (tea tas
t
ers) eval
ua
tion
.
Howev
e
r, t
h
is p
r
ob
lem
is
asso
ciated
wi
th
2
-
D
co
m
p
lex
ities.
On
o
n
e
h
a
nd
, th
e aro
m
a o
f
tea d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e ag
ro
cli
m
ati
c
co
nd
itio
n
of a p
a
rticu
l
ar lo
catio
n
,
the speci
fic se
ason of
flus
h, and th
e c
o
l
o
ni
al
vari
at
i
o
n
fo
r t
h
e t
ea
pl
a
n
t
.
On t
h
e
ot
h
e
r ha
n
d
, t
h
e s
e
ns
ory
ev
alu
a
tion
is co
m
p
letely h
u
m
an
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t
th
at often suffers fro
m
su
bj
ectiv
ity an
d
no
n
rep
eatab
ility. In
o
u
r
pu
rs
ui
t
of
de
ve
l
opi
n
g
a
u
n
i
v
er
sal
com
put
at
i
onal
m
odel
capa
b
l
e
o
f
o
b
j
ect
i
v
el
y
assi
gni
n
g
t
ea-t
a
st
er-l
i
k
e s
c
ores
to
tea sa
m
p
les u
n
d
e
r test, it h
a
s b
e
en
felt th
at an
in
cremen
tal ap
pro
a
ch co
u
l
d
b
e
ex
tre
m
ely b
e
n
e
ficial fo
r
electro
n
i
c-no
se-b
ased
tea
q
u
a
lity est
i
m
at
io
n. To
t
h
is
en
d, th
e pro
p
o
s
ed in
crem
en
tal-learn
i
n
g
fu
zzy m
o
d
e
l
p
r
o
m
ises to
b
e
a v
e
rsatile p
a
ttern
classificatio
n
algor
ith
m
f
o
r b
l
ack
tea g
r
ad
e d
i
scrim
i
n
a
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
electron
ic
nos
e. T
h
e
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
has bee
n
t
e
st
ed i
n
s
o
m
e
t
ea ga
rde
n
s
of
n
o
rt
heast
In
di
a, a
n
d e
n
co
u
r
agi
n
g
res
u
l
t
s
have
b
een ob
tain
ed
[13
]
.
1.
14
. Adul
t
era
ti
on
o
f
Vi
rgi
n
Coc
o
n
u
t Oi
l
A. M
.
M
a
ri
na
et
al
(
2
0
0
9
)
ha
ve a
ppl
i
e
d
an
electronic nose
(zNose
TM
) to th
e
detectio
n
o
f
ad
u
lteration
of v
i
rg
in co
conu
t o
il. Th
e system
, wh
ich
is
ba
sed
o
n
a
su
rfac
e
aco
ust
i
c
wav
e
sens
o
r
,
was
u
s
ed
t
o
gene
rate a
patt
ern of
volatile com
p
ounds
present i
n
t
h
e s
a
m
p
les Pri
n
ci
pal com
pone
nt
analysis (PC
A
)
was
use
d
t
o
di
f
f
er
ent
i
a
t
e
bet
w
ee
n
pu
re a
n
d a
d
ul
t
e
rat
e
d
sam
p
les. Th
e PC
A pr
ov
id
ed
go
od
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tiati
o
n
of
sam
p
l
e
s wi
t
h
74
% o
f
t
h
e
va
ri
at
i
on acc
o
unt
ed
fo
r
by
PC
1
an
d 17
%
acco
un
ted fo
r b
y
PC 2. Pur
e
sam
p
les
form
ed
a sep
a
rate clu
s
ter
from
a
ll o
f
th
e adu
lterated
sam
p
l
e
s [1
4
]
.
1.
15
.
Detec
t
i
o
n o
f
Afl
a
t
o
xi
n
s
i
n
C
o
rn
A
.
Cam
p
ag
no
li et a
l
(
2
009
)
an
alyzed
f
i
v
e
g
r
ound
co
rn
m
eal
sa
m
p
le
s b
y
a co
mmer
cial d
i
r
ect
com
p
etitive enzym
e
-linked im
m
unosorbe
nt assay (ELIS
A
) for t
h
e det
e
rm
ination of
total aflatoxins, the
results from
electronic nos
e analysis
clearly
in
d
i
cate th
at it
was po
ssib
l
e to d
i
fferen
tiate between
sam
p
les th
at
had
bee
n
co
nt
a
m
i
n
at
ed and t
h
ose t
h
at
were
no
t con
t
amin
ated
with
aflatox
i
n
s
[15
]
. These
results were evi
d
ent
bot
h i
n
t
h
e
c
a
se o
f
nat
u
ral
l
y
cont
am
i
n
ated
gr
o
u
n
d
c
o
rn
m
eal an
d
i
n
so
lu
tion
s
fortified
with
sy
n
t
h
e
tic
aflato
x
i
n
s
.
Th
e resu
lts allo
wed
u
s
to assu
me th
at in
t
h
e c
a
se of aflatoxi
ns, t
h
e electronic nose
was
able to
det
ect
co
nt
am
inat
i
o
n
by
bot
h
t
h
e di
rect
det
e
c
t
i
on o
f
t
o
xi
n
s
[
45]
an
d
i
n
d
i
rect
recog
n
ition
based
o
n
d
e
tectio
n
of
v
o
l
atile fu
ng
i
metab
o
lites asso
ciated
to aflat
o
x
i
n
s
[4
6]
.
Afl
a
t
oxi
n
s
are
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
t
oxi
c c
o
m
pou
nd
s
pr
o
duce
d
b
y
th
e second
ary
m
e
tab
o
lis
m o
f
tox
i
g
e
n
i
c fu
ng
i, m
a
in
ly o
f
th
e Asp
e
rg
illu
s g
e
nu
s. Th
e
o
ccurren
ce
o
f
th
ese
to
x
i
ns is freq
u
en
t in
fo
od
commo
d
ities, in
clu
d
i
ng
cer
eals for hu
m
a
n
an
d an
im
a
l
co
n
s
um
p
t
io
n
.
Because o
f
the
h
i
gh
ly h
e
tero
gen
e
ou
s
d
i
stributio
n
of aflatox
i
n
s
in
co
n
t
am
in
ated
ali
m
en
tary
m
a
trices, th
e av
ailab
ility o
f
rap
i
d
and c
o
st
-e
ff
ect
i
v
e anal
y
t
i
cal
m
e
t
hods
, w
h
i
c
h ena
b
l
e
hi
g
h
sam
p
l
e
t
h
rou
g
h
p
u
t
f
r
om
t
h
e sam
e
l
o
t
,
i
s
ur
gent
l
y
neede
d
. F
r
om
t
h
i
s
poi
nt
of vi
ew, t
h
e el
ect
ro
ni
c no
se ap
pea
r
s t
o
be a p
r
o
m
i
s
i
ng t
echnology cha
r
acteri
zed by
the
re
quire
d fe
atures. Pre
v
ious
experience has
dem
onstrat
e
d
that the elect
ronic nose
was ab
le to
d
i
stingu
ish
betwee
n a
f
latoxi
ns i
n
natural contam
inated c
o
rn
sam
p
les accordi
n
g to t
h
e
prese
n
ce a
n
d a
b
se
nce
of
t
oxi
n
s
[
44]
.
1.
16
. Q
u
al
i
t
y
of
Peac
hes
Hong
m
e
i Zh
an
g
et al (20
0
9
)
used
sen
s
or array to
estab
lish
a q
u
a
lity in
d
e
x
m
o
d
e
l ab
le to
d
e
scri
b
e
th
e
di
ffe
re
nt
pi
cki
ng
dat
e
o
f
pe
aches. T
h
e p
r
i
n
ci
pal
com
p
o
n
ent
re
g
r
essi
o
n
(PC
R
)
a
n
d
part
i
a
l
l
east
-
sq
uares
regression
s
(PLS) m
o
d
e
l represen
t very
g
ood
ab
ility in
d
e
scrib
i
ng
t
h
e
q
u
a
lity in
d
i
ces o
f
th
e selected th
ree sets
o
f
p
each
e
s in
calib
ratio
n
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n. The resu
lts sh
owed
th
at th
e PLS
m
o
d
e
l represen
ts a g
o
o
d
abilit
y in
p
r
ed
ictin
g qu
al
ity in
d
e
x
,
with h
i
gh
co
rrelatio
n co
effi
cients
(R=0
.8
6
fo
r
p
e
netratin
g f
o
rc
e [CF]
; R=0.
8
3
f
o
r
sug
a
r c
ont
e
n
t
[
S
C
]
;
R
=
0.83
f
o
r
pH
) a
nd
rel
a
t
i
v
el
y
l
o
w st
an
dar
d
er
r
o
r
of
p
r
edi
c
t
i
o
n (S
EP;
8.
77
N,
0.
2
99
°B
ri
x,
and
0.
2
fo
r C
F
, SC
, a
nd
p
H
,
respect
i
v
el
y
)
.
The PC
R
m
o
d
e
l
had
hi
g
h
c
o
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
coe
ffi
ci
ent
s
(R
=0
.8
4
,
0.
8
2
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:20
88-
870
8
IJEC
E
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 1,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
13
:
52
–
6
3
56
0.
78
f
o
r C
F
, S
C
, an
d p
H
,
re
spect
i
v
el
y) between predicte
d
and
m
easure
d
v
a
l
u
es and
a relativ
ely lo
w SEP
(
7
.33
N
,
0.44
°Br
i
x
,
0
.
