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11
,
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2021
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9
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SS
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2088
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8708
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DOI
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
4
0
3
-
3409
3404
p
er
tain
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g
to
6
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telli
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ar
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o
f
w
ir
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s
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e
t
w
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k
s
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9
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1
0
]
.
Fo
r
th
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o
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tech
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lo
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ile
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ices
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ter
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t b
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ited
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ti
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izatio
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n
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ls
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d
o
p
er
ati
o
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s
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
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o
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p
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tr
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m
cr
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4
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m
illi
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[
1
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1
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Hen
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u
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8
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K
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u
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10
m
[
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]
I
d
en
tify
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n
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h
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T
Hz
f
r
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e
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s
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m
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Mo
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e
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g
s
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ate
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te
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e
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ip
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ed
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n
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w
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d
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.
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h
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p
r
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r
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en
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r
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p
o
s
ed
in
5
G
co
m
m
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n
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ca
tio
n
as
a
s
tr
ate
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y
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d
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n
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al
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f
f
icien
c
y
.
W
h
e
n
f
u
ll
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
,
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
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r
ati
o
w
il
l
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n
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ea
s
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lti
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to
th
e
m
as
s
i
v
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ata
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ate
p
er
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m
m
u
n
icatio
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d
en
s
it
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.
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h
o
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g
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t
h
i
g
h
l
y
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ir
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tio
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ten
n
a
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
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y
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te
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d
ata
r
ate,
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er
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o
th
er
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tr
u
ct
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r
al
i
s
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es
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h
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
T
H
z
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
i
l
l
t
h
i
s
m
o
m
e
n
t
,
n
o
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
e
l
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
e
T
Hz
b
an
d
w
it
h
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
to
th
o
s
e
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
3
0
0
GHz
f
o
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
i
n
d
o
o
r
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
[
2
3
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
u
l
t
r
a
-
h
i
g
h
r
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
u
l
t
r
a
-
h
i
g
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
i
s
i
m
p
l
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
u
n
a
v
o
i
d
a
b
l
e
b
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
o
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
le
v
els
[
2
4
]
.
B
asicall
y
,
th
e
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
u
ltr
a
-
f
a
s
t
T
Hz
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
i
ll
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
o
lo
g
r
ap
h
ic
ca
ll,
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
d
esira
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
to
c
h
asti
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
a
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
et
t
o
w
ar
d
s
3
D
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
el
to
d
esi
g
n
6
G
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
3
D
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
3
D
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
ellin
g
is
a
n
in
ter
esti
n
g
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
w
it
h
r
ich
p
o
ten
tial
b
o
th
in
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icle
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
I
n
a
b
id
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
le
v
el,
an
y
an
al
y
tical
ch
a
n
n
el
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
izatio
n
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
r
ea
l
w
o
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ld
d
ep
lo
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m
e
n
t
s
ce
n
a
r
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eith
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th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
te
s
tb
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
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Vo
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11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
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s
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2021
:
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4
0
3
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3409
3406
ap
p
r
o
v
al.
Mo
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
w
i
th
i
n
a
m
u
lti
u
s
er
T
Hz
ce
ll
u
lar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
r
ec
eiv
e
att
en
tio
n
as
w
ell
a
n
d
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
m
o
b
il
it
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
i
n
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
An
y
an
al
y
s
is
i
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
i
s
ex
p
e
cted
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
[
2
6
]
.
T
Hz
ce
llu
lar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
ill
w
it
n
es
s
e
x
c
ess
i
v
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
is
s
u
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
a
ll
ce
ll
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
3.
T
RANS
CE
I
VE
R
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
T
H
Z
SI
G
NA
L
G
E
N
E
RATOR
S
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ea
te
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
T
Hz
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
i
s
h
o
w
to
d
esi
g
n
a
n
e
w
t
r
an
s
ce
i
v
er
m
o
d
u
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
i
ted
f
o
r
T
Hz
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
o
n
-
g
o
in
g
ef
f
o
r
t
s
ar
e
in
o
f
f
i
n
g
to
tack
le
t
h
is
is
s
u
e.
