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p
ap
er
,
w
e p
r
o
p
o
s
e an
ef
f
ect
i
v
e D
a
t
a P
r
i
v
ac
y
M
ech
a
n
i
s
m
(
D
P
M
)
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
S
ec
u
r
e S
e
s
s
i
o
n
K
e
y
E
xc
ha
n
ge
(
S
s
ke
y
)
M
o
d
e
l to
e
s
ta
b
lis
h
n
o
d
e
p
r
iv
a
c
y
d
u
r
in
g
d
a
ta
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
tio
n
.
I
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
a
d
is
tin
c
t
S
s
k
e
y
f
or
e
a
c
h
da
t
a
r
ou
t
e
f
r
om
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d de
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
on
f
or
t
h
e
da
t
a
pr
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
.
I
t
pr
ov
i
de
s
a
s
ecu
r
e co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
t
h
at
u
s
e
s
"
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
c en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
"
an
d
"
a
u
th
e
n
t
ic
a
tio
n
r
o
u
tin
g
"
to
p
r
o
te
c
t
m
es
s
ag
e
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
t
ect
s
t
h
e
d
at
a
w
i
t
h
a
u
n
i
q
u
e,
t
r
u
s
t
ed
en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
k
e
y
t
h
at
i
s
g
en
er
at
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
t
r
u
s
t
ed
p
at
h
.
T
hi
s
ha
s
t
he
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
vi
ng Q
o
S
b
y
m
i
ni
m
i
z
i
ng
hi
g
h "
t
hr
o
u
ghp
ut
"
a
nd
"
e
nd
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
e
la
y
"
in
lo
w
-
c
os
t
r
ou
t
i
n
g
co
n
s
t
r
ai
n
t
s
.
T
h
e o
b
j
ect
i
v
e o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
i
s
t
o
s
ecu
r
e an
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
ad
-
h
oc
r
ou
t
i
n
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
,
A
O
D
V
[
1
1
]
,
b
y
e
xt
e
nd
i
ng
i
t
i
n a
n a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h t
ha
t
no
n
-
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
us
no
d
e
s
c
a
n d
i
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
h a
nd
s
e
gr
e
ga
t
e
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
us
no
d
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k s
o
t
ha
t
i
t
c
a
nno
t
i
nt
e
r
r
up
t
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
,
to
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
th
e
s
e
v
u
ln
e
r
a
b
ilitie
s
p
r
o
b
l
em
w
e
e
v
al
u
at
ed
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
"
A
O
D
V
,
S
-
AO
D
V
[1
5
],
E
A
A
C
K
[9
] a
n
d
F
A
C
E
[
8]
"
p
r
ot
oc
ol
s
.
I
n t
he
S
ect
i
o
n
2
,
w
e d
es
cr
i
b
es
r
el
at
e
d
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
e an
o
v
er
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e s
ec
u
r
e r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
.
T
h
e
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
d
at
a p
r
i
v
acy
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
S
ect
i
o
n
3
,
S
ect
i
o
n
4
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
S
ect
i
o
n
5
,
p
r
es
en
t
s
t
he
R
e
s
ul
t
s
o
f
E
va
l
ua
t
i
o
n,
a
nd
S
e
c
t
i
o
n 6
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
s
t
he
c
o
nc
l
u
s
i
o
ns
.
2.
RE
LA
TE
D
W
OR
KS
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y a
nd
p
r
i
va
c
y o
f
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
i
n r
o
ut
i
n
g i
s
a
p
r
i
m
a
r
y c
o
nc
e
r
n i
n
A
O
D
V
r
o
ut
i
ng [
1
1
]
.
A
n
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
au
t
h
e
n
t
i
cat
i
o
n
m
ech
an
i
s
m
i
s
n
eed
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
a s
ecu
r
e m
e
s
s
a
g
e ex
c
h
an
g
e b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e s
e
n
d
er
an
d
t
h
e r
ecei
v
er
.
A
O
D
V
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
es
r
o
u
t
es
as
n
eed
ed
b
ecau
s
e o
f
i
t
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
e r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
pr
ov
i
de
s
s
h
or
t
n
e
t
w
or
k
o
v
e
r
he
a
d a
n
d
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
s
a
de
f
a
u
l
t
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
num
be
r
t
o pr
e
v
e
n
t
r
ou
t
i
n
g l
oop a
v
oi
da
n
c
e
at
t
ack
s
.
