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5578
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s
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8
2
6
6
I
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ter
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f
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m
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Ph
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to
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CC B
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C
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A
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Dep
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ased
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tr
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e
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er
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,
with
tech
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tan
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im
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[
1
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-
[
1
1
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.
So
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wh
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[
1
2
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-
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1
4
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.
I
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Fu
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m
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5
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2
3
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T
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PV
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2
4
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P
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[
1
4
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[
2
5
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T
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ased
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[
1
6
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[
2
6
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-
[
2
9
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.
T
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I
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em
o
tely
.
Ma
n
y
I
o
T
b
ased
o
n
lin
e
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
8
]
s
u
ch
as:
i
)
o
b
ject
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
ii
)
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
3
2
]
,
iii
)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
iv
)
elec
tr
icity
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
3
5
]
,
a
n
d
v
)
b
o
d
y
h
ea
lth
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
d
ev
ice
is
u
s
in
g
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
8
2
6
6
f
o
r
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
an
d
Wi
-
Fi p
r
o
v
id
er
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t a
n
d
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
u
le
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
9
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
o
n
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
’
s
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
PV
p
a
r
am
eter
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
b
o
t
h
o
f
f
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
4
3
]
-
[
5
1
]
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
t
o
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
d
a
t
a
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
wh
y
it
i
s
cr
u
cial
to
k
ee
p
tr
ac
k
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
a
PV sy
s
tem
at
all
tim
es [
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Pre
s
en
tly
,
th
e
PV
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
as
b
e
en
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
m
a
n
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
is
s
till
r
elativ
ely
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
h
ig
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
ed
iu
m
s
ca
le
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
s
en
s
o
r
(
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
)
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
u
s
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
p
a
i
d
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
L
A
B
V
I
E
W
[
54
]
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
h
i
s
,
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
also
d
o
es n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
f
f
lin
e
d
ata
b
ac
k
u
p
/s
to
r
ag
e
f
ea
tu
r
e,
if
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
n
etwo
r
k
f
ails
,
th
is
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
d
ata
lo
s
s
[
5
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
an
I
o
T
b
ased
P
V
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
PV
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
in
th
is
ca
s
e
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
h
o
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
)
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
is
g
o
al,
m
an
y
c
o
s
tly
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as sen
s
o
r
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
s
am
e
r
o
le
b
u
t
c
o
s
t
less
an
d
ar
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ai
lab
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
s
tead
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
th
at
n
ee
d
s
h
ig
h
s
er
v
ice
co
s
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
L
AB
VI
E
W
,
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
was
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
f
r
ee
I
o
T
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
f
o
r
a
n
y
n
etwo
r
k
f
ailu
r
es,
a
Mic
r
o
SD
ca
r
d
-
b
ased
o
f
f
lin
e
d
ata
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
tem
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
SY
ST
E
M
DE
S
I
G
N
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
to
tr
ac
k
p
ar
am
eter
d
ata
f
r
o
m
PV
v
ia
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
b
o
th
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
d
ata
(
m
etr
o
lo
g
y
)
an
d
elec
tr
ical
d
ata
(
I
an
d
V)
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
in
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
ca
p
tu
r
e,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
to
r
e,
an
d
an
aly
s
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lc
u
lated
p
a
r
am
eter
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
will
s
en
d
th
e
d
ata
t
o
th
e
cl
o
u
d
s
er
v
e
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
Wi
-
Fi
g
atew
ay
af
ter
it h
as b
ee
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
pro
po
s
e
d Io
T
P
V
m
o
nito
ring
s
y
s
t
em
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
icts
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
en
tire
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
PV
d
ata
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
llected
f
r
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
lig
h
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
)
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
PV,
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
,
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
W
i
th
th
e
I
o
T
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
llects,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
s
to
r
e
in
to
o
f
f
lin
e
d
ata
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
clo
u
d
s
er
v
er
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
web
-
b
ased
an
d
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
twar
e
s
er
v
es
as
a
clo
u
d
d
atab
ase
an
d
v
is
u
al
d
ata
v
iewe
r
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
v
ia
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
(
PC
)
v
ia
a
web
s
er
v
er
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
rnet
o
f
t
hin
g
s
f
o
r
P
V
m
o
nito
ring
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
I
o
T
allo
ws
s
m
ar
t
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
to
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
with
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
ar
i
ety
o
f
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
es [
3
]
.
I
o
T
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
o
le
in
h
u
m
an
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
b
y
allo
win
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
an
y
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ev
ices
v
ia
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
wh
er
e
d
ev
ices
ar
e
i
n
tellig
en
tly
lin
k
ed
,
en
ab
lin
g
n
ew
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ev
ices
an
d
h
u
m
an
s
,
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
d
ev
ices
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
its
elf
,
to
s
h
ar
e
d
ata,
tr
ac
k
,
an
d
m
an
ag
e
d
ev
ices
f
r
o
m
an
y
w
h
er
e
i
n
th
e
wo
r
l
d
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
ly
an
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
[
5
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
5
5
7
8
-
5
5
8
7
5580
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
,
esp
ec
ially
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
to
tr
ac
k
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
an
d
o
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
t
h
en
s
en
t
to
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
PV
p
lan
ts
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
k
ed
u
s
in
g
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
en
h
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
,
q
u
ality
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
2
.
