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e
R
R
U
is
b
ei
n
g
s
er
v
ed
b
y
a
DU.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
C
-
R
A
N
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
,
to
s
av
e
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
OP
E
X)
an
d
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
it
u
r
e
(
C
A
P
E
X)
[
6
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
DU
o
r
B
B
U
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
r
ad
io
h
ea
d
(
R
R
H)
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
r
ad
io
u
n
it
in
t
h
e
C
-
R
AN
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
is
i
s
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Sev
er
al
R
R
Hs
s
h
ar
e
a
B
B
U
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
en
tr
al
clo
u
d
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
3
ess
en
tia
l c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
C
-
R
A
N
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
[
8
]
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
ese
ar
e:
-
Sev
er
al
B
B
Us
w
h
ic
h
f
o
r
m
s
a
B
B
U
p
o
o
l w
ith
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
-
R
R
H
s
w
it
h
an
t
e
n
n
as s
ited
at
r
e
m
o
te
s
ite
s
-
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
R
R
H
s
to
B
B
Us
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
w
h
ic
h
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lo
w
laten
c
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ch
i
t
ec
tu
r
e
o
f
C
-
R
AN
ar
e
ea
s
e
o
f
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
an
d
it
is
co
s
t
ef
f
e
ctiv
e.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
h
a
v
e
s
tr
in
g
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
ter
a
b
it
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
s
(
T
b
p
s
)
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
h
u
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ad
io
ch
an
n
e
l
s
,
th
e
j
o
in
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
ev
er
al
R
R
H
s
as
w
ell
as
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
esti
m
atio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
w
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
all
t
h
e
s
tr
ict
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
i
s
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l p
ar
t o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fro
n
th
a
u
l
l
in
k
i
s
a
n
es
s
e
n
tial
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
-
R
AN
a
s
it
co
n
n
ec
t
s
t
h
e
R
R
Us
to
t
h
e
c
en
tr
alize
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
C
-
R
A
N
ar
e
tip
p
ed
to
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
wh
er
e
th
e
u
s
er
s
’
d
en
s
it
y
is
h
i
g
h
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
p
u
b
lic
r
ad
io
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
C
P
R
I
)
i
s
a
n
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
e
m
i
-
p
r
o
p
r
ietar
y
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
w
h
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
r
ad
io
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
[
9
]
.
Data
r
ates
f
o
r
C
P
R
I
d
if
f
er
s
g
r
ea
tl
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
least
b
ei
n
g
t
h
at
o
f
o
p
tio
n
1
w
it
h
r
ates
o
f
6
1
4
.
4
Mb
p
s
to
th
e
h
ig
h
est
w
h
ic
h
i
s
o
p
tio
n
1
0
w
it
h
d
ata
r
ate
in
r
eg
io
n
o
f
2
4
.
3
3
0
2
4
Gb
p
s
.
T
h
ese
r
ates
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
R
R
H
s
an
d
B
B
Us
co
v
er
in
g
s
e
v
er
al
k
ilo
m
eter
s
.
I
t
is
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
th
a
t
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
th
at
w
ill
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
a
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
.
An
o
p
ti
m
ized
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
b
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
allo
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
a
n
NG
-
P
ON
2
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
m
ee
t t
h
e
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
R
e
s
u
lt
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
laten
c
y
,
j
itter
an
d
B
E
R
s
h
o
w
ed
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
-
R
A
N
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
[
8
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
C
lo
u
d
r
a
d
io
a
cc
ess
n
etw
o
r
k
fr
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
o
p
timiz
ed
d
yn
a
mi
c
.
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(
E
b
u
d
e
C
a
r
in
e
A
w
a
s
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me)
1397
T
h
is
r
e
m
ain
d
er
o
f
p
ap
er
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
to
4
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
P
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
C
-
R
AN
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
ese
n
ts
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
p
tical
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
it
h
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
ter
est
i
n
th
e
T
DM
-
P
ON
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
f
a
ce
d
b
y
th
i
s
T
DM
-
P
ON
s
o
lu
tio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
w
it
h
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
th
ese
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
5
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
b
in
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
ized
v
er
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Sectio
n
6
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
7
.
2.
C
-
RAN
F
RO
NT
H
AU
L
RE
Q
UIRE
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t te
r
m
i
n
o
lo
g
ies p
er
tai
n
in
g
to
th
e
C
-
R
AN
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l is p
r
ese
n
ted
f
i
r
s
t,
-
Fro
n
th
a
u
l
li
n
k
:
T
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
r
ad
io
u
n
it
a
n
d
th
e
DU
p
o
o
l.
