Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 5, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
5
,
pp
. 95
7~
96
6
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
9
57
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
An Interleaved Boost Converte
r Based PFC Control Strategy
for BLDC motor
V. Ramesh, Y.
Kusuma
Latha
Department o
f
Electrical and
Electronics Engin
e
ering, K
L Un
iv
er
sity
, Vadd
eswar
a
m, India
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Apr 28, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g 6, 201
5
Accepted Aug 21, 2015
In this paper
,
interleaved pow
er fa
ctor correction (PFC) boost converter
based contro
l strateg
y
for
BLD
C
mo
tor has been proposed.
Th
e conver
t
er
exhibits the char
act
eristics of voltage doub
ler fo
r
duty
greater
than 0.5.
Th
e
switching losses and losses during revers
e recov
e
r
y
op
eration are
considerab
ly
reduced in
this
proposed topolog
y
.
Th
e due
reduction in
switching voltag
e
s due to voltag
e
doubl
er mode. The proposed topolog
y
h
a
s
high eff
i
ciency
compared to
co
nvention
a
l
counterpart due to slight increase
in conduction lo
sses. In this paper,
th
e proposed
PFC control strateg
y
h
a
s
been applied to
six switch and four switch VSI
fed BLDC Motor drive for
effective torque ripple
mi
nimization. A comparis
on is
als
o
m
a
de between
the
six switch
and F
our Switch VSI f
e
d PMBLDC Motor driv
e.
Keyword:
BLDC Mo
t
o
r
Fou
r
switch
VSI
Int
e
rl
ea
ve
d bo
ost
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
Power factor
c
o
rrection
Si
x s
w
i
t
c
h
VS
I
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
V. Ram
e
sh,
Depa
rtem
ent of Electrical a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
cs E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
K L Un
iv
ersity,
Vad
d
es
waram
,
G
unt
ur
Dt
,
A
n
dh
ra Pra
d
es
h, I
ndi
a - 5
2
2
5
0
2
.
Em
a
il: ra
m
e
sh
v
a
dd
i601
3@k
l
u
n
i
v
e
rsity.in
1.
INTRODUCTION
The ev
ol
ut
i
on
of
po
we
r rat
i
n
g d
r
i
v
es
fo
r d
o
m
est
i
c
appl
i
cati
ons
ran
g
i
n
g f
r
o
m
a sam
p
l
e
f
a
ns, m
i
xers
to water and e
fficiency as t
h
e m
a
jor conce
r
n. T
h
e i
nhe
re
n
t
adva
nt
age
s
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
l
i
k
e hi
gh e
ffi
c
i
ency
h
i
gh
er
f
l
ux
d
e
n
s
ity less
m
a
i
n
tain
ce low
cost an
d
less pr
ob
lem
s
o
f
elect
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic in
ter
f
e
r
e
n
ce
[
1
]-[2
].
In
ad
d
ition
t
o
d
o
mestic ap
p
licatio
n
s
t
h
ey are ex
ten
s
iv
ely used
i
n
m
o
tio
n con
t
ro
l m
e
d
i
cal and
tran
sp
ortation
fi
el
ds a
nd
n
u
m
erous i
n
dust
r
i
a
l
appl
i
cat
i
o
n
s
w
h
ere t
o
r
que
r
i
pp
le is of
pri
m
ar
y c
oncern. The inc
r
ease
in the
num
ber o
f
s
w
i
t
c
hes im
pl
i
e
s hi
g
h
swi
t
c
hi
ng
l
o
sses an
d al
s
o
i
n
crea
sed c
o
st
[3]
.
I
n
o
r
de
r t
o
o
v
er c
o
m
e
t
h
i
s
pr
o
b
l
e
m
a new t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
i
s
pr
o
pose
d
w
h
i
c
h red
u
ces t
h
e
num
ber o
f
swi
t
ches (i
nst
e
a
d
of 6
,
’
4
’
s
wi
t
c
h
e
s are
u
s
ed
)
[4
].
The p
r
esenc
e
o
f
t
w
o i
n
t
e
rl
ea
v
e
d b
oost
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r cha
nnel
s
a
c
hi
eves nat
u
ral
sel
f
bal
a
nci
n
g of cu
rre
nt
s
i
n
or
der t
o
p
r
esent
cur
r
ent
shari
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
furt
her re
duc
es
t
h
e num
ber of cu
rre
nt
sen
s
i
ng com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
and
fu
rt
he
r red
u
ces
t
h
e t
o
t
a
l
num
ber
of com
p
o
n
e
nt
s causi
n
g
i
n
crease in powe
r de
nsity [5].
The efficiency of the
p
r
op
o
s
ed
conver
t
er
at h
i
g
h
lin
e vo
ltag
e
is slig
h
tly d
ecr
eases d
u
e
to
slig
ht in
cr
ease in
co
ndu
ctio
n
lo
sses [
6
]-
[7
].
