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s
er
v
atio
n
,
I
n
cr
e
m
e
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tal
co
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e,
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d
Fu
zz
y
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g
i
c
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
V
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
c
h
e
m
e
2
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
g
ener
a
t
o
r
m
o
d
el
A
s
o
lar
ce
ll
co
n
v
er
ts
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
p
h
o
to
n
s
in
to
e
le
ctr
icit
y
.
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
P
V
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
P
Vm
o
d
u
le
s
ar
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
a
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
f
o
r
m
P
V
ar
r
ay
s
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
d
esc
r
ip
es th
e
I
-
V
c
h
ar
a
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
P
V
ar
r
ay
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
ll
w
s
[
2
1
]
:
1
)
(
e
x
p
t
S
o
L
PV
V
IR
V
I
I
I
(
1
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w
h
er
e
I
PV
i
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
c
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r
r
en
t
o
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V
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L
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h
e
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g
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ated
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r
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t
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o
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th
e
r
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r
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en
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ati
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te
m
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at
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r
e
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A
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V
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h
e
o
u
tp
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t
v
o
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g
e
o
f
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V
(
V)
an
d
V
t
is
th
e
th
er
m
a
l v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
in
s
o
latio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t o
n
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V
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
s
t
u
d
ied
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
cu
r
v
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
2
.
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
Co
nv
er
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er
Fo
r
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
DC
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D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
DC
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o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
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e
u
s
i
n
g
MO
S
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o
r
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T
as a
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h
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n
g
ele
m
en
t.
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y
ad
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u
s
ti
n
g
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DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
L
o
a
d
M
P
P
T
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n
tr
o
l
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n
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
4
5
4
–
3
4
6
6
3456
th
e
P
W
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d
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t
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i
m
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m
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o
i
n
t
i
s
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ed
.
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h
e
m
at
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m
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tical
m
o
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elli
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g
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f
t
h
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o
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s
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n
d
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ctio
n
m
o
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e
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
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2
2
]
:
D
V
V
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1
1
(
2
)
=
(
3
)
=
(
4
)
w
h
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C
F
R
i
s
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u
r
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t
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ip
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l
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r
,
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is
th
e
v
o
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e
r
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p
p
le
f
ac
to
r
,
f
s
is
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e
s
w
itc
h
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n
g
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
,
a
n
d
D
is
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
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cle.
B
y
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esig
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f
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C
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ter
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n
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m
a
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m
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m
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5
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o
f
in
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u
c
to
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d
ca
p
ac
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r
ar
e
5
m
H
an
d
1
0
0
µF
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
3.
M
P
P
T
CO
NT
RO
L
S
T
RA
T
E
G
Y
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
MP
P
T
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
ar
e
P
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
Ob
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
(
P
&
O)
,
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
m
et
h
o
d
(
I
C
)
,
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d
f
u
zz
y
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g
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m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
ill b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
elo
w
in
d
etail.
3
.
1
.
M
P
P
T
co
ntr
o
l
w
it
h per
t
urb a
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o
bs
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e
m
et
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d
T
h
e
m
ain
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n
ce
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t
o
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r
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d
o
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m
et
h
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d
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to
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r
iv
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
o
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er
ate
in
t
h
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d
i
r
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tio
n
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
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V
o
u
tp
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t
p
o
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er
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I
f
th
e
o
u
tp
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t
p
o
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er
in
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ea
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e
s
,
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en
th
e
p
er
tu
r
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atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
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e
is
m
ad
e
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ir
ec
tio
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th
er
w
i
s
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
ag
a
in
s
t
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t o
f
P
&
O
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
d
escr
i
b
es th
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
th
e
P
&
O
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
[
2
]
.
>
0
;
=
+
dD
(
5
)
<
0
;
=
−
dD
(
6
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
P
&
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
S
tar
t
M
e
a
s
u
r
ing
V
(
n
)
,
I
(
n)
C
a
l
c
ul
a
te
P
o
we
r
P
(
n)
P
(
n
)
-
P
(
n
-
1)
=
0
P
(
n
)
-
P
(
n
-
1)
>
0
V(
n
)
-
V(
n
-
1)
<
0
V(
n
)
-
V(
n
-
1)
>
0
D
=
D+
Δ
D
D
=
D
-
ΔD
D
=
D
-
ΔD
D
=
D+
Δ
D
R
e
tur
n
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
V
HDL
B
a
s
ed
Ma
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m
P
o
w
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o
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t Tr
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in
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o
f P
h
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to
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Usi
n
g
F
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A
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3457
3
.
2
.
M
P
P
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ntr
o
l
w
it
h incre
m
e
nta
l c
o
nd
uct
a
nce
T
h
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
MP
PT
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
in
cr
e
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
a
s
cle
ar
ed
in
E
q
.
(
7
)
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
s
etti
n
g
th
e
r
es
u
lt e
q
u
al
to
ze
r
o
as g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
[
4
]
:
=
0
;
M
PP
(
7
)
=
−
;
M
PP
(
8
)
(
>
−
)
;
=
+
dD
(
9
)
(
dI
dV
<
−
I
V
)
;
D
=
D
i
−
dD
(
1
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
I
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
3
.
3
.
M
P
P
T
co
ntr
o
l
w
it
h f
uzzy
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g
ic
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
b
ased
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
tain
s
m
a
in
l
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
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s
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s
w
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ich
ar
e
f
u
zz
i
f
ic
atio
n
,
r
u
le
-
b
ase,
in
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
d
ef
u
z
zif
icatio
n
.
T
w
o
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
b
u
ild
FL
C
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
N
K.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
F
L
C
to
o
lb
o
x
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M
A
T
L
A
B
lib
r
ar
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th
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th
er
h
a
n
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at
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m
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L
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T
h
e
p
r
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ed
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n
tr
o
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t
w
o
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n
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T
h
e
t
w
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n
p
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ts
o
f
F
L
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e
t
h
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er
r
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E
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k
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d
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n
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o
f
er
r
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r
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E
(
k
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as d
ef
in
ed
b
elo
w
[
1
8
]
:
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
1
1
)
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
−
1
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(
1
2
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S
tar
t
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a
d
V(
n)
,
I
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I
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I
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t
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t)
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V(
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t
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D
R
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0
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Δ
t
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I
(
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V(
t
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Δ
t)
=
V
(
t)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
4
5
4
–
3
4
6
6
3458
T
h
e
FL
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
ar
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les
ar
e
r
ep
r
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ted
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n
f
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zz
y
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ets;
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g
ati
v
e
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ar
g
e
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N
L
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,
Neg
ati
v
e
Me
d
iu
m
(
NM
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,
Neg
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iv
e
S
m
all
(
NS)
,
ze
r
o
(
Z
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,
P
o
s
itiv
e
Sm
all
(
P
S),
P
o
s
itiv
e
M
ed
iu
m
(
P
M)
an
d
P
o
s
itiv
e
L
ar
g
e
(
P
L
)
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
b
ase
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
F
L
C
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
u
le
b
ase
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I
J
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8708
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ase
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5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
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N
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h
e
co
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tr
o
l
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if
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.
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r
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tech
n
iq
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e
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J
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I
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0
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HDL
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