I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
7
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
~
3
0
8
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
7
i
1
.
p
p
2
9
9
-
3
0
8
299
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
A
Ver
tical
H
a
ndo
v
er Algo
rith
m
in
Integ
ra
ted
M
a
cro
cell
Fe
m
tocell
Netw
o
rk
s
Su
m
a
n De
s
w
a
l
,
Anita
Sin
g
hro
v
a
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
De
e
n
b
a
n
d
h
u
Ch
h
o
t
u
Ra
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
u
rth
a
l
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 2
8
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Oct
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
e
e
x
p
lo
sio
n
i
n
w
irele
ss
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
a
s
lea
d
to
a
h
u
g
e
in
c
re
a
se
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
u
se
rs.
T
h
e
g
re
a
ter
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
d
e
v
ice
s
h
a
s
ra
ise
d
th
e
u
se
r’s
e
x
p
e
c
tatio
n
s
to
a
lw
a
y
s
r
e
m
a
in
b
e
st
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
.
In
t
h
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
th
e
u
se
r
is
a
l
w
a
y
s
d
e
sirin
g
g
o
o
d
sig
n
a
l
stre
n
g
th
e
v
e
n
a
t
c
e
rtain
b
lac
k
sp
o
ts
a
n
d
in
d
o
o
rs.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
th
e
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
ti
a
l
g
ro
w
th
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
d
e
v
ice
s
h
a
s
o
v
e
rlo
a
d
e
d
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
s.
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s
h
a
v
e
e
m
e
rg
e
d
o
u
t
a
s
a
g
o
o
d
p
ro
m
isin
g
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
lete
c
o
v
e
ra
g
e
in
d
o
o
rs
a
n
d
f
o
r
o
ff
lo
a
d
in
g
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
re
,
a
n
e
w
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
stra
teg
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
m
a
in
l
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
c
a
lcu
latin
g
e
q
u
iv
a
len
t
re
c
e
iv
e
d
si
g
n
a
l
stre
n
g
th
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
a
rg
in
f
o
r
p
e
rf
o
r
m
in
g
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r.
T
h
e
si
m
u
lat
io
n
re
su
lt
s
o
f
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
a
re
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
w
it
h
th
e
trad
it
io
n
a
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
stra
teg
y
sh
o
ws
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
tw
o
m
a
jo
r
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
n
a
m
e
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
u
n
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
rs
a
n
d
P
a
c
k
e
t
L
o
ss
Ra
ti
o
.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
it
a
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
f
u
rth
e
r
sh
o
w
s
5
5
.
2
7
%
a
n
d
2
3
.
0
3
%
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
p
a
c
k
e
t
lo
ss
ra
ti
o
a
n
d
6
1
.
8
5
%
a
n
d
3
6
.
7
8
%
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
u
n
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
rs
a
t
a
sp
e
e
d
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
a
n
d
3
0
k
m
p
h
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
p
ro
v
e
s
to
b
e
a
n
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
slo
w
a
n
d
fa
st
m
o
v
in
g
v
e
h
icle
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Fe
m
to
ce
ll
Han
d
o
v
er
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
R
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
m
a
n
Des
w
al
,
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
&
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Dep
ar
t
m
e
n
t,
Dee
n
b
an
d
h
u
C
h
h
o
tu
R
a
m
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
Scie
n
ce
&
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
u
r
th
a
l,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
s
u
m
a
n
_
g
u
lia2
0
0
0
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
L
o
n
g
T
er
m
E
v
o
l
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
L
T
E
)
is
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
d
ata.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
3
GP
P
(
T
h
ir
d
Gen
er
atio
n
P
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
P
r
o
j
ec
t)
,
w
h
ic
h
ai
m
ed
to
m
ak
e
a
g
lo
b
all
y
ap
p
licab
le
th
ir
d
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
3
GP
P
in
clu
d
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
Data
f
o
r
Glo
b
al
E
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
E
DGE
)
,
Gen
er
al
P
ac
k
et
R
ad
io
Ser
v
ice
(
GP
R
S),
Hig
h
Sp
ee
d
P
ac
k
et
A
cc
es
s
(
HSP
A
)
,
L
T
E
an
d
4
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
L
T
E
is
a
p
ac
k
et
s
w
i
tch
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
d
ata
an
d
is
also
ter
m
ed
as
E
v
o
lv
ed
Un
i
v
er
s
al
T
er
r
estrial
A
cc
ess
Net
w
o
r
k
(
E
-
UT
R
AN)
.
I
t
ca
m
e
in
to
ex
is
te
n
ce
w
it
h
th
e
f
a
s
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
d
ata
r
ates
a
n
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
B
ased
o
n
Or
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
Di
v
i
s
i
o
n
Mu
ltip
le
A
cc
e
s
s
(
O
FDM
A)
an
d
a
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
as
lar
g
e
as
2
0
MH
z
,
l
a
y
er
ed
OFDMA
r
ad
io
ac
ce
s
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
i
g
h
d
ata
r
ate
in
L
T
E
-
A
d
v
an
ce
d
[
1
]
.
L
T
E
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ates
as
h
ig
h
as
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
in
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
an
d
7
5
Mb
p
s
in
u
p
lin
k
.
T
h
e
L
T
E
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
m
a
cr
o
ce
ll
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ter
m
ed
as
eNB
,
ev
o
l
v
ed
n
o
d
eB
.