M
ai
n
l
y
,
t
h
r
ee
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
es
s
ag
e
s
ar
e e
x
ch
a
n
g
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
"
R
R
E
Q
"
,
"
R
R
E
P
"
,
an
d
"
R
R
E
R
"
[
4
]
.
E
ach
n
o
d
e i
n
t
h
e p
at
h
b
r
o
ad
cas
t
s
a
n
R
R
E
Q
an
d
v
er
i
f
i
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
c
c
u
m
u
la
te
d
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
a
n
d
th
e
s
e
n
d
e
r
s
e
r
ia
l n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
R
R
E
Q
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
.
I
f
it
is
n
e
w
r
e
q
u
e
s
t it
m
u
s
t b
e
u
p
d
a
te
d
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
to
p
r
e
v
e
n
t r
o
u
ti
n
g
lo
o
p
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
ilit
y
a
tta
c
k
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
m
a
n
y
o
th
e
r
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
ilit
y
a
t
ta
c
k
s
,
s
uc
h a
s
"
s
po
of
i
ng
"
,
"
de
n
i
a
l
of
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
"
,
a
n
d
"
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
t
a
m
pe
r
i
ng
"
,
a
r
e
s
e
r
i
ou
s
pr
obl
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
A
O
D
V
pr
ot
oc
ol
.
T
h
er
e ar
e m
an
y
s
ec
u
r
e ad
h
o
c r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
s
p
r
es
en
t
ed
f
o
r
m
o
b
i
l
e ad
-
h
oc
r
ou
t
i
ng
[
7]
,
[
9]
,
[
10]
,
[
2
0]
,
[
21]
,
[
2
3
]
b
ecau
s
e o
f
i
t
s
h
i
g
h
-
s
e
c
u
r
ity
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
ilitie
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
its
o
p
e
n
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
tio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
S
i
n
ce
w
e e
x
t
e
n
d
t
h
e
f
eat
u
r
es
o
f
A
O
D
V
[
1
1
]
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
e
d
es
cr
i
b
e i
t
s
m
ech
a
n
i
s
m
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
its
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
e
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
I
t is
a
r
e
a
c
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
th
a
t c
o
n
s
tit
u
te
a
r
ou
t
e
on
de
m
a
n
d [
26]
.
I
t
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
s
s
e
qu
e
n
c
e
num
be
r
s
t
o pr
ov
i
de
m
i
ni
m
um
n
e
t
w
or
k
ov
e
r
h
e
a
d a
n
d a
v
oi
d a
n
um
be
r
of
r
ou
t
i
n
g
l
oop t
o
pe
r
f
or
m
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
on
t
r
ol
i
t
e
x
c
ha
n
g
e
s
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
"
RRE
Q
"
,
"
RRE
P
"
,
a
n
d
"
RR
E
R"
m
e
ssa
g
e
s
.
E
a
c
h
no
d
e
m
a
i
nt
a
i
ns
a
n i
nd
i
vi
d
ua
l
r
o
ut
i
ng
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
r
o
ut
e
d
a
t
a
p
ack
et
s
t
o
t
h
e t
ar
g
et
n
o
d
e.
B
u
t
i
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ecu
r
e i
t
s
r
o
u
t
e d
at
a an
d
m
es
s
a
g
es
w
h
i
ch
ar
e a
m
aj
o
r
cau
s
e o
f
d
at
a
l
o
s
s
i
n
A
O
D
V
.
I
t
n
eed
s
a
s
ec
u
r
e a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
cat
i
o
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
t
o
p
r
o
t
ect
s
e
n
d
er
an
d
r
e
c
i
p
i
e
nt
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
.
D
ur
i
ng
r
o
u
t
e r
eq
u
es
t
b
r
o
ad
cas
t
,
ev
er
y
o
n
e n
o
d
e
m
a
k
es
s
u
r
e t
h
e s
e
n
d
er
"
s
eq
u
en
ce n
u
m
b
er
"
o
f
t
h
e "
R
R
E
Q
m
es
s
a
g
e"
i
n
oppos
i
t
i
on
t
o t
h
e
s
t
or
e
d i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
r
ou
t
i
ng
t
a
bl
e
.