2
1
for
CF, SC, an
d pH
, r
e
sp
ectively)
fo
r
pr
ed
ictio
n
.
Th
ese
r
e
su
lts pro
v
e
that th
e
electro
n
i
c
no
ses h
a
v
e
t
h
e
p
o
t
en
tial to
assess fru
it
q
u
a
lity in
dices
[1
6]
.
1.
17
. Gr
ape
P
r
oduc
ts
Fra
n
cisco Ja
vier Cabañes et al (2009)
used an el
ect
roni
c
nos
e (e-
n
ose)
sy
st
em
usi
ng an array
o
f
m
e
t
a
l
oxi
de se
nso
r
s
(F
ox
3
0
0
0
,
Al
pha M
O
S) t
o
det
ect
an
d di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
e
t
w
o
och
r
at
o
x
i
g
eni
c
f
u
n
g
al
s
p
eci
es,
Asp
e
rg
illu
scarb
o
n
a
riu
s
(Bain.) Tho
m
an
d
A. Nig
e
r Van
Tieg
h
e
m
,
th
at are respo
n
sib
l
e fo
r th
e co
n
t
am
i
n
ation
o
f
wi
n
e
and o
t
h
e
r
win
e
g
r
ap
e produ
cts, u
s
ing
th
eir v
o
l
atile p
r
odu
ctio
n
p
a
tterns. Two
well-k
nown
o
c
hr
atox
ig
en
ic str
a
in
s w
e
r
e
used
in
th
is st
ud
y: A
.
carbo
n
a
r
i
u
s
A
941
and A
.
N
i
g
e
r
A7
5. Th
ese st
r
a
in
s w
e
r
e
gr
ow
n
on t
h
ree
cul
t
u
re m
e
di
a, C
zapek
Do
x m
odi
fi
ed (C
Dm
) agar, yeast ext
r
act sucrose
(YES) a
g
ar a
nd
white
g
r
ap
e
ju
ice (WG
J) ag
ar, and
t
h
e
v
o
l
atile organ
i
c co
m
p
ound
s
p
r
od
u
c
ed
i
n
th
e
h
eadsp
ace
b
y
th
ese sp
ecies w
e
re
eval
uat
e
d o
v
er
peri
ods
o
f
48
–1
2
0
h
.
T
h
e e
-
n
o
se sy
st
em
was a
b
l
e
t
o
di
ffe
rent
i
a
t
e
bet
w
een t
h
e t
w
o
speci
e
s
wi
t
h
i
n
4
8
h
o
f
gr
o
w
t
h
on
Y
E
S an
d
WG
J a
g
ar
usi
n
g
pri
n
ci
pal
com
pone
nt
anal
y
s
i
s
(P
C
A
),
w
h
i
c
h ac
cou
n
t
e
d
fo
r
99
.9
% a
n
d
9
7
.
2
%
o
f
t
h
e
dat
a
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
,
i
n
pri
n
ci
p
a
l
com
pone
nt
s
1
an
d
2,
base
d
on
t
h
e
qual
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
v
o
l
atile p
r
o
f
iles. Th
is d
i
fferen
tiatio
n
was con
f
irm
e
d
b
y
cluster an
alysis o
f
d
a
ta. Howev
e
r, it was n
o
t
p
o
ssib
l
e
to separate the
s
e species on CDm
agar. Our res
u
lts sh
ow
that the two closely related ochrat
oxi
genic s
p
ecies
resp
o
n
si
bl
e f
o
r
t
h
e cont
am
i
n
at
i
on o
f
wi
ne a
nd
ot
he
r wi
ne
gra
p
e p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
can be di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
e
d by
t
h
e use o
f
q
u
a
litativ
e vo
l
a
tile fin
g
e
rprints. Th
is app
r
o
a
ch
co
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
p
o
t
en
tial for rap
i
d
i
d
en
tifi
catio
n
of A. carbon
ari
u
s
and
A.
Ni
ge
r
on
wi
ne
g
r
a
p
e sam
p
l
e
s, t
h
ere
b
y
si
g
n
i
f
i
cantly reducing the tim
e of detection
of these
och
r
at
o
x
i
n
A pr
od
uci
n
g speci
e
s
[
42]
.
1.
18
. Ra
pid
H
a
lal Au
then
ticati
on
M. Nurjuliana
et al (2010)
us
ed
the
electronic nose as
a
ne
w
pote
n
tial ra
pid technique t
o
analyze the
arom
a of
va
ri
o
u
s a
n
i
m
al
s’ bo
dy
fat
s
.
T
h
e ar
om
a fi
nger
p
ri
n
t
s of
f
o
u
r
di
f
f
e
r
ent
a
n
i
m
al
fats an
d l
a
r
d
c
o
nt
ai
ni
n
g
chicke
n fat
w
e
re su
fficie
n
tly
specific to
diffe
re
ntiate
th
ese fats based o
n
th
eir aroma co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
With
pri
n
cipal com
p
o
n
e
n
t analy
s
is (PC
A
),
p
u
re
lard,
p
u
re
ch
i
c
k
e
n fats,
b
e
ef fats, m
u
tto
n
fats, and
ad
u
lterated
sam
p
les were
discrim
i
nated from
each ot
her. This
work
cle
a
rly shows t
h
e
pote
n
tial of t
h
e
electronic
nos
e
as a
rap
i
d
aro
m
a p
r
o
f
iling
techn
i
qu
e.
Fu
t
u
re work
s
on
th
e
o
p
t
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e exp
e
rim
e
n
t
al co
nd
itio
ns
n
e
ed
t
o
b
e
carri
ed
o
u
t
.
T
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
al
s
o
dem
onst
r
at
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
e
tho
d
de
vel
o
pe
d
has t
h
e
pot
ent
i
a
l
fo
r
pra
c
t
i
c
al
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
in Halal au
then
ticatio
n
[17
]
.
1.
19
. P
a
lm Oil
Iden
tifica
tion
Eu
n Jeu
n
g
H
o
ng
(2
0
1
1
)
use
d
an el
ect
r
o
ni
c nose
base
d on
m
a
ss spectrometer (MS-electronic nose
)
an
d GC t
o
d
i
scrimin
a
te
m
i
x
i
n
g
ratio
s
fo
r
mix
t
u
r
es
o
f
p
a
l
m
o
l
ein
o
il and
p
a
lm
stearin
o
il. Th
e in
tensities o
f
each fra
gm
ent from
the palm olein o
il a
nd
palm stearin oil by the MS
-electronic
nose
were used for
di
scri
m
i
nant
fu
nct
i
o
n
anal
y
s
i
s
(D
FA
).
Whe
n
pal
m
ol
ei
n oi
l
i
s
m
i
xed wi
t
h
pal
m
st
eari
n
o
i
l
,
m
o
re t
h
a
n
3
%
o
f
stearin oil
can be
estim
a
t
ed
by DFA. Th
e
ob
tain
ed d
a
ta
were u
s
ed
fo
r D
F
A. DF
A pl
ot
i
ndi
cated a
significant
separat
i
o
n
of
p
u
re
pal
m
ol
ei
n oi
l
an
d pal
m
st
eari
n
oi
l
.
Th
e ad
ded c
o
nce
n
t
r
at
i
o
n o
f
pal
m
st
eari
n
oi
l
t
o
pal
m
ol
ei
n
oi
l
was
h
i
ghl
y
co
rrel
a
t
e
d wi
t
h
t
h
e
fi
rst
di
scri
m
i
nant
f
unct
i
o
n sc
o
r
e (
D
F
1
).
Whe
n
p
a
lm
st
eari
n
oi
l
was
adde
d t
o
pal
m
ol
ei
n oi
l
,
i
t
was p
o
ssi
bl
e t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
wi
ng e
quat
i
on;
DF
1=
−
0
.
11
2× (c
on
c. o
f
pal
m
st
eari
n
oi
l
)
+
0
.
4
1
6
(r
2=0
.
9
5
)
.
W
h
e
n
pal
m
st
eari
n
oi
l
wa
s
adde
d t
o
pal
m
ol
ei
n oi
l
,
p
eak area
o
f
G
C
was
correlated to
DF1 by MS-el
ect
ro
ni
c no
se wi
t
h
rat
i
o
o
f
p
a
lm
ol
ei
n o
il v
s
p
a
lm stearin
o
il. Th
e MSelectron
ic
nos
e sy
st
em
coul
d
be
use
d
as
an e
ffi
ci
ent
m
e
t
h
o
d
fo
r t
h
e
aut
h
ent
i
cat
i
o
n
of
oi
l
[
18]
.
1.
