Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
5107
~
5114
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
6
.
pp5107
-
51
14
5107
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
The dir
ect p
ower contr
ol of th
ree
-
ph
ase
A
C
-
DC c
on
verter
un
der unbalanc
e volta
ge condi
tion
No
r
A
z
iz
ah
Yuso
ff
,
Az
z
iddi
n M.
Ra
z
ali
,
Ka
sr
ul A
bdul
Ka
ri
m
,
Auz
ani
J
idi
n
Facul
ti Kej
uru
teraa
n
Elektri
k
,
U
nive
rsiti T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
s
ia Mel
a
ka
(UTe
M)
,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
9
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
1
,
201
9
Accepte
d
J
ul
9
, 201
9
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
es
ent
s
the
int
egr
ated
appr
oa
ch
for
thre
e
-
ph
ase
P
W
M
AC
-
D
C
conve
rt
er
for
obta
ini
ng
th
e
s
y
m
m
et
ric
al
components
under
unbal
an
ced
suppl
y
condi
t
io
n.
In
the
ca
ses
of
unbalanc
ed
t
hre
e
-
phase
s
y
st
e
m
,
it
ca
uses
the
pre
sen
ce
of
unbal
an
ce
d
cur
r
ent
and
vol
t
age
s
thus
produc
e
t
he
nega
t
ive
components
on
the
grid
volt
ag
e.
Other
wise,
th
e
unbal
an
ce
voltage
in
a
thre
e
-
phase
power
sy
stem
ca
uses
s
eve
re
p
erf
orm
anc
e
degr
ada
t
ion
of
a
grid
conne
c
te
d
VS
I.
The
ref
or
e,
th
e
in
put
struct
ure
s
fo
r
conve
nti
on
al
d
ire
c
t
power
cont
rol
h
ave
be
e
n
m
odifi
ed
with
a
three
sim
ple
r
seque
nc
e
net
work
s
inste
ad
i
t
coupl
ed
b
y
a
d
et
a
il
ed
three
-
ph
ase
s
y
st
em
m
et
hod.
Thus,
th
e
imbala
nc
e
volt
ag
e
c
an
be
re
solved
b
y
sepa
r
a
ti
ng
from
the i
nd
ivi
dual e
l
ements
of
voltage
and
cur
ren
t
into
s
y
m
m
et
ric
al
compone
nts
ca
l
l
ed
as
a
seque
n
ce
net
work
.
Consequent
l
y
,
t
he
input
power
is
rel
at
iv
ely
i
m
prove
d
during
unbal
anced
condi
ti
on
al
m
ost
tha
n
70%.
It
prove
n
through
the
m
e
asure
m
ent
of
To
t
a
l
Harm
onic
Distorti
on
(THD)
fro
m
the
conve
nt
io
nal
dir
ec
t
pow
er
cont
rol
in
indi
vidua
l
el
em
ent
s
is
m
uch
h
i
gher
compar
ed
tha
n
i
t
r
esolve
d
in
sep
ara
t
e
components.
Th
ere
fore
,
thre
e
sy
m
m
et
r
ical
components
ar
e
ne
c
essar
y
fo
r
imbala
nc
e
suppl
y
condition
in
orde
r
to
obt
aining
the
good
qual
i
t
y
o
f
sinusoidal
gr
id
c
urre
nts.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Direct
power c
on
t
ro
l
Neg
at
ive
s
e
qu
e
nce
Po
sit
ive
s
e
que
nce
Total
h
a
rm
on
ic
d
ist
ort
ion
Unbalance
c
on
diti
on
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Azzid
din
Bi
n M
oh
am
ad
Ra
zal
i
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
En
gin
eer
ing
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
(UTe
M)
,
76100 D
ur
ia
n Tu
nggal, Mal
a
cca, Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
azzi
dd
in@
utem
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
al
m
os
t
ever
y
app
li
cat
ion
in
el
e
ct
ric
syst
e
m
th
at
need
s
t
he
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
is
necessary
especial
ly
in
dc
m
oto
r
cont
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
s
and
m
uch
m
o
re
[1
]
.
P
ower
conver
te
r
ac
ts
as
the
li
nk
or
the
trans
f
or
m
i
ng
sta
ge
betwe
en
the
powe
r
s
ource
a
nd
t
he
powe
r
sup
ply
ou
t
pu
t.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
based
on
[
2]
sta
te
d
that
a
conver
te
r
is
releva
nt
to
on
e
or
m
or
e
f
unct
ions
by
deli
ver
i
ng
ou
t
pu
t
diff
e
rs
w
hic
h
is
from
the
input.