F
or
t
h
e
r
ou
t
e
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
,
a
s
a
s
u
bs
t
i
t
u
t
e
of
s
c
r
u
t
i
ny
t
he
s
e
nd
e
r
"
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
"
,
i
t
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
e d
es
t
i
n
at
i
o
n
n
o
d
e "
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
"
an
d
r
e
m
ai
n
s
t
h
e r
o
u
t
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
r
e
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
in
g
.
A
ll
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
ilit
y
a
tta
c
k
s
r
e
s
u
lt i
n
a
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
o
p
o
r
p
a
c
k
e
t lo
s
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
"
r
o
u
tin
g
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
f
a
br
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
"
,
"
s
poof
i
n
g
"
a
n
d num
e
r
ou
s
ot
h
er
at
t
ac
k
s
h
a
v
e a s
ev
er
e i
m
p
act
o
n
t
h
e A
O
D
V
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
.
Z
ap
at
et
al
.
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e an
au
t
h
e
n
t
i
cat
i
o
n
m
ech
a
n
i
s
m
a
s
S
ecu
r
e
-
A
O
D
V
t
o
s
ecu
r
e i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
ar
y
no
d
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
he
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
us
a
n
d
i
l
l
e
ga
l
s
p
o
o
f
i
ng
i
d
e
nt
i
t
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
vi
t
y.
I
t
e
ve
n
d
i
s
c
us
s
e
s
t
he
s
e
c
ur
i
n
g
p
r
o
ces
s
f
o
r
"
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
co
u
n
t
"
an
d
"r
o
u
t
e f
ab
r
i
cat
i
o
n
"
e
r
r
o
r
m
es
s
ag
e
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3.
P
RO
P
O
S
E
D DA
T
A P
RI
VA
CY M
E
CH
ANI
S
M
A
n a
d
-
ho
c
r
ou
t
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
n
ode
e
x
c
h
a
ng
e
s
i
nf
or
m
a
t
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on
w
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n
e
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gh
bor
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o
n
s
a
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d c
on
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gu
r
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et
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s
t
o
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eq
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A
n
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ex
t
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ac
k
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t
y
p
i
cal
l
y
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n
t
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d
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in
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o
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c
t r
o
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at
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t
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er
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cat
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g
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ze
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n
t
er
n
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l
i
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t
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u
d
er
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as
t
h
e
s
e n
o
d
es
ar
e i
n
cl
u
d
ed
i
n
t
h
e n
et
w
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k
d
u
e t
o
t
h
ei
r
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
cr
ed
en
t
i
al
s
.
T
h
e p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
D
at
a
P
r
i
v
acy
M
ech
an
i
s
m
(
D
P
M)
i
n
t
en
d
t
o
t
ar
g
et
b
o
t
h
i
nt
e
r
na
l
a
nd
e
xt
e
r
na
l
t
y
p
e
-
s
p
eci
f
i
c at
t
ac
k
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e t
h
e h
i
g
h
e
s
t
l
e
v
el
o
f
p
r
i
v
ac
y
.
T
h
e D
P
M
ap
p
r
o
ach
can
i
d
en
t
i
f
y
a
n
d
e
n
f
o
r
ce t
h
e
n
eces
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ar
y
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ecau
t
i
o
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ar
y
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ea
s
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r
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i
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p
l
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t
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a s
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r
e
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v
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ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
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r
b
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t
h
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u
t
e d
i
s
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v
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n
d
d
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ta
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g
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t
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ti
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tr
u
s
t
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ir
d
-
p
a
r
t
y
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T
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c
e
r
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te
th
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t c
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n
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ts
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f
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l
l t
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itia
l r
e
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ir
e
d
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t
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te
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t th
e
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te
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m
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tio
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m
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te
r
n
a
l a
n
d
e
x
te
r
n
a
l a
tt
a
c
k
e
r
s
.
3.
1.
P
r
i
vac
y M
od
e
l
T
h
e p
r
i
v
ac
y
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee s
ec
u
r
e p
r
o
ces
s
m
ech
a
n
i
s
m
s
t
o
es
t
ab
l
i
s
h
d
at
a p
r
i
v
ac
y
m
ech
a
n
i
s
m
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
H
e
r
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
in
itia
l
l
y
o
b
ta
in
e
d
th
e
T
T
P
c
e
r
tif
ic
a
te
to
p
a
r
tic
ip
a
te
in
th
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
,
l
a
t
e
r
t
o
do
t
h
e
da
t
a
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
t
bui
l
ds
s
e
c
u
r
e
r
ou
t
e
t
h
r
oug
h
r
ou
t
e
di
s
c
ov
e
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
ut
i
l
i
z
i
n
g D
P
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
I
t
u
tiliz
e
s
th
e
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
d
a
ta
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
th
e
d
a
ta
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
iv
a
c
y
m
ai
n
t
en
a
n
ce.
