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,
ca
ll
ed
R
o
ad
Sid
e
Un
it
s
(
R
SUs
)
.
B
ased
o
n
OB
U
an
d
R
SU,
VA
NE
T
h
as t
w
o
k
e
y
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
: V
eh
icle
-
to
-
Veh
i
cle
(
V2
V)
in
w
h
ic
h
v
eh
ic
les
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
e
ac
h
o
th
er
o
n
th
e
m
o
v
e
a
n
d
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
R
SU
(
V2
R
)
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
v
e
h
icle
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
i
x
ed
R
SU.
Mo
v
in
g
Ve
h
icle
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
p
lato
o
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
;
m
a
n
y
v
e
h
icle
s
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
m
ea
n
m
o
r
e
co
n
te
n
tio
n
,
d
ela
y
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
h
i
g
h
co
llis
io
n
.
M
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
See
[
7
]
)
g
i
v
en
th
e
id
ea
o
f
v
eh
icles
e
x
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
Aw
ar
en
e
s
s
M
ess
a
g
es
(
C
A
M)
o
r
b
ea
co
n
s
,
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
tr
af
f
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
s
a
f
et
y
o
r
to
g
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
tai
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
it
u
atio
n
s
w
h
er
e
d
ela
y
m
es
s
ag
e
d
eli
v
er
y
ca
n
b
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
p
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
is
ad
o
p
ted
o
f
[8
,
9]
is
th
at
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
f
am
il
y
is
w
e
ll k
n
o
w
n
.
B
ea
co
n
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
w
it
h
t
en
m
ess
a
g
e
s
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
C
SM
A
/
C
A
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
t m
e
th
o
d
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
is
th
u
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
m
a
n
ag
e
M
A
C
la
y
er
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
b
ea
c
o
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
d
esig
n
w
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
1
]
an
d
en
clo
s
ed
th
e
en
tire
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
,
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
L
A
N
(
W
L
A
N)
,
an
d
h
as
t
w
o
d
i
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
i
n
it
s
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
s
u
b
la
y
er
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
(
C
SM
A
)
ca
r
r
ier
s
en
s
e
mu
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
:
as
it
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
a
d
ela
y
in
ch
a
n
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
o
th
er
is
s
u
e
is
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
co
llis
io
n
.
A
ll
v
eh
ic
les
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
m
u
s
t r
eser
v
e
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
at
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
i
s
b
u
s
y
w
it
h
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t,
all
v
eh
icles
m
u
s
t
w
ait
u
n
til
t
h
i
s
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t e
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
h
all
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
r
d
etec
t
a
co
llis
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
eser
v
e
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
,
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
t
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
ec
id
es
w
h
o
is
g
o
in
g
to
r
e
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
to
tr
an
s
m
it.
I
n
a
ca
r
r
ier
s
en
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
u
c
h
as
C
SM
A
,
e
ac
h
s
en
d
i
n
g
v
e
h
icle
f
ir
s
t
lis
te
n
s
to
th
e
ch
an
n
el
to
s
ee
w
h
e
th
er
its
id
le
an
d
n
o
o
t
h
er
v
e
h
icle
is
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
,
s
o
,
i
f
it
i
s
i
d
le,
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
tr
an
s
m
its
d
ir
ec
tl
y
,
i
n
t
h
e
m
ea
n
ti
m
e,
an
o
th
er
v
e
h
icle
i
s
li
k
el
y
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
,
a
n
d
th
is
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
a
ch
a
n
n
el
co
lli
s
io
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
v
e
h
icle
m
a
y
en
co
u
n
ter
lo
n
g
ch
a
n
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
d
elay
s
w
h
ile
lis
te
n
i
n
g
to
a
b
u
s
y
c
h
a
n
n
e
l.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
o
cc
u
r
m
o
s
tl
y
in
d
en
s
e
s
it
u
atio
n
s
a
n
d
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
li
k
e
V
A
NE
T
.
C
SM
A
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
an
d
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
3
E
th
er
n
et.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
lu
s
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
p
r
ices
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
w
id
e
u
s
e
f
o
r
W
iFi
an
d
E
th
er
n
et
.
