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1.
I
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O
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p
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s
itiv
e
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n
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t [
1
]
.
Hig
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(
HV)
p
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.
Sin
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ated
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n
s
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s
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in
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[
2
]
.
Mo
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m
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o
f
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in
es.
Ho
w
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th
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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P
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C
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s
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[
3
]
.
T
h
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p
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w
o
f
g
las
s
an
d
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
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lato
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s
is
d
ep
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in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
o
th
in
s
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lato
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s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
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d
f
o
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v
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tu
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an
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ap
p
licatio
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ca
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b
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co
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s
id
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as
a
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ch
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T
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e
r
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m
ater
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o
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cl
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[
4
]
.
T
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i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
s
tr
en
g
th
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
g
la
s
s
s
h
ell
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
H
V
in
s
u
lato
r
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
h
ig
h
s
tr
en
g
th
elec
tr
ica
l
g
r
ad
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
f
o
r
li
n
e
i
n
s
u
l
ato
r
s
is
u
s
u
all
y
m
a
d
e
b
y
t
h
e
class
ical
w
et
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
R
a
w
m
ater
ials
li
k
e
cla
y
ar
e
m
i
x
ed
in
w
ater
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
b
len
d
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ev
e
n
a
s
m
all
cr
ac
k
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
m
a
y
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
u
n
ctu
r
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
[
5
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
(
a)
g
la
s
s
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
(
b
)
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
in
s
u
lato
r
s
li
k
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
,
g
la
s
s
an
d
p
o
l
y
m
er
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ei
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
r
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
s
u
lato
r
s
f
ai
l
u
r
e.
T
h
e
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
a
n
d
e
x
ter
n
a
l
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
la
tio
n
f
ai
lu
r
es
in
cl
u
d
es
r
ad
ial
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
,
p
i
n
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
b
r
ittl
e
f
r
ac
tu
r
e,
d
a
m
ag
e
to
b
u
l
k
d
iel
ec
tr
ic
an
d
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
s
h
atte
r
in
g
[
6
]
.
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
in
s
u
lato
r
s
p
ar
tic
u
lar
l
y
p
o
r
ce
lain
ar
e
s
u
b
j
e
cts
to
ele
ctr
ic
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
ten
d
s
to
b
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
u
e
to
u
n
eq
u
al
r
ate
o
f
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
o
r
ce
lain
,
s
tee
l
an
d
ce
m
e
n
t
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
cli
m
at
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
i
m
p
r
o
p
er
g
laz
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
al
s
o
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
to
s
tick
o
n
it
w
it
h
th
e
d
ep
o
s
ited
d
u
s
t;
h
en
ce
a
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
ath
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
lead
to
t
h
e
f
las
h
o
v
er
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
.
T
h
e
f
las
h
o
v
er
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
o
v
er
h
e
at
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
la
to
r
an
d
m
a
y
r
e
s
u
lt
i
n
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
h
atter
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
esid
es,
it
is
ac
ce
p
ted
th
at
th
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
m
a
y
b
r
ea
k
t
h
e
w
ea
k
p
o
r
tio
n
w
h
en
e
x
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
a
m
ec
h
an
ica
l stre
s
s
[
7
].
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
er
s
tr
es
s
o
r
o
v
er
-
v
o
lta
g
e,
g
las
s
i
n
s
u
la
to
r
s
in
a
s
tr
in
g
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
in
c
o
m
p
lete
l
y
b
r
o
k
en
s
h
ed
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
o
n
l
y
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
k
en
i
n
c
h
u
n
k
a
n
d
lea
v
es
a
lar
g
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
p
iece
s
o
f
t
h
eir
s
h
ed
u
n
d
er
s
a
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
i
s
w
o
r
t
h
m
en
tio
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
s
till
ca
n
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
e
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
in
b
r
o
k
en
o
r
p
ar
tiall
y
b
r
o
k
en
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
h
o
w
lo
n
g
t
h
ese
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
ca
n
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
to
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
li
n
e
is
s
till
q
u
esti
o
n
ed
s
i
n
ce
th
e
b
r
o
k
en
in
s
u
la
to
r
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
o
th
er
in
s
u
lato
r
to
w
it
h
s
tan
d
t
h
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
allo
ca
ted
f
o
r
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
s
u
lato
r
.