3
.
Dis
pla
y
un
it
a
nd
clo
u
d sto
ra
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
n
ec
ess
itates
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
r
v
is
u
al
d
ata
d
is
p
lay
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
r
em
o
tely
an
d
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
ia
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
o
r
P
C
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
API
)
th
at
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
is
p
lay
u
n
it
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
n
am
ely
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
.
T
h
in
g
S
p
ea
k
en
a
b
les
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
lo
g
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
lo
ca
tio
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
th
in
g
s
with
cu
s
to
m
izab
le
s
tatu
s
u
p
d
ates.
I
t
allo
ws
u
s
er
s
to
co
llect,
s
to
r
e,
an
aly
ze
,
v
is
u
alize
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
th
at
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
SE
T
UP
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
li
g
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
)
,
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e,
an
d
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
a
cq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
w
ir
eless
ly
to
th
e
clo
u
d
s
er
v
er
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
en
th
e
d
ata
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
v
is
u
ally
u
s
in
g
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
s
im
p
le,
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
I
o
T
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
o
f
PV
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
s
,
esp
ec
ially
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
PV
f
ar
m
s
(
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
g
r
i
d
co
n
d
itio
n
)
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
s
e
lect
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
ar
d
war
e
th
at
is
b
o
th
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
l
y
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
a
r
e
th
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
q
u
an
tif
y
b
o
th
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
elec
tr
ical
d
ata:
-
DHT
2
2
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
ity
d
at
a
-
Ph
o
to
d
io
d
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
in
t
en
s
ity
-
AC
S7
1
2
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PV
-
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
d
iv
id
e
r
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PV
I
n
s
tead
o
f
DHT
1
1
,
DHT
2
2
is
u
s
ed
to
as
s
es
s
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Py
r
an
o
m
eter
s
en
s
o
r
is
r
ep
la
ce
d
b
y
a
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
u
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
t
h
e
PV
s
cr
ee
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
lo
wer
d
ev
ice
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
AC
S7
1
2
an
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
d
iv
id
er
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
ate
d
p
o
wer
b
y
PV.
T
h
e
E
SP
8
2
6
6
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
o
f
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
E
SP
8
2
6
6
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
m
an
y
u
s
ef
u
l
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
a
b
u
ilt
-
in
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le,
h
as
a
m
a
n
y
g
e
n
er
al
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
(
GPI
O)
p
o
r
ts
,
an
d
a
s
im
p
le
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
is
u
s
ed
as
a
d
atab
ase
an
d
to
v
is
u
alis
e
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
d
ata
with
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
g
r
ap
h
an
d
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
ea
s
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
cr
ea
te.
B
esid
es,
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
twar
e
s
u
ch
as
L
AB
VI
E
W
co
s
t
wo
u
ld
r
is
e
th
e
co
s
t
d
u
e
to
co
s
tly
s
o
f
twar
e
s
er
v
ice
p
a
y
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
an
o
f
f
lin
e
b
ac
k
u
p
d
ata
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
lo
ck
(
R
T
C
)
an
d
Mic
r
o
SD
m
o
d
u
les
h
as
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
e
x
p
an
d
th
e
d
atab
ase
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
er
v
e
as
in
ter
n
al
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
w
h
en
o
n
li
n
e
d
ata
is
u
n
av
ailab
le.
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ig
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Fig
u
r
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u
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F
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V
3
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M
a
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n
t
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e
r
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c
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D
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5
0
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p
P
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e
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e
n
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r
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t
o
r
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W
M
S
o
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a
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a
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t
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r
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h
a
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g
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t
r
o
l
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r
1
2
V
b
a
t
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e
r
y
En
e
r
g
y
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a
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p
sy
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t
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m
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
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S
y
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e
m l
o
a
d
3
.
1
.
1.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
s
t
e
m
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
5
0
W
p
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
PV
p
an
el,
1
0
A
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
1
2
V
7
.
2
A
h
b
atter
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
u
p
,
an
d
3
0
W
co
n
s
tan
t lo
ad
.
3
.
1
.
2.
Sens
ing
un
it
a)
C
u
r
r
en
t sen
s
o
r
An
AC
S7
1
2
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
A
was
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Sin
ce
th
is
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
d
etec
t
b
o
th
A
C
an
d
DC
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
a
cir
cu
it,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
An
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
E
SP
8
2
6
6
,
o
r
an
o
t
h
e
r
k
in
d
o
f
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ac
ce
s
s
th
is
s
en
s
o
r
.
