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K
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Dep
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a
m
m
ed
,
th
e
y
w
i
ll
b
r
in
g
m
a
n
y
b
en
ef
it
s
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile,
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
alo
n
g
w
it
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
j
u
s
tif
icat
io
n
a
n
d
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
.
I
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
i
s
allo
w
ed
to
u
s
e
its
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
en
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
w
in
d
u
n
it
s
ca
n
b
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
p
tio
n
to
s
av
e
co
s
ts
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
I
f
o
n
l
y
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
its
ar
e
allo
w
ed
to
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
la
n
n
in
g
f
o
r
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
to
id
en
ti
f
y
ex
is
t
in
g
ca
p
ac
itie
s
a
n
d
allo
c
ate
th
e
m
to
in
v
e
s
to
r
s
w
h
o
w
a
n
t
to
in
s
tall
th
e
u
n
it
in
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
p
lace
s
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
,
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
m
p
an
ies
w
it
h
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
lo
s
s
es
w
i
ll a
llo
w
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
w
i
t
h
th
e
lea
s
t c
o
s
t.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
j
u
s
ti
f
ied
u
s
e
o
f
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er
p
la
n
ts
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
lo
ad
g
r
o
w
th
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
ese
u
n
it
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
s
talled
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
elec
t
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
in
s
talli
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
its
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
i
n
s
tal
lin
g
u
n
its
,
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
a
n
e
m
o
m
etr
y
s
tati
s
tics
o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
e
tc.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
th
at
w
il
l
attr
ac
t
th
e
atte
n
tio
n
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
an
d
d
esi
g
n
er
s
af
ter
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
ta
llatio
n
o
f
w
in
d
u
n
i
ts
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
th
e
l
o
ca
tin
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
t
h
ese
u
n
i
ts
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
ir
in
s
ta
llatio
n
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
en
j
o
y
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
.
So
f
ar
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
p
lace
m
e
n
t
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
a
n
d
b
y
id
en
t
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
o
al
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
it
u
atio
n
s
,
ea
ch
o
f
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
u
s
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
g
o
als
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
lo
ca
ti
o
n
o
f
DG
u
n
i
ts
i
n
ex
is
t
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
DG's
o
p
tim
a
l p
lace
m
e
n
t is o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t a
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
DG
p
lan
n
in
g
.
I
n
[
1
]
,
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
u
n
it
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
P
SO
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
is
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
u
s
es
a
n
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
al
s
o
n
o
t a
d
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
.
I
n
[
2
]
,
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
i
s
s
o
l
v
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
ai
m
o
f
r
ed
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
lo
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
r
el
y
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
.
P
lace
m
en
t
i
s
m
ad
e
f
o
r
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
u
s
s
e
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
p
r
ec
is
e
as
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
b
ec
o
m
e
s
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lica
ted
,
an
d
in
p
r
ac
tice
it
w
ill lo
s
e
its
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
I
n
[
3
]
,
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
it
s
i
s
m
ad
e
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
lo
s
s
es
a
n
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
o
f
b
u
s
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
u
s
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
b
u
t
h
elp
s
i
n
f
aster
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
b
y
r
ed
u
c
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ize
i
n
s
m
aller
ca
te
g
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
w
i
n
d
u
n
it
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ar
tiall
y
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
o
b
tai
n
in
g
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
c
i
n
th
e
R
ail
f
u
n
c
tio
n
a
n
d
as
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
ec
to
r
to
th
e
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
i
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
[
4
]
,
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
i
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
s
ev
er
al
g
o
als
an
d
m
en
tio
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
'
s
i
m
p
o
s
ed
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l
co
s
t
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
g
o
al
is
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
i
n
s
talli
n
g
w
in
d
u
n
it
s
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
eg
ar
d
,
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
w
i
n
d
u
n
its
as
th
e
i
m
p
o
s
ed
co
s
ts
an
d
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
e
f
f
ec
t,
a
n
d
als
o
th
e
p
r
o
f
it
f
r
o
m
n
o
t
p
u
r
ch
as
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
its
o
f
in
s
talli
n
g
t
h
e
r
ele
v
an
t
u
n
its
.
