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ea
s
il
y
.
T
h
ese
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
et
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
wea
r
ab
le
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
lo
w
n
o
is
e
an
d
lo
w
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
cir
cu
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
f
u
tu
r
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
a
So
C
E
C
G
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
E
C
G
a
m
p
lifie
r
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
0
.
1
3
µm
C
MO
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
Si
lter
r
a
w
it
h
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
1
.
2
V.
2.
CIRCU
I
T
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
E
C
G
s
ig
n
al
is
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
el
ec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
h
ea
r
t
m
u
s
c
le
to
tr
ig
g
er
th
e
h
ea
r
t
p
u
m
p
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n
g
ac
ti
v
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y
o
r
th
e
ca
r
d
iac
cy
cle
r
h
y
t
h
m
icall
y
an
d
p
r
ec
is
el
y
.
T
y
p
ical
ca
r
d
iac
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
r
an
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
5
µ
V
to
8
m
V
w
h
ile
i
ts
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
r
an
g
ed
at
0
.
0
5
Hz
to
2
5
0
Hz.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
a
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
C
M
OS
a
m
p
li
f
ier
cir
cu
it
th
a
t
is
ca
p
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
t
h
is
w
ea
k
E
C
G
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
i
le
ac
h
iev
in
g
lo
w
p
o
w
er
an
d
lo
w
n
o
is
e
cir
c
u
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Sev
er
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
u
n
ted
in
to
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
d
esig
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
’
s
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
b
iasi
n
g
a
n
d
cir
cu
it
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
g
et
h
ig
h
es
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
ej
ec
tio
n
r
atio
(
C
MR
R
)
.
2
.
1
.
Su
bthre
s
ho
ld
b
ia
s
ing
Su
b
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
b
ias
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
s
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
[
6
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
it
is
g
etti
n
g
m
o
r
e
atte
n
tio
n
i
n
b
io
m
ed
ical
a
m
p
li
f
ier
r
esear
ch
i
n
r
ec
en
t
ti
m
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ili
t
y
to
d
esi
g
n
u
ltra
-
lo
w
p
o
w
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
f
o
r
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Su
b
-
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
eq
u
at
io
n
f
o
r
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
i
n
s
u
b
-
th
r
es
h
o
ld
r
eg
io
n
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
(
1
)
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
is
lin
ea
r
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
b
iasi
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
I
D
r
ath
er
th
a
n
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
I
D
.
T
h
u
s
,
lo
w
er
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
g
ai
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
lead
in
g
to
lo
w
p
o
w
er
d
esig
n
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
in
s
u
b
th
r
es
h
o
ld
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
er
e
I
DO
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
en
V
=
V
T
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
asp
ec
t
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
,
as
s
i
m
ilar
to
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
s
atu
r
at
i
o
n
r
eg
io
n
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
.
(
)
(
2)
(
3
)
2
.
2
.
Desig
n
t
o
po
lo
g
y
Fo
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
d
esi
g
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ac
h
ie
v
es
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
le,
s
tab
le
p
h
ase
m
ar
g
in
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
w
i
n
g
w
h
il
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
ai
n
a
s
t
h
e
tele
s
co
p
i
c
ca
s
co
d
e
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
am
p
li
f
ier
ca
n
also
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
w
n
o
is
e
d
esig
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
11
]
.
P
MO
S
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
i
g
h
er
C
M
R
R
an
d
lo
w
er
f
lic
k
er
n
o
is
e
s
in
ce
th
e
f
l
ick
er
n
o
is
e
i
s
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
[
1
2
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
ld
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
it
h
s
elf
-
b
ias
in
g
ci
r
cu
it
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
u
s
es
P
MO
S
a
m
p
lifie
r
as
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
ea
d
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
a
s
s
tar
ted
b
y
allo
ca
ti
n
g
b
i
asin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
b
r
an
ch
es
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
.
A
f
ter
t
h
at
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
r
ai
n
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
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r
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v
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d
r
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v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
w
a
s
s
et
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
itial
g
u
e
s
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
allo
ca
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
b
r
an
ch
es.