It
is
us
e
d
to
inc
rea
se
or
decr
ea
se
the
m
agn
it
ude
of
in
put
volt
age,
in
ve
rt
pola
rity
,
or
to
produce
se
ver
a
l
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
s o
f
ei
ther
the sam
e
po
la
rity
with
the
input,
dif
fe
rent
po
la
rity
,
or
m
ixed
pola
riti
es su
c
h
in
the
co
m
pu
te
r
powe
r
sup
ply
un
it
.
Pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
powe
r
conve
rters
is
gr
eat
ly
de
pend
ent
on
the
qu
al
it
y
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
te
chn
iq
ues
t
hat
bein
g
ap
plied
t
o
the
co
nvert
ers.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
the
operati
ng
conditi
ons
af
fe
ct
ed
by
a
va
rie
ty
of
unbalance
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
s
uppl
y
or
oth
e
r
ki
nd
of
dist
urbance
at
gr
id
side.
T
he
m
os
t
us
ual
gr
i
d
fa
ults
are
unde
r
a
m
plit
ud
e
var
i
at
ion
w
hich
is
the
three
-
phas
e
vo
lt
age
diff
e
r
in
am
pl
i
tud
e
or
are
disp
la
ce
d
from
their
no
rm
al
120
o
ph
a
se
rel
at
ion
s
hip
or
bo
th.
I
ndirect
ly
,
it
i
m
plies
fo
r
t
he
ap
pear
a
nce
of
ne
gative
seq
ue
nce
in
volt
age
an
d
current
th
us
le
ads
to
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
of
syst
em
var
ia
ble.
Th
us
,
to
ac
hieve
a
lower
disturb
ances
an
d
en
ha
nce
d
powe
r
qual
it
y,
a
few
so
l
utio
ns
hav
e
be
en
a
ppro
ac
h
in
these
cases.
The
refo
re,
the
s
olu
ti
on
sh
ould
be
bas
ed
in
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
posit
ive
seq
ue
nce
power
to
obta
in
sym
m
e
tri
cal
ac
curre
nts.
The
re
ha
s
al
s
o
been
direct
powe
r
con
t
ro
l
(
DP
C)
ap
proac
hes
i
n
order
to
im
pro
ve
the
w
ho
le
perf
or
m
ance
in
c
ontr
oller
[
3
-
5].
In
this
pa
per,
DP
C
is
m
od
ifi
ed
to
m
anag
e
powe
r
fl
ow
du
rin
g
un
balance
d
vo
lt
age
sup
pl
y
so
that
sin
usoidal
balance
d
gr
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5107
-
5114
5108
currents
are ob
ta
ined.
W
it
h
th
is
new
strat
egy
,
DP
C
overc
om
es
the
pr
oble
m
s
relat
ed
t
o
gr
id
volt
age
im
b
al
ance
and can
acc
ompli
sh
ne
w
re
gu
la
ti
on
laws
.
2.
DIR
E
CT P
O
WER
CONT
ROL
The
di
rect
pow
er
co
ntr
ol
(D
P
C)
is
based
on
the
direct
tor
que
co
ntr
ol
co
nc
ept
in
el
ect
rical
m
achines.
The
inte
ntion
for
D
PC
is
to
con
t
ro
l
the
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
of
act
ive
an
d
r
eact
ive
powe
r
con
t
ro
l
lo
ops
[6
]
as
the
sam
e
directi
on
f
or
DTC
i
n
co
ntr
olli
ng
t
he
tor
que
a
nd
fl
ux
of
i
nductio
n
m
achines.
In
this
DP
C
sc
he
m
e
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1,
s
witc
hi
ng
ta
ble
play
s
a
m
ajo
r
pa
rt
[
7].
T
he
i
nput
to
the
swit
chin
g
ta
ble
w
il
l
be
the
insta
nta
neous
er
ror
of
the
act
ive
power,
reacti
ve
powe
r
an
d
the
vo
lt
a
ge
vect
or
posit
ion
.
T
his
s
witc
hing
ta
ble
ena
bles
t
he
c
onve
rter
t
o
sel
ect
the
a
ppropr
ia
te
of
swi
tc
hin
g
sta
te
s.
I
n
c
onve
ntional
DP
C,
a
t
otal
of
f
our
vo
lt
age
sens
or
s
are
use
d
t
o
m
easur
e
the
t
hr
ee
-
phase
ac
input
volt
age
and
dc
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
,
w
hil
e
three
current
se
nsors
are
use
d
t
o
m
easur
e
t
he
th
re
e
-
phase
i
nput
currents
[8
-
10
]
.
The
n,
t
he
m
e
asur
e
d
c
urre
nts
an
d
vo
lt
age
s
are
fe
d
int
o
tw
o
“
abc
-
αβ
”
blo
c
ks
wh
ic
h
util
iz
e
the
Cl
ar
ke
T
ra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
.