U
n
ce
r
ta
in
t
y
in
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
u
n
its
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
m
o
d
eled
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
w
in
d
u
n
i
ts
.
Un
ce
r
tain
t
y
i
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
P
SO
is
al
s
o
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
o
b
tain
a
n
s
w
er
s
,
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
s
.
Un
d
er
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
w
er
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
DG,
Ki
m
et
al.
[
5
]
an
d
Gan
d
o
m
k
a
r
et
al.
[
6
]
u
s
ed
t
h
e
Her
ef
o
r
d
R
a
n
ch
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
y
s
te
m
lo
s
s
es.
Fo
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
Gr
i
f
f
in
et
al.
[
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
iter
ati
v
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
DG
u
n
it
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Nar
a
et
al.
[
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
T
ab
u
'
s
s
ea
r
c
h
m
eth
o
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
DG
u
n
it
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
y
s
te
m
lo
s
s
e
s
.
I
n
[
9
,
1
0
]
,
an
iter
ativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
lo
ca
te
DG
u
n
it
s
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
y
u
s
ed
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
i
t
y
a
n
d
lo
s
s
s
e
n
s
it
iv
it
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
p
o
w
er
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
eq
u
at
io
n
s
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
b
est
p
lace
s
to
lo
ca
te
DG
u
n
its
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
an
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
in
v
es
t
m
e
n
t
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
o
f
DG
ca
p
ac
it
y
i
n
th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
co
m
p
e
ti
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
ar
k
et.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
4
5
2
4
-
4
5
3
9
4526
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
ti
o
n
o
f
D
G
u
n
i
ts
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
u
s
i
n
g
co
s
t
-
b
en
ef
it
an
a
l
y
s
is
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
i
m
ize
s
y
s
te
m
lo
s
s
es,
R
a
h
m
a
n
et
al.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
DG
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
in
v
est
ig
at
io
n
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
e
w
o
r
k
in
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
D
G
u
n
its
in
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
m
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
wo
r
k
ass
u
m
e
th
at
DG
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
r
e
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llab
le.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
s
ca
n
n
o
t
m
o
d
el
th
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
On
l
y
a
s
m
al
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
3
-
1
6
]
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
a
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
D
G
u
n
it
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
[
1
3
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
o
n
l
y
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
DG
u
n
its
a
n
d
DG
s
i
ze
is
n
o
t
o
p
ti
m
ized
.
I
n
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
,
s
o
m
e
tec
h
n
ical
li
m
ita
tio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
DG
u
n
its
a
n
d
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
le
v
el
o
f
DG
p
en
etr
atio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
g
n
o
r
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
DG
u
n
its
i
n
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
till
n
ee
d
s
atten
tio
n
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
an
an
al
y
tic
al
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
al
DG
p
lace
m
e
n
t
i
n
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
i
m
ize
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
w
it
h
ti
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
DG
o
u
tp
u
t
.
Du
e
to
tech
n
ical
li
m
itat
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
f
ee
d
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
li
m
ita
tio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
er
p
r
o
f
i
le,
in
[
1
7
]
th
e
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
G
A
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
DG
u
n
its
i
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
o
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate,
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
p
en
etr
at
io
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
o
f
DG,
C
elli
an
d
P
ilo
in
[
1
4
]
an
d
C
ar
p
in
elli
et
al.
in
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
u
s
ed
d
ec
is
i
o
n
th
eo
r
y
b
ased
o
n
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
I
n
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
lace
m
en
t h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
o
l
v
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
ai
m
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
lo
s
s
es
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
U
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
i
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
i
ts
is
n
o
t
m
er
el
y
a
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
et
h
o
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t o
f
ca
s
u
alt
ies.
Sin
ce
,
b
esid
es
it
s
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
v
er
th
e
p
er
io
d
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
etu
r
n
o
f
c
ap
ital
to
w
i
n
d
u
n
i
ts
,
it sh
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
to
tal
i
m
p
o
s
ed
co
s
ts
o
n
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
is
P
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
a
m
o
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
n
l
y
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
lo
w
o
n
s
p
ee
d
,
w
h
ic
h
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ize
w
i
ll b
e
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
tr
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
w
i
n
d
u
n
it
s
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
w
ill
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
i
n
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
i
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t t
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
q
u
an
t
ities
.