T
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
m
a
y
r
es
u
lts
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
alter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
alter
atio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
f
iel
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
li
f
e
s
p
an
an
d
u
lti
m
atel
y
lead
to
th
e
in
s
u
lat
io
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
a
f
ter
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
2.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
WO
RK
S
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
ca
p
an
d
p
in
ty
p
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
o
f
A
NSI
5
2
-
3
ty
p
e
is
u
s
ed
as
m
ai
n
s
u
b
j
ec
t
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
lato
r
is
m
in
ia
tu
r
e
i
n
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
u
s
in
g
Q
u
ic
k
Fie
ld
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
ec
h
n
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
[
9
]
is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
1
w
h
ile
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
ar
ea
o
f
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
in
AC
an
al
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
t
y
p
e
w
i
t
h
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
1
k
V
an
d
1
3
2
k
V
w
as
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
p
in
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
in
s
u
lato
r
s
tr
i
n
g
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
x
is
y
m
m
etr
ic
ax
is
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
o
n
l
y
a
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
ar
ea
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
w
o
r
k
s
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
o
k
en
t
y
p
es,
th
r
ee
d
i
s
ti
n
ct
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
n
a
m
el
y
;
1.
C
ase
A
1
: B
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
w
ith
b
r
o
k
e
n
s
h
ed
1
.
2.
C
ase
A
2
: B
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
w
ith
b
r
o
k
e
n
s
h
ed
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
1
4
–
3
1
2
3
3116
3.
C
ase
A
3
: B
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
w
ith
b
r
o
k
e
n
s
h
ed
3
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
s
h
ed
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
as
i
n
d
icate
d
in
b
lac
k
cir
cle
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
As cle
ar
l
y
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
es
h
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
at
th
e
b
r
o
k
e
n
p
ar
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
e
in
s
u
lato
r
p
in
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
[
1
0
]
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
e
r
mi
t
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
ε (
Ω
•
m
)
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
σ (S
/
m)
C
e
me
n
t
2
0
P
o
r
c
e
l
a
i
n
6
.
0
1
.
0
-
10
A
i
r
1
3
×
1
0
−
15
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
ar
ea
o
f
a
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
[
1
0
]
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
in
s
u
lato
r
f
o
r
(
a)
P
er
f
ec
t,
(
b
)
C
ase
A
1
,
(
c)
C
ase
A
2
,
(
d
)
C
ase
A
3
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
A
ll
r
es
u
lt
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
w
as
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
co
n
to
u
r
p
lo
t
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
alo
n
g
t
h
e
in
s
u
lato
r
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
m
ain
l
y
co
n
ce
r
n
o
n
s
i
n
g
le
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
its
e
f
f
e
cts o
n
an
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
tr
i
n
g
.
3
.
1
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Dis
t
ributio
n o
f
Sin
g
le
P
o
rc
ela
in I
ns
ula
t
o
r
A
ll
r
es
u
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icted
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g
[
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Fig
u
r
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4
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Fig
u
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atter
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r
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ed
4
.
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w
e
v
er
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
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N:
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8
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u
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ill
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ates
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h
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in
d
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af
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ir
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[
1
2
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Gen
er
all
y
,
th
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ten
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ial
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atter
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e
A
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te
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a
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cti
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t
h
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h
ig
h
e
s
t
w
h
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n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
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t c
ase.
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ab
le
2
s
h
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w
s
t
h
e
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ax
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
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e
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e
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o
f
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.