T
h
e
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
X2
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
to
th
e
co
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
S1
in
ter
f
ac
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
Mo
b
ilit
y
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
E
n
tit
y
(
MM
E
)
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
estab
li
s
h
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
an
d
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
V
erti
ca
l H
a
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
Ma
cro
ce
ll F
e
mto
ce
ll N
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
u
ma
n
Desw
a
l
)
300
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
S
er
v
in
g
Gate
w
a
y
(
S
-
GW
)
w
h
i
ch
ac
ts
as
a
n
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
ata
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
eNB
[
3
]
.
E
v
en
a
f
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ates,
f
u
ll
co
v
er
a
g
e
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
d
o
o
r
s
in
s
u
c
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
d
u
e
to
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
to
d
a
y
'
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
d
u
e
to
m
an
y
v
id
eo
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
e
N
B
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
lo
c
ated
f
ar
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
o
r
ca
p
ac
ity
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
p
ass
l
o
s
s
[
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
L
T
E
Net
w
o
r
k
s
Fe
m
to
ce
ll
s
ar
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
lete
co
v
er
ag
e
.
T
h
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
s
ar
e
p
l
u
g
a
n
d
p
lay
,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
,
lo
w
co
s
t
d
e
v
ices
w
h
ic
h
o
p
er
ate
in
lice
n
s
ed
i
n
d
o
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
d
h
av
e
a
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
r
an
g
e
o
f
u
p
to
3
0
m
eter
s
o
n
l
y
.
T
h
e
y
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
to
t
h
e
co
r
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
m
o
b
ile
o
p
er
ato
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
li
m
ited
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
u
s
er
s
in
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t [
6
]
.
Fe
m
to
ce
lls
ar
e
o
v
er
laid
o
n
m
ac
r
o
ce
lls
a
n
d
a
s
th
e
d
ev
ice
m
o
v
e
s
ac
r
o
s
s
a
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
o
v
er
laid
w
it
h
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
,
th
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
ca
ll
o
r
d
ata
s
ess
io
n
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
o
t
h
er
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
ta
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
l
le
d
Han
d
o
v
er
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
ir
ele
s
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
u
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
h
e
lp
ed
th
e
u
s
er
s
to
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ad
io
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
ea
m
le
s
s
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
a
n
d
s
ea
m
le
s
s
m
o
b
il
it
y
to
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
d
esig
n
i
s
s
u
e
in
Hete
r
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
v
er
tical
h
an
d
o
v
e
r
s
tr
ateg
y
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
s
ea
m
le
s
s
m
o
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
a
cc
ess
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
i
s
r
eg
ar
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
o
o
t
h
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ce
l
l
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
co
n
s
id
er
o
n
l
y
R
e
ce
iv
ed
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
(
R
SS
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
as
t
h
e
s
o
le
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
h
an
d
o
v
er
b
u
t
t
h
at
lead
s
to
un
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
h
a
n
d
ed
o
v
er
to
a
n
e
w
ce
ll
as
s
o
o
n
as
it
g
et
s
g
o
o
d
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
ta
k
in
g
d
ec
i
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
tr
ateg
y
b
a
s
ed
on
R
SS
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
R
S
S
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
w
it
h
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
w
h
ic
h
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
g
o
als.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
m
an
n
er
:
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
t
s
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
l
it
er
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
tep
s
o
f
v
er
tica
l
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Sectio
n
4
an
d
5
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
in
Sec
t
io
n
6.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
r
o
le
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
l
l
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
al
it
y
a
n
d
co
v
er
a
g
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
p
ap
er
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
at
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
i
s
a
n
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
to
o
f
f
lo
ad
tr
af
f
ic
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll.
An
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
h
an
d
o
v
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
p
ap
er
[
8
]
.
I
t
also
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
m
ar
g
i
n
an
d
t
i
m
e
t
o
tr
ig
g
er
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
p
in
g
p
o
n
g
r
ate.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
p
ap
er
[
9
]
th
at
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
v
er
ag
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
s
.
I
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
esen
t
s
a
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
m
iti
g
ate
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
ac
r
o
u
s
er
s
a
n
d
f
e
m
to
u
s
er
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ie
d
in
p
ap
er
[
1
0
]
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
u
s
e
f
u
l
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
.
I
n
p
ap
e
r
[
11
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
i
s
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
ased
o
n
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
R
S
S
an
d
Qo
S
le
v
el
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
c
es
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
alie
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
p
ap
er
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
h
as
ca
teg
o
r
ized
v
ar
io
u
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
s
o
m
e
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
A
co
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
–
308
301
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
an
d
s
in
g
le
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
p
ap
er
[
13
]
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
m
o
b
ile
'
s
s
p
ee
d
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
t
y
p
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
h
an
d
o
v
er
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
u
s
er
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
is
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
e
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
O
n
e
s
u
c
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ich
ai
m
s
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
i
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
p
ap
er
[
14
]
w
h
ic
h
ta
k
e
s
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
o
f
ce
lls
,
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
le
v
el
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
.
T
h
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
ab
l
e
to
co
n
n
e
ct
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
to
a
ce
l
l
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
d
ev
ice.
A
p
u
r
e
R
SS
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
R
SS
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
tar
g
et
ce
l
ls
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
p
ap
er
[
15
]
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
m
p
r
o
v
es th
e
SIN
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
th
e
d
ev
ice
'
s
s
id
e
b
u
t
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
d
u
e
to
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
m
ar
g
in
.
A
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
b
ased
o
n
R
ad
ial
B
asis
f
u
n
c
tio
n
(
R
B
F)
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
p
a
p
er
[
1
6
]
.