T
h
e
u
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
a
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
s
ed
b
y
o
p
ti
m
ized
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
th
ir
d
p
ar
t.
I
n
Sectio
n
4
,
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
lv
i
n
g
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
r
ief
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
f
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
r
ef
er
en
c
es
an
d
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
o
v
er
o
th
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
at
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Sectio
n
6
.
2.
U
NCER
T
A
I
NT
I
E
S M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
2
.
1
.
G
ener
a
t
io
n u
ncer
t
a
inty
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er
u
n
i
ts
to
g
e
n
er
ate
en
er
g
y
is
t
h
e
b
lo
w
i
n
g
o
f
w
i
n
d
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
p
o
w
er
it
h
as.
Si
n
ce
th
e
win
d
an
d
its
in
te
n
s
it
y
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
ec
is
el
y
p
r
ed
ictab
le,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
co
n
cl
u
s
i
v
el
y
a
n
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
its
i
n
a
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
is
esti
m
a
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ased
o
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s
tatis
tical
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m
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f
r
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o
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ated
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elate
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[
1
8
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a
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s
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I
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f
ac
t,
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u
c
h
a
r
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is
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e
n
o
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m
f
o
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ch
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es th
at
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n
e
to
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tal
l
w
in
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tu
r
b
in
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
tima
l p
la
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t o
f wi
n
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era
tio
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its
in
o
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n
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(
Meh
r
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a
d
A
h
ma
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i Ka
ma
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p
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4527
B
y
c
h
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in
g
k
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2
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th
e
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ll
f
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f
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asi
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R
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ticles,
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it
[
1
9
]
.
So
m
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f
th
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s
p
r
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v
id
e
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m
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I
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r
ef
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[
3
]
,
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C
co
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f
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R
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as f
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{
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P
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v
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s
p
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d
o
f
tu
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f
o
r
p
o
w
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
4
5
2
4
-
4
5
3
9
4528
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Of
co
u
r
s
e,
it
s
h
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u
ld
b
e
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ted
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at
th
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u
s
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o
f
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et
h
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d
d
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es
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t
p
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u
f
f
icie
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m
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th
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p
ac
it
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a
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r
.
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n
m
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s
t
ar
ticles,
t
h
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p
ac
it
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co
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f
icie
n
t
is
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
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e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
g
e
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er
atio
n
o
f
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es
[
4
]
.
C
ap
ac
it
y
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
i
s
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
an
n
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w
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d
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o
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tati
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tic
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:
=
T
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in
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ℎ
×
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1
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(
1
1
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T
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B
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o
f
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ely
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ite
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w
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ter
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Fi
n
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[
1
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20
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Uncer
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m
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co
n
s
i
d
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a
co
n
s
tan
t
lo
ad
[
4
,
2
0
]
.
A
ls
o
,
in
ad
d
iti
o
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,
s
o
m
e
au
t
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r
ities
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[
3
]
.
R
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d
to
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m
atic.
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n
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s
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n
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[
2
2
]
,
th
e
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tiv
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n
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ctiv
e
p
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w
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m
i
s
m
o
d
eled
as:
=
(
1
3
)
=
(
1
4
)
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
α
-
β
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
f
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if
f
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t
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m
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s
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,
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f
α
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d
β
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o
,
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e
s
a
m
e
p
ea
k
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is
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n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
ab
le
4.
R
elate
d
co
ef
f
icien
t to
s
a
m
p
le
lo
ad
[
2
2
]
L
o
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C
o
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0
0
I
n
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d
0
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1
8
6
R
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d
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9
2
4
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C
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5
1
3
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4
An
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th
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to
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s
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allo
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t
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a
s
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ar
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.
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icatio
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s
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t
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m
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ate
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m
ate
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d
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g
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[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
o
f
lo
ad
in
t
h
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s
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ap
er
is
esti
m
ated
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ased
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n
th
e
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n
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al
s
tatis
tics
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
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u
tio
n
co
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p
a
n
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.