20
. Reco
gni
t
i
o
n of
C
o
f
f
ee Qual
i
t
y
Kazimierz Brudzewski et
al
(2
011
) stud
ied th
e app
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
differe
n
t
i
al
electronic nose for
t
h
e
recogn
itio
n
of co
ffee, p
a
rticu
l
arly th
e forgery o
f
it,
m
a
d
e
b
y
m
i
x
i
n
g
two
d
i
fferen
t
qu
ality co
ffee
b
r
and
s
(th
e
m
e
d
i
o
c
re produ
ct an
d
th
e
h
i
gh
-qu
a
lity co
ffee typ
e
),
so
ld as th
e h
i
g
h
-quality
co
ffee
b
r
an
d. Sin
ce th
e beans
are practically unrec
o
gnizabl
e
by the s
h
a
p
e
and vis
u
al
in
sp
ectio
n, th
e
on
ly so
lu
tion
t
o
th
is prob
lem
is th
e
appl
i
cat
i
o
n of t
h
e chem
i
cal anal
y
s
i
s
. The usu
a
l
l
y
appl
i
e
d appr
oac
h
i
s
t
h
e l
i
qui
d chr
o
m
a
t
ogra
p
hy
. Ho
we
ver
,
i
t
i
s
a l
a
bo
ri
o
u
s a
n
d
ex
pe
nsi
v
e
m
e
t
hod,
re
q
u
i
r
i
ng s
p
eci
al
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
and a
n
expe
ri
ence
d
o
p
e
rat
o
r
.
In
t
h
i
s
pape
r,
t
h
ey
pr
op
ose t
h
e ap
pl
i
cat
i
on
of t
h
e
di
fferen
tial electro
n
i
c no
se, relying
its
d
ecision
on
th
e
m
easurem
ent of
the
cof
f
ee sm
el
l
by
t
h
e sem
i
cond
uct
o
r
gas s
e
ns
ors
or
ga
ni
zed in the
form of a m
a
trix. T
h
ey showed that
d
i
fferen
tial electron
i
c no
se ap
p
l
ying
th
e special p
r
o
cedure
o
f
sign
al
p
r
ocessin
g
is of su
fficien
t
sen
s
itiv
ity fo
r
th
e reco
gn
itio
n o
f
th
e
fo
rg
ery
o
f
co
ffee and
p
e
rform
s
m
u
ch
b
e
tter th
an
th
e classical elect
ron
i
c no
se (e-no
s
e)
[1
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Mo
dern
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
of
El
ect
roni
c
N
o
se
: A
Revi
ew
(
H
asi
n
Al
am)
57
1.
21
. Appl
e St
ora
g
e
Hui
G
uohua et
al (2012) investigated an el
ectroni
c nose-base
d
Fuji apple stora
g
e time prediction
m
e
t
hod.
A
ho
m
e
-
m
ade el
ectro
ni
c n
o
se
wi
t
h
ei
g
h
t
m
e
t
a
l
oxi
de sem
i
conduct
o
rs
gas se
nso
r
ar
ray
was
used
t
o
m
easure t
h
e a
ppl
es st
o
r
e
d
at
room
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
.
Pri
n
ci
p
a
l
co
m
pon
ent
anal
y
s
i
s
cannot
di
sc
ri
m
i
nat
e
al
l
sam
p
l
e
s. St
och
a
st
i
c
reson
a
nc
e si
gnal
-
t
o
-
n
oi
se rat
i
o
spect
r
u
m
di
st
i
ngui
sh
es fres
h
, m
e
di
um
, and age
d
appl
es
success
f
ully.
The
pre
d
iction m
odel is de
velope
d
base
d
on signalto- noise ratio m
a
xim
u
m
s
. In
val
i
dating
expe
rim
e
nts, results show that the
predicting accuracy of this m
odel is 84.62 %
.
T
h
is
m
e
thod ta
kes
som
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es in
clu
d
i
ng
fast
d
e
t
ectio
n
,
easy operatio
n,
h
i
gh
accu
racy, and
go
od
rep
eatab
ility
[2
0]
.
2.
MEDI
C
A
L
2.
1. E
y
e B
a
cte
r
i
a
Cl
assi
fi
c
a
t
i
on
Ritab
a
n
D
u
tta et al (2
0
02) in
vestig
ated
an
inn
o
v
a
tiv
e
data clustering approach
for
six bacteria
data
by
com
b
i
n
i
ng
t
h
e 3-
di
m
e
nsi
onal
scat
t
e
r pl
ot
, FC
M
and S
O
M
net
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e com
b
i
n
ed
u
s
e of t
h
ree n
o
n
l
i
n
ear
m
e
t
hods
(
3
D
-
S
cat
t
e
r pl
ot
,
S
O
M
,
FC
M
)
ca
n
sol
v
e
t
h
e
feat
u
r
e e
x
t
r
act
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
wi
t
h
ve
ry
com
p
l
e
x
dat
a
an
d
enha
nce t
h
e
pe
rf
orm
a
nce o
f
C
y
rano
se 3
2
0
.
Lat
e
r
on t
w
o
supervised
ANN classifiers
,
PNN and RBF, we
re
able to predict
the six differe
n
t b
acteria classes with 94% a
nd
98% accura
cy respectively; where t
h
e tra
i
ning
of
t
h
e
su
pe
rvi
s
ed A
N
N
cl
as
si
fi
ers were
p
e
rf
orm
e
d
u
s
i
n
g 40
% of
t
h
e
wh
ol
e dat
a
set
f
o
r
t
h
e si
x b
act
eri
a
.
Lin
ear PC
A meth
od
was ab
le to
classify fo
ur classes o
f
b
a
cteria o
u
t
o
f
si
x
classes th
ou
gh
in
reality o
t
h
e
r two
classes were no
t b
e
tter ev
id
en
t fro
m
PCA
an
alysis a
nd we got 74% classificati
on acc
uracy
f
r
om
PCA.
A
n
i
n
n
ovat
i
v
e
dat
a
cl
ust
e
ri
ng
ap
pr
oac
h
was i
n
v
e
st
i
g
at
ed
fo
r t
h
ese bact
e
r
i
a
da
t
a
by
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
ng t
h
e
3-
di
m
e
nsi
ona
l
scat
t
e
r
pl
ot
, F
C
M
and SOM
net
w
or
k. Usi
ng
t
h
ree dat
a
cl
ust
e
ri
n
g
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
(3-
d
i
m
ensi
o
n
al
scat
t
e
r
pl
ot
,
FCM and
SOM n
e
two
r
k
)
si
m
u
l
t
an
eo
usly b
e
tter 'classificati
on'
of six ey
e bacteria clas
ses was
re
pre
s
ented. A
[6×
1
] SOM network ga
ve 96% accuracy
for bacte
r
ia classification whic
h was best a
ccuracy. T
h
en three
su
perv
ised classifiers,
n
a
m
e
l
y
Mu
lti Layer Perce p
t
ron
(MLP), Prob
abilistic
Ne
u
r
al n
e
two
r
k
(PNN)
and
R
a
di
al
basi
s
fu
nct
i
o
n
net
w
o
r
k
(R
B
F
)
,
were
u
s
ed
t
o
classify
the six bacte
r
ia classes [21].
2.
2. Ai
r-
C
o
ndi
ti
oni
n
g C
a
pa
c
i
ty of
t
h
e
H
u
man N
o
se
Sara Naftali et
al (2
0
05) d
e
velo
p
e
d
tran
sien
t si
m
u
latio
n
s
in
3
D
m
o
d
e
ls o
f
th
e n
a
sal cav
ity to
stu
d
y
tran
sp
ort p
a
ttern
s in
th
e human
n
o
s
e and its o
v
e
rall cap
acity to
co
n
d
itio
n
th
e in
sp
i
r
ed
am
b
i
en
t ai
r in
to
al
veol
ar c
o
ndi
t
i
ons
. The
no
se
i
s
t
h
e fro
nt
l
i
n
e de
fen
d
e
r
o
f
t
h
e respi
r
at
or
y
sy
st
em
. Unst
eady
sim
u
l
a
t
i
ons i
n
t
h
ree-
di
m
e
nsi
onal
m
odel
s
ha
ve
been
de
vel
o
ped
t
o
st
u
d
y
t
r
ans
p
o
r
t
pat
t
e
r
n
s i
n
t
h
e h
u
m
a
n n
o
se a
n
d
i
t
s
o
v
eral
l
air-cond
itio
n
i
ng
cap
acity. The resu
lts su
gg
ested
th
at th
e
healthy nose ca
n efficiently provi
de about 90% of
th
e h
eat
and
t
h
e water fl
u
x
e
s
requ
ired
to con
d
ition
the amb
i
en
t insp
ired
air to
n
e
ar alveo
l
ar con
d
itions in
a
variety of environm
ental conditions a
nd i
nde
pe
nde
nt
of variations in
in
ternal struct
ural c
o
m
pone
nts. The
anatom
ical replica of t
h
e
human nose s
howed the
be
st
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
ce an
d w
a
s ab
le to
p
r
ov
id
e
92% of
t
h
e
h
eatin
g and
96
%
o
f
th
e m
o
istu
re
n
eed
ed
to
cond
itio
n
t
h
e insp
ired
ai
r to
alv
e
o
l
ar co
nd
itio
ns.
A
detailed
anal
y
s
i
s
expl
o
r
ed t
h
e rel
a
t
i
v
e co
nt
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n of e
n
d
o
n
as
al
st
ruct
ural
c
o
m
pone
nt
s t
o
t
h
e ai
r-co
ndi
t
i
oni
n
g
process. During a
m
oderate
breat
hi
ng effort, about 11% reduction in th
e efficacy of nasal air-conditioni
ng
capacity
was observe
d
[22].
2.
3. De
tecti
o
n of
Mi
cr
obi
a
l
Co
nt
ami
n
ati
o
ns
Karl
K
r
ei
j
,
C
a
r
l
-Fre
dri
k
M
a
n
d
eni
u
s (
2
00
5)
use
d
an el
ect
ro
ni
c n
o
se (E
N)
devi
ce t
o
det
e
c
t
m
i
crobi
al
and
viral cont
am
inations in
a vari
ety of a
n
im
al cell culture system
s.