A
h
an
d
o
v
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
is
p
r
es
en
ted
in
p
ap
er
[
1
7
]
,
w
h
ic
h
ac
h
iev
e
s
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
in
g
p
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
ep
lo
y
th
e
R
ela
y
s
tatio
n
s
i
n
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
in
p
ap
er
[
1
8
]
w
h
ich
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
co
m
p
lete
co
v
er
a
g
e
an
d
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t.
An
ad
ap
tiv
e
v
er
tica
l
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
co
m
p
en
s
ati
n
g
t
i
m
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
p
ap
er
[
1
9
]
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
h
ad
o
w
f
ad
i
n
g
o
n
R
SS
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
t f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
p
in
g
-
p
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t a
n
d
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
3.
VE
R
T
I
CA
L
H
ANDO
V
E
R
P
RO
CE
DUR
E
P
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
ca
l
led
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
h
an
d
o
v
er
,
w
h
er
ea
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
h
an
d
o
v
er
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
v
er
tical
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
.
A
v
er
tical
h
an
d
o
v
er
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
a
h
et
er
o
g
en
eo
u
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
w
h
e
r
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
to
g
eth
er
.
Sin
ce
,
b
o
t
h
h
av
e
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
w
h
e
n
a
u
s
er
m
o
v
e
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ce
ll
to
an
o
t
h
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
s
is
also
m
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
f
e
m
t
o
ce
ll
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
ch
ea
p
an
d
ea
s
y
to
in
s
tall
b
u
t
h
av
e
li
m
ited
co
v
er
ag
e
w
h
ile
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
v
er
a
w
id
e
ar
ea
b
u
t
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
in
s
ta
lled
b
y
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
er
.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
b
et
wee
n
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
a
n
d
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
ea
m
les
s
i.e
.
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
i
n
a
n
y
s
er
v
ice
,
v
id
e
o
,
VOI
P
o
r
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic.
T
w
o
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
s
ea
m
less
h
an
d
o
v
er
ar
e
p
ac
k
e
t
lo
s
s
r
atio
an
d
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
laten
c
y
.
Min
i
m
iz
in
g
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
lead
s
to
q
u
alit
y
ha
n
d
o
v
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
m
ac
r
o
ce
lls
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
w
it
h
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll F
e
m
to
ce
ll Ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
i
n
s
u
ch
i
n
te
g
r
ated
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
cla
s
s
if
ied
as [
2
1
]
:
a.
Ha
n
d
-
in
:
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
an
d
ar
e
a
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
ta
s
k
as
th
e
t
w
o
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
ac
k
h
au
l
r
ates
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
a
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
lead
s
to
a
lo
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
W
h
en
a
m
o
b
ile
r
ec
eiv
es
a
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
a
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
is
s
en
t
to
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tati
o
n
,
alo
n
g
w
i
th
th
e
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
f
e
m
to
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
s
p
r
ep
ar
es
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
ce
ll
lis
t
to
ch
o
o
s
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tar
g
et
ce
ll.
Fro
m
t
h
e
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
lis
t
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
c
h
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
tar
g
et
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
lev
e
ls
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
es
t
f
o
r
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
ta
ti
o
n
w
h
ich
f
o
r
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
es
t
to
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
f
e
m
to
g
ate
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
f
e
m
to
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
c
h
ec
k
s
an
d
m
at
ch
es
t
h
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
le
v
el
s
a
n
d
th
e
n
r
ep
lies
to
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
r
eq
u
est.
A
n
e
w
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
f
e
m
to
g
a
te
w
a
y
a
n
d
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
d
ev
ice
n
o
w
estab
lis
h
es
a
lin
k
to
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
f
ter
a
p
h
y
s
ical
c
h
an
n
el
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
t
h
en
s
e
n
d
s
a
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
co
m
p
let
io
n
m
ess
a
g
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
V
erti
ca
l H
a
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
Ma
cro
ce
ll F
e
mto
ce
ll N
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
u
ma
n
Desw
a
l
)
302
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ates
w
it
h
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
ca
ll
f
lo
w
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3.
b.
Ha
n
d
-
o
u
t
:
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
an
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
is
r
elati
v
el
y
ea
s
y
a
s
t
h
e
tar
g
et
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
is
al
w
a
y
s
o
n
e
.
Her
e,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
e
n
d
s
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
to
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
.
A
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
lis
t
is
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
th
e
f
e
m
to
an
d
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
h
an
d
o
v
e
r
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
i
s
tak
e
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
s
e
n
d
s
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
r
eq
u
est
to
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
e
m
to
g
ate
w
a
y
an
d
r
ad
io
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
w
a
y
r
ad
io
lin
k
i
s
s
etu
p
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
c
h
a
n
n
el
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
g
e
ts
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
c.
F
emto
-
femto
h
a
n
d
o
ve
r
s
:
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
h
e
n
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
m
o
v
e
s
o
u
t
o
f
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
o
f
o
n
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
an
d
en
ter
s
in
to
a
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
o
f
an
o
th
er
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
,
t
h
en
f
e
m
to
to
f
e
m
to
h
an
d
o
v
er
tak
e
s
p
lace
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
as
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
ef
er
ab
l
y
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
i
f
it
is
g
etti
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
a
n
d
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
As
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
e
m
to
s
ig
n
al
g
o
es
w
ea
k
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
e
n
d
s
a
r
ep
o
r
t
to
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
A
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
lis
t
is
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
m
a
cr
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
an
d
th
e
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
ta
k
e
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
h
an
d
o
v
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
t
atio
n
s
e
n
d
s
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
r
eq
u
es
t
to
tar
g
et
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
e
m
t
o
g
ate
w
a
y
.