B
oth
bl
oc
ks
tra
ns
f
or
m
the thr
ee
-
phase
v
oltage a
nd curre
nt into
their
corres
pondin
g
α
β
-
ref
e
re
nce fr
a
m
e. Th
e trans
form
ation
m
at
r
ix t
o
the
sta
ti
on
ary
fr
am
e
is
util
ized
by
ref
e
rr
in
g
the
(1).
Th
e
three
-
ph
ase
i
nput
com
po
ne
nts
are
repre
sente
d
by
x
a
,
x
b
and
x
c
wh
il
e
x
α
an
d
x
β
ind
ic
at
e
two
-
phase
c
ompone
nts
in
αβ
-
ref
e
ren
ce
f
ram
e.
The
volt
age
an
d
current
in
αβ
-
r
efere
nce
f
ram
e
are
then
fe
d
into
a
no
t
her
blo
ck
t
o
obta
in
the
est
i
m
at
ed
i
ns
ta
nta
neous
a
ct
ive
powe
r
P
inst
,
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
w
er
Q
inst
,
a
s
in
di
cat
ed
in
(2)
a
nd
(
3),
resp
e
ct
iv
el
y.
The
n,
the
P
inst
and
Q
inst
a
re
fe
d
into
the
hyste
resis
c
om
par
at
or
to
obta
in
a
ct
ive
an
d
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
e
rror
s
w
hich
is
giv
e
n
by
d
P
a
nd
d
Q
resp
ect
ively
.
S
ub
s
eq
ue
ntly
,
t
he
an
gle
of
in
pu
t
volt
age
ve
ct
or
θ
n
,
is
deter
m
ined
by
the
vo
lt
age
vect
or
ang
le
conve
rter
blo
c
k.
T
he
i
nputs t
o
the
switc
hi
ng table are
θ
n
, d
P
an
d
d
Q
. A
t t
ha
t po
i
nt,
the
su
it
able switc
hi
ng
sta
te
s
of
t
he
co
nverte
r
will
be
ge
nerat
ed
by
the
swi
tc
hin
g
ta
ble
an
d
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
is
ke
pt
cl
os
e
to
t
he
re
fe
r
ence
DC volt
age
b
y
tun
in
g
t
he
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er a
ppr
opriat
el
y
[11,
12]
.
Figure
1. Co
ntr
ol str
uctu
re
of
direct
power c
on
t
ro
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e
direct
po
w
er co
ntro
l
of th
ree
-
ph
as
e AC
-
DC c
on
vert
er
u
nder
un
ba
l
ance volt
age
...
(
Nor Aziz
ah Y
usoff
)
5109
11
1
2
22
3
33
0
22
x
x
(1)
(2)
(3)
Develo
pm
ent
of swit
ching
ta
bl
e fo
r
DPC
In
DP
C,
t
he
di
giti
zed
sig
nal
θ
n
is
cal
culat
ed
f
ro
m
the
ph
ase
of
volt
age
vecto
r,
wh
ic
h
is
m
easur
ed
from
the thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
power s
ource
us
in
g
1
t
a
n
V
V
(4)
The
switc
hing
ta
ble
in
the
ci
rcu
it
si
m
ulati
on
is
create
d
us
i
ng
“M
at
la
b
F
unct
ion
”
blo
c
k
as
sh
ow
n
in
Table
1
.
The
powe
r
e
rrors
a
re
inputs
t
o
th
e
hy
ste
resis
com
par
at
ors
a
nd
di
gi
ti
zed
to
d
P
a
nd
d
Q
.
Fig
ur
e
2
sh
ows
the s
ect
or sele
c
ti
on
for direct
powe
r
c
on
tr
ol
.
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hing lo
ok
-
up ta
ble for
d
i
rect p
ow
e
r
c
ontrol
Po
wer
e
rr
o
r
statu
s
Secto
r
p
o
sitio
n
(
θ
n
)
an
d
co
n
v
erter
vo
l
tag
e vecto
r
(
V
n
)
d
P
d
Q
θ
1
θ
2
θ
3
θ
4
θ
5
θ
6
θ
7
θ
8
θ
9
θ
10
θ
11
θ
12
0
0
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
5
V
5
V
6
V
6
0
1
V
2
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
5
V
5
V
6
V
6
V
1
V
1
1
0
V
6
V
6
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
5
V
5
1
1
V
3
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
5
V
5
V
6
V
6
V
1
V
1
V
2
V
2
Figure
2
.
Sect
or sele
ct
ion f
or
direct
power c
on
t
ro
l
3.