F
i
g
ur
e
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3.
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[
11]
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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f
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d
w
h
il
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
20
88
-
8708
In
t
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
V
o
l.
8
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3277
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eed
t
o
t
r
an
s
m
i
t
to
th
e
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
is
e
n
c
r
y
p
te
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
S
C
K
e
y
; a
s
th
e
d
e
c
r
y
p
tio
n
k
e
y
is
a
lr
e
a
d
y
a
v
a
ila
b
le
w
it
h
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
it d
e
c
r
y
p
ts
t
h
e
d
a
ta
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
l
y
.
T
h
is
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
ill
u
s
tr
a
te
d
in
A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
-
2.
H
e
r
e
,
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
a
lit
y
of
t
h
e
da
t
a
r
ou
t
i
ng
i
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d i
n t
w
o
m
e
t
h
ods
.
M
e
t
h
od
-
1
d
es
cr
i
b
es
t
h
e
s
t
ep
s
f
o
r
a s
ecr
et
k
e
y
,
S
C
K
e
y
g
en
er
at
i
o
n
,
d
at
a en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
at
a t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
,
w
h
er
eas
Met
h
o
d
-
2
d
es
cr
i
b
es
A
l
gor
i
t
h
m
2
:
S
e
cu
r
e
D
a
t
a R
out
i
ng
M
e
c
hani
s
m
I
n
itia
liz
a
tio
n
o
f
d
a
ta
tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
b
y
S
our
c
e
N
ode
,
SN
→
St
ar
t
D
at
aT
x
(
D
N
a
d
d
, Se
q
_
No
)
Met
h
o
d
-
1
:
St
ar
t
D
at
aT
x
(
D
N
a
d
d
, Se
q
_
No
)
SN
r
e
a
d r
out
i
n
g
pa
t
h f
r
o
m
r
out
i
ng
T
a
bl
e
→
R
SN
r
ead
s
ecu
r
e d
es
t
i
n
at
i
o
n
k
e
y
→
D
A
S
K
ey
C
r
eat
e
di
s
t
i
nc
t
ke
y
f
or
d
a
t
a
e
nc
r
y
pt
i
on us
i
n
g
D
A
S
K
ey
→
UA
K
ey
F
or
(
t
=
0, t
<
nu
m
be
r
_
of
_
p
kt
,
t
++
)
l
oop
D
at
a p
a
ck
et
t
o
t
r
an
s
mit
→
D
P
t
SN
cr
eat
e s
ecu
r
e d
at
a p
ac
k
et
u
s
i
n
g
UA
K
ey
→
E
yp
t
(
D
P
t
,
UA
K
ey
)
→
E
D
SN
tr
a
n
s
mit th
e
E
D
t
o i
t
s
ne
x
t
hop i
n i
t
s
R
.