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n
t
h
e
lo
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i
f
i
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s
e
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ter
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e
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r
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
lest
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s
s
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f
icatio
n
is
th
e
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
lo
ad
as
li
g
h
t,
m
e
d
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m
an
d
p
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k
lo
ad
.
W
e
e
x
ten
d
o
u
r
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
to
m
o
r
e
s
it
u
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n
s
i
n
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r
d
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to
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ea
s
e
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A
n
ex
a
m
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s
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s
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ated
in
t
h
e
T
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le
5
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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h
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r
s
an
d
th
e
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r
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n
d
in
g
p
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b
ab
i
lit
y
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I
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A
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T
H
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3
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1
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.
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2
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E
loss
nWT
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e
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tal
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te
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lo
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es d
u
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tal
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ases
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et
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elate
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ter
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n
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ar
e
o
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t
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o
llo
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s
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os
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2
3
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E
loss
WT
is
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e
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tal
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y
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te
m
lo
s
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u
r
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g
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h
e
T
y
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r
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ter
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h
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n
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tal
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is
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tal
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m
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er
atio
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is
th
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ab
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h
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e
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er
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ce
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te
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in
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u
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a
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(
2
4
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h
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it f
r
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as f
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5
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ak
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s
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s
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(
)
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2
6
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d.
P
ro
f
it
f
r
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m
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g
y
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les
T
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tal
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ce
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r
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h
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et
wo
r
k
ca
n
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e
ca
lcu
lated
as
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llo
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s
:
=
∑
∑
,
×
×
8760
=
1
=
1
(
2
7
)
=
×
(
2
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
4
5
2
4
-
4
5
3
9
4532
E
WT
is
th
e
to
tal
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
w
i
n
d
u
n
its
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
y
ea
r
C
sale
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
its
f
r
o
m
e
n
er
g
y
s
ales to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
a
y
e
ar
C
e
is
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
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er
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ale
s
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
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k
n
w
T
h
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u
m
b
er
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f
p
o
w
er
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e
n
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
w
ith
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
w
i
n
d
f
lo
w
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
m
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
s
talled
u
n
i
ts
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
G
w
i,
j
is
th
e
i
-
t
h
u
n
it
g
en
er
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n
in
j
-
t
h
m
o
d
e
P
j
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
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en
er
a
tio
n
in
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-
t
h
m
o
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e
T
h
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cu
r
r
en
t v
al
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e
o
f
t
h
is
a
m
o
u
n
t i
s
also
ca
lc
u
lated
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
(
)
=
×
∑
(
1
+
1
+
)
=
1
(
2
9
)
e.
B
enef
it
s
f
ro
m
re
du
ci
ng
g
re
enho
us
e
g
a
s
es
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
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clea
n
a
n
d
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
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y
it
ca
n
eli
m
in
ate
s
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
f
o
s
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il
f
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e
l
r
eso
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r
ce
s
.
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f
n
o
w
i
n
d
u
n
i
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
n
ee
d
ed
en
er
g
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
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r
o
u
g
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t
h
e
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et
w
o
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k
a
n
d
co
n
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ec
ted
p
o
w
er
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lan
t
s
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s
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il
f
u
el
p
la
n
ts
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e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
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ilter
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ed
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ci
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i
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ch
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e
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t
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ce
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t
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r
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es.
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o
th
e
b
en
e
f
i
ts
o
f
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ed
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ci
n
g
t
h
e
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O2
e
f
f
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
2
=
(
+
)
×
×
(
3
0
)
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co2
is
b
en
e
f
it
s
f
r
o
m
r
ed
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cin
g
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
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ase
s
o
v
er
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y
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r
φ
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g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
a
s
e
m
is
s
io
n
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ate
in
k
g
/ M
W
h
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e
m
s
is
P
r
o
f
its
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
o
f
g
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ee
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o
u
s
e
g
a
s
es p
er
k
il
o
g
r
a
m
T
h
e
cu
r
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en
t v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
is
a
m
o
u
n
t i
s
o
b
tain
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
(
2
)
=
2
×
∑
(
1
+
1
+
)
=
1
(
3
1
)
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Ou
r
g
o
al
is
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
is
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
A
ls
o
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f
th
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s
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ti
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y
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r
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h
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o
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j
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tiv
e
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n
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o
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ld
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w
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s
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e
g
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e
ater
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an
ze
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to
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av
e
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n
ad
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n
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er
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e
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o
n
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w
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n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e.