UN
B
ALA
N
C
E GRI
D VOL
TAGE
Howe
ver,
al
tho
ug
h
DP
C
off
er
si
m
ple
con
tr
ol
structu
re
an
d
fast
dynam
ic
respon
se
,
it
gen
erates
hi
gh
rip
ples
an
d
higher
num
ber
of
Total
Ha
rm
on
ic
Disto
rtion
(T
HD)
durin
g
im
balance
i
nput
vo
lt
age
.
I
n
ord
er
to
m
ake
the
c
ont
ro
ll
er
to
be
m
or
e
r
obus
t
in
s
uch
cases
,
in
ve
sti
gations
of
powe
r
c
onve
rters
unde
r
unba
la
nced
input
vo
lt
age
c
onditi
ons
are
presente
d
in
refe
ren
ces
[13].
T
he
interact
io
n
betwee
n
the
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
nen
t
s
of
the
dc
ou
t
put
volt
age
an
d
t
he
co
nv
e
rter
po
le
vo
lt
age
s
create
s
odd
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
nen
ts
in
t
he
in
pu
t
AC
I
V
I
V
P
i
n
s
t
2
3
I
V
I
V
Q
i
n
s
t
2
3
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5107
-
5114
5110
current.
C
ons
equ
e
ntly
,
thes
e
har
m
on
ic
s
com
po
ne
nts
will
increase
the
TH
D
of
the
ac
input
current
sign
ific
a
ntly
[1
4].
I
n
gen
e
ra
l,
the
non
ideal
conditi
on
s
s
uc
h
as
un
balan
ced
an
d
dist
o
r
te
d
three
-
phas
e
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
s
upply
ha
ve
ne
gative
im
pacts
to
th
e
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
filt
er
siz
e
of
AC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
syst
em
[
15
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
con
t
ro
l
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
of
an
A
C
-
DC
c
onver
t
er
nee
d
a
dd
it
ion
al
in
vestigat
ion
to
m
it
igate
tho
s
e
neg
at
ive
im
pa
ct
s
durin
g
vo
l
ta
ge
unbala
nc
e
and
disto
rte
d
co
ndit
ion
s
.
Fo
r
that,
it
is
necessa
ry
to
sp
li
t
the
volt
age
ve
ct
or
int
o
it
s
se
qu
e
nce
c
om
ponen
ts
as
well
a
s
to
com
pu
te
t
he
posit
ive
se
quence
volt
age
vecto
r
ang
le
.
V
oltage
ang
le
cal
c
ula
ti
on
is
done
by
m
eans
of
a
PLL
wh
il
e
a
ver
y
sim
ple
alg
ori
thm
is
us
ed
f
or
seq
uen
ce
ex
tr
a
ct
ion
.
3.1.
Seque
nce
e
xtract
or
The
unbala
nce
d
gr
id
volt
age
co
nd
it
io
n
in
DP
C
ca
us
in
g
neg
at
ive
or
ze
ro
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
exist
on
the
gri
d
volt
ag
e
vecto
r.
Th
us,
it
ind
ic
at
es
to
har
m
fu
l
to
al
l
po
ly
phase
loa
ds,
es
pecial
ly
three
ph
ase
in
duct
ion
m
achines.
Ot
he
rw
ise
,
unbala
nce
syst
e
m
is
pro
du
ce
e
xces
sive
heat
causi
ng
to
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
fail
ur
es
.
Th
eref
or
e
,
po
sit
ive
a
nd
ne
gative
se
qu
e
nc
e
equ
at
i
on
s
is
s
how
n
in
Ta
ble 2
will
be
a
ppli
ed
in
t
his
resea
rch
work
in o
r
der
t
o
ob
ta
in
a
balanc
ed
a
nd lo
w
tota
l har
m
on
ic
distor
ti
on
of grid
c
urren
ts
.
Table
2.
Seque
nce e
xtracto
r
e
qu
at
io
n
Ph
ase Co
m
p
o
n
en
t
Matr
ix
Equ
atio
n
Zer
o
Sequ
en
ce
(
0
)
(
0
)
(
0
)
111
1
111
3
111
aa
bb
cc
VV
VV
VV
Po
sitiv
e Sequ
en
ce
(
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
1
1
1
3
1
aa
bb
cc
V
a
a
V
V
a
a
V
V
a
a
V
Neg
ativ
e
Seq
u
en
ce
(
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
1
1
1
3
1
aa
bb
cc
V
a
a
V
V
a
a
V
V
a
a
V
Wh
e
re,
0
120
13
22
j
a
e
j
(5)
a
nd
0
2
2
4
0
13
22
j
a
e
j
(6)
The
n,
in
Fi
gur
e
3
has
s
how
n
the
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
fo
r
se
quence
extr
act
or
for
f
ro
m
three
-
phase
in
put
su
ppli
es.