Howev
e
r,
h
i
gh
lin
e vo
ltag
e
h
a
s
n
e
g
lig
ible i
m
p
act e
fficiency [8]. T
h
e c
h
aracteris
tics of con
v
e
rter th
e h
e
at
si
nks a
n
d t
h
e
r
m
a
l
desi
gn as
pect
s are
deci
ded
by
ef
fi
ci
en
cy at fu
ll lo
ad
and
lower lin
e vo
ltag
e
is i
n
creased
wi
t
h
t
h
e
hel
p
o
f
pr
op
ose
d
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
t
o
pol
o
g
y
[
9
]
-
[
10]
.
In t
h
i
s
pa
per
pr
o
pose
d
t
o
po
l
ogy
si
x swi
t
c
h an
d Fo
ur s
w
i
t
c
h base
d V
S
I fe
d B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r.
W
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
rl
eave
d
PF
C
con
v
ert
e
r i
s
prese
n
t
e
d
.
A c
o
m
p
ari
s
on i
s
m
a
de bet
w
ee
n
t
w
o sc
hem
e
s. The
pr
op
ose
d
cont
ro
l
strateg
y
redu
ces th
e l
o
sses due to
switch
i
ng
an
d ri
p
p
l
es in
t
h
e toqu
e
ou
tput o
f
BLD
C
m
o
tor. The inte
r l
eaved
b
o
o
s
t conv
erter with
th
e sp
ec
ial ch
aracteristic o
f
vo
ltag
e
do
ub
ler m
o
d
e
is u
s
ed
to
con
t
ro
l th
e DC lin
kv
o
ltag
e
Th
e red
u
c
tion
o
f
th
e power electro
n
i
cs of switch
e
s b
y
‘2
’ en
h
a
n
ces th
e reliab
ility
o
f
th
e syste
m
,
red
u
ces th
e
si
zes o
f
i
n
vert
e
r
w
h
i
c
h i
n
t
u
r
n
re
duces
t
h
e m
a
kes t
h
e sy
st
e
m
econom
i
cal
fo
r
usa
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
957
–
9
66
95
8
2.
DESC
RIPTI
O
N
OF P
R
OPOSE
D
I
N
TERLEAVE
D PF
C B
O
OST C
O
N
V
E
RTER W
I
TH
VOLTAGE DOUBLER
CH
ARACTERISTICS
The
propose
d
powe
r fact
or c
o
rrected i
n
terl
eaved c
onv
erter vo
ltag
e
i
n
corpo
r
ating
vo
ltag
e
d
oub
ler
nat
u
re i
s
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d i
n
sect
i
o
n
Fi
g
u
re
1 s
h
ow
s si
m
p
l
e
bl
ock
di
ag
ram
of t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
sed
t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
o
f
i
n
t
e
rl
eaved
PFC bo
o
t
conver
t
er
b
a
sed
BLD
C
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
e. Figu
r
e
2
show
s th
e sim
p
lif
i
e
d
cir
c
u
it d
i
ag
ra
m
o
f
th
e pr
opo
sed
to
po
log
y
.
It is assu
m
e
d
th
at th
e switch
i
ng
are id
eal
th
e
ripp
le th
e cap
acitor
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
B
an
d C
F
n
e
g
lig
i
b
le.
Therfore, the
c
a
pacito
rs
one
represe
n
ted as
voltage s
o
urces
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Propo
sed
topo
log
y
o
f
in
ter
l
eav
e
d
PFC boo
st co
nv
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sim
p
lif
ied
cir
c
u
it d
i
ag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
po
logy
MO
DE OF
O
P
ERATI
O
N
:
Mo
de1
:
In m
ode I,
d
u
ri
ng t
h
e tim
e
interval T
0
-T
1
, b
o
t
h swi
t
c
hes S
1
and S
2
are co
n
duct
i
n
g
on
. He
re, i
n
duct
o
r c
u
rre
nt
s
i
L1
and i
L2
are
increasi
n
g at the sam
e
rate. Figure 3 (a
) re
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
h
e eq
ui
val
e
nt
c
i
rcui
t
di
a
g
ram
of
t
h
e
co
nv
erter
d
u
ring
th
e ti
m
e
in
terv
al T
0
-T
1
and t
h
e timing
wa
ve form
are re
presented in
Figure
4
Fi
gu
re 3(a
)
.
M
ODE
-
1
Fi
gu
re 3(
b
)
.
M
ode
-
2
V
IN
L2
S1
S
2
L1
D1
V
0
+
-
V
0
/2
+
-
i
L
1
OFF
ON
+
-
i
L2
D2
V
IN
L
2
S1
S2
L1
D
1D
2
C
F
+
-
V
0
C
B
+
-
Vx
R
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Title o
f
ma
nu
scrip
t
is sh
o
r
t
an
d clea
r, imp
lies resea
r
ch resu
lts (First Au
tho
r
)
95
9
Fi
gu
re 3(c
)
.
M
ode
-
3
Fi
gu
re 3(
d
)
.