A
n
e
w
li
n
k
i
s
esta
b
lis
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
f
e
m
to
g
ate
w
a
y
a
n
d
tar
g
et
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
n
o
w
s
en
d
s
th
e
d
at
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
w
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
all
Flo
w
P
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
Han
d
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
Ma
cr
o
ce
ll
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
T
h
is
Sectio
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
R
SS
b
ase
d
h
an
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
A
s
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
i
n
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
n
s
id
er
R
SS
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
etr
ic.
Fo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
ase
d
o
n
R
S
S
an
d
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
R
S
S
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
s
g
i
v
e
n
in
[
2
2
]
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
–
308
303
W
h
er
e
R
SS
t
a
n
d
R
S
S
S
ar
e
th
e
R
SS
o
f
tar
g
et
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
c
ell
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
R
SS
th
i
s
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
R
SS
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
R
SS
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
ce
ll
f
alls
b
elo
w
a
t
h
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e,
a
tar
g
et
ce
ll
w
it
h
R
SS
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
s
ea
r
ch
ed
an
d
a
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
lead
s
to
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
R
SS
f
r
o
m
th
e
tar
g
et
is
h
i
g
h
er
b
y
a
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t,
th
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
is
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
in
R
SS
a
f
ter
a
s
h
o
r
t
in
ter
v
al
a
n
d
ag
ai
n
a
tar
g
et
ce
ll
is
s
ea
r
ch
ed
f
o
r
h
an
d
o
v
er
lead
in
g
to
p
in
g
p
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
lik
e
s
p
ee
d
,
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
r
Sig
n
a
l
to
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
No
i
s
e
r
atio
etc
.
m
a
y
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
tak
e
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
c
r
ea
s
es t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
ela
y
ed
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
h
a
v
e
v
er
y
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
an
d
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
is
t
i
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
R
SS
b
ased
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esire
d
f
o
r
its
s
i
m
p
lici
t
y
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
i
n
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
.
Kee
p
in
g
i
n
v
ie
w
t
h
e
li
m
ita
ti
o
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e,
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
R
SS
an
d
h
an
d
o
v
er
m
ar
g
i
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Su
b
Sectio
n
s
4
.
1
an
d
4
.
2
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
R
SS
an
d
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
m
ar
g
i
n
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
4
.
1
.
E
qu
iv
a
lent
RS
S
T
h
er
e
is
a
h
u
g
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
an
d
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
i.e
.
2
0
d
B
m
a
n
d
43
d
B
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll,
R
SS
f
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll,
R
SS
m
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
R
S
S
is
ca
lc
u
lated
w
h
e
n
R
S
S
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
an
d
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
u
p
o
n
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
R
SS
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
i.e
.
R
SS
fe
.
T
h
e
R
SS
fe
w
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tw
o
ce
lls
co
m
p
ar
ab
le.
T
o
ca
l
cu
late
R
SS
fe
,
s
o
m
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
R
S
S
m
is
ad
d
ed
to
R
SS
f
w
h
ich
i
s
p
er
ce
n
t
an
g
er
atio
o
f
No
r
m
a
lized
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
s
is
in
cl
u
d
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
i
f
t
h
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
is
lo
ca
ted
in
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
r
eg
io
n
o
f
m
a
cr
o
ce
ll,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
al
wa
y
s
h
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
ein
g
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
T
h
e
f
ar
th
e
r
th
e
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
m
o
r
e
i
s
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
SS
fe
an
d
th
e
d
ev
ice
h
a
s
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
ein
g
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
e
m
t
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
h
elp
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
s
a
v
er
y
w
ea
k
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
ei
v
ed
f
r
o
m
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
at
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
,
lead
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
Ma
t
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
R
S
S
fe
is
d
en
o
ted
as
(
)
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
d
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
in
m
eter
s
,
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
NT
x
is
th
e
No
r
m
a
lized
T
r
an
s
m
it p
o
w
er
o
f
a
ce
ll.
T
h
e
No
r
m
alize
d
tr
an
s
m
it p
o
w
er
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
T
x
m
a
n
d
T
x
f
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t p
o
w
er
s
o
f
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll a
n
d
f
e
m
to
ce
l
l r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
4
.
2
.
H
a
nd
o
v
er
M
a
r
g
in
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
is
in
itia
ted
w
h
e
n
th
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll
i
s
b
etter
th
an
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ce
ll
b
y
a
ce
r
tain
m
ar
g
in
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
an
d
p
in
g
p
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
.
T
h
e
m
ar
g
i
n
,
ca
lcu
lated
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
as
g
iv
e
n
in
[
2
3
]
{
{
(
)
}
}
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
R
ad
i
u
s
is
t
h
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
s
er
v
i
n
g
ce
ll
a
n
d
Dis
tan
ce
is
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
an
d
s
er
v
i
n
g
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
is
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
t
ak
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
w
er
r
ec
eiv
ed
at
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
o
f
a
ce
ll a
n
d
at
a
p
o
s
itio
n
clo
s
est to
th
e
b
ase
s
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
i
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice
i
s
n
ea
r
to
t
h
e
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
m
ar
g
i
n
i
s
m
o
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
R
SS
o
f
tar
g
et
c
ell
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
R
SS
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
ce
ll
b
y
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
b
e
in
it
iated
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
if
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
m
ar
g
i
n
is
le
s
s
i.e
.
e
v
en
a
s
lig
h
tl
y
h
i
g
h
er
R
SS
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
ar
g
et
ce
ll
lead
s
to
a
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
m
a
in
tain
a
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
to
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
an
d
t
h
u
s
lead
s
to
ef
f
icien
t p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
V
erti
ca
l H
a
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
Ma
cro
ce
ll F
e
mto
ce
ll N
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
u
ma
n
Desw
a
l
)
304
4
.