F
r
om
the
fig
ure
the
input
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
has
been
e
xtracte
d
into
th
ree
-
phas
e
com
po
ne
nt,
wh
ic
h
is
zero
,
posit
iv
e
and
ne
gative
sequ
e
nces.
Ne
xt,
the
phase
of
input
vo
lt
a
ge
and
cu
rr
e
nt
from
ph
ase
sequence
are
bei
ng
tra
nsfo
rm
ed
into
al
ph
a
-
beta
an
d
finall
y
to
dq
-
refe
ren
ce
fram
e.
Last
ly
,
the
dq
-
ref
e
ren
ce
f
ram
e
from
on
ly
posit
ive
and
ne
gative
seq
uen
ce
is
t
hen
fed
i
nto
ano
t
her
blo
c
k
in
orde
r
to
ob
ta
in
t
he
est
i
m
at
e
d
instanta
ne
ous
act
ive
powe
r
P
,
an
d
rea
ct
iv
e
powe
r
Q
.
A
t
the
tim
e
of
unbalance
d
c
onditi
on,
th
ere
is
on
ly
po
sit
ive
a
nd
ne
gative
ph
a
sor c
om
po
ne
nt ex
ist
whil
e the ze
ro seque
nce c
ompone
nt is in
ph
ase.
The
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
of
the
in
put
po
wer
P
an
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
Q
i
n
a
st
at
ion
ary
ref
e
re
nce
f
ram
a
is
giv
e
n by (
7) an
d (8), res
pecti
ve
ly
.
3
(
)
(
)
2
out
p
t
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
(7)
3
(
)
(
)
2
out
Q
t
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
(8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e
direct
po
w
er co
ntro
l
of th
ree
-
ph
as
e AC
-
DC c
on
vert
er
u
nder
un
ba
l
ance volt
age
...
(
Nor Aziz
ah Y
usoff
)
5111
Figure
3.
Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
f
or
s
equ
e
nce e
xtrac
tor
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
Vo
lt
age
un
bal
ance
is
of
te
n
occurri
ng
in
s
upply
syst
em
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
unbala
nce
vo
lt
age
can
be
def
i
ning
as
a
volt
age
var
ia
ti
on
in
a
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
vo
lt
age
m
agn
it
ud
e
s
or
the
ph
ase
diff
e
ren
ces
betwee
n
them
are
no
t
e
qual
.
He
nce,
i
n
order
t
o
c
onfir
m
the
eff
ect
iv
eness
of
the
a
dd
it
io
nal
strat
egy
of
seq
uen
ce e
xtra
ct
or
int
o
D
PC con
t
ro
l sy
ste
m
,
a
m
od
el
of the
p
r
opos
e
d
c
on
t
ro
l st
rate
gy f
or
D
PC du
rin
g
volt
ag
e
unbalance
ha
s
been
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
M
ATL
AB/Si
m
ulink
.
The
sim
ulati
on
has
bee
n
ca
rr
i
ed
ou
t
us
i
ng
th
e
m
a
in
el
ect
rical
par
a
m
et
er
data
us
e
d
in
the
stu
dy
is
ta
bula
te
d
i
n
Ta
ble
3.
Se
ver
al
te
sts
we
r
e
co
nducte
d
to
ve
rify
the
feasi
bili
ty
and
pe
rform
ance
of
n
e
w
D
PC
com
bin
in
g
with
seq
uen
ce
e
xtr
act
or
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the con
ven
ti
onal
o
n
e
du
rin
g u
nb
al
a
nced c
onditi
on
s
.
Table
3.
Ma
i
n
par
am
et
er
us
e
d
insim
ulati
on
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
Inp
u
t ph
ase v
o
ltag
e (
p
eak),
E
g
7
0
.71
V
So
u
rce
Vo
ltag
e f
re
q
u
en
cy
,
f
5
0
Hz
Dc
-
lin
k
v
o
latag
e r
ef
erence,
V
d
c,
r
ef
2
0
0
V
Res
istan
ce of
r
eact
an
ce,
R
0
.2 Ω
Ind
u
ctan
ce of
r
eact
an
ce,
L
1
8
m
H
Dc
-
lin
k
capacito
r,
C
1
0
.8
m
F
Load
Resis
tan
ce, R
L
1
4
0
Ω
Sa
m
p
lin
g
ti
m
e
,
t
s
2
0
µs
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ult
of
the
th
re
e
-
phase
P
W
M
recti
fier
op
e
r
at
ion
under
un
balance
d
in
put
vo
lt
a
ge
f
or
the
ad
diti
on
al
of
se
quence
e
xt
ractor
int
o
D
P
C
and
c
onve
ntion
al
one
ar
e
pr
ese
nted
i
n
Fi
gure
4
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
5
resp
ect
ively
.