Fo
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
t
h
e
D
AR
P
A
T
-
MU
SIC
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
g
o
n
Si
Ge
HB
T
,
C
MO
S/S
OI
a
n
d
B
iC
MO
S
cir
cu
it
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ar
e
o
p
tim
i
s
tic
o
f
atta
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
a
m
p
l
if
ier
th
r
es
h
o
ld
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
5
0
0
-
7
5
0
GHz
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
w
ill
s
o
l
v
e
th
e
s
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
n
o
v
el
d
esi
g
n
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
en
s
e
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
w
ill
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
r
elati
v
e
m
in
u
te
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ize
o
f
R
F
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
elem
e
n
t
s
p
ac
in
g
i
n
T
Hz
ar
r
ay
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
is
n
e
ed
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
atten
u
atio
n
co
m
m
o
n
at
T
Hz
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies.
Ot
h
er
e
x
tr
a
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
,
h
ig
h
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
,
an
d
lo
w
n
o
is
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
n
eg
lec
ted
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icati
o
n
o
f
T
Hz
en
ab
led
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
[
2
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
T
Hz
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
ie
w
p
o
in
t
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
(
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
)
.
Sil
ico
n
g
er
m
a
n
i
u
m
(
SiGe)
,
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
,
g
alliu
m
ar
s
e
n
id
e
(
GaA
s
)
,
an
d
in
d
iu
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
(
I
n
P
)
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
lar
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
T
Hz
s
ig
n
al
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
an
d
d
etec
t
o
r
s
[
3
0
]
.
E
q
u
ally
,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
f
o
r
GaN
,
Ga
A
s
,
a
n
d
I
n
P
b
ased
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
s
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
ed
.
Desi
g
n
in
g
a
n
o
v
el
T
Hz
b
an
d
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
ar
c
h
ite
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ec
es
s
it
y
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
i
m
p
e
r
f
ec
t
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
in
c
l
u
d
in
g
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e,
li
m
ited
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
[
2
8
,
3
1
]
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
,
ca
n
s
e
v
er
el
y
m
ar
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
i
g
n
als
.
I
t
is
also
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
is
s
u
e
s
m
a
y
ar
i
s
e
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
an
te
n
n
a
s
an
d
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
v
el
tr
a
n
s
ce
i
v
er
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
e
s
s
en
tial
to
w
ar
d
s
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
s
tate
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
ar
t
T
Hz
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
h
ar
d
w
ar
e)
,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
i
u
m
-
to
h
ig
h
-
en
d
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
T
Hz
b
an
d
(
>
3
0
0
GHz
)
[
3
2
]
.
B
o
th
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
ec
e
n
tl
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
an
o
m
a
ter
ials
,
s
u
c
h
as
Gr
a
p
h
en
e,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
n
e
w
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
d
esi
g
n
s
f
o
r
T
Hz
-
en
ab
led
d
ev
ices
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
an
al
y
tica
l
tes
tin
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
ea
l e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tatio
n
to
r
e
-
ass
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
an
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
.
4.
NE
T
WO
RK
ARCH
I
T
E
CT
URE
I
n
[
3
4
]
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
i
n
w
h
ic
h
m
m
W
a
v
e,
T
Hz,
an
d
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
b
an
d
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
j
o
in
tl
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
ed
i
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
s
w
i
tch
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
b
an
d
s
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
T
Hz
-
o
n
l
y
u
ltra
-
d
en
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
ein
g
th
at
th
e
T
Hz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
is
m
as
s
i
v
e
(
i.e
.
,
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
1
0
T
Hz
in
to
tal)
,
t
h
e
at
tr
ib
u
tes
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
ar
e
q
u
ite
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
.
I
n
f
u
r
th
er
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
in
g
o
f
p
er
v
as
iv
e
u
ltra
-
h
i
g
h
-
r
ate
ac
ce
s
s
in
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
o
v
er
-
h
a
u
l
in
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tl
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
ar
e
i
m
p
er
ati
v
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
MA
C
d
esi
g
n
,
a
cr
itical
is
s
u
e
th
at
n
ee
d
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
i
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
to
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
.