M
ode
-
4
V
L
diL1
dt
L
diL2
dt
(1
)
It is assu
m
e
d
t
h
at th
e in
du
ctance are identic
al L1 = L
2
= L. Duri
ng t
h
i
s
m
ode
D
1
and
D
2
are non conducting,
hence
C
F
suppl
i
es the loa
d
c
u
rrent.
diL1
dt
diL2
dt
V
L
(2
)
MO
DE-
2
At ti
m
e
in
stan
t T
1
, S
1
i
s
swi
t
c
hed
o
f
f
cu
rre
nt
t
h
r
o
ug
h i
n
d
u
c
t
or L
1
pass
ed t
h
r
o
ug
h S
1
as s
h
o
w
n fi
gu
re
3(
b) i
s
d
i
v
e
rted
fro
m
th
e switch
t
o
rectifier D
1
, as
sh
own
in Fi
g
u
re 3(
b)
, Th
e C
B
di
scha
n
g
es t
h
e
ene
r
gy
st
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
in
du
ctor
L
1
The rat
e
o
f
dec
r
ease
i
s
gi
ve
n by
1
1
2
(3
)
From
(3
),
ide
n
tical
inductance
s L=L
1
1
1
0
2
(4
)
MO
DE-
3
In
m
ode 3
,
C
B
is ch
arg
e
d
At time in
stan
t T
2
op
eration
is
same as m
o
d
e
1
MO
DE-
4
In
m
o
d
e
4
,
at ti
m
e
in
stan
t T
3
swi
t
c
he
d o
ff a
nd c
u
r
r
ent
i
n
t
h
e i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
i
s
di
ve
rt
ed t
o
co
r
r
esp
o
ndi
ng
Dio
d
e D
2
. At
t=T
3,
Wh
en
switch
S
2
is switch
e
d
o
f
f th
e
cu
rren
t t
h
ro
ugh
ind
u
c
t
o
r i
L2
is comm
uta
t
ed from
switch
S
2
in
to rectifier D
2.
In
th
is
s
t
a
g
e e
n
ergy s
t
o
r
ed
in L
2
di
sch
r
ge
i
n
t
o
C
F
as show
n in
F
i
gu
re 3
(
d
).
The
rate of
dre
cease in c
u
rre
n
t is give
n
by
1
2
2
(5
)
2
1
0
2
(6
)
V
IN
L2
S1
S2
L1
D
1
D2
-
V
0
+
-
V
0
/2
+
-
i
N
ON
ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
957
–
9
66
96
0
Fi
gu
re
4.
Ti
m
i
ng
di
a
g
ram
s
(0
.5<
D
<
1
)
Aft
e
r
m
ode 4
t
h
e s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
c
y
cl
e i
s
repeat
e
d
a
n
d
swi
t
c
h S
1
s
w
i
t
c
he
d
on
.
The
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e gi
ve
n
by
2
.
1
(7
)
So t
h
at
2
1
0.5
D
1
(8
)
The voltage double
r
characteristic is observe
d for duty
cycle greater tha
n
0.5 and
th
e PFC b
o
o
s
t co
nv
erter is
o
p
e
rating
at l
o
wer lin
e vo
ltag
e
(typ
ically
85
V) and
g
r
eater th
an
0
.
5.Th
e vo
ltag
e
ratio
of th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
conve
r
ter t
w
ice that
of conventiona
l conv
erter .Th
e
rm
s v
a
lu
e of
switch
curren
t
is sm
aller th
an
t
h
at
c
o
nv
en
tio
n
a
l co
nv
er
te
r
p
a
r
t
.
Th
e
ratio
o
f
the RMS switch
cu
rren
ts
duri
ng a switc
hing cy
cle is
,
_
,
_
2
1
0
.
5
D1
(9
)
Whe
r
e,
M
=
V
0
/V
in
a
n
d typically ‘M’ is al
wa
ys greate
r
t
h
an
as eq
u
a
l
to
‘4’. Th
e switch
co
ndu
ctio
n
lo
ss o
f
th
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
rectifier at M=4
is
th
e switch
i
n
g
l
o
ss
es of t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
se
d con
v
e
r
t
e
r
M
=
4 i
s
67% of t
h
e
lo
sses in case o
f
th
e losses in
case
o
f
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
on
e.Also
con
ductio
n
lo
sses are less for pro
p
o
s
ed
conve
r
ter.
3.
PROPOSE
D
INTERLEAVED PFC BOOST CO
NVERTER FOR
VSI FED BLDC
MOTOR
The i
n
t
e
rl
ea
ve
d PFC
bo
ost
con
v
e
r
t
e
r ba
se
d B
L
DC
m
o
tor driv
e system with
two
configu
r
ation
s
pree
nt
ed i
n
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
sect
i
on. T
h
e cl
ose
d
l
o
o
p
c
ont
r
o
l
of B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r dri
v
e sy
st
em
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 5
.
The t
o
pol
ogy
s
h
o
w
s s
o
m
e
draw bac
k
s l
i
k
e bul
ky
cur
r
ent
s
e
ns
ors w
h
i
c
h i
n
crease t
h
e c
o
s
t
and m
o
re ri
ppl
e i
n
t
o
r
que
co
nt
ent
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Title o
f
ma
nu
scrip
t
is sh
o
r
t
an
d clea
r, imp
lies resea
r
ch resu
lts (First Au
tho
r
)
96
1
Fig
u
re
5
.