I
n
p
r
in
ci
p
le
,
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is
s
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in
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t
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e
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r
r
en
t
f
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its
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h
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ef
f
ec
t
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etec
ts
in
co
m
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cu
r
r
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b
y
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r
atin
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a
m
ag
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f
ield
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T
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e
h
all
e
f
f
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t
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r
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ts
th
e
m
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ield
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w
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is
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to
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lcu
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th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
.
b
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
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is
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ltag
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th
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th
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alu
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f
th
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u
tp
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ltag
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p
r
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v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
PV w
h
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
in
s
er
v
ice.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
5
5
7
8
-
5
5
8
7
5582
c)
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
T
h
e
DHT
2
2
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
PV
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
I
t
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
(
NT
C
)
ty
p
e
th
er
m
is
to
r
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
a
h
u
m
id
ity
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
is
r
esis
ta
n
t
to
ch
an
g
es
in
wate
r
co
n
te
n
t
in
th
e
air
,
as
well
as
a
ch
ip
t
h
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
o
m
e
an
alo
g
u
e
t
o
d
ig
ital c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
(
two
-
way
s
in
g
le
ca
b
le
)
.
d
)
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
s
en
s
o
r
was
ch
o
s
en
as
an
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
t
o
r
ep
lace
th
e
p
y
r
an
o
m
ete
r
s
en
s
o
r
,
wh
ich
is
r
ated
as
ex
tr
em
ely
co
s
tly
,
th
er
eb
y
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
ev
ice
co
s
t.
T
o
o
b
tain
an
a
cc
u
r
ate
v
alu
e,
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
s
en
s
o
r
m
u
s
t b
e
ca
l
ib
r
ated
u
s
in
g
a
n
ac
cu
r
ate
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
,
s
u
ch
as a
p
y
r
an
o
m
ete
r
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
No
deM
CU
E
SP
8
2
6
6
ba
s
ed
co
ntr
o
ller
No
d
eM
C
U
is
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
f
ir
m
wa
r
e
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
k
it
th
at
ass
i
s
ts
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
o
T
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
No
d
eM
C
U
was
cr
ea
ted
to
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
ier
to
u
s
e
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
API
)
f
o
r
I
O
h
ar
d
war
e
.
API
s
ca
n
h
el
p
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
s
p
en
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
in
g
an
d
m
an
i
p
u
latin
g
h
ar
d
war
e
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
No
d
eM
C
U
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
b
ei
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
in
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
an
d
with
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
I
DE
.
T
h
e
co
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
u
p
lo
ad
e
d
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
N
o
d
eM
C
U
b
o
ar
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
t
h
e
E
SP
8
2
6
6
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
Wi
-
Fi
in
teg
r
ated
ch
i
p
,
an
d
it is
v
er
y
s
m
all
in
s
ize.
3
.
2
.
So
f
t
wa
re
des
ig
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
hin
g
S
pea
k
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
is
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
p
lat
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
API
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
an
d
r
etr
iev
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
in
g
s
th
at
u
s
e
HT
T
P
o
v
er
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
o
r
a
l
o
ca
l
a
r
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
AN)
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
g
iv
es
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
em
b
e
d
d
ed
d
e
v
ices
an
d
web
s
er
v
ices
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
llectin
g
,
s
to
r
in
g
,
an
al
y
zin
g
,
v
i
s
u
alizin
g
,
a
n
d
ac
tin
g
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
r
ac
tu
ato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
No
d
eM
C
U,
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi,
B
ea
g
leB
o
n
e,
an
d
o
th
er
h
ar
d
war
e.
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
allo
ws
s
en
s
o
r
lo
g
g
in
g
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
is
a
d
ata
co
llecto
r
th
at
g
at
h
er
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
N
o
d
eM
C
U
d
ev
ices
an
d
th
en
lo
ad
s
it
in
to
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
A
ch
an
n
el,
wh
ich
c
o
n
tain
s
a
d
ata
f
i
eld
,
a
p
o
s
itio
n
f
ield
,
an
d
a
s
tatu
s
f
ield
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
f
e
atu
r
es
in
clu
d
es
:
i
)
o
p
en
API
,
ii
)
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
,
iii
)
g
eo
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata,
iv
)
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
v
)
d
ata
v
is
u
ali
z
atio
n
s
,
vi
)
d
ev
ice
s
tatu
s
m
ess
ag
es,
an
d
v
ii
)
p
lu
g
in
s
ar
e
th
e
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
nito
ring
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV
d
ev
ic
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tar
t
with
th
e
lib
r
ar
y
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
s
,
v
ar
ia
b
le
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
a
n
d
b
o
ar
d
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
ch
ec
k
th
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
Wi
-
Fi
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
I
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
will
s
tar
t
to
o
p
en
an
d
r
ea
d
th
e
SD
ca
r
d
f
o
ld
er
f
ile.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
i
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ea
d
s
th
e
SD
ca
r
d
f
o
ld
er
f
ile,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
will
p
r
o
ce
e
d
to
r
ea
d
all
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
s
en
s
o
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
th
e
tim
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
T
C
m
o
d
u
le
.