A
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
an
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
es
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
to
w
o
r
k
i
n
th
ese
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
ic
h
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
es
w
ill
r
es
u
lt
to
o
p
tim
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
h
e
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
ie
w
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
p
at
h
lo
s
s
a
n
d
w
ea
k
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
s
ig
n
al
s
.
Hig
h
l
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
ig
n
al
s
ar
e
ea
s
il
y
b
lo
ck
ed
an
d
h
ar
d
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
R
ec
all
t
h
a
t
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
s
m
all
.
T
h
u
s
,
n
e
w
er
r
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
an
d
n
e
w
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
ea
m
le
s
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
[
3
7
]
.
U
n
d
o
u
b
ted
l
y
,
T
b
p
s
p
er
lin
k
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
s
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
p
o
ten
t
ial
to
en
h
a
n
ce
,
t
h
e
ag
g
r
eg
a
ted
tr
af
f
i
c
f
lo
w
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et
d
r
a
m
at
icall
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
la
y
er
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
la
y
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
T
C
P
an
d
UDP
w
ill
u
n
d
er
g
o
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
ch
a
n
g
es
to
b
e
ab
le
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
u
p
p
er
la
y
e
r
is
s
u
e
s
s
u
ch
a
s
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l [
3
8
,
3
9
]
.
5.
3
D
NE
T
WO
RK
I
N
G
RE
L
I
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
6
G
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
in
3
D
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
n
ce
r
ted
r
esear
ch
o
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
r
o
n
t
s
;
i)
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
t
an
d
(
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
en
)
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
3
D
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
4
0
]
,
ii)
Ne
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
3
D
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
iii)
Ne
w
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
r
o
u
tin
g
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
3
D
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
al
3
D
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ate
-
r
eliab
ilit
y
-
laten
c
y
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
an
d
SE,
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
Su
ch
an
al
y
s
is
m
u
s
t
q
u
an
t
if
y
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
P
o
ten
tia
l k
ey
ch
a
llen
g
es fo
r
tera
h
ertz
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
ystems
(
A
h
ma
d
A
.
A
.
S
o
lyma
n
)
3407
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
t
h
at
6
G
n
ee
d
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
d
r
iv
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
4
2
]
.
R
ec
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
[
4
3
,
4
4
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
ir
s
t step
in
t
h
is
d
ir
e
ctio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
p
o
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
PP
P)
is
a
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
m
ath
e
m
at
ical
to
o
l
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
e
s
s
o
b
tain
ab
le
in
r
ea
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
v
er
ag
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
4
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
P
P
P
a
r
e
th
at
o
b
j
ec
ts
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
i
n
s
p
a
c
e
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
u
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
.
T
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
l
i
s
n
o
t
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
y
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
n
b
o
t
h
m
o
n
o
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
t
i
e
r
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
i
s
s
t
a
t
i
c
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
t
o
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
r
a
n
d
o
m
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
b
ase
s
tatio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
,
a
p
atter
n
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
in
w
h
ich
s
o
m
e
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
s
attr
ac
t
m
o
r
e
t
r
af
f
ic
w
h
ile
o
t
h
er
s
d
o
n
’
t.
I
n
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
il
l
w
i
tn
e
s
s
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
s
,
s
i
g
n
i
f
y
in
g
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
h
o
ts
p
o
t
ar
e
as,
w
h
ile
t
h
er
e
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ep
u
ls
ed
(
lo
w
tr
af
f
ic)
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
t
h
e
m
a
cr
o
ce
ll
le
v
el
to
s
i
g
n
if
y
r
u
r
al
a
n
d
u
r
b
an
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
in
co
n
s
o
n
an
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
h
an
d
o
v
er
as
d
escr
ib
ed
ea
r
lier
.
Du
e
to
th
e
i
m
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
P
P
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
it
w
ill
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
atel
y
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
6
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
P
P
P
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
v
e
r
s
a
t
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
2
D
p
l
a
n
e
u
n
t
i
l
n
o
w
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
t
h
e
2
.
5
D
d
o
m
a
i
n
[
4
7
,
4
8
]
.