Fro
m
th
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tab
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ata
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T
a
b
le
2
,
it
c
an
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e
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aid
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at
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ax
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m
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m
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ctio
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r
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A
3
w
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t
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ll
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s
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en
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T
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o
r
e,
it
ca
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b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
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th
at
t
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e
n
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er
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e
b
r
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k
en
o
f
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o
f
an
i
n
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lato
r
to
th
e
HV
elec
tr
o
d
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
ten
tial v
al
u
e
w
ill b
e
f
lu
ct
u
at
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
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f
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l d
is
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l
ato
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o
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a)
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er
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b
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ase
A1
; (
c)
C
ase
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2
;
an
d
(
d
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C
ase
A
3
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
o
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is
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ib
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f
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r
all
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es o
f
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r
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en
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ce
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r
s
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m
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e
p
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in
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ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
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ig
h
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t a
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t v
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8
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
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6
,
Dec
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b
er
2
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–
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3118
3
.
2
.
E
lect
ric
F
ield Di
s
t
ributio
n o
f
Sin
g
le
P
o
rc
ela
in I
ns
u
la
t
o
r
B
ased
o
n
R
.
Kr
is
h
n
a
n
s
t
u
d
y
,
i
t
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
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n
th
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t
h
e
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n
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u
lato
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d
o
n
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n
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u
ct
a
n
y
c
u
r
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en
t
f
r
o
m
th
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r
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en
t
d
en
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it
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p
r
o
f
ile
t
h
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u
g
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i
n
s
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lato
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
is
p
ap
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,
th
e
m
a
x
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m
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m
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
ac
r
o
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s
th
e
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
o
f
ea
c
h
in
s
u
lato
r
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s
ta
k
en
b
y
p
laci
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
to
u
r
li
n
e
o
n
it.
F
ig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
lo
u
r
p
atter
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
le
p
er
f
ec
t
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
an
d
all
ca
s
es
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
co
n
to
u
r
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t
in
s
u
lato
r
h
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
ar
r
o
w
ed
eq
u
ip
o
te
n
tial
lin
e
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
n
ea
r
est
to
s
teel
p
in
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
o
ten
tial
li
n
e
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
h
ed
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
is
b
r
o
k
en
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
to
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
w
h
ic
h
is
s
i
m
i
lar
to
th
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
in
[
1
4
].
Fig
u
r
e
7
i
llu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
o
f
e
lectr
ical
f
ield
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
la
to
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
all
ca
s
es
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
f
o
r
p
er
f
ec
t
an
d
all
b
r
o
k
en
ca
s
es
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
p
r
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ts
t
h
e
s
i
m
ila
r
p
atter
n
alo
n
g
th
e
cr
ee
p
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
s
li
g
h
t d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
iled
s
tr
en
g
t
h
v
alu
e
at
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ec
o
m
e
al
m
o
s
t c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
co
n
to
u
r
a
cr
o
s
s
in
s
u
lato
r
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
f
ast
d
ev
elo
p
at
th
e
e
n
d
f
o
r
p
er
f
ec
t
in
s
u
lato
r
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
il
y
f
o
r
all
b
r
o
k
en
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
tr
e
n
g
th
is
m
u
c
h
h
i
g
h
er
at
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
lo
w
er
at
th
e
en
d
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
er
f
ec
t i
n
s
u
lato
r
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
to
u
r
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
s
i
n
g
le
i
n
s
u
lato
r
f
o
r
(
a)
P
er
f
ec
t; (
b
)
C
a
s
e
A
1
; (
c)
C
ase
A
2
; (
d
)
an
d
C
ase
A
3
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
lectr
ical
f
ield
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
all
ca
s
e
s
o
f
b
r
o
k
en
p
o
r
ce
lain
in
s
u
lato
r
s
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
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Dif
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ig
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e
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1
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n
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3
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Vo
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Dis
t
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in I
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atter
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icate
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h
e
d
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s
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tial
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s
s
ea
ch
i
n
s
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lato
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i
n
th
e
s
tr
i
n
g
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
a
n
al
y
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
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en
C
ase
A
3
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e
an
d
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ic
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tics
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E
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ass
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h
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in
T
ab
le
4
f
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ch
ca
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C
ase
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3
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T
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Fig
u
r
e
8
,
it
ca
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p
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s
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atter
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w
ith
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k
en
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p
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ased
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m
l
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d
is
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ted
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ir
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at
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HV
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(
n
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t p
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n
d
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e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
1
0
u
n
its
o
f
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
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s
u
la
to
r
in
a
s
tr
i
n
g
.