w
h
il
e
(
A
CK_
T
i
m
e
≠
0
)
t
h
en
If
(
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ecei
ved
E
D
)
t
h
en
SN
r
ead
s
ecu
r
e d
es
t
i
n
at
i
o
n
k
e
y
→
S
A
S
K
ey
C
r
eat
e
di
s
t
i
nc
t
ke
y
f
or
d
a
t
a
e
nc
r
y
pt
i
on us
i
n
g
S
A
S
K
ey
→
UA
K
ey
SN
d
ecr
y
p
t
E
D
u
s
i
n
g
UA
K
ey
→
D
yp
t
(
E
D
,
UA
K
ey
)
→
D
ms
g
If
(
co
m
p
ar
e (
D
ms
g
,
"
D
L
V
_
A
C
K
")
=
=
1)
t
h
en
E
nd W
hi
l
e
;
T
r
an
s
m
i
t
n
ex
t
d
at
a p
ack
e
t
→
St
ar
t
D
at
aT
x
(
D
N
a
d
d
, S
e
q
_
No
)
;
E
ls
e
if
(
A
CK_
T
i
m
e
≠
0
)
t
h
en
Re
-
t
r
an
s
m
i
t
n
ex
t
d
at
a p
ack
et
→
St
ar
t
D
at
aT
x
(
D
N
a
d
d
, Se
q
_
No
)
;
E
nd I
f
E
nd I
f
E
n
d
W
h
ile
E
nd F
o
r
Met
h
o
d
2
:
R
eci
e
veD
a
t
a
(
E
M
, pkt
_s
e
q_n
o)
D
e
s
t
i
na
t
i
on node
D
o
n
r
e
cei
v
i
n
g
t
h
e d
at
a p
ack
et
s
,
D
g
et
s
its
ow
n
S
e
s
s
i
on K
e
y
→
D
S
K
e
y
D
g
en
er
at
e u
n
i
q
u
e S
ec
r
et
k
e
y
u
s
i
n
g
D
S
K
ey
→
SC
Ke
y
D
d
ecr
y
p
t
t
h
e d
at
a p
a
ck
et
s
u
s
i
n
g
SC
K
ey
→
D
ecr
yp
t
(
E
M
, D
S
K
e
y
)
-
>
D
M
D
ge
t
s
i
t
s
S
our
c
e
S
e
s
s
i
on K
e
y
→
S
S
K
e
y
D
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
uni
que
S
e
c
r
e
t
ke
y
us
i
n
g
S
S
K
ey
→
SC
K
ey
D
d
ecr
y
p
t
t
h
e
DE
L
V
_
AC
K
m
es
s
ag
e u
s
i
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g
SC
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→
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D
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L
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A
C
K
, D
S
K
ey
)
→
E
M
D
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en
d
s
s
ecu
r
e ack
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
E
M
ba
c
k t
o s
our
c
e
.
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t
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a
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u
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s
s
f
u
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at
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i
v
er
y
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4.
P
RI
VACY AN
AL
Y
S
I
S
T
h
e p
at
h
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ces
s
m
u
s
t
d
i
s
co
v
er
p
at
h
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
at
e
n
o
d
e co
l
l
ab
o
r
at
i
o
n
.
T
h
e at
t
ack
on
a
r
ou
t
e
t
h
r
oug
h
"
R
o
ut
e
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n a
t
t
a
c
k"
c
a
n r
e
s
ul
t
i
n c
ha
nge
s
t
o
p
a
t
h
m
e
s
s
a
ge
m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e a s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
t
o
t
h
i
s
a
t
t
ack
D
P
M
u
s
e
s
T
T
P
p
u
b
l
i
c k
e
y
s
t
o
en
cr
y
p
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
.
T
h
e "
R
o
u
t
e cach
e
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
a
tta
c
k
"
in
c
o
r
r
e
c
tly
r
o
u
te
s
a
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
w
r
o
n
g
p
a
th
.
T
h
is
a
tta
c
k
i
s
h
a
n
dl
e
d t
h
r
ou
gh
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
i
ng
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t p
r
iv
a
te
k
e
y
s
a
t b
o
th
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
a
n
d
d
e
s
ti
n
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
lic
io
u
s
n
o
d
e
d
o
e
s
n
o
t a
f
f
e
c
t th
e
r
o
u
te
c
a
c
h
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
h
e i
n
co
r
r
ect
r
o
u
t
e,
eac
h
f
i
r
s
t
r
o
u
t
e r
eq
u
es
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
i
s
v
er
y
s
ec
u
r
e a
n
d
p
r
o
t
ect
ed
b
y
t
h
e
"
pr
i
v
at
e k
e
y
"
an
d
t
h
e n
o
d
e'
s
"
p
u
b
l
i
c k
ey
"
f
o
r
t
h
e r
eg
u
l
ar
r
o
u
t
e
m
es
s
ag
e
s
ecu
r
i
t
y
.
T
h
e "
D
o
S
"
o
r
"
p
ack
et
d
r
o
pp
i
ng"
i
s
a
no
t
he
r
i
s
s
ue
i
n
r
o
ut
e
d
i
s
c
o
ve
r
y
a
nd
d
o
e
s
no
t
i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
d
i
s
c
o
ve
r
y
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
u
nt
i
l
a
no
n
-
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
n
ode
i
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
or
k
.
T
o
p
r
e
ve
nt
t
hi
s
,
D
P
M
r
e
q
ui
r
e
s
e
a
c
h
c
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
i
ng
no
d
e
t
o
h
av
e a
n
"
I
D
" an
d
a v
al
i
d
"T
T
P
cer
t
i
f
i
cat
e"
.