Hig
h
er
o
v
er
d
r
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e
v
o
ltag
e
w
as
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i
v
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n
to
M
bs
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d
M
5,
6
as
t
h
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m
o
r
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r
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en
t
co
m
p
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to
o
t
h
er
tr
an
s
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s
to
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s
.
Desi
g
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p
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f
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m
a
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ce
o
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ti
m
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w
a
s
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r
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p
er
f
o
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m
a
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ce
s
p
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n
is
m
e
t.
Su
b
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
tr
an
s
i
s
to
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b
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g
w
as
m
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p
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s
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as
th
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ca
r
d
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s
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f
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eq
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w
a
n
d
th
e
n
o
is
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
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ce
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
8
3
0
–
1836
1832
T
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
’
a
s
p
ec
t
r
atio
w
er
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
A
s
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tab
le
,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
s
izin
g
r
atio
esp
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r
to
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o
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u
p
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d
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t
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ctio
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ate
t
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ick
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d
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cr
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M
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as
m
u
ch
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o
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A
at
t
h
e
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o
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p
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V
DD
o
f
1
.
2
V.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
tr
an
s
is
to
r
cir
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it
w
as
t
h
e
n
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
in
to
an
o
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-
a
m
p
cir
cu
it
w
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th
t
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tati
o
n
a
m
p
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f
ier
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
te
s
t
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
u
ch
a
s
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ai
n
,
p
h
ase
m
ar
g
i
n
,
C
M
R
R
,
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
ej
ec
tio
n
r
atio
(
P
SR
R
)
an
d
n
o
is
e.
P
3
v
I
N
N
5
v
O
U
T
P
4
I
b
i
a
s
P
2
+
-
P
1
P
8
P
5
P
7
N
1
N
6
P
1
0
P
9
G
n
d
V
D
D
P
6
N
1
N
3
N
4
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Self
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iased
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li
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it
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ab
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to
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g
R
at
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r
a
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st
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r
P1
P2
-
P3
P4
-
P5
P6
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P7
P8
P9
P
1
0
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-
N2
N3
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N5
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sp
e
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W
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.
6
/
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1
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/
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2
.
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1
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2
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/
1
1
5
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1
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2
.
5
/
1
3.
RE
SU
L
T
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A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
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O
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ll
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lt
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lectr
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to
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u
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lo
t th
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ig
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al
w
a
v
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o
r
m
s
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d
m
ea
s
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r
e
m
en
t
s
.
3
.
1
.
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ra
ns
ie
nt
r
esp
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T
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
tr
an
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w
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v
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f
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m
o
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lated
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e
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ier
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w
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in
g
w
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n
t
h
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u
t
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w
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to
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o
lta
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p
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p
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d
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h
e
s
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g
i
s
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at
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ated
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t
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ig
h
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p
-
p
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h
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s
i
m
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late
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n
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o
f
1
.
0
1
8
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p
-
p
is
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s
er
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ed
w
h
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h
e
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n
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t
v
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m
ax
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s
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f
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6
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tain
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p
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e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
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g
is
at
10
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-
p
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
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lat
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,
it
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f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
cir
c
u
i
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s
u
cc
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f
u
l
l
y
r
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s
e
to
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if
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er
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t
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r
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en
c
y
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n
d
a
m
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d
e
w
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e
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o
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d
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m
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d
iac
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ig
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g
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h
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DC
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iasi
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p
o
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et
at
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6
V
f
o
r
m
ax
i
m
u
m
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s
w
in
g
.
3
.
2
.
AC
r
esp
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e
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cir
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s
p
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n
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w
as
s
i
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lated
u
s
i
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g
t
h
e
Mid
d
leb
r
o
o
k
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s
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et
h
o
d
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
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b
ec
au
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e
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et
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b
y
d
ir
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tl
y
ca
lc
u
lati
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g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
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g
ain
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
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i
m
u
la
ted
ac
r
esp
o
n
s
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o
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th
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ier
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it
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f
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ase
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h
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lo
ad
ca
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ac
ito
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o
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th
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
is
1
pF
.