I
t
is
o
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v
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f
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u
r
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f
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ec
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w
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en
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r
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k
en
i
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ex
i
s
ts
in
th
e
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in
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.
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h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
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ted
b
y
Xi
u
-
ch
e
n
[
1
6
]
w
h
ich
co
n
c
lu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
in
s
u
lato
r
s
n
ea
r
t
h
e
ea
r
th
ar
e
s
en
s
itiv
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to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
-
ch
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
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n
ea
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e
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w
er
l
in
e,
b
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t
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s
e
n
s
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v
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to
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o
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tier
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B
y
th
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an
al
y
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is
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b
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co
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u
d
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at
t
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e
n
s
i
tiv
it
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m
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a
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w
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(
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)
.
A
cc
o
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A
zo
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d
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a
n
et
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.
[1
7
]
,
th
e
elec
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o
m
ag
n
etic
r
ad
i
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
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e
e
n
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o
f
p
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c
y
cle
f
o
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cr
ac
k
ed
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s
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la
to
r
w
h
ile
t
h
e
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o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
r
ad
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s
ar
e
s
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o
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er
at
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d
o
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n
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ati
v
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c
y
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le
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o
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p
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ted
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e
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er
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m
t
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p
r
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t f
i
n
d
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g
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
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tial d
is
tr
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u
tio
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d
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r
ea
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es a
lo
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d
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k
s
o
n
th
e
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ed
.
B
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at,
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h
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g
t
h
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ed
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u
s
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g
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5
0
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V
w
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r
ec
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r
d
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1
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s
e
s
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it
h
3
5
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0
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ed
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la
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ca
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b
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ca
lcu
late
d
f
r
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m
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
is
th
e
n
d
r
a
m
atica
ll
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
o
r
all
th
e
ca
s
e
s
.
I
t c
a
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
ea
r
b
y
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
s
u
lato
r
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
tr
an
s
f
er
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ed
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
s
u
l
ato
r
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
ab
le
5
ta
b
u
lates
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
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o
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in
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it
h
1
0
u
n
it
s
o
f
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
i
n
all
ca
s
es.
I
t
is
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
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I
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u
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lect
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ield Di
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u
r
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1
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s
h
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ield
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is
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ield
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u
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1
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0
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m
Fi
g
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1
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ase
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cc
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[
1
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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N:
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.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
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1
0
.
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lectr
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ield
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o
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o
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a)
P
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(
b
)
B
1
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c)
B
2
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tr
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(
d
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3
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4
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Fig
u
r
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1
1
.
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lectr
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ield
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n
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tr
in
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T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
h
ig
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t a
n
d
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t v
al
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ield
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S
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4
.
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
1
4
–
3
1
2
3
3122
T
ab
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6
s
h
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elec
tr
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f
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v
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all
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o
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ith
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n
d
w
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o
u
t
b
r
o
k
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r
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lain
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.
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r
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l
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s
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o
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ig
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t
v
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ir
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in
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a
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3
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ased
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
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ic
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s
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n
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i
n
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e
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4
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ab
le
6
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
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h
is
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ap
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t
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ed
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ter
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s
o
f
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o
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ical
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ar
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ter
is
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lt
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r
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o
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o
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i
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g
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.
1.
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h
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s
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s
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r
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e.
2.
I
n
HV
s
tr
i
n
g
i
n
s
u
lato
r
w
it
h
1
0
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n
it
s
o
f
p
o
r
ce
lain
i
n
s
u
lato
r
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
e
x
p
er
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ce
d
th
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m
o
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t
d
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m
in
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ti
v
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v
al
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w
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en
t
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b
r
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k
en
p
o
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ce
lain
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lato
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e
r
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lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
s
tr
in
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n
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th
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r
o
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d
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
v
er
ag
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w
e
r
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th
e
least
w
h
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th
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b
r
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k
en
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n
d
p
er
f
ec
t
in
s
u
lato
r
w
er
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
alter
n
atel
y
i
n
th
e
s
tr
i
n
g
.