I
n
this
te
st,
the
m
agn
it
ud
e
for
V
a
is
d
iffe
r
f
ro
m
the
no
m
i
na
l
balance
d
c
onditi
on
e
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
(a
)
f
or
both
te
st.
Th
us
,
by
reducin
g
am
ou
nt
of
volt
age
resu
lt
in
g
the
current
t
o
an
excessive
am
ou
nt
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4
an
d
Figure
5
(
b),
w
hi
ch
the
cu
rr
e
nt
for
I
a
is
hig
he
r
t
han
ot
he
r
ph
ase
s.
T
he
refor
e,
the
a
dd
it
io
nal
of
seq
ue
nce
e
xtracto
r
i
nto
DP
C
has
guar
antee
f
or
al
m
os
t
or
nea
r
si
nu
s
oi
dal
in
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4(
c
)
by
co
rr
e
ct
ing
the
un
balance
of
in
pu
t
volt
age.
Co
ns
e
quenly
,
it
resu
lt
ing
f
or
a
lowe
r
num
ber
of
T
otal
Harm
on
ic
Distort
ion
(T
HD
=
6.4
8%
).
Howe
ver,
input
cu
rr
e
nt
f
or
c
onve
ntio
na
l
DP
C
are
hi
gh
ly
dist
or
te
d
due
to
hi
gh
e
r
nu
m
ber
of
Total
Ha
rm
on
ic
Disto
rtion
(THD=
22.27%
)
as
sho
wn
i
n
current
sp
ect
r
um
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5107
-
5114
5112
0
1
2
3
4
5
-
8
0
-
6
0
-
4
0
-
2
0
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
I
n
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
(a)
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
-
6
-
4
-
2
0
2
4
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
I
n
p
u
t
3
ϴ
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
a
b
c
(b)
-
1
0
0
0
-
8
0
0
-
6
0
0
-
4
0
0
-
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
P
Q
A
c
t
i
v
e
(
V
A
)
a
n
d
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
(
V
A
R
)
P
o
w
e
r
(c)
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
D
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
(d)
4
4
.
0
1
4
.
0
2
4
.
0
3
4
.
0
4
4
.
0
5
4
.
0
6
4
.
0
7
4
.
0
8
4
.
0
9
-
5
0
5
F
F
T
w
i
n
d
o
w
:
5
o
f
2
5
0
c
y
c
l
e
s
o
f
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
.
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
5
0
H
z
)
=
5
.
2
0
2
,
T
H
D
=
6
.
4
8
%
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
2
.
0
0
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
I
[
A
]
(e)
Figure
4.
Sim
ulati
on
r
es
ult f
or a
dd
it
io
nal of
seq
uen
ce
ex
tr
a
ct
or
i
nto
DP
C
of P
W
M
A
C
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
unde
r
unbalance
d
i
np
ut volt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e
direct
po
w
er co
ntro
l
of th
ree
-
ph
as
e AC
-
DC c
on
vert
er
u
nder
un
ba
l
ance volt
age
...
(
Nor Aziz
ah Y
usoff
)
5113
0
1
2
3
4
5
-
8
0
-
6
0
-
4
0
-
2
0
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
I
n
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
(a)
0
1
2
3
5
-
3
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
3
I
n
p
u
t
3
ø
C
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r
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e
n
t
(
A
)
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
4
(b)
-
1
0
0
0
-
8
0
0
-
6
0
0
-
4
0
0
-
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
P
Q
A
c
t
i
v
e
(
V
A
)
a
n
d
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
(
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A
R
)
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o
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e
r
(c)
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
D
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
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i
m
e
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s
)
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1
2
3
4
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2
.
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2
.
0
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.
0
3
2
.
0
4
2
.
0
5
2
.
0
6
2
.
0
7
2
.
0
8
2
.
0
9
-
2
-
1
0
1
2
F
F
T
w
i
n
d
o
w
:
5
o
f
2
5
0
c
y
c
l
e
s
o
f
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
5
0
H
z
)
=
1
.
8
7
4
,
T
H
D
=
2
2
.
2
7
%
M
a
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
I
[
A
]
(e)
Figure
5.
Sim
ulati
on
r
es
ult f
or c
onve
ntion
al
DP
C
of P
W
M
AC
-
DC
c
on
vert
er
un
der
unbal
anced i
nput
vo
lt
age
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
ha
s
presente
d
th
e
i
m
ple
m
entation
of
a
se
que
nce
e
xtracto
r
i
nto
Direct
P
ower
C
ontrol
schem
e.
The
m
ai
n
go
al
for
the
add
it
io
nal
strat
egy
of
seq
uen
ce
e
xtra
xtor
is
to
achieve
fo
r
nea
r
-
sin
usoidal
input
cu
rr
e
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
of
the
co
nverter
unde
r
di
ff
e
re
nt
am
plit
ud
e
input
volt
age
conditi
ons.