The em
ission of
volatile com
ponents
from
the cultures accum
u
lated in the
bi
oreact
or
headspace
was sam
p
led and s
u
bse
que
ntly analysed by the E
N
devi
ce. T
h
e E
N
, w
h
i
c
h
was
equi
ppe
d wi
t
h
an array
of 1
7
chem
i
cal gas sens
ors
of va
ry
i
ng sel
ect
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
wa
r
d
s
th
e sam
p
led
volatile
m
o
lecu
le
s, g
e
n
e
rated
resp
on
se p
a
tterns of
u
p
t
o
8
5
co
m
p
u
t
ed
si
g
n
a
ls. Each 15
o
r
2
0
m
i
n
a new ga
s sam
p
l
e
was t
a
ke
n gene
rat
i
n
g a ne
w res
p
o
n
se
pa
ttern
.
A software ev
alu
a
tion
too
l
v
i
su
alised
t
h
e d
a
ta
m
a
i
n
l
y
by
usi
n
g p
r
i
n
ci
pal
co
m
ponent
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
. The
EN
w
a
s fi
rst
used
t
o
det
ect
m
i
crobi
al
cont
am
i
n
at
ions
i
n
a
C
h
i
n
ese
ham
s
ter
ova
ry
(C
H
O
)
cel
l
l
i
n
e p
r
od
uci
n
g a
rec
o
m
b
i
n
ant
hum
an m
acrop
ha
g
e
col
o
ny
st
i
m
ul
at
i
n
g
factor
(rhM-C
SF).
The C
HO cell culture was contamin
at
ed by
Esc
h
e
r
i
c
hi
a col
i
,
Pse
u
d
o
m
onas aer
ugi
nos
a,
Stap
h
y
lo
co
ccus aureus an
d C
a
n
d
i
d
a
u
tilis wh
ich all we
re
detected
. Th
e
resp
on
se p
a
tterns fro
m
th
e CHO cell
cul
t
u
re
we
re c
o
m
p
ared
wi
t
h
m
onocul
t
u
re r
e
fere
nces
of t
h
e m
i
croor
ga
n
i
sm
s. Seco
nd
,
cont
am
i
n
at
i
ons
were
studie
d
in an
Sf-9 insect cel
l cultu
r
e
pr
odu
cing
ano
t
h
e
r
r
ecom
b
inant protein
(VP2
pr
ot
ei
n)
. C
o
nt
am
i
n
ant
s
were
det
ect
ed fr
om
E. col
i
,
a fi
l
a
m
e
nt
ous f
u
n
g
u
s an
d a b
acul
o
vi
r
u
s. T
h
i
r
d, c
ont
am
i
n
at
i
on o
f
a hum
an cel
l
lin
e, HEK-29
3, in
fected
with E. co
li exh
i
b
i
ted
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
resu
lts. Fou
r
th
, b
acterial co
n
t
am
in
atio
n
s
co
u
l
d
also be detecte
d
in cultures of a ML
V vect
o
r
pr
od
ucer cel
l
l
i
n
e. B
a
sed
on t
h
e overall expe
riences in this
study
it is co
n
c
lud
e
d th
at th
e EN m
e
th
od
h
a
s in
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
cases th
e po
ten
tial to
b
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
ped
in
to a u
s
eful o
n
-
lin
e con
t
am
in
a
tio
n
alarm
in
ord
e
r to su
ppo
rt
safety an
d
econ
o
m
ical o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
fo
r i
n
du
stri
al cu
ltiv
atio
n [2
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:20
88-
870
8
IJEC
E
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 1,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
13
:
52
–
6
3
58
2
.
4
.
Smelling
Rena
l
Dy
sfunctio
n
An
dr
eas V
o
ss,
Vi
coB
a
i
e
r (2
0
0
5
)
ha
ve di
sc
u
ssed t
h
at
t
h
e h
u
m
a
n body
o
d
o
r pl
ay
s an i
m
po
rt
ant
r
o
l
e
in
so
cial co
m
m
u
n
i
catio
n
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
situ
atio
n
s
, lik
e th
e olfacto
r
y i
d
en
tificatio
n
o
f
p
a
rtn
e
rs and relativ
es
as
well as in
p
a
ren
t
s–
ch
ild
in
teractio
n
s
.
In
p
a
tien
t
s with
ren
a
l
d
y
sfu
n
c
tion
t
h
e co
m
p
ou
nd
o
f
sweat and
vo
latile
g
a
ses is ch
ang
e
d b
ecau
s
e of th
e lim
ited
ab
ility fo
r
rem
o
v
i
n
g
m
e
tab
o
lic produ
cts
fro
m
th
e b
l
ood
. Th
e
regu
latio
n
of electro
lyte co
mp
o
s
ition
an
d
acid
–b
ase
b
a
lance are also
alt
e
red
so
th
at t
h
e b
o
d
y
odo
r
of th
ese
p
a
tien
t
sm
ayb
e
sig
n
i
fican
tly in
flu
e
n
ced
b
y
these d
i
sord
ers.
We show th
e ab
ility o
f
an
electron
i
c n
o
se to d
e
tect
ch
ang
e
s in
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
bo
d
y
od
or in
co
n
s
equen
ce of re
n
a
l dysfun
c
tio
n
b
y
red
u
c
i
n
g
m
u
ltiv
ariate sen
s
or si
g
n
a
ls
wi
t
h
p
r
i
n
ci
pal
com
pone
nt
anal
y
s
i
s
t
o
i
t
s
fi
rst
an
d sec
o
nd
pri
n
ci
pal
o
d
o
r
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
(POC
)
.
Al
l
heal
t
h
y
sub
j
ect
s c
oul
d cl
earl
y
be di
st
i
n
g
u
i
s
hed
fr
om
pat
i
e
nt
s wi
t
h
ren
a
l failu
re
u
s
i
n
g
qu
adratic d
i
scrimin
a
to
r analysis,
whe
r
eas
a c
o
rrect classification of
9
5
.
2
% (
9
8
.
4
%
usi
n
g 1
s
t
–
3r
d POC
)
of
pat
i
e
nt
s
bet
w
een
e
n
d
st
ag
e
re
nal
fai
l
u
re a
n
d
ch
ro
ni
c re
nal
fai
l
ure
was f
o
un
d. T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hodol
ogy
of a
n
al
y
z
i
ng h
u
m
a
n bo
dy
o
d
o
r m
a
y
al
so
pr
o
v
i
d
e ne
w
a
p
p
r
oaches
f
o
r i
nvest
i
g
at
i
n
g s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
of
r
e
nal
fai
l
u
re a
n
d
fo
r
di
ag
n
o
si
ng
ot
her
di
sea
s
es
o
f
in
tern
al
o
r
cu
tan
e
ou
s orig
in [24
]
.
2.
5.
De
tecti
o
n
of
B
o
ar T
a
i
n
t
e
d C
a
rc
asses
S Am
puer
o
a
n
d G B
ee
(2
0
0
6
)
ha
ve e
v
al
uat
e
d t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of a
n
el
ect
ro
ni
c n
o
se (
S
M
a
rt
N
o
se 1
5
1
,
LDZ, Switzerlan
d
)
with
a mass sp
ectro
m
e
ter (qu
a
dripo
l
e)
as a
detector
to classify
boa
r tainted carca
sses
.
Ob
tain
ed
resu
lts d
e
m
o
n
s
trated
th
e po
ten
tial
o
f
t
h
e electro
n
i
c no
se to d
e
tect h
i
gh
an
d
low lev
e
ls of
bo
ar
tain
t,
in
d
e
p
e
nd
en
tly o
f
th
e tain
t
-rel
a
ted
co
m
p
oun
d, and
t
h
ere
f
ore
to s
o
rt-out boa
r
tainted carcas
ses [25].
2.
6. Di
a
g
n
o
si
s of
Chr
o
ni
c
Rh
i
n
osi
nusi
t
i
s
E. B
r
un
o et
al
(2
0
0
8
)
di
scus
sed t
h
at
i
n
ot
o
r
hi
nol
ary
n
g
o
l
o
gi
st
’s e
xpe
ri
en
ce t
h
e n
a
sal
o
u
t
-
breat
h
o
f
peo
p
l
e
a
ffect
e
d
by
ch
r
oni
c nasal
or pa
ran
a
sal
i
n
fec
tions
m
a
y be c
h
aracterized
by peculiar
odours
. In
a
pre
v
i
o
us st
u
d
y
we sh
owe
d
t
h
at
an el
ect
roni
c nose
(E
N), e
x
am
i
n
i
ng nasa
l
out
b
r
eat
h w
a
s abl
e
t
o
di
st
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
su
bj
ects affect
ed
b
y
chron
i
c rh
ino
s
inu
s
itis fro
m
h
ealth
y su
b
j
ects. Th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
is aimed
at an
alysi
n
g
th
e
intensity and t
h
e quality of
the odorous
c
o
m
pone
nts pr
esent in the
a
i
r expire
d by
patients affected by
rh
i
n
o
s
i
n
usitis, u
s
ing
a n
e
w
EN
b
a
sed
o
n
g
a
s-chro
m
a
to
g
r
ap
h
y
and
su
rface acou
s
tic wave an
alysis.