3
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
Usi
n
g
E
q
u
atio
n
s
2
an
d
4
,
th
e
Han
d
I
n
an
d
Ha
n
d
Ou
t
h
an
d
o
v
er
ca
s
es a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
C
a
s
e
I
:
W
h
en
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ma
cro
ce
ll:
W
h
en
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
i
n
itiall
y
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
a
n
d
d
etec
ts
a
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
a
f
e
m
t
o
ce
ll,
th
e
R
S
S
f
r
o
m
all
f
e
m
t
o
ce
lls
is
ch
ec
k
ed
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
R
SS
,
R
SS
fe
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
A
r
ep
o
r
t
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
R
SS
f
an
d
R
SS
fe
i
s
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
p
r
ep
ar
es
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
lis
t
to
ch
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ta
r
g
et
ce
ll.
A
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
f
R
SS
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
R
S
S
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
Si
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
it
also
co
m
p
ar
es
R
S
S
fe
to
R
SS
m
a
n
d
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
if
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
m
et.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
s
ta
y
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll.
(
)
(
(
)
)
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
R
S
S
fth
is
t
h
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll a
n
d
is
th
e
m
ar
g
i
n
.
C
a
s
e
I
I
:
W
h
en
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
femto
ce
ll:
W
h
en
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
is
co
n
s
tan
t
l
y
c
h
ec
k
ed
.
I
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l d
i
m
in
is
h
es b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll,
R
SS
th
,
a
r
ep
o
r
t
is
s
en
t
b
y
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
to
th
e
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
b
ase
s
tatio
n
p
r
ep
ar
es
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
ce
ll
lis
t
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
all
th
e
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
h
av
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
R
SS
b
y
a
ce
r
tain
m
ar
g
i
n
.
I
f
n
o
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
w
it
h
b
etter
R
SS
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
en
R
S
S
fe
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
f
R
S
S
m
is
b
etter
th
an
R
S
S
fe
by
a
ce
r
tai
n
m
ar
g
i
n
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
n
o
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
(
)
(
(
)
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
Ma
r
g
in
ca
lc
u
lat
io
n
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
in
E
q
u
a
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
s
5
an
d
6
an
d
t
h
e
Ha
n
d
I
n
a
n
d
Han
d
Ou
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
a
d
ev
ice
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
p
r
ef
er
ab
l
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
w
h
e
n
ev
er
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
is
av
ailab
le.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
g
i
v
en
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
–
308
305
T
h
e
k
e
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
b
elo
w
:
a.
I
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
R
SS
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
f
o
r
b
o
th
h
a
n
d
-
i
n
an
d
h
a
n
d
-
o
u
t
.
I
t
a
llo
w
s
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
t
o
r
e
m
ain
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
w
h
en
e
v
er
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll is
av
ailab
le,
s
o
as to
o
f
f
l
o
ad
m
ac
r
o
.
b.
I
t
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
a
lu
e
o
f
m
ar
g
in
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
an
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
I
t h
e
lp
s
to
tak
e
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
at
co
r
r
ec
t tim
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
.
c.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
R
S
S
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
(
R
S
S
fe
)
w
it
h
t
h
at
o
f
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
o
v
er
laid
f
e
m
to
m
ac
r
o
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
R
S
S
b
ased
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
L
T
E
-
Si
m
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
I
t
is
an
o
p
en
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
in
w
h
ich
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
w
it
h
o
v
er
laid
f
e
m
to
ce
lls
h
a
s
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
p
lac
ed
in
th
e
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
n
ea
r
t
h
e
f
e
m
to
c
ell
s
.
So
m
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
in
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
elo
w
:
a.
W
h
en
a
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
i
s
o
v
er
laid
w
it
h
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
s
,
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
i
s
p
r
e
f
er
ab
l
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
a
s
s
o
o
n
as
it
g
ets
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
T
h
is
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
o
th
at
tr
a
f
f
ic
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
er
ted
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
w
h
e
n
e
v
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll is
o
f
f
lo
ad
ed
.
b.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
ar
e
p
lace
d
n
ea
r
th
e
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ev
ices
g
et
g
o
o
d
s
ig
n
a
l
s
tr
en
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
f
e
m
to
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
o
th
at
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
to
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
s
tip
u
lated
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
ti
m
e.
c.
T
w
o
s
p
ee
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
3
0
k
m
p
h
a
n
d
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
lo
w
a
n
d
f
ast
m
o
v
in
g
v
eh
ic
les.
T
ab
le
1.
Sim
u
latio
n
P
ar
am
e
ter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
M
a
c
r
o
c
e
l
l
F
e
mt
o
c
e
l
l
R
a
d
i
u
s
1
K
m
3
0
m
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
4
3
d
B
m
2
0
d
B
m
T
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
p
o
w
e
r
NA
-
8
0
d
B
m
P
a
t
h
l
o
ss M
o
d
e
l
1
2
8
.
1
+
(
3
7
.
6
*
l
o
g
10
(
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
*
0
.
0
0
1
)
)
A
*
l
o
g
10
(
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
)
+
B
+
C
l
o
g
10
(
f
c
/
5
)
w
h
e
r
e
A
=
2
0
,
B
=
4
6
.
4
a
n
d
C
=
2
0
f
o
r
L
O
S
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
a
n
d
A
=
1
8
.
7
,
B
=
4
6
.