Op
en
r
ad
io
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
O
R
I
)
,
co
m
m
o
n
p
u
b
lic
r
ad
io
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
C
P
R
I
)
,
an
d
o
p
en
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ar
c
h
itec
tu
r
e
in
i
tiati
v
e
(
OB
SA
I
)
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
s
ta
n
c
e
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
-
Fro
n
th
a
u
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
:
T
h
i
s
is
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
l
in
k
s
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
t
s
t
h
e
R
R
U
s
an
d
DU
p
o
o
l.
W
av
ele
n
g
t
h
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
(
W
DM
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
a
n
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
-
Fro
n
th
a
u
l c
h
an
n
el:
T
h
is
i
s
th
e
ch
an
n
el
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
e
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
.
-
Fro
n
th
a
u
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
:
T
h
is
is
t
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
to
ac
tu
alize
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
ee
t t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
v
er
h
ea
d
b
u
r
d
en
o
n
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
lin
k
in
th
e
C
-
R
AN
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
k
in
d
o
f
d
ata
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
an
d
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t c
ell
s
ite
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
b
it r
ate
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
ca
n
b
e
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
g
ig
a
b
its
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
.
A
l
s
o
,
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
w
ir
ele
s
s
tr
af
f
ic
v
ar
ie
s
w
i
th
ti
m
e
an
d
n
ee
d
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
s
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ti
m
es
o
f
th
e
d
a
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
I
t
is
f
ir
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
MFH
s
h
o
u
ld
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
le
x
ib
l
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
allo
ca
tio
n
as
well
as
h
ig
h
-
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
1
1
]
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
tr
af
f
ic
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
e
n
t in
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
p
ac
k
et
-
s
w
it
ch
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
li
k
e
E
th
er
n
et.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
MFH
to
co
p
e
w
ith
t
h
e
s
tr
in
g
e
n
t
li
m
it
o
f
d
ela
y
i
n
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
I
Q
d
ata
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
v
er
C
P
R
I
lin
k
is
in
d
ig
i
ta
l
f
o
r
m
.
A
l
s
o
,
an
y
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
least
o
p
tio
n
s
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
an
d
7
o
f
C
P
R
I
.
I
t
is
o
p
tio
n
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
C
P
R
I
o
p
tio
n
s
1
an
d
8
[
1
0
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
lo
w
lat
en
c
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
at
all
ti
m
es
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
C
-
R
A
N
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
li
k
e
t
h
e
v
ir
t
u
al
m
i
g
r
atio
n
o
f
B
B
U
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ated
m
u
lt
ip
o
in
t
(
C
o
MP
)
.
T
h
e
least
ac
ce
p
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
eM
B
B
an
d
UR
L
L
C
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
elay
ar
e
4
m
s
a
n
d
5
0
0
μ
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
in
cl
u
d
es th
e
d
ela
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t a
s
w
el
l a
s
th
e
ti
m
e
s
p
en
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
.
A
d
d
ed
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
eith
er
ele
ctr
ical
o
r
o
p
tical
m
u
ltip
lex
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
C
P
R
I
li
n
k
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
it
h
th
e
MFH
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
lex
ed
s
i
g
n
al
w
ill
b
e
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
B
B
U
p
o
o
l.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
FH
lin
k
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
an
s
m
it
tab
le
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
O
&
M
in
t
h
e
FH
d
o
m
ai
n
co
u
ld
also
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
ch
a
n
n
el
o
r
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
h
an
n
el
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
t
o
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
r
i
n
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
s
a
v
e
f
ib
er
as
m
u
c
h
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
A
l
s
o
,
a
tr
ee
an
d
a
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
als
o
b
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
f
le
x
ib
le.
Du
e
to
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
f
F
H,
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
h
o
w
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
o
f
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
FH
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
f
its
w
el
l to
d
eliv
e
r
5
G
C
-
R
AN.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
f
o
r
F
H
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
to
b
e
m
et,
h
ig
h
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
s
p
lit
s
th
a
n
C
P
R
I
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
s
v
er
y
lo
w
laten
c
y
an
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
h
i
g
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
w
il
l n
ee
d
to
b
e
r
esear
ch
ed
o
n
[
1
2
]
.
L
ast
l
y
,
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
s
er
v
ic
e,
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
o
t
h
at
i
t
s
w
itc
h
es
o
n
ce
it
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
a
f
ib
er
f
ai
lu
r
e.
T
h
is
f
ail
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
s
er
v
ic
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
at
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
la
y
er
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
less
t
h
an
5
0
m
s
s
w
itc
h
/r
ec
o
v
er
y
ti
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
F
H
lin
k
[
1
0
]
.
3.
F
RO
NT
H
AUL F
I
B
E
R
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
S
T
r
a
d
itio
n
all
y
,
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
b
ased
o
n
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
(
SMF)
an
d
m
u
lti
-
co
r
e
f
ib
er
(
MCF
)
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
C
-
R
A
N
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
li
n
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
Op
tical
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
a
d
ed
icate
d
f
ib
e
r
to
W
av
elen
g
t
h
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
r
P
ON
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
3
.