Six Switch
VSI fed
BLDC
d
r
iv
e with
in
terleav
ed
PFC boo
st co
nv
erter
The cl
osed loop control four s
w
itch as
fe
d BL
DC m
o
to
r driv
e system with
i
n
terleaved
b
o
o
s
t con
v
erter is
sho
w
n i
n
fi
g
u
r
e
6. Thi
s
sche
m
s
i
s
m
o
re advant
a
g
eo
us wi
t
h
2 cur
r
e
n
t
senso
r
s 4
po
wer
el
ect
roni
c swi
t
che
s
reduces a
s
we
ll as cost a
n
d
switching l
o
ss
es,enha
n
cing
t
h
e
p
e
rform
a
n
ce of th
e system
in
term
s o
f
lo
wer
vol
t
a
ge
st
res
s
and
fast
e
r
dy
n
a
m
i
c resp
onse
.
I
n
vi
ew
o
f
al
l
t
h
e a
b
o
v
e,
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
has a
dde
d
adva
ntage
s
c
o
m
p
ared to t
h
e
conve
n
ti
o
n
a
l
co
un
terp
art fo
r BLDC
m
o
to
r.
Fi
gu
re 6.
F
o
u
r
Swi
t
c
h VS
I fe
d
B
L
DC
dri
v
e
wi
t
h
i
n
t
e
rl
eave
d
P
F
C
b
o
o
st
c
o
nve
rt
er
4.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
4.
1 Si
x Sw
i
t
c
h
VSI
fe
d P
M
B
L
DC
M
Dri
v
e
:
Fi
gu
re
7.
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on Di
a
g
ram
Si
x
Swi
t
c
h
V
S
I fe
d
PM
B
L
D
C
M
Dri
v
e
S
peed
r
egul
at
or
Vd
c
va
b
Ic
Vs
Ir
e
f
r
e
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
gener
a
t
or
1
-
K-
r
ad2
r
p
m
1
Di
s
c
r
e
t
e
,
T
s =
5
e
-
0
05
s
po
w
e
r
g
u
i
pow
e
r
f
a
c
t
or
i
s
_a e_a1
PI
Co
n
n
5
Co
n
n
7
Co
n
n
6
Co
n
n
8
c
r
e
s
t fa
c
t
o
r
v
+
-
v
+
-
v
+
-
Tim
e
r
2
Ti
m
e
r
1
A
B
C
a
b
c
T
e
r
m
i
nat
or
T
e
(N
.
m
)1
St
e
p
1
S
c
ope3
R
epeat
i
n
g
Seq
uenc
e1
>
R
e
l
a
t
i
onal
O
per
at
o
r
1
N
(r
p
m
)1
g
m
C
E
g
m
C
E
g
m
C
E
g
m
C
E
g
m
C
E
g
m
C
E
T
o
r
que
Go
t
o
9
Sa
Go
t
o
6
Vs
s
Go
t
o
5
Vs
Go
t
o
4
p
u
l
se
s_
v
s
i
Go
t
o
3
Lt
Go
t
o
1
2
s
peedr
ef
G
o
t
o11
Vd
c
Go
t
o
1
e
m
f
_ab
c
G
a
t
e
s
Ga
t
e
s
1
1
Ga
i
n
4
[I
d
c
]
Fr
o
m
7
s
peed
Fr
o
m
6
Vd
c
Fr
o
m
5
Vs
s
Fr
o
m
3
Vs
Fr
o
m
2
Is
s
p
u
l
se
s_
v
s
i
Fr
o
m
si
g
n
a
l
ma
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
an
g
l
e
Fo
u
r
i
e
r
55.
18
Di
s
p
l
a
y
4
PI
Di
s
c
re
t
e
PI
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
H
a
l
l
em
f
_
ab
c
De
c
o
d
e
r
1
A
B
+
-
DB
R
Tm
m
A
B
C
BL
D
C
<
S
ta
to
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
_
a
(
A
)
>
<
S
t
a
t
o
r
ba
c
k
E
M
F
e_
a (V
)
>
<
R
ot
or
s
p
ee
d w
m
(r
ad
/
s
)>
<
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
gn
et
i
c
t
o
r
q
u
e
T
e
(N
*
m
)>
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
957
–
9
66
96
2
Fig
u
re 8
.