8
a
n
d
C
=
2
0
f
o
r
N
L
O
S
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
2
0
M
H
z
2
0
M
H
z
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
e
l
l
s
1
60
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
u
se
r
s
10
-
50
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
1
2
0
s
S
p
e
e
d
o
f
u
se
r
s
3
0
k
m
p
h
,
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
en
t
io
n
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
r
u
n
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
m
ac
r
o
f
e
m
to
ce
llu
lar
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
a
n
d
P
ac
k
et
L
o
s
s
R
atio
i
n
b
o
th
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
a
n
al
y
z
ed
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
p
ap
er
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
N
u
mb
er
o
f
Ha
n
d
o
ve
r
s:
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
w
it
h
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
s
is
m
u
c
h
less
i
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
cr
iter
ia
ch
o
s
en
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
Ma
r
g
in
,
is
c
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
f
r
o
m
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
L
es
s
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ase
s
tatio
n
m
o
r
e
w
i
ll
b
e
th
e
m
ar
g
i
n
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
n
ea
r
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
n
ee
d
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
h
ig
h
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
ta
r
g
et
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
eh
ic
les
m
o
v
e
at
a
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
d
ev
ice
is
ch
an
g
ed
r
ap
id
l
y
an
d
m
o
r
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
p
i
n
g
p
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
B
u
t,
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
lo
w
m
o
v
i
n
g
d
ev
ices,
as
ev
id
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ela
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
till
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
a
v
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tar
g
et
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
g
r
ea
ter
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
.
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
is
g
i
v
en
a
s
(
∑
∑
)
∑
⁄
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
V
erti
ca
l H
a
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
Ma
cro
ce
ll F
e
mto
ce
ll N
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
u
ma
n
Desw
a
l
)
306
w
h
er
e
H
T
is
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
i
n
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
H
P
is
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
i
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
1
0
to
5
0
u
s
er
s
.
Usi
n
g
ab
o
v
e
E
q
u
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
v
al
u
es
p
lo
tted
in
g
r
ap
h
,
an
av
er
ag
e
3
6
.
7
8
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
0
k
m
p
h
a
n
d
6
1
.
8
5
%
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a)
No
o
f
Han
d
o
v
er
s
v
s
.
No
o
f
u
s
er
s
at
3
0
k
m
p
h
,
(
b
)
No
o
f
Han
d
o
v
er
s
v
s
.
No
o
f
u
s
er
s
at
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
P
a
ck
et
Lo
s
s
R
a
tio
(
P
LR
)
:
P
ac
k
et
L
o
s
s
R
atio
(
P
L
R
)
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
t
to
th
e
to
tal
p
ac
k
et
s
en
t d
u
r
i
n
g
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
8
.
(
∑
∑
)
∑
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
P
s
i
is
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
e
n
t
a
n
d
P
r
i
is
th
e
p
ac
k
et
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
P
L
R
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
P
ac
k
et
L
o
s
s
R
at
io
is
m
u
ch
les
s
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
as
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
P
L
R
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
is
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
eq
u
i
v
alen
t RS
S a
n
d
m
ar
g
i
n
.
Han
d
o
v
er
Dec
is
io
n
=
f
(
R
SS
fe
,
m
ar
g
i
n
)
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
m
ad
e
to
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
er
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
ev
ice
is
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
en
d
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
s
tead
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
ti
m
el
y
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
w
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
t.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
cited
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
lo
w
v
e
h
icles
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
0
k
m
p
h
an
d
f
ast
v
eh
icles
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
v
a
lu
e
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
,
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
P
L
R
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
(
∑
∑
)
∑
⁄
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
P
L
R
T
i
s
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
it
h
m
an
d
P
L
R
P
is
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t
lo
s
s
r
atio
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
1
0
to
5
0
u
s
er
s
.
Usi
n
g
ab
o
v
e
E
q
u
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
p
lo
tted
i
n
g
r
ap
h
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
2
3
.
0
3
%
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
in
P
L
R
w
h
e
n
u
s
er
s
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
0
k
m
p
h
an
d
5
5
.
2
7
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
w
h
e
n
u
s
er
s
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
9
–
308
307
A
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
m
o
v
in
g
at
a
f
a
s
t
s
p
ee
d
h
as
a
te
n
d
en
c
y
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
an
d
th
u
s
lead
in
g
to
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
a
r
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
n
u
m
b
er
of
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
lo
w
a
n
d
f
a
s
t
m
o
v
i
n
g
v
e
h
icles.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
(
a)
P
ac
k
et
L
o
s
s
R
ati
o
v
s
No
o
f
u
s
er
s
at
3
0
k
m
p
h
,
(
b
)
P
ac
k
et
L
o
s
s
R
atio
v
s
No
o
f
u
s
er
s
at
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
e
w
h
an
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ic
h
is
ap
p
lied
w
h
e
n
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ic
e
en
ter
s
o
r
leav
es
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
o
f
f
e
m
to
ce
ll.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
an
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ca
lc
u
lated
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
ar
g
i
n
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
an
d
o
v
er
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
i
th
m
we
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
tr
ateg
y
s
h
o
w
ed
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
wo
m
aj
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
e
te
r
s
n
a
m
el
y
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
an
d
P
ac
k
e
t
L
o
s
s
R
atio
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
er
eq
u
a
n
tit
ati
v
el
y
a
n
al
y
ze
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
tr
ateg
y
s
h
o
w
ed
5
5
.
2
7
%
an
d
2
3
.
0
3
%
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
in
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
a
n
d
6
1
.
8
5
%
an
d
3
6
.