I
n
-
fact,
instanta
ne
ous
act
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive
powe
rs
pro
vid
e
d
by
ha
rm
on
ic
com
po
ne
nt
of
in
put
current
a
re
di
rectl
y
con
t
ro
ll
ed
via
a
switc
hing
ta
ble.
Sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
ha
s
prov
e
n
e
xcell
ent
perform
a
nce
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
add
it
io
nal
strat
egy
of
seq
ue
nc
e
extracto
r,
w
hich
is
m
uch
bette
r
tha
n
co
nventio
nal
DP
C
by
re
du
ci
ng
a
l
m
os
t
for
70%
of
To
ta
l
Har
m
on
ic
Distortio
n
(T
H
D)
,
e
ven
in
bo
th
tra
ns
ie
nt
a
nd
ste
a
dy
sta
te
s
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
N
early
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
vefor
m
of
in
put
cu
rr
e
nt
is
su
cc
ess
fu
ll
y
achieve
d
un
der
unba
la
nce
i
np
ut
volt
age
c
onditi
on
s
.
The
prese
nted
si
m
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
confirm
t
hat
the
ad
diti
on
al
of
se
quenc
e
extracto
r
into
DP
C
is
capa
ble
t
o
ens
ur
e
the
c
orrecti
ng
unbala
nce
of
input
volt
age,
un
li
ke
the
co
nv
e
ntio
na
l
DP
C
is
resu
lt
ing
f
or
dec
r
easi
ng
per
ce
ntage
of
pro
du
ct
ive
curr
ent, thus
it
p
r
ovidin
g f
or
high
num
ber
of T
H
D
c
urren
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
5107
-
5114
5114
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NT
The
a
utho
rs
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
tha
nk
to
ward
‘Ski
m
Za
m
al
ah’
f
r
om
Un
ive
rsiti
Tek
nik
al
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
la
ka
(U
TeM
)’
as
pr
ov
i
ding
f
or
c
onti
nuous
fi
nanci
al
su
pport
th
at
enab
le
d
the
achievem
ent
of
this
resea
rc
h
resu
lt
and
Mi
nistr
y
of
Ed
uc
at
ion
(KPM
)
for
spo
nsori
ng
this
researc
h
work
unde
r
gr
ant
(F
RG
S/1/2
016/
TK04/UT
EM/
02
/
11
/F
0030
7)
REFERE
NCE
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"
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dire
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te
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Per
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e
impro
vement
of
dir
ect
power
co
ntro
l
o
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M
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ti
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it
h
sim
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u
l
at
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,
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IE
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Chang
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,
"
A
dire
ct
power
co
ntrol
strateg
y
on
best
sw
it
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at
e
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ac
h
,
"
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EE
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ansacti
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D.
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Bac
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ire
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phas
e
-
loc
k
ed
loop
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AC/DC
c
onver
t
er
under
both
ba
la
n
ce
d
and
unb
al
an
ce
d
gr
id co
nditio
ns
,
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IET
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rk
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"
Sim
ple
dire
c
t
power
con
trol
of
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
PW
M
r
ec
ti
fier
using spa
ce
-
v
ect
or
m
odula
ti
on
(
DP
C
-
SVM)
,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind
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E
le
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d
ept
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o
f
dire
c
t
power co
ntrol
stra
te
gi
es
f
or
power
conve
r
te
rs
,
"
IET
Pow
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e
ct
ron.
,
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"
An
anal
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s
is
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dire
c
t
powe
r
cont
rol
for
thr
ee
phase
AC
-
D
C
conve
rt
er
,
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Indu
stry
Applications Soc
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y
Annua
l Mee
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ing
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IAS)
,
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-
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ah
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Yus
off,
Azz
iddi
n
Muham
m
a
d
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ul
Abdul
Kari
m
,
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Jie
Yan,
"
A
dire
ct
power
cont
rol
o
f
AC/D
C
con
ver
te
r
,
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urnal
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e
ring S
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i
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Perform
anc
e
a
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s
is
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-
phase
PW
M
rec
ti
fier
using
dir
e
ct
power
cont
ro
l
,
"
in
Int
ernati
onal
El
e
ct
ric
Mac
h
in
es
&
Dr
iv
es
Confe
renc
e(
IEM
DC)
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,
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G.