Torqu
e
wav
e
fo
rm
u
n
d
e
r v
a
riab
le Sp
eed
C
o
nd
itio
n
Th
e p
e
r
f
or
m
a
n
ce o
f
th
e thr
e
e leg
in
v
e
r
t
er
fed
PMBLD
C
M d
r
iv
e
w
ith
in
ter
l
eav
ed
boost co
nv
er
ter
un
de
r co
nst
a
nt
t
o
r
que
wi
t
h
va
r
i
abl
e
spee
d i
s
e
v
al
uat
e
d
wi
t
h
s
p
eed
va
ri
at
i
on
fr
om
300
r
p
m
to
75
0
rpm
at
rat
e
d
t
o
r
que
of 3
N
m
. Fi
gure 7 s
h
ows t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of PM
B
L
DC
M
dri
v
e u
s
i
ng Si
x s
w
i
t
c
h VS
I fe
d PM
B
L
DC
M
d
r
i
v
e with
in
terleav
ed
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
erter at con
s
tan
t
to
rq
u
e
with
v
a
riab
le sp
eed
co
nd
ition. Fig
u
re 8
sh
ows th
e
t
o
r
que
res
p
ons
e of
Si
x
S
w
i
t
c
h
Th
ree P
h
ase
I
nve
rt
er
fe
d
PM
BLDCM driv
e
with
in
terleav
ed
b
o
o
s
t co
nv
erter. It
is observe
d that the toque ri
ses initially at
t=0.01 sec
from
0 N-m
to 3.8 -m
and later
it fluctuates between
2
.
5
N
-m
an
d
2
.
8
N
-m
th
ere onwords.
During
th
e t=0
.
45
s
ec sp
eed tran
sitio
n fro
m
3
5
0
rp
m
t
o
7
5
0
r
p
m
th
e to
rqu
e
m
o
men
t
arily rises to
8
.
5N-m
.
Fig
u
re
9
.
Sp
eed
wav
e
fo
rm
o
f
th
e
d
r
i
v
e at co
n
s
tan
t
l
o
ad torq
u
e
and
v
a
riable sp
eed
co
nd
itio
n
Fi
gu
re 9 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e speed
wa
ve f
o
rm
of B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r i
n
c
o
m
p
arision wit
h
refe
re
nce speed. T
h
e spee
d raises
fr
om
200
rpm
at
t
=
0.0
1
sec a
nd
su
d
d
enl
y
fa
l
l
s
t
o
30
0
r
pm
.Furt
h
er
, t
h
e s
p
eed rai
s
es t
o
3
0
0
r
pm
at
t
=
0.0
3
sec
t
h
e spee
d i
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
ed a
r
o
u
nd
3
0
0
r
pm
fro
m
t
=
0.03
sec.
A
t
t
=
0.4
5
sec t
h
e spee
d rai
s
es
fr
om
300 t
o
7
5
0
r
p
m
an
d grad
u
a
lly settles d
o
wn at t=1
sec to
a stead
y
state v
a
l
u
e
o
f
750
rp
m
.
Fig
u
re 10
. Stato
r
curren
t
re
spo
n
s
e at co
n
s
tant To
rqu
e
with
v
a
riab
le sp
eed
co
nd
itio
n
Fi
gu
re
10
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
st
at
or
c
u
r
r
ent
wa
vef
o
r
m
of one
o
f
t
h
e p
h
ase
of
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e sy
st
em
. The
st
at
or cu
rre
nt
at
t
=
0.01 sec i
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
ed at
const
a
nt
val
u
e of 2.
8
A
m
p
s. Duri
ng t
h
e ab
ru
pt
cha
nge i
n
speed
fr
om
300r
pm
to 7
0
0
r
pm
at t
=
0.
45 sec t
h
e st
at
or cu
rre
nt
rai
s
es t
o
6.0
A
m
p
s and reac
hes t
o
pre
v
i
o
us val
u
e
o
f
the
cu
rre
nt wa
ve fo
rm
.
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
T
o
rq
ue
res
p
on
s
e
T
i
m
e
i
n
se
cs
Tor
q
u
e
(
N
-m
)
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
0
200
400
600
800
S
p
e
ed R
e
s
pon
s
e
Ti
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
s
Spe
ed i
n
R
PM
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
S
t
at
o
r
Cur
rent
Ti
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
s
C
ur
r
ent
(
A
m
ps
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Title o
f
ma
nu
scrip
t
is sh
o
r
t
an
d clea
r, imp
lies resea
r
ch resu
lts (First Au
tho
r
)
96
3
Fi
gu
re
1
1
. B
a
c
k
EM
F
at
co
nst
a
nt
t
o
rq
ue
wi
t
h
va
ri
abl
e
s
p
ee
d
co
ndi
t
i
o
n
Fi
gu
re
11
sh
o
w
s t
h
e
B
ack E
M
F res
p
o
n
se a
t
const
a
nt
t
o
r
q
ue
wi
t
h
va
ri
ab
l
e
speed
.
As
w
e
k
n
o
w
t
h
a
t
back EM
F is proportional to
the spee
d, at t=
0.02s
ec, the set
speed is
300rpm and m
o
tor reaches to set 300rpm
and t
h
e m
a
gnitude
of
back e
m
f
is 20V ,a
nd m
o
tor r
eaches to set spee
d of 750
rpm
at t=0.45sec a
nd t
h
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
of
b
ack em
f i
s
5
5
V
.
4.