A
s
a
f
i
n
a
l
p
o
i
n
t
,
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
w
i
l
l
b
e
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
S
D
c
a
r
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
t
-
i
n
Wi
-
Fi
g
a
t
e
w
a
y
o
n
t
h
e
N
o
d
e
M
C
U
,
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
w
i
l
l
b
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
a
c
l
o
u
d
s
e
r
v
e
r
.
U
n
t
i
l
t
h
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
i
s
d
ea
ctiv
at
ed
,
all
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es will b
e
r
ep
licated
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
p
icts
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
th
e
PV is
u
s
ed
as a
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ato
r
a
n
d
th
e
lap
to
p
is
u
s
ed
to
v
iew
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
v
ia
th
e
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
d
ev
ice
is
u
s
ed
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
en
s
o
r
,
th
e
b
r
ea
d
b
o
ar
d
is
u
s
ed
to
attac
h
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
th
e
m
a
i
n
b
o
a
r
d
,
t
h
e
b
o
x
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
b
o
a
r
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
W
M
s
o
l
a
r
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
1
2
V
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
a
c
k
u
p
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Fi
g
u
r
es
5
(
a)
to
(
e)
d
e
p
ict
th
e
PV
p
ar
a
m
eter
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el,
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
as
well
as
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ice'
s
ch
a
n
n
el
p
lace
m
e
n
t
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
f
)
.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
PV
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
an
d
d
ata
co
llectin
g
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
wo
r
k
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
.
I
n
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
co
llects,
an
aly
s
es,
tr
an
s
m
its
,
an
d
s
to
r
es
th
e
d
ata
in
to
cl
o
u
d
s
er
v
er
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
T
ab
le
2
tab
u
lates
th
e
co
s
ts
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
is
to
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t c
o
s
ts
ar
e
th
e
lo
west c
o
m
p
a
r
e
to
o
th
e
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
-
b
a
s
ed
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ics p
a
r
a
mete
r
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
o
)
5583
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
F
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
[
1
0
]
a
n
d
B
ea
g
leB
o
n
e
B
lack
[
9
]
h
a
v
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
ar
e
also
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
s
tly
an
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
ch
ea
p
est
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
th
e
PIC
1
6
F8
7
7
[
2
0
]
,
b
u
t
it
h
as
th
e
l
o
west
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
ex
ter
n
al
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
t
o
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
Du
e
to
th
eir
e
asy
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
an
d
r
elativ
el
y
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
m
an
y
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
ME
GA2
5
6
0
an
d
Ar
d
u
in
o
UNO
R
3
[
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
5
5
7
8
-
5
5
8
7
5584
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
ap
tu
r
e
d
v
is
u
al
d
ata
f
r
o
m
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
p
latf
o
r
m
;
(
a
)
am
b
ien
t te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
,
(
b
)
PV v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
,
(
c)
PV c
u
r
r
en
t
o
u
t
,
(
d
)
PV p
o
wer
o
u
t
,
(
e
)
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
le
v
el
,
an
d
(
f
)
c
h
an
n
el
lo
ca
ti
o
n
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
P
a
p
e
r
M
a
i
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
C
o
s
t
(
$
)
*
B
u
i
l
t
-
i
n
Wi
-
Fi
?
[
4
5
]
B
e
a
g
l
e
B
o
n
e
b
l
a
c
k
V
e
r
y
H
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
e
d
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
A
D
C
H
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
73
.
98
No
[
16]
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
M
e
g
a
2
5
6
0
Lo
w
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
A
D
C
s
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
34
.
00
No
[
55]
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
N
O
R
3
Lo
w
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
A
D
C
s
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
22
.
00
No
[
56]
P
I
C
1
6
F
8
7
7
Lo
w
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
A
D
C
s
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
5
.
50
No
[
46]
R
a
s
p
b
e
r
r
y
P
i
3
H
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
e
d
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
A
D
C
H
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
42
.
99
Y
e
s
[
54]
ESP
3
2
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
A
D
C
s
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
10
.
99
Y
e
s
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
ESP
8
2
6
6
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
A
D
C
s
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
6
.