3.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
i
n
v
est
ig
atio
n
o
f
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
a
h
u
lk
in
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
w
h
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n
th
e
b
r
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k
en
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n
s
u
la
to
r
w
a
s
ascer
tain
n
ea
r
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
h
en
a
s
s
i
m
ilated
to
t
h
e
s
tr
i
n
g
i
n
s
u
lato
r
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
b
r
o
k
e
n
in
s
u
lato
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
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NT
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T
h
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au
th
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s
ex
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ir
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to
Un
iv
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iti
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s
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la
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(
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HM
)
f
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eq
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ip
m
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t
s
u
p
p
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ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
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S
[1
]
M
a
so
u
d
F
,
S
h
a
h
a
b
F
,
a
n
d
W
il
li
a
m
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
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sig
n
o
f
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rh
e
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d
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r
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
L
in
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s
:
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c
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ra
w
-
Hill
P
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
S
im
s
S
,
“
Hig
h
-
v
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lt
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g
e
Ov
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d
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ra
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m
issio
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n
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s,”
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o
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rs,
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u
r
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in
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ra
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sm
.
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in
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m
p
a
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ts
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ro
p
.
V
a
lu
e
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
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3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
G
e
n
c
o
g
lu
M
.
T
,
“
T
h
e
Co
m
p
a
ris
o
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o
f
Ce
ra
m
ic
a
n
d
No
n
-
Ce
ra
m
ic
In
su
lat
o
rs,”
E
-
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ne
w
W
o
rld
S
c
ien
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e
s
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,
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,
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o
4
,
pp
.
2
7
4
–
2
9
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
“
A
Re
v
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e
w
o
f
In
su
lato
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il
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r
e
M
o
d
e
s.”
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
in
m
r.
c
o
m
/re
v
ie
w
-
in
su
lato
r
-
f
a
il
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re
-
m
o
d
e
s/.
[5
]
G
e
o
rg
e
J
,
P
ra
t
S
,
T
a
rti
e
r
S
,
a
n
d
L
o
d
i
Z
,
"
El
e
c
trica
l
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
isti
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s
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p
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stu
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(
d
a
ma
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t
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g
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n
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g
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i
n
su
l
a
to
r),
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i
n
1
8
t
h
In
t.
S
y
m
p
.
Hig
h
V
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l
tag
e
In
su
lato
r
S
e
o
u
l
,
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re
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
M
u
n
z
D
a
n
d
F
e
tt
T
,
“
Ce
ra
m
ics
:
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
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p
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s,
f
a
il
u
re
b
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r,
m
a
teria
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s
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ti
o
n
,
”
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p
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g
e
r
S
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ien
c
e
&
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
M
a
th
is
H.
A
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
A
rti
c
le,”
S
h
o
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k
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b
.
Dig
.
,
v
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l.
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5
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
–
1
4
,
1
9
9
3
.
[8
]
“
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talo
g
No
.
8
2
5
5
,
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sp
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o
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n
su
lato
rs Ba
ll
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so
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m
m
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In
su
lato
rs Co
rp
.
,
Un
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tes
.
[9
]
“
Disc
in
su
lato
r
-
Qu
ick
F
ield
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EA
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o
f
tw
a
r
e
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
].
A
v
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il
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b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
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w
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q
u
ick
f
ield
.
c
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/
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v
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n
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n
su
lat
o
r.
h
tm
.
[
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
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to
b
e
r,
2
0
1
6
]
[1
0
]
Ra
h
im
n
e
jad
A
,
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sa
d
p
o
o
r
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.
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b
a
ri
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,
a
n
d
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irza
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M
,
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in
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El
e
m
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t
A
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sis
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In
su
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ro
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fe
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t
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tri
c
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ield
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ti
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o
v
e
r
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3
0
-
k
V
In
s
u
lato
r
S
t
rin
g
s
,
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Ira
n
i
a
n
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
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c
trica
l
&
El
e
c
tro
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ic E
n
g
i
n
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rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
3
.