In th
e
g
a
s-
chr
o
m
a
t
ograp
h
i
c t
r
aci
ngs o
f
t
h
e pat
h
ol
ogi
c
sub
j
ect
s t
h
e
r
e were si
x
pea
k
s
,
whi
c
h we
re n
o
t
prese
n
t
i
n
c
ont
rol
group cases
. T
h
ese pea
k
s c
o
rrespond t
o
odorous com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
, w
h
ose che
m
i
cal
co
m
posi
t
i
on ra
nge
s fr
o
m
C
6
to C14.
Peaks
obtained
we
re com
p
ared
with othe
r traci
ngs
re
vealed
from
specific
bacterial and
fungal
cultures
analys
es and s
o
m
e
an
alogies a
r
e a
ppreciated
[26].
2.7. Study
of Aerosoliz
ed
Viable
Influenz
a H5N1 Virus
in Ferrets
Richard S
Tutt
le et al (2010)
di
sc
usse
d
t
h
at
t
h
e ro
ut
es by
whi
c
h hum
ans
acq
ui
re
i
n
fl
ue
nza H5
N
1
i
n
fect
i
o
ns ha
v
e
not
bee
n
f
u
l
l
y
el
uci
d
at
ed. B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e kn
o
w
n
bi
ol
o
g
y
of i
n
fl
uenza
v
i
ruses
,
fo
u
r
m
ode
s of
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on are m
o
st
l
i
k
el
y i
n
hum
ans:
aeros
ol
t
r
ans
m
i
ssi
on, i
nge
s
t
i
on o
f
u
nde
r
c
oo
ke
d co
nt
am
i
n
at
ed
in
fected pou
ltry, tran
sm
issio
n
b
y
larg
e
d
r
op
lets and se
l
f
-
i
noc
ul
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e nasal
m
u
cosa by
c
ont
am
i
n
at
ed
han
d
s
.
In
pre
p
arat
i
on
of a st
udy
t
o
re
sol
v
e
whet
he
r H
5
N
1
vi
r
u
ses a
r
e t
r
ansm
i
ssi
bl
e by aeros
ol
i
n
an
ani
m
a
l
m
o
d
e
l th
at
is a
su
rrog
ate for h
u
m
an
s, an
inh
a
latio
n
expo
s
u
re sy
stem
for
studies o
f
aerosolized H5N1
viruses
in
ferrets
was d
e
sign
ed
, asse
m
b
led
,
an
d
valid
ated
. Pa
rticu
l
ar atten
tion was
p
a
id
t
o
ward
s system
safety,
efficacy of
di
ssem
i
nation, t
h
e via
b
ility o
f
aeroso
lized
virus, and sa
m
p
li
ng m
e
thodol
ogy.
An a
e
ros
o
l
gene
rat
i
o
n an
d
del
i
v
ery
sy
st
em
, referr
ed t
o
as a Nose
-
O
nl
y
B
i
oaer
os
ol
Ex
pos
u
r
e S
y
st
em
(NB
I
ES
), was
assem
b
l
e
d and
fu
nct
i
on t
e
st
e
d
. T
h
e NB
I
E
S
passed al
l
sa
f
e
t
y
t
e
st
s, m
e
t
expect
e
d
en
gi
neeri
ng
param
e
t
e
rs,
requ
ired
relativ
ely sm
al
l q
u
a
n
tities o
f
m
a
terial to
ob
tain
the d
e
sired
aeroso
l con
c
en
tration
s
o
f
i
n
fl
u
e
n
z
a v
i
ru
s,
and
delivere
d
dos
es with hi
gh-e
fficacy. Fe
rrets withstood
a
m
o
ck expos
ure trial with
out signs of stress
. The
NBIES delive
r
s doses
of a
e
rosolized influe
nza viruses
w
ith high e
fficacy,
and use
s
less st
arting m
a
terial than
ot
he
r sim
i
l
a
r desi
gns
. I
n
fl
ue
n
za H5
N1 a
nd
H3
N
2
vi
r
u
ses
rem
a
i
n
st
abl
e
un
de
r t
h
e co
nd
i
t
i
ons use
d
f
o
r
aeros
ol
g
e
n
e
ration
an
d sam
p
le co
llect
io
n
.
Th
e
NBIES is qu
alified fo
r stud
ies
o
f
aero
so
lized
H5
N1
v
i
ru
s
[27
]
.
2.8. Bre
a
the
Analysis
of Lung
Cancer P
a
ti
ents
Vane
ssa H. Tr
an et
al
(201
0)
di
scusse
d t
h
e m
easurem
ent
of ga
seo
u
s co
m
poun
ds i
n
ex
hal
e
d b
r
eat
h
,
suc
h
as volatile orga
nic com
pounds (VOCs), m
a
y pr
ovide a noninvasive techni
que for assessing lung
pat
h
ol
o
g
y
,
s
o
m
e
of
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e ass
o
ci
ated
with l
u
ng ca
nc
er
(LC). VOC
analysis is labori
ous
while el
ectronic
nos
es are
em
ergi
ng
as ra
pi
d
det
ect
o
r
s
of a
n
ar
ray
of
gas
e
ou
s
m
a
rkers reco
g
n
i
z
i
n
g a
characte
r
istic “sm
e
ll
-
pri
n
t”. They c
o
nduct a pilot
breath analysis using a
n
elect
ron
i
c no
se to
test
th
e h
ypo
th
esis th
at th
ere
would
be
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
di
f
f
ere
n
ces i
n
t
h
e sm
el
l
-
pri
n
t
pat
t
e
rns
bet
w
een ne
wl
y
di
agn
o
se
d LC
pat
i
e
nt
s an
d cont
rol
su
bj
ects.Th
e
resu
lts sho
w
promise in
th
at there we
re significant differe
n
c
e
s
in
th
e sm
ell-
p
r
i
n
t o
f
subj
ects wit
h
lu
ng
can
cer com
p
ared
with
co
n
t
ro
l su
bj
ects. Fu
rt
h
e
r stan
dard
ization
of the tech
n
i
qu
e
will assist in
i
m
p
r
ov
ing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Mo
dern
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
of
El
ect
roni
c
N
o
se
: A
Revi
ew
(
H
asi
n
Al
am)
59
th
e sen
s
itiv
ity an
d sp
ecificity of th
e m
e
th
o
d
, with po
ten
tia
l to
u
s
e t
h
e an
al
ysis in
a
nu
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
seases
wh
ere
ch
aracteristic sig
n
a
tures
o
c
cu
r in
th
e breath [2
8
]
.
3.
CHE
M
IC
AL PRO
C
ESSES
3.
1.
Mo
nit
o
ring
o
f
the
C
o
mp
os
ting
Proces
s
TiinaRajam
a
Ki et al (2005) ex
amined the effect of aeration
on
t
h
e c
o
m
post
i
ng
pr
oces
s usi
n
g t
w
o
aeratio
n
lev
e
ls rep
r
esen
ting
in
sufficien
t and
op
ti
m
a
l
aer
atio
n
fo
r co
m
p
o
s
ti
n
g
. An
ad
d
ition
a
l ai
m
was to
identify possi
ble indicator ga
ses in th
e
volatile orga
nic c
o
m
pound
profil
es
of the c
o
m
posts
by on-line
FT-IR
and gas
c
h
ro
m
a
t
ogra
phi
c d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
at
i
ons.
The resul
t
s
indicated t
h
at the electro
ni
c no
se wa
s a
b
l
e
t
o
d
i
stin
gu
ish
b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e two
co
m
p
o
s
ter b
i
ns after 13
d
a
y
s
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
tin
g. Of th
e vo
l
a
tile
metab
o
lites th
at
were i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d
,
m
e
t
h
y
l
et
hy
l
ket
o
ne (M
E
K
)
pr
o
v
ed t
o
be a
sui
t
a
bl
e i
n
di
cat
or c
o
m
pou
n
d
o
f
anae
r
obi
ci
t
y
as i
t
was
o
n
l
y
p
r
odu
ced in
con
s
iderab
le
qu
an
tities in
t
h
e in
sufficien
tly aerated
co
m
p
o
s
ter
b
i
n [2
9
]
.
3.
2.
Classific
a
ti
on of
Resis
t
a
n
ce to
Wes
t
ern Fl
ower Thrips i
n
Chrys
a
nthe
mums
Ro
b
i
n
C. Mckellar et al (2
005
) tested
a m
e
tal o
x
i
d
e
sen
s
o
r
-b
ased
electro
n
i
c
n
o
se fo
r i
t
s ab
ility to
discrim
i
nate am
ong c
h
rysa
nthem
u
m
cultivars
with
varyin
g
degrees
of
resistance to western flowe
r
t
h
ri
ps
(WFT), b
a
sed
o
n
v
o
l
atile ch
emicals
released fro
m
cu
t leav
e
s
. Cu
ltiv
ars th
at were su
scep
tib
le, in
term
ed
iate, o
r
resistan
t to
WFT [b
ased
o
n
mean
cu
ltiv
ar ran
k
(MCR)] were
u
s
ed
as stan
d
a
rd
s, and
were co
rrectly classified
(> 90
%)
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
i
scrim
i
n
a
n
t
fun
c
tion
analysis. Sev
e
ral
cu
ltiv
ars wit
h
u
nkn
own
resi
stan
ce were classified
base
d o
n
t
h
e s
t
anda
rds
,
a
n
d
were
use
d
as
st
anda
rd
s i
n
a
su
bse
que
nt
t
r
i
a
l
t
o
cl
assi
fy
ot
he
r u
n
k
n
o
w
ns.