49
Y
e
s
*
Est
i
ma
t
e
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
(
A
maz
o
n
.
c
o
m)
T
im
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
-
b
a
s
ed
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ics p
a
r
a
mete
r
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
…
(
To
le
S
u
tikn
o
)
5585
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
y
s
till
h
a
v
e
a
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lev
el
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et,
an
d
th
ey
n
ee
d
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
I
o
T
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
E
SP
b
o
a
r
d
s
er
ies
[
1
8
]
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
co
s
t
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
e
aso
n
a
b
ly
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
E
SP
b
o
ar
d
s
er
ies h
as a
b
u
ilt
-
in
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
es v
er
y
litt
le
elec
tr
i
city
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
I
o
T
-
b
ased
PV
p
ar
am
ete
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
was
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
ar
e
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
PV
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e,
an
d
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
a
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
,
DHT
2
2
,
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
d
iv
id
er
,
a
n
d
AC
S7
1
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
esid
es,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
is
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
PV v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
PV c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
No
d
eM
C
U
V3
E
SP
8
2
6
6
,
wh
ich
also
h
as
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
Wi
-
Fi
en
ab
led
g
atew
ay
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
wir
eless
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
th
e
clo
u
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
ex
ter
n
al
Wi
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
tr
ac
k
ed
o
n
th
e
c
lo
u
d
s
er
v
e
r
u
s
in
g
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t
an
d
r
ea
d
il
y
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
c
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
also
a
f
ac
to
r
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
.
Fin
ally
,
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
p
er
im
en
t
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lt
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
PV
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
v
er
a
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
tim
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
(
UAD)
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
L
ea
d
in
g
R
esear
ch
Sch
em
e
(
PUPS
)
,
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
No
:
PUPS
-
0
1
5
/SP
3
/LPPM
-
UAD/2
0
2
0
;
an
d
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
tem
an
d
Po
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics
R
esea
r
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
E
SP
E
R
G)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
e
x
ce
llen
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
I.
Ya
ss
in
e
a
n
d
A.
Bo
u
m
e
d
ie
n
e
,
“
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
ies
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
li
n
k
i
n
g
to
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
i1
.
p
p
1
0
7
-
1
1
8
.
[2
]
C.
U.
Ca
ss
ian
i
Orti
z
,
J.
E
.
Ca
n
d
e
lo
-
Be
c
e
rra
,
a
n
d
F
.
E.
Ho
y
o
s
V
e
las
c
o
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
m
a
rk
e
t
stra
teg
ies
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
m
icro
g
rid
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
0
-
5
4
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jp
e
d
s.
v
1
1
.
i
1
.
p
p
5
3
0
-
5
4
6
.
[3
]
Y.
M
.
Esm
a
il
,
A.
H.
K
.
Ala
b
o
u
d
y
,
M
.
S
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
Do
u
so
k
y
,
“
M
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
s
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
u
si
n
g
F
ACTS
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
3
-
1
2
3
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
2
2
.
i3
.
p
p
1
2
2
3
-
1
2
3
5
.
[4
]
N.
P
a
ti
,
B.
P
a
n
d
a
,
a
n
d
B.
P
a
n
d
a
,
“
S
tab
il
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
sy
ste
m
u
n
d
e
r
g
rid
fa
u
lt
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(I
J
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
1
-
9
4
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
i2
.
p
p
9
3
1
-
9
4
1
.
[5
]
M
.
Q.
Tah
a
,
“
Ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
sm
a
rt
e
n
e
rg
y
g
rid
,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
(BE
EI)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
5
.
p
p
.
1
7
3
9
-
1
7
4
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ee
i.
v
9
i
5
.
2
3
5
8
.
[6
]
B.
Ra
jap
a
n
d
ian
a
n
d
G
.
T.
S
u
n
d
a
rra
jan
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
.
p
p
.
1
9
1
8
-
1
9
2
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
i4
.
p
p
1
9
1
8
-
1
9
2
5
.
[7
]
M
.
A.
A.
S
u
f
y
a
n
,
M
.
Z
u
h
a
i
b
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
ih
a
n
,
“
A
n
i
n
v
e
stig
a
t
io
n
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
fo
r
wid
e
a
re
a
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
(
BE
EI)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
8
0
-
5
8
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ee
i.
v
1
0
i2
.
2
7
6
7
.
[8
]
P
.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
S
.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
a
n
d
S
.
-
C.
Kim
,
“
En
e
rg
y
a
u
d
i
t:
Ty
p
e
s,
sc
o
p
e
,
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
re
p
o
rt
stru
c
t
u
re
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
),
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
.
p
p
.
4
5
-
5
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
2
1
.
i
4
.
p
p
4
5
-
52.
[9
]
A.
Lek
b
ic
h
,
A.
Be
lfq
i
h
,
C.
Zed
a
k
,
J.
Bo
u
k
h
e
ro
u
a
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
El
m
a
riam
i,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
d
e
c
e
n
tr
a
li
z
e
d
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
fo
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
th
e
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
in
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
s,”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
ma
ti
c
s
(BE
EI)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
2
-
1
1
5
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/e
e
i.
v
1
0
i3
.
2
4
3
6
.
[1
0
]
P
.
K.
P
a
n
d
a
,
A.
S
a
h
o
o
,
A.
S
a
m
a
l,
D.
P
.
M
is
h
ra
,
a
n
d
S
.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
Vo
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
AC
h
y
b
rid
m
icro
g
rid
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(I
J
PE
DS
),
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
9
3
-
8
0
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
2
.
i2
.
p
p
7
9
3
-
8
0
2
.