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1
]
A
n
ju
m
S
,
"
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
De
f
e
c
ts
in
Ce
ra
m
ic
In
s
u
lato
rs
Ba
se
d
o
n
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d
io
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re
q
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e
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y
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ig
n
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tu
re
s,"
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S
p
a
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e
,
2
0
1
4
.
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2
]
S
h
in
o
h
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ra
A
.
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e
t
a
l,
"
De
fec
ts
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tec
ti
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n
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trica
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n
su
l
a
to
rs
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n
d
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re
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k
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fo
r h
i
g
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v
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w
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o
st
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te
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ra
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io
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ra
p
h
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sy
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ms
,
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te
rn
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ti
o
n
a
l
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y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Dig
it
a
l
in
d
u
strial
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d
io
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g
y
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n
d
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m
p
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ted
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o
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ra
p
h
y
.
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o
n
,
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ra
n
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e
.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
R.
Krish
n
a
n
,
S
.
S
a
m
a
n
ta,
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S
u
d
h
a
,
a
n
d
K.
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o
v
a
rd
h
a
n
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
F
ield
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
In
su
lato
rs,”
p
p
.
3
1
–
3
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
Ra
z
a
li
M
.
H,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
F
ield
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
Ou
td
o
o
r
I
n
su
lato
r
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
ize
d
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
M
a
s
ter
d
isse
rtatio
n
.
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
F
.
Ha
n
a
n
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
P
o
t
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n
ti
a
l
Distrib
u
t
io
n
o
f
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G
las
s
In
s
u
lato
rs
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tri
n
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w
it
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Di
ff
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re
n
t
Nu
m
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r
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Bro
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Un
it
s,”
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c
h
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r
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n
.
Un
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T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
X
u
e
L
.
L
a
n
d
C
h
e
n
J.
X
,
“
De
t
e
c
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
th
e
F
a
u
lt
y
P
o
rc
e
lain
In
su
lato
rs,”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
6
IA
S
M
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W
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E
A
S
In
tern
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ti
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l
C
o
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e
rg
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v
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m
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tal
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ste
m
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r
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,
p
p
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3
3
3
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2
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2
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0
6
.
[1
7
]
E.
A
z
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rd
e
g
a
n
,
B.
Ko
r
d
i,
a
n
d
D
.
R.
S
w
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tek
,
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d
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ted
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lo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Ho
n
s)
in
UT
HM,
J
o
h
o
r
(2
0
1
7
).
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
m
o
re
f
o
c
u
s
in
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
su
lati
o
n
f
ield
.
No
r
d
ia
n
a
A
z
li
n
O
th
m
a
n
wa
s b
o
rn
in
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
lay
sia
o
n
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
1
9
,
1
9
8
6
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Dip
lo
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
B.
E
n
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(U
T
M
)
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
i
n
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
0
.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
i
n
S
p
a
c
e
Ch
a
rg
e
Distirb
u
ti
o
n
a
t
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Hig
h
Vo
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
Hig
h
Cu
rre
n
t
(I
V
A
T
)
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
iag
n
o
stics
o
f
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
a
n
d
sp
a
c
e
c
h
a
rg
e
in
in
s
u
latio
n
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
.
No
r
A
k
m
a
l
M
o
h
d
J
a
m
a
il
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
o
f
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
i
n
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
sin
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
in
2
0
0
5
,
M
.
En
g
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
i
n
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
1
5
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
o
f
p
o
ly
m
e
r
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
site i
n
su
latio
n
f
o
r
HV
p
u
rp
o
se
,
d
iele
c
tri
c
s an
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
in
su
latio
n
.
S
h
e
is
re
g
istere
d
w
it
h
th
e
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
la
y
sia
(BEM
).
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
N
a
fis
Is
m
a
il
wa
s
b
o
rn
o
n
1
9
8
2
i
n
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
En
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
n
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(
UT
M
)
in
2
0
0
5
.
He
p
re
v
io
u
sly
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
a
t
BQE
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
2
0
0
5
to
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
a
s
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
In
stru
c
to
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
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