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"
A
compara
ti
v
e
stud
y
of
d
irect power
cont
rol
of
AC/DC
conve
rt
ers
for
ren
ewa
b
l
e
ene
rg
y
g
ene
r
at
i
on
,
"
IECON
2
011
-
37th
An
nual
Confe
renc
e
of
the
IEE
E
Industrial
El
e
ct
ronics
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hen,
Y.,
Yang,
H.,
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"
Flexi
ble
grid
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ion
techniqu
e
of
volt
age
-
sourc
e
inve
rt
er
under
unbal
an
ce
d
gr
id
condi
ti
ons
b
ase
d
on
direct
pow
er
cont
rol
,
"
IE
EE
T
rans
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Modeli
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sis
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eous
ac
t
i
ve
and
re
active
power
for
PW
M
AC/DC
conve
rt
er
under
gen
erali
z
e
d
unbalanc
ed
ne
t
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ansacti
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aga
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Mult
ipl
e
ref
ere
n
ce
fr
ame
-
base
d
cont
r
ol
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thre
e
-
ph
ase
PW
M
boo
st
rec
t
ifi
ers
under
unb
al
an
ce
d
and
dist
orte
d
inpu
t
cond
it
ions
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
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ower
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e
ct
ronic
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N.,
and
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"
Dire
ct
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r
ol
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-
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source
conve
rt
er
s
using
fee
dbac
k
li
ne
ari
z
at
ion
t
echnique
,
"
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d
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ience
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16.
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H.,
at
al
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"
Im
prove
d
dire
c
t
power
control
of
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turb
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e
drive
n
doub
l
y
fed
induction
g
ene
ra
tor
during
tra
nsien
t
grid
vo
lt
ag
e
unba
la
n
ce
,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansact
ions o
n
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ergy
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rs
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,
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A
m
ult
il
evel
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r
te
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base
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l
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ag
e
source
in
ver
te
r
d
esign
for
improving
pow
er
qual
i
t
y
o
f
grid
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
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n
ee
ring
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Ta
pan
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"
A
rev
ie
w
on
dire
ct
power
con
trol
for
appl
i
ca
t
ions
to
grid
conne
cted
PW
M
conve
rters
engi
ne
eri
ng
,
"
Te
c
hnology
&
Appl
ie
d
Sc
ie
n
ce
Re
se
arch
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5(4
), p
p.
841
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849
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5.
[20]
Zha
ng,
Y.
,
and
Qu,
C.
,
“
Mod
e
l
pre
di
ct
iv
e
direct
power
con
tro
l
of
PW
M
rec
tifiers
under
unb
al
an
ce
d
ne
twork
condi
ti
ons
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial Elect
ronics
,
vol
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62
(7),
pp
.
4011
-
40
22,
2015
.
[21]
Im
ad
Me
rzo
uk
and
Moham
ed
Lomane
Bend
aas
,
"
Im
prove
d
di
rec
t
pow
er
con
t
rol
for
3
-
l
evel
AC/
DC
conve
rt
er
under
unbal
n
ced
and/
or
distor
t
ed
voltage
sour
ce
cond
it
ions
,
"
Tur
ki
sh
Journal
of
E
lectric
a
l
Engi
ne
erin
g
&
Computer
Scien
ce
s,
vo
l.
24,
pp.
1847
-
1862,
201
6.
[22]
Merz
ouk
I,
Ben
daa
s
ML,
Ga
afazi
A,
and
R
iz
a
o
ui
M.,
"I
m
prove
d
direct
power
cont
rol
for
thr
ee
-
l
eve
l
AC/DC
conve
rt
er
under
unbal
an
ce
d
vol
ta
ge
sourc
e
con
dit
ions
,
"
1
ST
In
t
ernati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Power
El
ectronics
an
d
Their A
ppl
ic
at
io
n
”.
Nov
2013.
[23]
Nor
Aziz
ah
Mohd
Yus
off,
Azz
i
ddin
Muham
m
ad
Razal
i
,
Kasrul
Abdul
Kari
m
,
Tol
e
Sutikno,
a
nd
Auza
ni
Jidin
,
"
A
conc
ept
of
v
irt
ual
-
fluxdi
r
ec
t
power
cont
rol
o
f
AC
-
DC
conve
rte
r,
"
Int
ernati
o
nal
Journal
of
P
ower
El
e
ct
ronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
8
(
4
)
,
pp
.
1176
-
1
784,
De
c
2017
.
[24]
Nor
Aziz
ah
Mohd
Yus
off,
Azz
iddi
n
Muham
m
a
d
Raz
ali,
Kasrul
Abdul
Kari
m
,
Tol
e
Sutikno
,
a
nd
Auza
ni
Jidin
"
An
ana
l
y
s
is
of
virt
ual
-
fluxdi
r
ect
power
cont
ro
l
of
AC
-
DC
c
o
nver
te
r
,
"
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Journal
of
P
ower
El
e
ct
ronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
9
(
3
)
,
pp
.
947
-
95
6,
Sep
2018.
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