[1
1
]
H.
Az
o
u
g
,
H.
Be
lmili
,
a
n
d
F
.
B
o
u
a
z
z
a
,
“
G
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
PV
-
win
d
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
8
-
1
2
3
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
2
.
i2
.
p
p
1
2
2
8
-
1
2
3
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
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I
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,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
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b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
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5
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5586
[1
2
]
M
.
Da
tt
a
,
T
.
S
e
n
jy
u
,
A.
Yo
n
a
,
a
n
d
T.
F
u
n
a
b
a
sh
i,
“
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
fl
u
c
tu
a
ti
o
n
s
sm
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
b
y
se
lec
ti
n
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
y
fo
r
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
d
ies
e
l
h
y
b
ri
d
sy
st
e
m
,
”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
2
1
–
6
4
4
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
3
2
5
0
0
8
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
3
6
8
0
9
.
[1
3
]
T.
R
o
u
t,
A.
Ch
o
wd
h
u
r
y
,
M
.
K.
M
a
h
a
ra
n
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
m
a
l,
“
An
a
l
y
sis
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
fo
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
with
b
a
tt
e
ry
a
n
d
su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
u
sin
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tro
l
ler,”
2
0
1
8
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
S
ma
rt
-
Cit
y
En
e
rg
y
S
e
c
u
rity a
n
d
P
o
we
r (ICS
E
S
P)
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
CS
ES
P
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
7
6
7
3
7
.
[1
4
]
S
.
R.
M
a
d
e
ti
a
n
d
S
.
N.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
ic
p
lan
ts:
A
re
v
iew
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
0
-
1
2
0
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
6
.
0
9
.
0
8
8
.
[1
5
]
M
.
M
.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
re
v
iew
o
f
b
u
il
d
in
g
in
teg
ra
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic:
Ca
se
stu
d
y
o
f
tro
p
ica
l
c
li
m
a
ti
c
re
g
io
n
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(I
J
PE
DS
),
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
.
p
p
.
4
7
4
-
4
8
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
2
.
i1
.
p
p
4
7
4
-
4
8
8
.
[1
6
]
M
.
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
J.
S
e
lv
a
ra
j,
N.
A.
Ra
h
im,
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
sa
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
m
o
d
e
rn
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
s
y
ste
m
s
fo
r
P
V
b
a
se
d
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
A
re
v
iew
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
ie
ws
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
P
a
rt
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
2
-
4
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
7
.
1
0
.
1
1
1
.
[1
7
]
E.
H.
Ch
a
h
i
d
,
M
.
I.
O
u
m
h
a
n
d
,
M
.
F
e
d
d
a
o
u
i
,
M
.
Err
it
a
li
,
a
n
d
A.
M
a
lao
u
i,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
fa
c
to
rs
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
e
x
trac
ti
n
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
0
-
5
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
7
i
1
.
p
p
5
0
-
5
7
.
[1
8
]
A.
Ha
li
m
,
A.
F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
S
.
P
h
il
l
ip
s,
a
n
d
K
.
S
o
p
ia
n
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
n
o
p
ti
m
ise
d
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
so
lar
-
P
V
d
ies
e
l
sy
ste
m
fo
r
o
ff
-
g
rid
r
u
ra
l
e
lec
tri
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
4
-
1
3
8
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
9
n
3
.
p
p
1
3
7
4
-
1
3
8
0
.
[1
9
]
O.
A.
Ah
m
a
d
,
H.
S
a
y
e
d
,
K
.
A.
Ja
l
a
l,
D.
Y.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
W.
H.
Ha
b
e
e
b
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
o
f
a
n
i
n
d
o
o
r
so
lar
e
m
u
lato
r
b
a
se
d
lo
w
-
c
o
st
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
a
ta
l
o
g
g
e
r
f
o
r
P
V
sy
st
e
m
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
5
-
1
6
5
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
0
.
i3
.
1
6
4
5
-
1
6
5
4
.
[2
0
]
A.
A.
S
n
e
in
e
h
a
n
d
W.
A.
S
a
lah
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
li
g
n
e
d
so
lar
trac
k
in
g
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
5
-
2
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
0
.
i4
.
2
0
5
5
-
2
0
6
4
.
[2
1
]
A.
Am
ir,
A.
Am
ir,
H.
S
.
Ch
e
,
A.
El
k
h
a
teb
,
a
n
d
N.
A.
Ra
h
im,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
tag
e
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
6
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
re
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
8
9
.
[2
2
]
S
.
G
o
ra
i,
D.
S
a
tt
ian
a
d
a
n
,
V.
S
h
a
n
m
u
g
a
su
n
d
a
ra
m
,
S
.
Vi
d
y
a
sa
g
a
r
,
G
.
R.
P
ru
d
h
v
i
K
u
m
a
r,
a
n
d
M
.