7
8
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
s
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
p
h
an
d
3
0
k
m
p
h
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
s
ig
n
i
f
ie
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
is
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
b
etter
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
b
etter
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
llo
w
ed
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
to
s
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
i
n
f
e
m
to
ce
ll a
n
d
t
h
u
s
tr
ie
s
to
o
f
f
lo
ad
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll.
I
t p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
a
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
R
S
S b
ased
h
an
d
o
v
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
s
lo
w
a
n
d
f
as
t
m
o
v
i
n
g
u
s
er
s
.
F
UT
UR
E
SCO
P
E
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
s
i
m
u
lat
in
g
t
h
e
s
c
e
n
ar
io
o
f
o
v
er
laid
m
ac
r
o
ce
ll
an
d
f
e
m
to
ce
ll
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
C
u
r
r
en
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
h
o
w
s
b
ett
er
r
esu
lts
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
co
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
te
n
d
ed
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
R
SS
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
h
elp
f
u
r
th
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
b
etter
r
esu
lts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ba
ig
,
Im
r
a
n
,
a
n
d
V
a
ru
n
Je
o
ti
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
p
re
c
o
d
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
h
y
b
rid
M
C/S
C
ra
d
i
o
a
c
c
e
ss
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
la
y
e
re
d
OFDM
A
o
f
LT
E
-
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
”
,
IAE
NG
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
-
3
1
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
]
3
G
P
P
T
S
3
6
.
3
0
0
V9
.
5
.
0
(
2
0
1
0
-
0
9
)
“
Ev
o
lv
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsa
l
T
e
rre
strial
Ra
d
io
A
c
c
e
ss
(E
-
U
T
R
A
)
a
n
d
Ev
o
lv
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsa
l
T
e
rre
strial
Ra
d
io
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
(E
-
UT
R
A
N) o
v
e
ra
ll
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
”
,
S
tag
e
2
(Re
lea
se
9
).
[3
]
Ha
rri
Ho
lm
a
,
A
n
tt
i
T
o
s
k
a
la,
“
LT
E
-
T
h
e
UM
T
S
lo
n
g
T
e
r
m
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
:
F
ro
m
T
h
e
o
r
y
to
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
”
,
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s L
td
,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
T
su
n
g
-
Hu
i
Ch
u
a
n
g
,
G
u
a
n
-
Ho
n
g
Ch
e
n
,
M
e
n
g
-
Hs
u
n
T
sa
i,
Ch
u
n
-
L
u
n
g
L
in
,
”
A
ll
e
v
iatin
g
In
terf
e
re
n
c
e
th
ro
u
g
h
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
f
o
r
LT
E
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
Jie
Zh
a
n
g
,
G
u
il
lau
m
e
d
e
la Ro
c
h
e
,
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s: T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
D
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
0
.
[6
]
S
h
a
rm
a
,
M
a
d
h
u
J.,
a
n
d
Vic
to
r
CM
L
e
u
n
g
,
“
I
P
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
su
b
sy
ste
m
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
i
n
L
T
E
-
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
,
Hu
ma
n
-
Ce
n
tric Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
V
erti
ca
l H
a
n
d
o
ve
r
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
Ma
cro
ce
ll F
e
mto
ce
ll N
etw
o
r
ks
(
S
u
ma
n
Desw
a
l
)
308
[7
]
A
h
m
e
d
,
Afa
z
Ud
d
in
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
T
a
riq
u
l
Isla
m
,
a
n
d
M
a
h
a
m
o
d
Is
m
a
il
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
n
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
a
n
d
it
s
d
iv
e
rse
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
in
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
n
e
tw
o
rk
”
,
W
ir
e
les
s
Per
so
n
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
p
p
.
8
5
-
1
0
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
L
i
m
,
Ja
e
c
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
Da
e
h
y
o
u
n
g
Ho
n
g
,
“
M
o
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
in
LT
E
-
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
”
,
W
ire
les
s p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
1
-
2
9
1
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
S
h
a
lab
y
,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
M
o
n
a
S
h
o
k
a
ir,
a
n
d
Na
g
y
Wad
ie
M
e
ss
ih
a
,
“
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
a
n
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
LT
E
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s”
,
W
ire
le
ss
Per
so
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
8
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
6
3
-
2
4
8
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
Hu
ss
a
in
,
F
a
ti
m
a
,
A
lag
a
n
A
n
p
a
lag
a
n
,
a
n
d
Hy
u
n
g
Yu
n
K
o
n
g
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
t
w
o
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
sp
re
a
d
in
g
f
o
r
o
f
c
d
m
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
u
se
rs
o
v
e
rla
id
w
it
h
o
f
d
m
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
”
,
W
ire
le
ss
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
-
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
W
u
,
S
h
ih
-
Ju
n
g
,
“
A
n
e
w
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
str
a
teg
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
fe
m
to
c
e
ll
a
n
d
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
f
o
r
L
T
E
-
b
a
se
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
”
,
in
4
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
U
b
i
-
M
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
(
U
-
M
e
d
ia
)
”
,
I
EE
E,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
X
e
n
a
k
is,
Dio
n
y
sis,
“
M
o
b
il
it
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
s
in
LT
E
-
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
:
k
e
y
a
sp
e
c
ts
a
n
d
su
rv
e
y
o
f
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s”
,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
p
p
.
6
4
-
9
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
D.
L
e
e
,
G
.
G
il
,
D.