W
e i
n
v
es
t
i
g
a
t
e p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e at
t
ack
s
[
2
3
]
o
n
r
o
u
t
e d
i
s
co
v
er
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
an
d
co
u
n
t
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
ak
en
b
y
D
P
M
t
o
p
r
o
t
ect
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
i
n
m
o
b
i
l
e ad
-
h
oc
n
e
t
w
or
ks
[
27]
,
[
28]
.
4.
1.
A
t
t
a
ck
s
o
n
R
o
u
t
e D
i
s
co
v
ery
P
ro
ces
s
a.
M
es
s
a
g
e F
ab
r
i
cat
i
o
n
: R
o
u
te
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ced
u
r
e r
eq
u
i
r
es
i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
at
e
n
o
d
e co
l
l
ab
o
r
at
i
o
n
t
o
d
i
s
co
v
er
r
o
u
t
es
t
o
t
h
e d
es
t
i
n
at
i
o
n
.
A
t
t
a
ck
s
o
n
i
n
t
er
m
ed
i
at
e
n
o
d
es
ca
n
l
ead
t
o
m
o
d
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
r
o
u
t
e
m
es
s
a
g
es
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
"
m
es
s
ag
e
f
ab
r
i
cat
i
o
n
"
D
P
M en
cr
y
p
t
s
p
at
h
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
s
y
m
m
et
r
i
cal
l
y
an
d
as
y
m
m
et
r
i
cal
l
y
an
d
e
nc
r
y
p
t
s
t
he
m
b
y
m
e
a
ns
o
f
t
he
no
d
e
"
p
ub
l
i
c
ke
y
"
.
T
hi
s
n
e
w
c
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
gi
ve
s
a
n a
d
d
i
t
i
o
na
l
gua
r
d
i
ng
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e at
t
ack
er
s
p
as
s
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e p
at
h
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
at
h
m
e
s
s
a
g
e f
ab
r
i
cat
i
o
n
.
b.
C
a
c
he
P
o
i
s
o
ni
ng
: T
h
is
t
y
p
e o
f
at
t
ack
g
u
i
d
e
s
t
h
e n
o
d
e t
o
r
o
ut
e
d
a
t
a
t
o t
he
w
r
o
ng p
a
t
h.
T
he
D
P
M
ha
nd
l
e
s
t
h
i
s
at
t
ac
k
w
i
t
h
t
r
u
s
t
ed
k
e
y
s
,
av
ai
l
ab
l
e at
b
o
t
h
s
o
u
r
ce an
d
t
ar
g
et
n
o
d
es
.
I
f
a
m
al
i
ci
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
b
r
o
a
d
cas
t
s
an
in
v
a
lid
r
o
u
te
,
it
w
il
l
n
o
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
"
r
o
u
te
c
a
c
h
e
"
.
F
ir
s
t,
e
v
e
r
y
r
o
u
te
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
is
p
r
o
te
c
te
d
b
y
a
t
r
us
t
e
d
ke
y a
nd
a
no
d
e
p
ub
l
i
c
ke
y,
a
nd
l
a
t
e
r
i
t
i
s
s
e
c
ur
e
d
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c.
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o
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i
n
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v
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P
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s
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en
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of
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(
D
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i
n
pa
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s
c
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r
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pa
c
k
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eh
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d
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nd
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A
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cat
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.
4.
2.
A
t
t
ac
k
s
on
D
at
a R
ou
t
i
n
g P
r
oc
e
s
s
a.
D
at
a P
ack
et
F
a
b
r
ic
a
tio
n
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ur
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d
at
a co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
,
an
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t
er
m
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at
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o
d
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is
ab
l
e t
o
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j
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a "
f
al
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y
c
h
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g
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g
t
h
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d
at
a
p
ack
et
t
o
r
ed
u
ce t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
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t
.
T
h
e D
P
M
h
an
d
l
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d
at
a p
ac
k
e
t
f
ab
r
i
cat
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nc
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t
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ha
t
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ni
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b.
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at
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r
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3.
Th
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In
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3275
5.
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r
,
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S
e
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ur
e
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ot
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ol
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or
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p
on
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ne
ous
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e
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s
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d H
oc
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t
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s
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r
eat
i
o
n
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,
I
E
E
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s On
P
a
ra
l
l
e
l
A
n
d
Di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
S
y
st
e
ms
,
V
o
l
.