S
u
d
h
a
k
a
ra
n
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
lati
o
n
in
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
(IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
1
-
1
1
3
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
1
9
.
i3
.
p
p
1
1
3
1
-
1
1
3
9
.
[2
3
]
K.
L.
S
h
e
n
o
y
,
C
.
G
.
Na
y
a
k
,
a
n
d
R.
P
.
M
a
n
d
i
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
p
a
rti
a
l
sh
a
d
in
g
in
g
ri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
so
lar
PV
sy
ste
m
with
F
L
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
1
-
4
4
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
1
2
.
i1
.
p
p
4
3
1
-
4
4
0
.
[2
4
]
M
.
To
rre
s,
F
.
J.
M
u
o
z
,
J.
V
M
u
o
z
,
a
n
d
C.
R
u
s,
“
On
li
n
e
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
sy
ste
m
fo
r
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
-
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
fro
m
m
o
n
it
o
re
d
d
a
ta,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
rg
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
5
/1
.
4
0
0
5
4
4
8
.
[2
5
]
S
.
Ad
h
y
a
,
J.
Da
s,
A
.
Ja
n
a
,
a
n
d
H.
S
a
h
a
,
“
An
I
o
T
Ba
se
d
S
m
a
rt
S
o
l
a
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
Re
m
o
te
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
u
n
it
,
”
2
0
1
6
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
,
In
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
,
E
n
e
rg
y
&
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
(CIEC)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
3
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/CIE
C.
2
0
1
6
.
7
5
1
3
7
9
3
.
[2
6
]
B.
Kh
a
d
id
ja,
B.
S
.
Am
in
e
,
a
n
d
B
.
No
u
re
d
d
in
e
,
“
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
isio
n
o
f
a
so
lar
e
lec
tri
c
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
2
0
9
6
-
2
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.v
1
0
.
i4
.
2
0
9
6
-
2
1
0
0
.
[2
7
]
M
.
Z.
M
.
Na
sir,
S
.
S
a
li
m
in
,
B.
C
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
A.
Ju
m
a
a
t,
“
P
ro
to
t
y
p
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
sm
a
rt
p
a
r
k
in
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
o
w
e
re
d
b
y
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
E
EC
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
9
-
1
2
3
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
1
8
.
i3
.
p
p
1
2
2
9
-
1
2
3
5
.
[2
8
]
S
.
Z.
Isla
m
,
M
.
L.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
N.
M
a
riu
n
,
H.
Hiz
a
m
,
a
n
d
N.
A
y
u
n
i,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
p
v
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
u
s
i
n
g
S
E
N
f
o
r
sm
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
te
m
s
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
6
7
-
6
7
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
i2
.
p
p
6
6
7
-
6
7
6
.
[2
9
]
R.
N.
Ha
sa
n
a
h
,
A.
B.
S
e
t
y
a
wa
n
,
E.
M
a
u
la
n
a
,
T.
Nu
rwa
ti
,
a
n
d
Ta
u
fik
,
“
Co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
a
se
d
s
o
lar
trac
k
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
P
V
e
n
e
rg
y
y
iel
d
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
1
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[3
1
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.
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2
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[3
3
]
A.
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.
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I.
Al
-
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.
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tern
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[3
4
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A.
H.
Ali,
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H.
Du
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A.
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rfi,
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M
.
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.
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[3
5
]
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ra
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A.
Vija
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6
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.
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7
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8
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.
Kim
,
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.
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9
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1
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M
.
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Az
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Ab
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.
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A.
A
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3
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,
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lar
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t
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n
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tern
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(Io
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h
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ter
n
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fer
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n
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f
o
rm
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ti
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n
,
In
tell
ig
e
n
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e
,
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y
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ms
&
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(
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0
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0
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4
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0
.
[4
4
]
M
.
Be
n
g
h
a
n
e
m
a
n
d
A.
M
a
a
fi,
“
Da
ta
a
c
q
u
isit
io
n
sy
ste
m
fo
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
str
u
me
n
ta
t
io
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
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u
re
me
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t
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l.
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o
.
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0
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9
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7
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8
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4
.
[4
5
]
G
.
C.
Ng
o
,
J.
K.
I.
F
lo
riza
,
C.
M
.
C.
Cre
a
y
la,
F
.
C.
C.
G
a
rc
ia,
a
n
d
E.
Q.
B.
M
a
c
Ab
e
b
e
,
“
R
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
e
n
e
rg
y
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
ti
e
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
i
n
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
s,”
T
ENCON
2
0
1
5
-
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0
1
5
IE
EE
Re
g
io
n
1
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Co
n
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,
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N
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.
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0
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.
[4
6
]
R.
I.
S
.
P
e
re
ira,
I.
M
.
D
u
p
o
n
t
,
P
.
C.
M
.
Ca
rv
a
lh
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
S
.