Kim
,
“
A
Co
st
-
Ba
se
d
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
H
y
ste
re
sis
S
c
h
e
m
e
to
M
in
im
ize
th
e
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
F
a
il
u
re
Ra
te i
n
3
G
P
P
L
T
E
S
y
ste
m
”
,
EU
RA
S
IP
J
.
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
X
e
n
a
k
is,
Dio
n
y
sis,
Nik
o
s
P
a
ss
a
s,
a
n
d
Ch
rist
o
s
V
e
rik
o
u
k
is,
“
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
c
e
n
tri
c
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
ra
ted
L
T
E
m
a
c
ro
c
e
ll
–
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
n
e
tw
o
rk
”
,
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
8
4
-
1
6
9
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
Ya
n
g
,
G
a
n
g
,
X
iao
y
a
n
g
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
X
iao
lu
C
h
e
n
.
"
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
L
T
E
fe
m
to
c
e
l
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
s a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
(
ICECC),
IEE
E,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
P
a
y
a
l
M
a
h
a
jan
,
Ku
ld
e
e
p
S
in
g
h
,
Ha
rd
e
e
p
Ka
u
r,
“
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
De
c
isio
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
in
In
terw
o
rk
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Us
in
g
Ra
d
ial
Ba
sis F
u
n
c
t
io
n
s”
,
I
AE
S
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Arti
fi
c
ia
l
I
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(
IJ
-
AI)
,
V
o
l
3
No
2
,
2
0
1
4
[1
7
]
Kim
,
T
a
e
-
H
y
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
Ja
e
-
W
o
o
Kim
,
"
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
w
it
h
u
se
r
m
o
b
il
it
y
p
re
d
icti
o
n
f
o
r
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
-
b
a
se
d
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
",
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ET
)
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
9
-
1
8
3
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
Ra
th
e
e
sh
,
R.
,
a
n
d
P
.
V
e
tri
v
e
lan
,
"
P
o
w
e
r
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
Ne
x
t
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
"
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
E
T)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
-
2
5
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
Jin
L
in
g
,
Zh
a
n
g
Hu
i,
Ya
n
g
L
o
n
g
-
X
ian
g
,
Z
h
u
Ho
n
g
-
Bo
,
“
A
n
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
V
e
rti
c
a
l
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
Ba
se
d
o
n
UMT
S
a
n
d
WL
A
N”
,
IAE
S
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Vo
l
1
2
No
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
3
-
3
9
5
4
.
[2
0
]
S
u
m
a
n
De
s
w
a
l,
A
n
it
a
S
in
g
h
ro
v
a
,
“
A
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
in
Ov
e
rlaid
M
a
c
ro
f
e
m
to
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s
Ne
two
rk
s,
IC
W
N’1
4
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
:
2
6
1
-
2
6
5
,
CS
REA
p
re
ss
,
IS
BN
:
1
-
6
0
1
3
2
-
2
7
8
-
X.
[2
1
]
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
M
o
sta
f
a
Za
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
Ye
o
n
g
M
i
n
Ja
n
g
,
“
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
h
ig
h
-
d
e
n
se
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
u
lar
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
,
EURA
S
IP
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
2
]
Ka
ss
a
r,
M
e
rie
m
,
Brig
it
te
Ke
rv
e
l
la,
a
n
d
G
u
y
P
u
jo
ll
e
.
"
A
n
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
v
e
rti
c
a
l
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
d
e
c
isio
n
stra
teg
ies
in
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
"
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
EL
S
EV
IER,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
7
-
2
6
2
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
Be
c
v
a
r,
Zd
e
n
e
k
,
a
n
d
P
a
v
e
l
M
a
c
h
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
ste
re
sis
m
a
rg
in
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
in
f
e
m
to
c
e
ll
n
e
tw
o
rk
k
s”
,
in
6
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
ICW
M
C)
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
4
]
Ba
g
u
b
a
li
,
A
.
,
P
rit
h
iv
iraj,
V
.
,
M
a
ll
ick
,
P
.
S
.
,
&
Krish
n
a
n
,
K.
V
.
,
“
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
P
ro
b
lem
f
o
r
In
teg
ra
t
in
g
LT
E
w
it
h
F
e
m
to
c
e
ll
Ne
t
w
o
rk
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
&
Ap
p
li
e
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
u
m
a
n
D
e
sw
a
l
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
f
ro
m
DCR
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
u
rth
a
l,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
.
T
e
c
h
(
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
g
.
)
f
ro
m
Ku
ru
k
sh
e
tra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ku
ru
k
sh
e
tra,
In
d
ia
a
n
d
B.
T
e
c
h
(Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
g
.
)
f
ro
m
CR
S
tate
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
g
.
,
M
u
rth
a
l,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
1
9
9
8
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
S
h
e
p
o
ss
e
ss
e
s
1
4
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
g
.
a
t
DCR Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
u
rth
a
l
,
In
d
ia.
An
ita
S
i
n
g
h
r
o
v
a
h
o
ld
s
a
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
GG
S
In
d
ra
p
ra
sth
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
M
.
E
(Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
&
En
g
g
.
)
f
ro
m
P
u
n
jab
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Ch
a
n
d
ig
a
rh
,
In
d
ia
a
n
d
B.
T
e
c
h
(Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
)
f
ro
m
T
.
I.
T&S,
Bh
i
w
a
n
i,
In
d
ia
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
1
9
9
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
lso
b
e
e
n
c
e
rti
f
ied
a
s
Ja
v
a
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
r
b
y
S
u
n
M
icro
sy
ste
m
s.
S
h
e
p
o
ss
e
ss
e
s
se
v
e
n
tee
n
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
g
.
a
t
DCR
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
u
rth
a
l
,
In
d
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.