2
4,
N
o.
4,
A
p
r
i
l
20
13
.
[
1
1]
C
. E
. P
e
r
k
i
n
s
, E
. M
. R
o
y
e
r
, a
n
d
S
.
R
.
Da
s,
"
A
d
Ho
c
On
-
D
e
m
an
d
D
i
s
t
an
ce V
ect
o
r
(
A
O
D
V
)
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
"
,
IE
T
F
INT
E
R
NE
T
-
D
R
A
F
T
,
M
A
N
E
T
w
or
k
i
ng
gr
ou
p
,
F
e
b.
20
03
.
[
1
2]
R
.
V
.
B
o
ppa
na
a
nd
X
u S
u,
"
O
n t
he
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
of
M
oni
t
or
i
ng
f
or
I
nt
r
us
i
on D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n i
n
M
obi
l
e
A
d H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
ks
",
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
o
ns
O
n M
obi
l
e
C
om
p
ut
i
ng
,
V
ol
.
1
0,
N
o
.
8,
A
ug
us
t
20
11.
[
1
3]
M
.
G
.
Z
a
pa
t
a
a
nd N
.
A
s
ok
a
n,
"
S
e
c
ur
i
ng
A
d hoc
R
out
i
ng
P
r
o
t
oc
o
l
s
"
,
I
n P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
1s
t
A
C
M
w
or
k
s
hop on
W
i
r
el
es
s
s
ecu
r
i
t
y
, A
t
l
a
n
t
a
, G
A
, U
S
A
, p
p
.
1
-
1
0,
20
02.
[
1
4]
J
. Y
a
n
, J
. M
a
, F
. L
i
, a
n
d
S
.J
.
M
o
o
n
, "
K
e
y
P
r
e
-
d
is
tr
i
b
u
t
i
o
n S
c
he
m
e
w
i
t
h N
ode
R
e
v
oc
a
t
i
on f
or
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
o
r
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
s"
,
In
A
d H
oc
an
d Se
ns
or
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
v
ol
.
10,
nos
.
2/
3,
p
p.
23
5
-
2
51,
2
01
0.
[
1
5]
S
.
S
e
n,
J
.
A
.
C
l
a
r
k
,
J
.
E
.
T
a
pi
a
dor
,
"
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
t
hr
e
a
t
s
i
n m
obi
l
e
A
d h
oc
ne
t
w
or
k
s
",
I
n
Se
c
ur
i
t
y
of
Se
l
f
-
Org
a
n
i
zi
n
g
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
:
M
A
N
E
T
, W
S
N
, W
M
N
,
V
A
N
E
T
,
F
l
or
i
da
:
T
a
y
l
or
&
F
r
a
nc
i
s
,
pp
.
1
27
-
14
6,
20
10
.
[
1
6]
I
.
K
h
al
i
l
an
d
S
.
B
ag
ch
i
,
"
S
t
eal
t
h
y
A
t
t
ac
k
s
i
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
A
d
H
o
c N
et
w
o
r
k
s
:
D
et
e
ct
i
o
n
an
d
C
o
u
n
t
er
m
eas
u
r
e
"
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
O
n M
o
bi
l
e
C
om
put
i
ng
,
V
o
l
.
1
0,
N
o.
8,
A
u
gu
s
t
2
01
1.
[
1
7]
S
.
Ja
i
n,
S
ha
s
t
r
i
A
,
C
ha
ur
a
s
i
a
B
K
,
"
A
na
l
y
s
i
s
a
nd F
e
a
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
of
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
R
out
i
ng
P
r
ot
oc
ol
s
w
i
t
h
M
a
l
i
c
i
ous
N
ode
s
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s"
,
I
n P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
o
nal
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on C
om
m
u
ni
c
at
i
o
n
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
and
N
e
t
w
or
k
T
e
c
hn
ol
o
gi
e
s
,
20
13
.
[
1
8]
K
. L
i
u
, J
. D
e
n
g
,
P
. K
.
V
a
r
s
h
n
e
y
,
a
n
d
K
. B
a
l
a
k
r
i
s
hna
n,
"
A
n A
c
k
now
l
e
dgm
e
nt
-
B
a
s
e
d A
ppr
oa
c
h f
or
t
he
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
of
R
out
i
ng
M
i
s
be
ha
v
i
or
i
n
M
A
N
E
T
s
"
,
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
.