The
resul
t
s
of t
h
i
s
st
udy
dem
onst
r
at
e som
e
agre
em
ent
be
twee
n the
W
F
T resi
stance categori
e
s as desi
gnat
e
d by
the electronic nos
e and res
u
l
t
s of fe
ed
ing
bio
a
ssays (
M
C
R
)
,
sugg
esting th
at th
is tech
n
i
qu
e m
a
y ser
v
e as a
usef
ul
sc
reeni
n
g t
o
ol
fo
r
WFT
resi
st
ance
[
30]
.
3.
3.
Monitoring of Biotech
nol
ogi
cal
Pr
ocesses
A
lisa Ru
dn
itskaya, A
ndr
eyLeg
i
n
(
200
8)
ev
alu
a
te
d
an
electr
o
n
i
c no
se consistin
g
of
MOSFET an
d
M
O
S gas se
ns
ors a
n
d NIR
s
p
ect
r
o
sco
p
y
co
m
b
i
n
ed wi
t
h
m
u
l
tiv
ariate calib
ratio
n
(PLS-regression) as a to
ol
fo
r anae
ro
bi
c
di
gest
i
o
n m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
.
A bi
ore
act
or wa
s fe
d wi
t
h
a m
i
xt
ure
of cel
l
u
l
o
se
, a
l
bum
i
n
and m
i
neral
s
and
ex
p
o
se
d t
o
a
n
ov
erl
o
a
d
of
gl
ucose
.
It
was
dem
onst
r
a
t
ed t
h
at
el
ect
r
oni
c
n
o
se c
o
ul
d
fol
l
o
w c
h
a
n
ges i
n
meth
an
e and
acetate co
n
c
en
tratio
n
s
wh
ile NIR cou
l
d pr
ed
ict
m
i
cro
b
i
al b
i
o
m
ass an
d
t
o
tal v
o
l
atile fatty acids
and acetate c
onte
n
t. Electronic t
o
ngues
and noses
offer the
possi
bility to
perform
recognition and
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
o
n
an
d
q
u
ant
i
t
a
t
i
v
e det
e
rm
i
n
at
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
pone
nt
s’
conce
n
t
r
at
i
o
ns
si
m
u
l
t
a
neou
sl
y
i
n
m
u
lt
i
c
o
m
pone
nt
m
e
di
a. Thi
s
feat
ure m
a
kes
m
u
lt
i
s
ensor sy
st
em
s a prom
i
s
i
ng t
o
ol
f
o
r t
h
e
pr
ocesses
fol
l
ow
-u
p,
whe
n
the cont
ent of som
e
com
ponents can
be m
easured
quantitatively and, at
the sam
e
tim
e
, the state of the
process
and its
corres
pondenc
e
to
th
e norm
a
l
op
eration
cond
itio
n
s
can b
e
assessed [31
]
.
3.
4.
Pl
ant
De
gr
ad
ati
o
n
An
al
ysi
s
Peter A
.
Lieberzeit et al (2
0
08) d
i
scu
ssed th
at
co
n
tinuou
s surv
eillan
ce o
f
co
m
p
o
s
tin
g
p
r
o
cesses
w
o
u
l
d
en
ab
le a
f
e
ed
b
a
ck
loop
t
o
b
e
ob
tained
f
o
r
bo
th
analysis and process c
ontrol.
Fo
r th
is
pu
rpo
s
e, th
ey
have
de
si
g
n
ed
e-n
o
ses
base
d
on
a si
x-el
ect
r
ode
q
u
a
r
t
z
-c
ry
stal m
i
crobala
nce
(QCM)
a
rray coated with
affinity
materials an
d
m
o
lecu
larly i
m
p
r
i
n
ted
p
o
l
ym
e
r
s (M
IP). Th
ey en
ab
le
qu
an
titativ
e m
o
n
ito
rin
g
of vo
latile org
a
n
i
c
com
pou
nd
s (V
OC
s) em
i
t
t
e
d di
rect
l
y
i
n
a com
post
bi
n an
d are hi
ghl
y
sui
t
a
bl
e t
ool
s f
o
r ac
hi
evi
n
g o
n
-l
i
n
e
charact
e
r
i
zat
i
on of
t
h
e deg
r
ad
at
i
on pr
ocesses
occ
u
r
r
i
n
g.
D
u
ri
n
g
g
r
ass
an
d
pi
ne c
o
m
post
i
n
g
(
d
u
r
at
i
o
n
1
4
day
s
an
d 40
d
a
ys,
resp
ectiv
ely)
, t
h
ey ob
ser
v
ed
co
n
c
en
tr
ation
s
o
f
up
t
o
250
p
p
m
o
f
ester
s
, 70
0
pp
m
o
f
alco
ho
ls,
25
0
p
p
m
of t
e
rpe
n
es,
an
d
90
% rel
a
t
i
v
e
hu
m
i
di
t
y
di
rect
l
y
on-line
with s
u
ch a system
a
n
d could
validate the
dat
a
o
f
f
-
l
i
n
e
b
y
GC
-M
S. T
h
e
sens
or al
s
o
ga
ve di
rect
i
n
si
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
t
h
e di
ff
erences
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e t
w
o c
o
m
post
i
ng
bat
c
h t
y
pes
.
B
e
si
des d
u
r
at
i
o
n,
du
ri
n
g
gras
s com
post
i
ng
l
a
rger am
ou
nt
s of al
c
o
h
o
l
s
are em
it
t
e
d wherea
s
relativ
e a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
terp
en
es is twice as h
i
g
h
for p
i
n
e
co
m
p
o
s
ting
.
Detailed
correlation
of th
e sen
s
o
r
and
th
e
GC-MS d
a
ta al
lo
ws ap
prox
imate esti
matio
n
o
f
th
e sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
th
e sen
s
or m
a
terials to
ward
s an
alyte cl
asses
suc
h
as, e.g., aliphatic alcohols or terpe
n
es
[
4
0
]
.
3.
5.
HA
M Pr
od
uct
i
on
Marco
Cam
a
rd
oLegg
i
eri et
al (20
10) ev
al
u
a
ted
t
h
e po
ten
tial u
s
e of
qu
alitativ
e v
o
l
atile p
a
ttern
s
p
r
od
u
c
ed
b
y
Pen
i
cilliu
m
n
o
r
dicu
m
to
d
i
scrimin
a
te b
e
tw
een
o
c
hratox
in
A (OTA) pr
odu
cers and
n
on-pro
d
u
c
er
strain
s on
a h
a
m
-
b
a
sed
m
e
d
i
u
m
. Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
t
s were carried
ou
t o
n
a 3
%
h
a
m
med
i
u
m
a
t
two
water activ
itie
s
(aw;
0
.
9
9
5
,
0.
95
) i
n
ocul
at
e
d
wi
t
h
P.
no
r
d
i
c
um
spores a
n
d i
n
c
ubat
e
d at
25
°C
f
o
r
up t
o
1
4
d
a
y
s
. G
r
owi
n
g
colonies we
re sam
p
led after 1,
2, 3, 7 a
nd
14 days,
pl
aced in
30-m
l
vials,
sealed
and the
head s
p
ace a
n
a
l
ysed
u
s
ing
a h
y
b
r
id sen
s
o
r
electron
i
c no
se d
e
v
i
ce. Th
e effect
o
f
en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal co
n
d
ition
s
o
n
g
r
owth
an
d OTA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:20
88-
870
8
IJEC
E
V
o
l
.
3,
No
. 1,
Fe
br
uar
y
20
13
:
52
–
6
3
60
p
r
od
u
c
tion
was ev
al
u
a
ted
b
a
sed
on
th
e qualitativ
e respon
se. Howev
e
r, after
7 d
a
ys, it was
po
ssible to
d
i
scr
i
m
i
n
a
te b
e
tw
een
str
a
in
s g
r
ow
n at 0.99
5 aw, an
d af
t
e
r
1
4
d
a
ys, the O
T
A
p
r
od
u
c
er
an
d non
-p
ro
du
cer
strain
and
th
e
co
n
t
ro
ls co
u
l
d b
e
d
i
scrim
i
n
a
ted
at b
o
t
h
aw lev
e
ls. Th
is stu
d
y
sugg
ests th
at v
o
l
atile p
a
ttern
s
pr
o
duce
d
by
P.
n
o
r
d
i
c
um
st
rai
n
s m
a
y
di
ffer
and
be
use
d
t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
e
p
r
esence
of
t
o
xi
geni
c c
o
nt
am
inant
s
i
n
h
a
m
.
Th
is ap
p
r
o
ach
co
u
l
d
b
e
u
tilised
in
h
a
m p
r
odu
ction
as p
a
rt of a q
u
a
lity assu
rance syste
m
fo
r p
r
ev
en
ting
OTA co
n
t
am
in
atio
n
[3
8]
.
3.