I
f
t
h
i
s
s
a
m
e
m
o
d
e
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
d
e
r
i
v
e
t
h
e
3
D
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
n
e
tw
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
e
e
d
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
is
i
s
s
u
e.
6.
SAFE
T
Y
I
S
SU
E
S
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
n
en
er
g
y
T
Hz
r
ad
ia
tio
n
is
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
to
1
2
.
4
m
eV,
w
h
ich
i
s
a
less
t
h
a
n
th
r
ee
ti
m
es
o
f
io
n
izin
g
p
h
o
to
n
en
er
g
y
le
v
els
.
T
h
u
s
,
T
Hz
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
a
n
o
n
-
io
n
iz
in
g
p
h
o
to
n
en
er
g
y
[
4
9
,
5
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
u
r
ce
w
it
h
T
Hz
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
i
s
a
h
ea
ti
n
g
w
h
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
ca
n
ce
r
r
is
k
[
5
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
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v
e
s
(GS
M
M
)
,
Bo
u
l
d
e
r,
CO,
USA
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
3.
[1
5
]
A
.
H
a
lee
m
,
R.
V
a
ish
y
a
,
M
.
Ja
v
a
id
,
a
n
d
I.
H.
K
h
a
n
,
"
A
rti
f
i
c
ial
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I)
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
o
r
th
o
p
a
e
d
ics
:
A
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
e
m
b
ra
c
e
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Cli
n
ica
l
Or
t
h
o
p
a
e
d
i
c
s
&
T
ra
u
ma
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
S
8
0
-
S
8
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
A
.
S
.
Ca
c
c
iap
u
o
ti
,
K.
S
a
n
k
h
e
,
M
.
Ca
leff
i,
a
n
d
K.
R.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
"
Be
y
o
n
d
5
G
:
T
Hz
-
b
a
se
d
m
e
d
iu
m
a
c
c
e
s
s
p
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s n
e
tw
o
r
k
s,"
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
-
1
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Ro
d
w
e
ll
,
Y.
F
a
n
g
,
J.
R
o
d
e
,
J
.
W
u
,
B.
M
a
rk
m
a
n
,
S
.
Š
.
Bru
n
e
ll
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
1
0
0
-
3
4
0
g
h
z
sy
ste
m
s:
T
ra
n
sisto
rs
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
M
e
e
ti
n
g
(
IEDM
)
,
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
CA
,
US
A
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
.
3
.
1
-
1
4
.
3
.
4
.
[1
8
]
J.
F
.
Ha
rv
e
y
,
M
.
B.
S
tee
r,
a
n
d
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
"
Ex
p
l
o
it
i
n
g
h
ig
h
m
il
li
m
e
ter
w
a
v
e
b
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
il
it
a
r
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
,
"
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
5
0
-
5
2
3
5
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
S
.
S
a
x
e
n
a
,
D.
S
.
M
a
n
u
r,
N.
M
a
n
so
o
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
a
n
g
u
l
y
,
"
S
c
a
lab
le
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
t
w
irele
ss
in
ter
c
h
ip
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
f
a
b
rics
u
sin
g
T
Hz
-
b
a
n
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pa
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
te
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
3
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
H.
G
u
e
rb
o
u
k
h
a
,
K.
Na
ll
a
p
p
a
n
,
Y.
Ca
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
k
o
ro
b
o
g
a
ti
y
,
"
L
o
w
-
lo
ss
p
lan
a
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
T
H
z
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
9
I
EE
E
R
a
d
io
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s S
y
mp
o
si
u
m (
RW
S
),
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
L
,
USA
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[2
1
]
D.
M
.
M
it
tl
e
m
a
n
,
"
Twe
n
t
y
y
e
a
r
s o
f
tera
h
e
rtz i
m
a
g
in
g
,
"
Op
ti
c
s e
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
4
1
7
-
9
4
3
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
S
.
A
b
a
d
a
l,
C.
Ha
n
,
a
n
d
J.
M
.