Du
e
to
th
is
W
i
-
Fi
is
s
o
m
et
i
m
es
u
s
ed
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
at
w
er
e
n
o
t
o
r
ig
in
a
ll
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
C
SM
A
is
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ate
in
r
ea
lti
m
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
d
ela
y
s
i
n
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
ch
a
n
n
els
,
e
th
er
n
et
en
d
ed
u
p
b
ein
g
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
w
h
er
e
m
a
n
y
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
th
e
M
AC
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ev
ices
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
w
itc
h
es
an
d
r
o
u
ter
s
;
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
e
h
icles
co
m
p
etin
g
f
o
r
th
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
co
llis
io
n
s
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
i
m
p
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
d
o
m
ai
n
b
ec
au
s
e
all
v
eh
icle
s
s
h
ar
e
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
ch
a
n
n
el
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
w
h
e
n
u
s
in
g
C
SM
A
i
n
t
h
e
w
ir
eless
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
a
v
eh
icle
ca
n
j
am
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
;
ev
e
n
i
f
th
is
v
eh
icle
is
n
o
t d
o
in
g
a
r
ea
l c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
h
en
ce
,
t
h
e
w
i
r
eless
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t f
o
r
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
en
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
m
o
r
e
lik
e
l
y
to
h
a
v
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
a
s
t
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
o
th
er
v
eh
icles
a
s
lo
n
g
a
s
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
ch
an
n
el
i
s
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
p
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
,
u
tili
ze
s
C
SM
A
a
s
it
s
MA
C
ac
ce
s
s
,
d
esp
ite
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
at
C
SM
A
ca
u
s
e
s
h
i
g
h
-
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
s
u
es
,
A
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
C
SM
A
d
elay
s
co
u
ld
b
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
el
f
-
o
r
g
a
n
ized
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
cc
ess
ti
m
e
d
i
v
i
s
io
n
(
ST
DM
A
)
,
a
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
,
p
r
ed
ictab
l
e,
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l w
i
th
li
m
ited
ch
a
n
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
d
ela
y
,
m
a
k
e
it s
u
itab
le
to
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
VA
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
ai
m
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
co
llis
io
n
-
f
r
ee
p
r
o
to
co
l
C
F
-
M
A
C
w
h
ic
h
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
]
ai
m
in
g
to
en
h
a
n
ce
ch
a
n
n
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ac
h
ie
v
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
,
f
air
n
e
s
s
,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
m
ess
a
g
e
lo
s
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2.
T
H
E
CF
-
M
AC
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
T
h
e
C
F
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l w
as i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
[
1
]
,
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
On
l
y
v
e
h
icle
to
v
eh
icle
V2
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
il
l
b
e
en
g
ag
ed
,
n
o
r
o
ad
s
i
d
e
u
n
it
s
[
1
3
]
.
E
ac
h
v
eh
icle
cr
ea
tes
an
u
p
d
ated
Neig
h
b
o
r
T
ab
le
(
N
T
)
co
n
tain
in
g
all
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
e
h
icles
'
I
D
an
d
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
es
,
f
r
es
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
'
s
b
ea
co
n
s
,
s
ee
tab
le
1
.
A
d
y
n
a
m
ic
T
DM
A
is
u
s
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
.
W
ith
n
o
C
ar
r
ier
Sen
s
e
Mu
lt
ip
le
A
cc
es
s
/
C
o
llis
io
n
Av
o
id
an
ce
C
S
M
A
/
C
A
to
d
etec
t
th
e
co
llis
io
n
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
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j
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n
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3.
T
H
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I
-
M
AC
P
RO
T
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CO
L
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
C
F
-
M
AC
h
as
g
o
o
d
r
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lts
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
s
till
p
o
s
s
ib
le
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
-
MA
C
w
i
ll
ad
d
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
:
T
h
e
in
itiato
r
m
u
s
t
u
s
e
C
ar
r
ier
Sen
s
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t b
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h
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th
a
n
SIFS,
As
t
h
e
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o
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et
w
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V
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T
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d
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an
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is
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See
F
ig
u
r
e
4
f
o
r
th
e
I
-
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
l f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2674
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Fig
u
r
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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p
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g
I
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N:
2088
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8708
A
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imp
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A
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p
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n
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]
,
w
h
ic
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u
al
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in
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u
r
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5
s
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o
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m
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u
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5
.
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Fig
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6
.
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.