6. B
i
oreac
t
o
r
s f
o
r
Mo
ni
t
o
ring the Of
f-
Gas
Pa
tter
n
s
Pab
l
o E. R
o
si
et al (
2
0
11)
d
e
sig
n
e
d
sp
ecially an
electr
o
n
i
c no
se an
d coupled
to
an
air-
lift b
i
o
r
eacto
r
i
n
or
de
r t
o
pe
r
f
o
r
m
on-l
i
n
e
m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
of
rel
eased
vap
o
r
s
. The se
ns
or
array
was
pl
ac
ed at
t
h
e t
op
of t
h
e
bioreactor se
nsing the hea
d
space in eq
uilibri
um with the evolvi
ng liquor at
any ti
me withou
t the need
of
aspi
rat
i
o
n an
d
pum
pi
ng
o
f
ga
ses i
n
t
o
a se
pa
rat
e
d se
ns
or c
h
am
ber. T
h
e de
vi
ce was a
p
pl
i
e
d t
o
fol
l
o
w t
h
e of
f-
g
a
s
o
f
a b
i
o
r
eacto
r
with
Acid
ith
io
b
acillu
s th
ioo
x
i
d
a
n
s
grown on
b
e
d
s
o
f
elem
en
tal
su
lfu
r
un
d
e
r aerob
i
c
co
nd
itio
ns. Evo
l
u
tion
was mo
n
itored
b
y
acid
titratio
n
,
pH an
d
o
p
tical d
e
n
s
ity
m
easu
r
emen
ts. Th
e electron
i
c
nos
e was ca
pa
ble to diffe
r
ent
i
ate each day of
reactor ev
ol
ution si
nce inoculation
within peri
ods m
a
rke
d
off
cul
t
u
re
m
e
di
um
repl
acem
e
nt
s usi
n
g m
u
l
t
i
vari
at
e
dat
a
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
. E
x
cel
l
e
nt
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on
was
obt
ai
ned
in
d
i
cating
th
e
p
o
t
en
tiality fo
r on
-lin
e m
o
n
ito
ri
n
g
in
no
n-
pertu
r
b
e
d
b
i
oreacto
r
s. Th
e
p
r
o
s
pects fo
r electron
ic
nos
e/bioreactor m
e
rging are
valua
b
le for whateve
r
the ba
cterial strain or consortiu
m
used in term
s of scent
m
a
rkers
t
o
m
oni
t
o
r
bi
ochem
i
cal
pr
ocesses
.
[
32]
4.
ENVIRONMENTAL & PO
LLUTION CONTROL
4.
1. Wa
ter De
vel
o
p
ment
s
an
d
L
i
mi
ta
ti
on
s
P. H
o
gbe
n et
al
(2
00
4)
di
sc
usse
d t
h
at
l
a
b
o
rat
o
ry
an
d
fi
el
d-
based c
o
nt
i
n
u
o
u
s
wat
e
r
m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
sho
w
e
d
t
h
at
i
n
t
r
o
duce
d
pol
l
u
t
a
nt
s suc
h
as
2
-
chl
o
r
o
p
h
e
nol
and
ge
osm
i
n coul
d
be det
ect
ed
by
a sens
o
r
array
,
h
o
wev
e
r th
e
detectio
n
li
m
i
ts
were sign
ifican
t h
i
gh
er
th
an
th
e o
dou
r thresh
o
l
d
con
c
en
tratio
n
s
(OTC) fo
r th
e
respect
i
v
e c
o
m
p
o
u
nds
. T
h
e c
o
n
d
i
t
i
oni
ng
o
f
t
h
e m
oni
t
o
ri
ng syste
m
in a te
m
p
erature cont
rolled e
n
vironmen
t
for on-line hea
d
space generat
i
on and transfe
r
reduce
d the
im
pact of envi
ronm
ental fluctuations on the
sens
or
resp
o
n
se
pr
ofi
l
es. At
prese
n
t
,
a sen
s
o
r
a
r
ray
base
d m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
sy
st
em
coul
d be
a
ppl
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
a
ke
pr
ot
ect
i
o
n
o
f
t
a
st
e an
d
od
o
u
r c
a
usi
n
g c
o
m
pou
nds
i
n
wat
e
r
s
u
ppl
i
e
s
wi
t
h
a
m
i
nim
u
m
OTC
o
f
10
p
p
m
[33]
.
4.
2.
M
o
ni
t
o
ri
n
g
of
Ai
r
Qu
al
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e In
ter
n
ati
o
n
a
l
Sp
ac
e St
ati
o
n
E. Martinelli et al (
2007) illustrated the
perf
orm
a
nce of an electroni
c
nose in ground and space
b
a
sed
exp
e
ri
men
t
s. In
g
r
o
und
exp
e
rimen
t
s th
e in
st
ru
m
e
n
t
d
e
m
o
nstrated
its abilit
y to
cap
ture th
e
malfunctioning of
biofilters
for a
n
im
al
cages and
bior
eact
ors c
h
em
icals
rem
oval. Spac
e expe
rim
e
nts
showe
d
th
at th
e m
a
in
fu
n
c
tion
a
lities o
f
t
h
e i
n
stru
men
t
s are pres
erv
e
d at m
i
cro
g
r
av
ity co
nd
itions and
ev
en
tu
ally, th
at
the electronic
nose technology is sufficient
l
y
m
a
ture for space applications [34].
4.3. De
terminati
on of
C1–C3 Ali
phatic Nitrohydro
c
a
rbons in Air
A
.
V
.
K
a
lach
et al(
2
008
)
studied
th
e
r
e
spon
ses o
f
a sen
s
or
syste
m
to
m
o
d
e
l g
a
s so
lu
tions con
t
ain
i
ng
al
i
phat
i
c
ni
t
r
oh
y
d
r
o
car
bo
ns
o
v
er
a wi
de c
o
n
cent
r
at
i
o
n r
a
n
g
e
(0
.
0
0
5
–
0
.
0
7
5
g/
m
3
). The
m
a
xim
u
m
per
m
i
ssi
bl
e
co
n
c
en
tr
ation
s
of
n
itr
oh
ydrocar
bon
s i
n
w
o
rk
p
l
ace air
(
~
0.
0
3
g
/
m
3
)
fall in
t
h
is rang
e. Th
e aim
o
f
t
h
is
work
was to
d
e
v
e
l
o
p a
m
u
ltisen
so
ry
electro
n
i
c
n
o
s
e-typ
e
system
as a set o
f
p
i
ezo
reson
a
n
ce senso
r
s
fo
r th
e separat
e
det
e
rm
i
n
at
i
on
of
C
1
–C
3
al
i
p
hat
i
c
ni
t
r
ohy
dr
ocar
b
ons
i
n
ai
r
[
35]
.
4.
4. De
tecti
o
n of
E
n
vi
r
o
nme
n
tal
Pol
l
u
ta
nt
s
Hyuntae Kim
et al(2011) de
veloped an int
e
grate
d
c
h
em
ical sens
or a
rra
y syste
m
for
detection and
id
en
tificatio
n
of env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal p
o
llu
tan
t
s i
n
d
i
esel and
g
a
so
lin
e exh
a
u
s
t fu
m
e
s. Th
e syste
m
co
n
s
ists of
a lo
w
n
o
i
se
f
l
oo
r analo
g
f
r
on
t-
end (
A
FE) fo
llow
e
d b
y
a si
gn
al pr
o
c
essing stag
e.
I
n
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r, w
e
p
r
esen
t
t
echni
q
u
es t
o
det
ect
, di
gi
t
i
ze, de
noi
se a
n
d c
l
assi
fy
a
certain set of a
n
alytes. Th
e pr
opo
sed
AFE
r
ead
s
o
u
t
the
out
put
of ei
g
h
t
con
d
u
ct
om
et
ric sens
ors a
nd
ei
ght
am
perom
e
t
r
i
c
el
ect
roch
em
i
cal
sensors
and ac
hi
eves
91
d
B
SNR
at
23
.4 m
W
q
u
i
e
scent
p
o
we
r co
ns
um
pt
i
on f
o
r al
l
cha
nnel
s
. They
de
m
onst
r
at
e si
gn
al
denoi
si
ng
us
i
ng a
di
scret
e
wa
vel
e
t
t
r
ansf
orm
based t
ech
ni
q
u
e
.
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
eat
ures a
r
e ext
r
act
ed f
r
o
m
senso
r
dat
a
, an
d
pat
t
e
rn
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on
m
e
t
hods
are
us
ed t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e a
n
al
y
t
es. Se
veral
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
pat
t
e
rn
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on al
go
ri
t
h
m
s
are
use
d
for a
n
alyte detection a
n
d the c
o
m
p
arative
results a
r
e
presente
d
[36]
.
4.
5. L
i
vest
ock
Farm
Leilei Pan, Sim
on X. Yang
(2007) success
f
ully de
vel
ope
d a portable elect
ronic nose
with 14 ga
s
sens
ors
,
a
h
u
m
i
di
t
y
senso
r
a
n
d a t
e
m
p
erat
u
r
e sens
or
es
pecially for
objecti
v
e m
eas
urem
e
n
t of livest
o
ck farm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Mo
dern
A
ppl
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
of
El
ect
roni
c
N
o
se
: A
Revi
ew
(
H
asi
n
Al
am)
61
od
o
u
rs
. Ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
s were co
nd
uct
e
d i
n
fi
el
d d
o
w
n
wi
n
d
f
r
o
m
14 l
i
v
est
o
c
k
an
d p
o
u
l
t
r
y
farm
s. Expe
ri
m
e
nt
al
r
e
su
lts d
e
m
o
nstr
ate th
at “O
d
our
Exp
e
r
t
” is a u
s
efu
l
to
o
l
in
su
ppo
r
ting liv
esto
ck
and p
o
u
ltr
y f
a
r
m
o
dour
m
a
nagem
e
nt
, whi
c
h g
r
eat
l
y
im
pro
v
es t
h
e e
ffi
ci
ency
o
f
l
i
v
est
o
c
k
fa
rm
od
o
u
r m
a
nage
m
e
nt
and t
h
us
bene
fi
t
livestock indus
t
ry. The elect
ronic nose is c
a
pable of producing accura
te output with
great
er consiste
ncy in
odourm
easure
m
ent. It is easier and ch
ea
pe
r
t
o
o
p
erat
e t
h
a
n
usi
ng
ol
fact
o
m
et
ry
or h
u
m
a
n pa
nel
.