M
ob
i
l
e
C
om
put
i
n
g
,
v
ol
.
6,
n
o.
5,
pp.
5
36
-
55
0,
M
a
y
20
07.
[
1
9]
R
. A
. S
h
a
i
k
h
, H
. J
a
m
e
e
l
, B
. J
. d
A
u
r
i
o
l
, H
. L
e
e
, S
. L
e
e
, a
n
d
Y
.
-
J
.
S
ong
,
"
G
r
oup
-
b
as
ed
t
r
u
s
t
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
cl
u
s
t
er
ed
w
i
r
el
es
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
"
,
I
E
E
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
a
ra
l
l
e
l
Di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
S
y
st
e
m
,
V
o
l
.
20
,
p
p.
16
98
-
17
12
,
N
o
v.
2
00
9.
[
2
0]
C
he
n,
S
.
G
a
r
g
,
a
nd K
.
S
.
T
r
i
v
e
di
,
"
N
e
t
w
or
k
S
ur
v
i
v
a
bi
l
i
t
y
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on:
A
Q
ua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
A
ppr
oa
c
h w
i
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s i
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss A
d
-
hoc
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
"
,
P
r
oc
.
A
C
M
I
nt
'
l
W
or
k
s
hop
M
ode
l
l
i
ng
,
A
nal
y
s
i
s
,
a
n
d S
i
m
ul
at
i
o
n
of
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
and M
obi
l
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
pp
.
61
-
68
,
S
e
pt
.
2
00
2.
[
2
1]
H
.
Y
a
ng
,
H
.
L
u
o,
F
.
Y
e
,
S
.
L
u,
a
nd L
.
Z
ha
ng
,
"
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
i
n M
o
bi
l
e
A
d H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
:
C
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
a
nd
S
ol
ut
i
on
s
",
I
E
E
E
W
i
re
l
e
ss C
o
mmu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
ol
.
11,
n
o.
1,
pp.
3
8
-
4
7,
F
e
b.
20
04
.
[
2
2]
A
be
di
O
,
M
.
F
a
t
hy
,
"
E
nha
nc
i
n
g
A
O
D
V
r
out
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
us
i
n
g
m
obi
l
i
t
y
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
n V
A
N
E
T
"
,
I
E
E
E
/
A
C
S
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
o
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on C
om
put
e
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
a
nd
A
p
pl
i
c
at
i
ons
,
A
I
C
C
S
A
2008.
[
2
3]
S
. Z
h
u
, S
.
X
u
,
S
.
S
e
tia
,
a
n
d
S
.
J
a
jo
d
ia
,
"
L
H
A
P
: A
L
ig
h
t
w
e
ig
h
t
H
op
-
by
-
H
op
A
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
t
oc
ol
F
or
A
d
-
H
o
c
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
s"
,
I
n A
d H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
J
our
n
al
,
v
o
l
.
4,
no.
5,
p
p.
56
7
-
5
85,
S
e
pt
.
20
06
.
[
2
4]
Z
ha
ng
,
Y
.
S
ong
,
Y
.
F
a
ng
,
a
n
d
Y
.
Z
ha
ng
,
"
O
n t
he
pr
i
c
e
of
a s
ecu
r
i
t
y
in
la
r
g
e
-
s
c
al
e
w
i
r
el
es
s
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
"
,
I
E
E
E
/
A
C
M
T
r
a
ns
ac
t
i
on N
e
t
w
or
k
.
,
v
ol
.
19,
n
o.
2,
pp.
3
19
-
33
2,
A
pr
.
20
11.
[
2
5]
Y.
-
C
.
H
u,
A
.
P
e
r
r
i
g
,
a
nd D
.
B
.
J
o
hns
o
n,
"
A
r
i
a
dne
:
A
S
e
c
ur
e
O
n
-
D
e
m
a
nd R
out
i
ng
P
r
ot
oc
ol
f
or
A
d
H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
"
,
P
r
oc
.
8t
h A
nn
.
I
nt
'
l
C
o
nf
.
M
o
bi
l
e
C
om
put
i
n
g a
nd
N
e
t
w
or
k
i
n
g (
M
obi
C
om
2
00
2)
,
A
C
M
P
r
e
s
s
,
p
p
. 1
2
-
23,
20
02
.
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