2
Four
Switch VSI fed
P
M
BLDCM Drive
The pe
rf
orm
a
nce of Fo
u
r
Swi
t
ch VSI
fed P
M
B
L
DC
M
dri
v
e wi
t
h
i
n
t
e
rl
e
a
ved
bo
ost
co
n
v
ert
e
r
un
de
r
con
s
t
a
nt
t
o
rq
u
e
wi
t
h
vari
a
b
l
e
spee
d i
s
e
v
a
l
uat
e
d
wi
t
h
a
spee
d va
ri
at
i
o
n f
r
o
m
300
r
p
m
t
o
7
50
r
p
m
at
rat
e
d
t
o
r
que
o
f
3
N
m
. Fi
gure
6 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e t
o
rq
ue re
sp
o
n
se o
f
F
o
u
r
S
w
i
t
c
h
VS
I fe
d
P
M
B
L
DC
M
dri
v
e wi
t
h
in
terleav
ed
b
o
o
s
t co
nv
erter.
Fig
u
re
13
sh
ows t
h
e toqu
e
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
B
L
C
D
m
o
t
o
r wi
t
h
p
r
op
ose
d
dri
v
e
m
odel
o
f
BLDC m
o
to
r.
It is
o
b
s
erv
e
d
th
at th
e t
o
qu
e rises i
n
itially
at t=0
.
01
sec fro
m
0
N-m
to
2N-m
an
d
l
a
ter it
fl
uct
u
at
es
bet
w
een 2
.
5
N
-m
and 3
.
8
N
-m
t
h
ere on
w
o
r
d
s.
D
u
ri
ng t
h
e t
=
0
.
4
5
s
ec spee
d t
r
a
n
si
t
i
on f
r
om
35
0r
pm
t
o
75
0
r
pm
t
h
e m
o
m
e
nt
ari
l
y
raises t
o
15
N
-
m
.
Tor
q
ue ri
ppl
e
co
n
t
en
t is less wh
en
co
m
p
ared
with
Six Switch
Three
P
h
ase
In
verter
fe
d
PM
BLDCM
D
r
ive
.
But at
starting
m
o
to
r
ro
tates with
v
e
ry h
i
g
h
sp
eed
.
Fi
gu
re 1
2
. Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on Di
a
g
ra
m
F
o
u
r
Switch VSI
fed PMB
L
DCM Driv
e
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
-6
0
-4
0
-2
0
0
20
40
60
T
i
m
e
i
n
se
cs
BAC
K
EM
F
S
ta
to
r v
o
lt
a
g
e
(v
o
lt
s
)
Spee
d
re
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
Tr
ef
K-
ra
d
2
rp
m
D
i
s
c
r
et
e,
T
s
= 5
e
-
0
07
s
.
PI
i
+
-
ic
i
+
-
ib
i
+
-
ia
1
i
+
-
ia
c2
c1
v
+
-
Vs
w
v
+
-
Vm
7
v
+
-
Vm
5
v
+
-
Vm
4
v
+
-
Vm
3
v
+
-
Vb
c
v
+
-
Va
o
1
v
+
-
Va
b
re
f
n
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
pac
e8
re
f
t
e
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
ac
e7
si
m
o
u
t
1
T
o
W
o
r
ksp
a
c
e
1
si
m
o
u
t
T
o
W
o
r
ksp
a
c
e
Ti
m
e
r
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I
S
SN
:
2
088
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08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
957
–
9
66
96
4
Fi
gu
re 1
3
.
T
o
r
que
wa
ve
fo
rm
un
de
r vari
abl
e
spee
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
Fi
gu
re
1
4
.
Spe
e
d
wave
f
o
rm
of
t
h
e
dri
v
e at
con
s
t
a
nt
l
o
a
d
t
o
r
q
ue a
n
d
va
ri
abl
e
s
p
eed
co
n
d
i
t
i
on
Fig
u
re 14
shows th
e sp
eed
dyn
amic resp
onse o
f
t
h
e BLDC d
r
iv
e i
n
itiall
y, th
e sp
eed
grad
u
a
lly settles
do
w
n
t
o
3
0
0
r
p
m
at
t
= 0.
45
sec t
h
e
sp
eed
i
s
al
t
e
red
f
r
o
m
300r
pm
t
o
75
0
r
p
m
.
The
m
o
t
o
r reac
hes
t
o
fi
nal
steady spee
d
750 rpm
with in 1sec
.
Fig
u
re 15
. Stato
r
curren
t
re
spo
n
s
e at co
n
s
tant To
rqu
e
with
v
a
riab
le sp
eed
co
nd
itio
n
Fi
gu
re 15 Sh
o
w
s
t
h
e st
at
or
c
u
r
r
ent
res
p
o
n
s
e
one
o
f
th
e
phase o
f
BLDC
m
o
to
r.The stas
tor c
u
rrent i
n
9 Am
ps at the
time starting (i.e
t=0.01 sec
)
and
reache
s
a steady valu
e
of 1.6 Am
ps. Duri
ng the
dynamic
response of B
L
DC m
o
tor dri
v
e system
at (t=0.45 sec c
h
a
n
ge in s
p
eed
fr
om 350rpm
to 750
rpm
)
the re
aches
11 Am
ps at t=0.45 sec. T
h
e
stator
c
u
rrent
finally reache
d
its perious stea
dy state values
of 1.6
Am
ps at the
t=0.45 seec
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
T
o
r
que R
e
s
pons
e
T
i
m
e
i
n
se
cs
T
o
rq
u
e
(N
-m
)
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
100
0
Ti
m
e
i
n
s
e
c
s
S
peed
(
R
pm
)
S
p
e
ed R
e
s
pon
s
e
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.