=
(
+
+
2
)
−
(
&
)
−
(
3
2
)
>
0
3
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ra
ints o
f
t
he
pro
ble
m
a.
L
o
a
d
t
ra
ns
f
er
equa
t
io
ns
,
1
+
∑
(
,
)
×
=
1
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−
(
,
+
1
)
×
=
∑
,
=
1
×
,
×
×
c
os
(
+
,
+
,
)
∀
,
(
3
3
)
,
1
−
(
,
+
1
)
×
=
−
∑
,
=
1
×
,
×
×
s
in
(
+
,
−
,
)
∀
,
(
3
4
)
W
h
er
e:
P
DGt
,
i:
t
-
th
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
o
w
er
o
f
DG
b
ased
o
n
w
i
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
n
b
u
s
i
P
Gg
,
1
: A
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
id
e
p
o
s
t in
j
ec
ted
at
th
e
b
u
s
i
Q
Gg
,
1
: Reac
t
iv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
s
id
e
p
o
s
t in
j
ec
ted
at
th
e
b
u
s
i
P
Di
: M
ax
i
m
u
m
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
i
n
b
u
s
i
Q
Di
: M
ax
i
m
u
m
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
at
th
e
b
u
s
i
V
g
,
i
: V
o
ltag
e
at
b
u
s
i
d
u
r
i
n
g
g
m
o
d
e
n
: T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
ase
s
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b.
P
o
w
er
l
o
s
s
equa
t
io
ns
:
,
=
0
.
5
×
∑
∑
=
1
=
1
×
[
(
,
)
2
+
(
,
)
2
−
2
×
,
×
,
c
os
(
,
−
,
)
]
∀
,
,
(
3
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Op
tima
l p
la
ce
men
t o
f wi
n
d
g
e
n
era
tio
n
u
n
its
in
o
r
d
er to
i
n
crea
s
e
…
(
Meh
r
d
a
d
A
h
ma
d
i Ka
ma
r
p
o
s
h
ti
)
4533
c.
B
ra
nch f
lo
w
equa
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
to
ler
ab
le
f
lo
w
b
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
e
ed
er
s
.
P
lace
m
en
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
th
e
f
ee
d
er
cu
r
r
en
t d
o
es n
o
t e
x
ce
ed
t
h
e
p
er
m
itted
li
m
it
s
.
,
=
|
|
×
√
,
2
+
,
2
−
2
×
,
2
×
,
2
×
c
os
(
,
−
,
)
(
3
6
)
I
g
,
ij
is
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ass
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lin
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
an
d
j
d
u
r
in
g
g
'
s
m
o
d
e
an
d
Y
ij
i
s
its
ad
m
i
ttan
ce
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d.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
L
i
m
it
T
h
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
u
n
it
s
to
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
il
l i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
il
e
o
f
th
e
w
ea
k
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
≤
,
≤
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
(
3
7
)
e.
F
ee
der
ca
pa
cit
y
li
m
it
:
0
≤
,
≤
(
3
8
)
f.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
ns
t
a
lled po
w
er
o
n t
he
bu
s
W
h
ich
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
ca
p
ac
ity
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
i
n
d
u
n
its
t
h
at
a
b
u
s
ca
n
ac
ce
p
t.
<
m
ax
(
3
9
)
j
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
at
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
win
d
u
n
it is
i
n
s
talled
.
4.
T
H
E
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
F
P
RO
B
L
E
M
SO
L
VING
I
n
o
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d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
p
lace
m
en
t p
r
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b
lem
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it
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th
e
h
e
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Fi
g
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Setti
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atio
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:
T
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in
all
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s
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.
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