Jo
rn
e
t
,
"
W
a
v
e
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
i
n
C
h
i
p
-
S
c
a
l
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
A
S
u
r
v
e
y
F
r
o
m
M
i
l
l
i
m
e
t
e
r
-
W
a
v
e
t
o
T
e
r
a
h
e
r
t
z
a
n
d
O
p
t
i
c
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
-
2
9
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
3
]
M
.
Be
n
n
is,
M
.
De
b
b
a
h
,
a
n
d
H.
V
.
P
o
o
r
,
"
Ultrare
li
a
b
le
a
n
d
lo
w
-
late
n
c
y
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
:
T
a
il
,
risk
,
a
n
d
sc
a
le,"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
1
0
6
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
4
-
1
8
5
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
Y.
X
in
g
,
G
.
R.
M
a
c
Ca
rtn
e
y
,
A
.
F
.
M
o
li
sc
h
,
E.
M
e
ll
io
s,
a
n
d
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
"
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
o
f
m
il
li
m
e
ter
w
a
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
i
f
th
-
ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
(5
G
)
w
irele
ss
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
-
W
it
h
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
An
ten
n
a
s a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
2
1
3
-
6
2
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
J.
N.
M
u
rd
o
c
k
a
n
d
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
"
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
f
a
c
to
r
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
-
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
f
a
c
to
r:
A
th
e
o
ry
fo
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
"
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s
in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
-
2
3
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
6
]
S
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Q.
W
u
,
S
.
Xu
,
a
n
d
G
.
Y.
L
i,
"
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
g
re
e
n
trad
e
o
f
fs:
P
r
o
g
re
ss
e
s,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
im
p
a
c
ts
o
n
5
G
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,"
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
A.
-
A
.
A
.
Bo
u
lo
g
e
o
rg
o
s,
A
.
A
lex
io
u
,
T
.
M
e
rk
le,
C.
S
c
h
u
b
e
rt
,
R.
El
sc
h
n
e
r,
A
.
Ka
tsio
ti
s
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
e
ra
h
e
rtz
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
d
e
li
v
e
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
w
irele
s
s
s
y
st
e
m
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
5
G
,
"
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
-
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
T
.
Na
g
a
tsu
m
a
,
"
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Tera
h
e
rtz
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
A
c
c
e
l
e
ra
ted
b
y
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,"
2
0
1
9
2
4
t
h
Op
to
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
OECC)
a
n
d
2
0
1
9
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
i
n
S
wit
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
(
PS
C),
F
u
k
u
o
k
a
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
3.
[2
9
]
J.
N.
M
u
rd
o
c
k
a
n
d
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
"
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
f
a
c
to
r:
A
f
ig
u
re
o
f
m
e
rit
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
in
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,"
2
0
1
1
IEE
E
G
L
OBECOM
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(
GC
W
k
s
h
p
s),
Ho
u
sto
n
,
T
X
,
USA
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
3
-
1
3
9
8
.
[3
0
]
I.
F
.
A
k
y
il
d
iz,
J.
M
.
Jo
rn
e
t,
a
n
d
C.
Ha
n
,
"
Tera
h
e
rtz
b
a
n
d
:
Ne
x
t
f
ro
n
ti
e
r
f
o
r
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,"
Ph
y
sic
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
3
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
1
]
O.
D.
O
y
e
lek
e
,
S
.
T
h
o
m
a
s,
O.
Id
o
w
u
-
Bis
m
a
rk
,
P
.
Nz
e
re
m
,
a
n
d
I.
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
"
A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
,
Dif
f
ra
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
F
re
e
S
p
a
c
e
P
a
t
h
L
o
ss
e
s
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
T
e
ra
h
e
rtz
Ba
n
d
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
-
65
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
2
]
S
.
A
.
A
sh
ra
f
,
F
.
L
in
d
q
v
ist,
R.
B
a
ld
e
m
a
ir
a
n
d
B.
L
in
d
o
f
f
,
"
Co
n
tro
l
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
De
sig
n
T
ra
d
e
-
Offs
f
o
r
Ultra
-
Re
li
a
b
le
a
n
d
L
o
w
-
Late
n
c
y
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
"
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
Glo
b
e
c
o
m
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(
GC
W
k
sh
p
s),
S
a
n
Di
e
g
o
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