3
0.
4
0.
5
0.
6
0.
7
0.
8
0.
9
1
-5
0
5
10
15
S
t
at
or
C
u
r
r
e
nt
(
A
m
p
s
)
T
i
m
e
i
n
se
cs
Cu
rr
e
n
t
(
A
m
p
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Title o
f
ma
nu
scrip
t
is sh
o
r
t
an
d clea
r, imp
lies resea
r
ch resu
lts (First Au
tho
r
)
96
5
Fig
u
re
16
. Back
EMF at con
s
t
a
n
t
torqu
e
w
ith v
a
riab
le sp
eed con
d
ition
Four Switch
VSI
Fi
gu
re
16
.sh
o
w
s t
h
e B
ack EM
F wa
vef
o
rm
at const
a
nt
to
rque with
v
a
riab
le sp
eed. As
we
k
now th
at
back EMF is proportional to
the spee
d, at t=0.02s
ec, the se
t speed is
300rpm
and
m
o
tor reaches to set spee
d
30
0
r
pm
and t
h
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
back em
f i
s
3
8
V
,an
d
m
o
tor reac
hes to set
speed
of
750
rp
m
at
t=0
.
45
sec an
d
t
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude
of
bac
k
em
f i
s
55
V
.
Tab
l
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ison
o
f
Toque r
i
pp
le
Type of Sche
m
e
Torque Ripple
Six Switch VSI
fed BL
DC M
o
tor dr
ive
1.
18 N-m
Four
Switch
VSI
f
e
d BL
DC
M
o
tor
dr
ive
0.
198N-m
Tabl
e 1 s
h
ows
t
h
e t
o
r
que c
o
m
p
ari
s
on bet
w
een si
x s
w
i
t
c
h
VSI a
n
d F
o
u
r
swi
t
c
h V
S
I
fe
d PM
B
L
DC
M
o
t
o
r
dri
v
e.
It
i
s
obse
r
ve
d t
h
at
t
o
rq
ue ri
ppl
e i
n
si
x swi
t
c
h
VSI
fed
PM
B
L
DC
M
o
t
o
r d
r
i
v
e i
s
1.
18
N-
m
an
d
fo
r
fo
ur
switc
h
VS
I
fed
PM
B
L
DC M
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e it is
0.
19
8
N
-
m
.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In t
h
i
s
pa
per
t
w
o c
o
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
on
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r dri
v
e t
o
pol
ogi
es
nam
e
ly
fo
ur s
w
i
t
c
h a
nd
si
x s
w
i
t
c
h
VSI i
s
pre
s
en
t
e
d al
on
g
wi
t
h
i
n
t
e
rl
ea
ved
PFC
b
o
o
s
t
co
nve
rt
er.
The
pr
o
pose
d
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
has i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
efficiency at low lines
volta
ge due
to
red
u
ctio
n
in
con
ductio
n
as well as switch
i
ng
lo
sses. Th
e redu
ctio
n
in
co
ndu
ctio
n
l
o
sses is attrib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
vo
ltage d
oub
ler
cha
r
acteristics of interleave
d
PFC converte
r re
duce
s
the
cu
rren
ts thro
ugh
th
e switch
e
s. Th
is p
a
p
e
r
p
r
esen
ts co
m
p
arativ
e an
alysis o
f
fou
r
switch
and
six
switch
voltag
e
so
urce fed
BLDC m
o
to
r. The resu
lts inferred
t
h
at to
qu
e
r
i
ppl
e as
wel
l
on
t
h
e
l
o
sse
s
du
ri
n
g
swi
t
c
hi
ng
are
red
u
ce
d i
n
cas
e of
fo
ur s
w
i
t
c
h t
o
pol
ogy
wh
en com
p
are
d
wi
t
h
si
x s
w
i
t
c
h t
o
pol
ogy
B
L
DC
d
r
i
v
e
.
Th
eref
ore
fo
ur
s
w
i
t
c
h
V
S
I
fed
B
L
DC
dri
v
e sy
st
em
wi
t
h
i
n
t
e
rl
eave
d
P
F
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
pr
ove
d
t
o
h
a
ve a
d
vant
a
g
e
s
an
d
efficient.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Y. Jang
and M
.
M. Jovanovic´
, “Interleaved
b
oost conver
t
er
with intr
insic v
o
ltag
e
-doubler
characteristic for
universal-
line PFC front end
”
,
I
EEE
T
r
ans. Pow
e
r El
ectron
, vol.