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r
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≤
0
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8
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t
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et
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f
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et
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t
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I
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[1
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G
.
S
a
m
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ra
,
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A
n
Eff
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n
t
Co
ll
isi
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n
F
re
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P
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o
c
o
l
f
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r
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A
NET
,
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t.
J
.
Co
mp
u
t
.
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,
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p
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.
[2
]
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.
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i,
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“
R
A
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C:
A
RS
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,
2
0
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[3
]
T
.
L
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o
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a
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“
CA
M
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C:
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p
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t
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tw
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two
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s S
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,
2
0
0
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.
[4
]
R.
Ya
d
u
m
u
rth
y
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M
.
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sh
iv
a
iah
,
“
Re
li
a
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M
A
C
b
ro
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to
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sm
issio
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c
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2
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d
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2
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.
[5
]
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.
Zh
o
u
,
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l.
,
“
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in
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ra
ti
v
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V
AN
ET
,
”
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mp
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mm
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,
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[6
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H.
M
e
n
o
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a
r,
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a
l.
,
“
A
su
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tativ
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ly
sis
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f
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A
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h
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s
,
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E
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mm
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2
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[7
]
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Ba
ld
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ss
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,
“
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2
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[8
]
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C.
S
.
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.
M
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tan
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“
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(
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(P
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sp
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s,”
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S
t
a
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d
.
8
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1
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.
[9
]
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tan
d
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,
“
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T
ra
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T
S
);
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In
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5
G
Hz
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2
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9
.
[1
0
]
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.
S
a
m
a
ra
a
n
d
W
.
A
l
-
S
a
li
h
y
,
“
S
e
c
u
rit
y
issu
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s a
n
d
c
h
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g
e
s o
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lar ad
h
o
c
n
e
tw
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rk
s (V
A
NET)
,
”
Ne
w
T
re
n
d
s
In
f.
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
P
.
En
g
e
lstad
a
n
d
O.
Øs
terb
ø
,
“
No
n
-
sa
tu
ra
ti
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a
n
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sa
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ra
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f
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8
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.
1
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w
it
h
sta
rv
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ti
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n
p
re
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n
,
”
Pr
o
c
.
8
t
h
ACM
I
n
t.
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
2
]
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.
S
a
m
a
ra
a
n
d
T
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A
lh
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ied
a
t,
“
I
n
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ll
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e
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t
Eme
rg
e
n
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y
M
e
ss
a
g
e
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
in
V
A
NET
Us
in
g
P
S
O,”
W
o
rld
Co
mp
u
t.
S
c
i.
In
f.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
J
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
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(
7
)
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
1
-
7
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
M
.
V
a
n
Een
e
n
n
a
a
m
a
n
d
A
.
Re
m
k
e
,
“
A
n
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
b
e
a
c
o
n
in
g
i
n
V
A
NETs,
”
Co
n
f.
(
VNC),
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Yu
e
z
h
o
n
g
y
i,
“
Re
li
a
b
le
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
re
Ro
u
t
in
g
A
DH
OC
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lg
o
rit
h
m
Ba
se
d
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ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
M
o
n
it
o
r
No
d
e
s
i
n
V
A
NET
S
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
e
c
u
r.
I
ts A
p
p
l.
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
M
.
Ra
n
i
,
“
T
DMA
AN
D F
DMA
In
teg
ra
ted
Hy
b
rid
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Op
ti
m
m
iza
ti
o
n
in
V
AN
ET
,
”
IJ
RE
CE
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
M
.
Ha
d
d
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
-
f
re
e
slo
t
a
ss
ig
n
m
e
n
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
re
li
a
b
le
b
ro
a
d
c
a
st
o
f
p
e
rio
d
ic
m
e
ss
a
g
e
s
in
v
e
h
icu
lar ad
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
VT
C
Fa
ll
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
G
.
S
a
m
a
ra
,
“
A
n
in
telli
g
e
n
t
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
V
A
NET
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Ad
H
o
c
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s
C
o
mp
u
t.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
29
(
1
/2
)
,
p
p
.
7
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
H.
A
.
Om
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
e
M
A
C:
A
n
o
v
e
l
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
M
A
C
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
v
e
h
icu
lar
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
0
1
1
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
INFOCOM
W
KS
HPS
)
,
p
p
.
4
1
3
-
4
1
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.