Ju
c
á
,
“
Io
T
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
li
n
u
x
sy
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
Ra
sp
b
e
rry
P
i
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
re
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l
-
ti
m
e
c
lo
u
d
m
o
n
it
o
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g
o
f
a
d
e
c
e
n
trali
z
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
lan
t
,
”
M
e
a
s
u
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
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4
,
p
p
.
2
8
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.
m
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su
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t.
2
0
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7
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0
9
.
0
3
3
.
[4
7
]
Y.
F
.
Li
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
On
-
li
n
e
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
s
y
ste
m
o
f
P
V
a
rra
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
I
OP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
Ea
rth
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
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3
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n
o
.
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,
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o
.
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8
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o
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0
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-
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5
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8
.
[4
8
]
A.
Wo
y
te,
M
.
Rich
ter,
D.
M
o
se
r,
S
.
M
a
u
,
N.
Re
ich
,
a
n
d
U.
Ja
h
n
,
“
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
y
ste
m
s:
G
o
o
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
An
a
ly
si
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ch
e
mic
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
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n
d
M
o
d
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g
,
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l.
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o
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p
p
.
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6
8
9
–
1
6
9
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
9
]
H.
Re
z
k
,
I.
Ty
u
k
h
o
v
,
M
.
Al
-
D
h
a
ifallah
,
a
n
d
A.
Ti
k
h
o
n
o
v
,
“
P
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
a
ta
a
c
q
u
isit
io
n
sy
ste
m
fo
r
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
P
V
sy
ste
m
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
,
”
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t,
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o
l.
1
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,
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p
.
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0
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o
i:
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m
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re
m
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n
t.
2
0
1
7
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0
2
.
0
5
0
.
[5
0
]
B.
An
d
o
,
S
.
Ba
g
li
o
,
A.
P
isto
r
io
,
G
.
M
.
Ti
n
a
,
a
n
d
C.
Ve
n
tu
ra
,
“
S
e
n
ti
n
e
ll
a
:
S
m
a
rt
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
S
y
ste
m
s
a
t
P
a
n
e
l
Lev
e
l,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
stru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
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o
.
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p
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0
9
/
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.
2
0
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4
.
2
3
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6
9
3
1
.
[5
1
]
J.
C.
F
ra
n
k
li
n
,
M
.
Ch
a
n
d
ra
se
k
a
r,
a
n
d
D.
A.
M
a
tt
i
u
s,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
st
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
Da
ta
Ac
q
u
is
it
io
n
S
y
ste
m
to
Ev
a
lu
a
te
t
h
e
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
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f
S
o
la
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
T
h
e
rm
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
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l.
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.
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.
[5
2
]
A.
Ch
o
u
d
e
r,
S
.
S
il
v
e
stre
,
B.
Tag
h
e
z
o
u
it
,
a
n
d
E.
Ka
ra
tep
e
,
“
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
sim
u
lati
o
n
o
f
P
V
sy
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
Lab
VIEW
,
”
S
o
la
r E
n
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l.
9
1
,
p
p
.
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3
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,
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0
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,
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o
i:
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.
s
o
len
e
r.
2
0
1
2
.
0
9
.
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1
6
.
[5
3
]
J.
Ha
n
,
I.
Lee
,
a
n
d
S
.
H.
Kim
,
“
U
se
r
-
frien
d
ly
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
P
V
s
y
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
lo
w
-
c
o
st p
o
we
r
li
n
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
C
o
n
su
me
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
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,
n
o
.
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,
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p
.
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o
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9
/
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.
2
0
1
5
.
7
1
5
0
5
7
1
.
[5
4
]
Y.
Ch
e
d
d
a
d
i,
H.
Ch
e
d
d
a
d
i
,
F
.
Ch
e
d
d
a
d
i,
F
.
Err
a
h
imi,
a
n
d
N.
Es
-
sb
a
i,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
lo
w
‑
c
o
st
Io
T
so
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sta
ti
o
n
s,”
S
N
A
p
p
l
ied
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
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.
n
o
.
1
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,
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o
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2
4
5
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-
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9
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7
-
4.
[5
5
]
A.
Lo
p
e
z
-
Va
rg
a
s,
M
.
F
u
e
n
tes
,
a
n
d
M
.
Viv
a
r,
“
Io
T
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Re
a
l
-
Ti
m
e
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
o
f
S
o
lar
Ho
m
e
S
y
ste
m
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
Ard
u
in
o
TM
wit
h
3
G
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
,
”
IEE
E
S
e
n
so
rs
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
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9
-
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2
0
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.
2
8
7
6
6
3
5
.
[5
6
]
M
.
Be
n
g
h
a
n
e
m
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
e
teo
ro
l
o
g
ica
l
d
a
ta
b
a
se
d
o
n
wire
les
s
d
a
ta
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c
q
u
isit
i
o
n
sy
ste
m
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
n
o
.
1
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,
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p
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o
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.
a
p
e
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e
rg
y
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
3
.
0
2
6
.
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