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I
n
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&
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p
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I
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N:
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8
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Lo
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lectro
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e
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1833
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
AC
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
a
m
p
lif
ier
cir
cu
it
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Up
p
er
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
w
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th
e
p
h
a
s
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r
esp
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g
r
ap
h
s
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ain
r
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o
n
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e
3
.
3
.
Circ
uit
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
T
h
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co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
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tio
n
r
atio
(
C
MRR
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o
f
t
h
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cir
cu
it
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s
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
r
atio
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th
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d
if
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tia
l
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to
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co
m
m
o
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m
o
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e
g
ai
n
an
d
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
.
(
4
)
Her
e,
A
c
i
s
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
g
ai
n
an
d
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d
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d
i
f
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er
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tia
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ir
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it.
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h
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ain
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to
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m
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t
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n
d
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o
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t
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r
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s
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is
m
ea
s
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ed
.
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h
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m
e
asu
r
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g
a
in
i
s
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9
8
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6
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d
th
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s
1
7
4
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0
5
d
B
.
P
o
w
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s
u
p
p
l
y
r
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tio
n
r
atio
(
P
SR
R
)
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
a
r
atio
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
to
t
h
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
to
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
th
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
.
Du
r
in
g
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
a
s
m
all
s
in
u
s
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id
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v
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o
f
1
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m
V
w
a
s
p
lace
d
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
ar
iatio
n
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
l
i
f
ier
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
P
SR
R
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
9
2
.
1
2
d
B
.
I
n
p
u
t
r
ef
er
r
ed
n
o
is
e
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
n
o
is
e
an
d
f
lick
er
n
o
is
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
f
lic
k
er
n
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is
e
is
m
o
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co
n
ce
r
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
E
C
G
is
a
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
ig
n
al.
Fli
ck
e
r
n
o
is
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
eq
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atio
n
b
elo
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is
i
n
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
.
(5
)
Her
e,
K
is
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
f
lic
k
e
r
n
o
is
e
f
ac
to
r
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
n
o
is
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
d
er
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e
in
p
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t r
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er
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ed
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N
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i
r
c
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i
t
+
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n
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+
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n
1
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n
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o
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t
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s
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i
r
c
u
i
t
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+
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n
,
i
n
2
V
n
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o
u
t
2
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
p
u
t r
ef
er
r
ed
n
o
is
e
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8708
I
n
t J
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&
C
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g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
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1
8
:
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3
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–
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1834
T
h
e
in
p
u
t r
ef
er
r
ed
n
o
is
e
f
o
r
th
e
cir
cu
it in
Fig
u
r
e
1
ca
n
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e
ex
p
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b
y
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h
e
eq
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atio
n
b
elo
w
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
6
)
Fro
m
E
q
u
atio
n
(6
)
,
K
n
an
d
K
p
ar
e
th
e
f
lic
k
er
n
o
is
e
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
f
o
r
NM
OS
an
d
P
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S,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
W
/L
r
atio
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
P
9
,
P
10
,
N
5
,
an
d
N
6
ar
e
cr
itical
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
f
lic
k
er
n
o
is
e
as
th
e
f
l
ick
er
n
o
i
s
e
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
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al
to
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e
p
r
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ct
o
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t
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e
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d
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e
tr
a
n
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to
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d
g
m
1,
2
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
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an
s
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s
to
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s
.
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h
e
L
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as
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t
m
i
n
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m
u
m
to
en
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u
r
e
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a
t
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f
f
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o
f
t
h
e
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a
n
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is
to
r
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s
as
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s
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
ef
er
r
ed
n
o
is
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it.
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h
e
n
o
is
e
was
s
et
as
a
v
ar
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le
du
r
in
g
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s
i
m
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n
.
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t is o
b
s
er
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ed
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at
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h
e
in
p
u
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
n
o
is
e
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it is
1
.
0
1
√
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
p
u
t r
ef
e
r
r
ed
n
o
is
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
d
esi
g
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cir
cu
i
t
3
.
4
.
Desig
n
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
co
m
pa
r
is
o
n
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.