T
h
u
s
i
t
has
g
ood
co
mmercial p
o
t
en
tiall
[3
7]
.
Lei
l
e
i
Pan a
n
d
Si
m
on X.
Ya
ng
(
2
0
0
9
)
al
so
de
vel
o
ped
an
el
ect
ro
ni
c n
o
s
e
(e-
n
ose)
-
b
as
ed
net
w
o
r
k
syste
m
fo
r m
o
n
ito
ri
n
g
od
ors
in
and
aroun
d
liv
esto
ck
farm
s rem
o
tely. Th
is n
e
two
r
k
is
bu
ilt fro
m
co
m
p
act e-
n
o
s
es th
at are tailo
red
to
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
o
dor co
mp
oun
d
s
an
d
env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal co
n
d
ition
s
su
ch
as te
m
p
eratu
r
e,
wind
spee
d, and
humidity. The e-nos
es are
placed at vari
ous applicable locat
ions
in a
n
d around the
farm
, and t
h
e
co
llected
od
or d
a
ta are tran
smit
ted
v
i
a wireless n
e
two
r
k
t
o
a com
put
er
serve
r
,
whe
r
e
t
h
e dat
a
p
r
oc
essi
ng
al
go
ri
t
h
m
s
pro
cess and a
n
al
y
ze t
h
e dat
a
. Th
e devel
o
pe
d e-
nos
e net
w
or
k s
y
st
em
enabl
e
s
m
o
re effect
i
v
e od
or
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
a
p
a
b
ilities fo
r
m
o
re efficient o
p
e
ration
of o
d
o
r
con
t
ro
l
p
r
actice b
y
p
r
ov
id
ing
consisten
t
,
co
m
p
reh
e
n
s
iv
e, real-tim
e
d
a
ta ab
ou
t th
e env
i
ro
n
m
en
t an
d o
d
o
r
p
r
o
f
ile in
and
aro
und
th
e liv
esto
ck
farm
s.
Ex
peri
m
e
nt
al
and
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on r
e
sul
t
s
dem
onst
r
at
e t
h
e e
ffect
i
v
ene
ss
of
t
h
e
d
e
vel
o
ped
sy
st
em
[39]
.
4.6. De
tective
Services
C. Hädrich et al (2009) disc
usse
d the use
of tr
ac
ker dogs is the
m
a
in
m
e
thod of finding hidde
n
bo
di
es, a
n
d i
n
t
h
ei
r searc
h
t
h
e
do
gs
use t
y
pi
c
a
l
scent
pat
t
e
r
n
s. “El
ect
ro
ni
c
nos
es” can
al
so be
use
d
t
o
fi
nd a
n
d
com
p
are suc
h
patterns.
Hi
ghly se
nsitive
scent
detector
s ha
ve
bee
n
successfully
applied,
e.g. in the
ex
am
in
atio
n
of food
stuffs, in
env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal tests an
d
in
m
a
terial rese
arch. This
study exam
ined whet
he
r
electro
n
i
c sen
s
o
r
s can
b
e
used
to
find
bod
ies un
d
e
r
ou
tdoo
r con
d
ition
s
.
Th
e carcasses
o
f
t
w
o
con
e
ys were
bu
ri
ed i
n
s
o
i
l
at
di
ffere
nt
de
pt
hs. O
v
e
r
a peri
od
of
4 we
e
k
s,
reg
u
lar m
easur
em
ents were taken
fr
om
the b
u
rie
d
carcasses
and
fro
m
th
e con
t
rol
m
a
terial. In
ad
d
ition
,
a “fi
n
g
e
rp
ri
n
t
”
o
f
t
h
e scen
t
p
a
tterns was tak
e
n
,
an
d g
a
s
ch
ro
m
a
to
g
r
aphy–
m
a
ss sp
ectro
m
e
tr
y an
alyses w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
med
.
O
u
r
f
i
nd
in
g
s
ind
i
cate that it
m
a
y b
e
po
ssib
l
e
and via
b
le to c
onst
r
uct a
n
“el
ectronic body-t
r
acki
n
g dog”
[
41]
.
5
.
FUT
URE
DEVELOPME
N
TS
Th
ere
are n
u
m
erou
s po
ten
tial
app
li
cations
of electronic
noses from
th
e
pr
odu
ct and pr
ocess co
n
t
ro
l
to
th
e env
i
r
onmen
tal
m
o
n
itor
i
ng
of
po
llu
tan
t
s and
d
i
agnosis o
f
m
e
d
i
cal
co
m
p
lain
ts. Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
is r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
th
e d
e
v
e
lop
m
e
n
ts o
f
app
licatio
n-sp
eci
fic electronic nose technology that
is electronic nos
es that ha
ve been
desi
g
n
e
d
fo
r a
part
i
c
ul
ar a
p
p
l
i
cat
i
on. Thi
s
usu
a
l
l
y
i
nvol
v
e
s t
h
e sel
ect
i
on o
f
t
h
e ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e act
i
v
e m
a
t
e
ri
al
,
sen
s
o
r
typ
e
an
d p
a
ttern
reco
gn
itio
n scheme. Th
e
work h
a
s led
to
sev
e
ral co
mm
er
cial in
stru
m
e
n
t
s, on
e
em
pl
oy
i
ng c
o
m
m
e
rci
a
l
t
i
n
o
x
i
d
e se
ns
ors
(F
ox
2
0
0
0
,
Al
ph
a M
O
S,
Fra
n
ce
) an
d a
not
her e
m
pl
oy
i
ng co
nd
uct
i
n
g
pol
y
m
er senso
r
s (N
OS
E, Ne
ot
r
oni
cs Lt
d
,
UK
). F
u
t
u
re d
e
vel
o
pm
ent
s
i
n
t
h
e use of
hy
b
r
i
d
m
i
crosenso
r array
s
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e artificial n
e
ural n
e
tw
ork
i
n
g
techn
i
ques will lead
t
o
sup
e
ri
o
r
electron
ic
nos
es.T
he m
a
jor areas
of
rese
arch be
i
n
g carried out in this
field are:
1.
Im
p
r
o
v
e
d
sen
s
i
tiv
ity fo
r
u
s
e with
water qu
ality an
d sen
s
itiv
e micro
o
rg
an
ism
d
e
tectio
n
app
licatio
n
s
.
2.
Id
en
tificatio
n of m
i
cro
o
r
g
a
n
i
sm
s to
th
e strain le
v
e
l in
a
n
u
m
b
e
r of m
a
trices, in
clud
ing
fo
od
.
3.
Im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
th
e E-No
se fo
r lo
we
r lev
e
ls of
o
r
g
a
n
i
sm
s o
r
sm
a
ller sa
m
p
les.
4.
Ide
n
t
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
fect
i
o
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
u
berc
ul
os
i
s
i
n
no
ni
n
v
asi
v
e s
p
eci
m
e
ns (
s
put
um
, breat
h
)
.
5.
Devel
opm
ent
o
f
se
nso
r
s
sui
t
a
bl
e f
o
r
el
ect
ro
n
i
c no
se
use, a
n
d e
v
al
uat
i
o
n
of
u
n
ex
pl
oi
t
e
d se
nso
r
s.
6.
6. CO
N
C
L
U
S
I
ON
W
i
t
h
a
v
a
st amo
u
n
t
of literature now av
ailable to
d
e
m
o
n
s
trate th
e th
eoretical an
d
p
r
actical feasib
ility
o
f
u
s
ing
electro
n
i
c n
o
s
es
in
man
y
d
i
v
e
rse
ap
p
lication
s
,
th
e trick
no
w
will b
e
to
go
th
e ex
tra d
i
stan
ce to
b
e
g
i
n
to
fin
e
-tun
e these tech
no
log
i
es for m
a
n
y
p
r
actical a
n
d
specific ap
p
licatio
n
s
. Th
is
will requ
ire co
op
erativ
e
effo
rts and
info
rm
ativ
e ex
chan
g
e
s b
e
tween research
ers
and
practitio
n
e
rs. On
ce th
ese
d
i
fficu
lties an
d
log
i
stics
are res
o
l
v
ed
, e
l
ect
roni
c
-
n
o
se
devi
ces
sh
o
u
l
d
be ca
pa
bl
e o
f
sol
v
i
n
g
m
a
ny pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
and
ser
v
i
n
g m
a
ny
of
t
h
e
fut
u
re
nee
d
s
of
t
h
e i
n
d
u
st
ri
es t
h
at
ha
ve y
e
t
t
o
be
di
sco
v
ere
d
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Barbara Siegm
u
nd, Werner Pfannhauser “Changes of the
volatile fraction of cooked chick
e
n m
eat during chi
ll
storing: results obtain
e
d b
y
the
electronic nose in co
mparison to GC-MS and GC ol
factom
etr
y
”
S
p
ringer-Verla
g
1999 Z
Leb
e
nsmUntersForsch A (1999) 208 :336
–341
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