22, no
. 4
, pp. 13
94–1401, Jul. 20
07
[2]
Yao-Ching Hsieh, Te-Chin Hsueh, a
nd Hau-C
h
en Yen “An I
n
terleaved Boos
t Converter with Zero-Voltage
Transition
”
,
IEEE Trans. Power
Electron
, Vol. 2
4
, No. 4, April 2
009.
[3]
S. Rajagopalan,
J.M.
Aller, J.A.
Restrepo,
T.G.
Habetler, and
R.G.
Harley
, “Analy
tic-w
avel
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g
e-based d
e
tection
of d
y
nam
i
ceccentrici
t
y
in brush
l
ess direct curr
en
t (BLDC) m
o
tors functioning
underoperating
conditions”,
IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron.
, vol. 54
, no
. 3, pp.
1410–141
9, Jun. 2007.
[4]
G.J. Su and J.
W. Mckeever, “
L
ow-cos
t sensorless control of brushlessDC
mo
tors with im
proved speed range
”
,
IEEE
T
r
ans. Po
wer El
ectron
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, v
o
l. 19
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. 2
,
pp
.
296–302, Mar
.
2
004.
[5]
C.T. Pan and
E.
Fang, “A pha
se-locked-
loop-assisted intern
al modelad
j
ustable-speed cont
ro
ller for BLDC motors”
,
IEEE Trans. Ind
.
Electron.
vol. 5
5
, no
. 9
,
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. 341
5–3425, Sep
.
20
08.
[6]
L. P
a
rs
a
and
H.
Lei
,
“
I
nter
ior pe
rm
anent
m
a
gnet
m
o
tors with red
u
cedtorqu
e
puls
a
tion
”
,
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E
EE Trans. Ind.
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.
2008.
[7]
D.H. Jung and I.J. Ha, “Low
-co
s
t sensorless co
ntrol of brushless DC
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tors usi
ng a frequency
-
independen
t
phase
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,
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EEE
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r
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[8]
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Ahn, and D
.
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H
y
un,
“
A
BLDCM
drive wi
th t
r
apezo
idalb
ack
EM
F
us
ing four
-s
witch thr
e
e
ph
as
e
inverter”, in
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f
.
Rec. IEEE I
A
S
A
nnu. M
e
eting
,
2000, vol. 3
,
pp
.
1705–1709
[9]
M.S Jay
a
kumar, Ajeesh G, “A High Effici
en
t
High Input Power Factor Interlea
ved Boost Con
v
erter
Intern
atio
nal,
Journal of Electrical and
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mputer
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i
neer
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(
I
JECE)
,
Vol. 2,
No. 3, June 2012
, pp
. 339~344IS
S
N: 2088-8708
0
0.
25
0.
5
0.
7
5
1
1.
2
5
-8
0
-6
0
-4
0
-2
0
0
20
40
60
80
Ti
m
e
I
n
s
e
c
S
ta
to
r V
o
lt
a
g
e
In
V
o
lt
s
BAC
K EM
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
957
–
9
66
96
6
[10]
Subram
an
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a
Bh
at, Nag
a
raja HN “Effect of Par
a
sitic
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em
ents on the Perform
ance of Buck-Boost Converter for P
V
S
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ste
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JECE)
, Vol. 4, No. 6
,
Decem
ber 2014
,
pp. 831~836 ISS
N
: 2088-8708
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
V.
Ramesh
rece
ived his
B.T
ech
degree
in El
ectr
i
cal
&
Electron
ics Engineering fr
om Vaagdevi
Institute of T
e
chnolog
y
and Sc
ience, Proddatur
,
Indi
a and M
.
Tech d
e
gree fr
om
Sreenivasa
Institute
of Technolog
y
and Managem
e
nt
S
t
udies, Chit
tor, India in
200
8 and 2013
res
p
ect
ivel
y.
He
is
pres
ent
l
y
purs
i
ng P
h
.D in
K L
Univers
i
t
y
,
Vad
d
es
waram
,
Indi
a
.
His
areas
of
inter
e
st ar
e Pow
e
r E
l
e
c
troni
cs &
Drives
Y. Kusuma La
tha
receiv
e
d th
e B.E (E
lec
t
ri
c
a
l and E
l
ec
tron
ics
Engine
ering
)
degree from
Nagarjuna Univ
ersity
, Guntur.A
.P, India, M.T
ech degree from Jawaharlal
Nehru
Technolog
ical
Universit
y
, Ana
n
tapur, Indi
a in 2000 and 2004 r
e
spect
ivel
y
.
She
receiv
e
d her Ph.D degree from
Jawaharlal Nehr
u Technolog
ical
University
, Anantapur, in 2011
. She is presently
working as an
Professor, Department of EEE,
K L University
,
Green Fields,
Vaddeswaram,
Guntur District.
Her are
a
s of in
t
e
rest
are Power
Qualit
y,
Harm
onic m
itig
ation
te
chniques,
Activ
e power f
ilt
ers
and DSP Contro
llers
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.