1
.
Dedica
t
ed
f
iber
s
o
lutio
n
I
n
th
i
s
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
d
ir
ec
t
d
ed
icate
d
f
ib
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
R
R
H
s
an
d
th
e
B
B
U
p
o
o
l.
T
h
is
is
u
s
u
all
y
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
Dar
k
f
ib
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
lar
g
e
i
n
s
talled
f
ib
er
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
n
u
s
ed
b
y
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
p
er
ato
r
.
I
n
th
is
d
es
ig
n
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
d
ed
icat
ed
f
ib
er
lin
k
f
o
r
ea
c
h
R
R
H
to
B
B
U
p
o
o
l.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
3
9
5
-
1404
1398
an
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
o
f
C
P
R
I
s
i
g
n
al
to
o
p
tical
ca
r
r
ier
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
p
o
n
d
er
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
b
o
th
s
id
es o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
E
/O
o
r
O/E
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
s
tr
ai
g
h
tf
o
r
w
ar
d
an
d
th
e
late
n
c
y
is
lo
w
b
ec
au
s
e
it
o
n
l
y
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
e
s
d
ela
y
d
u
e
to
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
lig
h
t.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
it
h
a
s
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
f
ib
er
lin
k
s
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
al
s
o
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
lac
k
o
f
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
i
s
also
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
co
s
t
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
ep
lo
y
n
e
w
f
ib
er
lin
k
s
a
n
d
t
h
er
e
i
s
li
m
ita
tio
n
to
th
is
[
1
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
O
ptic
a
l
t
ra
ns
po
rt
net
w
o
rk
(
O
T
N)
G.
7
0
9
is
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
OT
N)
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
o
f
C
P
R
I
s
i
g
n
a
ls
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
tl
y
[
1
5
]
.
O
T
N
en
ca
p
s
u
late
s
C
P
R
I
tr
af
f
ic
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
u
ltip
le
x
ed
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l.
A
l
s
o
,
OT
N
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
b
it
er
r
o
r
s
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
lin
k
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
[1
,
14]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
i
n
e
x
te
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
ea
ch
to
m
etr
o
ar
ea
to
f
o
r
m
m
etr
o
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
o
f
OT
N
w
h
ich
in
c
lu
d
es
FE
C
h
as
ca
u
s
ed
t
h
e
d
e
m
er
it
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
laten
c
y
i
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
o
f
C
P
R
I
tr
af
f
ic.
3
.
3
.
Wa
v
eleng
t
h ba
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
b
e
h
in
d
t
h
i
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
co
s
t
e
f
f
icien
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
v
er
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
C
P
R
I
s
ig
n
als,
t
h
e
W
DM
p
r
esen
t
s
ad
eq
u
ate
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
it
a
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
An
o
t
h
er
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
b
a
s
ed
s
o
l
u
tio
n
w
h
ich
i
s
v
er
y
r
el
iab
le,
s
i
m
p
le
a
n
d
h
as
lo
w
d
ela
y
is
th
e
C
W
DM
.
T
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
eh
in
d
C
W
DM
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
i
s
ch
ea
p
a
n
d
all
t
h
ese
m
a
k
e
is
g
o
o
d
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
etr
o
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
ea
s
i
l
y
ad
ap
tab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
C
W
DM
d
u
r
in
g
its
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
a
k
es
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
as
t
h
e
s
ite
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
R
R
Hs
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
lo
c
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
R
R
H
s
,
th
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
C
W
DM
to
o
u
td
o
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
as
w
el
l
as
its
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
an
d
h
i
g
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
a
k
es
it
a
s
u
itab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l.
C
W
DM
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
a
f
ix
ed
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
1
8
ch
an
n
el
s
an
d
2
0
n
m
o
f
s
p
ac
i
n
g
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
c
h
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
is
f
i
x
ed
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
W
DM
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
as
n
et
w
o
r
k
ex
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
an
d
m
i
g
r
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
d
if
f
icu
l
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
th
e
1
8
f
ix
ed
ch
an
n
el
s
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
C
W
DM
w
il
l n
o
t b
e
en
o
u
g
h
i
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
R
R
H
s
.
T
h
is
lead
s
u
s
to
th
e
DW
DM
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
f
r
o
n
th
au
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
m
an
y
R
R
H
s
w
a
n
t
to
tr
an
s
m
it
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
to
t
h
e
B
B
U
p
o
o
l.
DW
DM
as
th
e
n
a
m
e
i
m
p
lies
i
s
a
d
en
s
er
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
C
W
DM
h
e
n
ce
is
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
e
f
f
icie
n
t
.
A
t
y
p
ical
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
DW
DM
h
as
1
6
0
ch
a
n
n
el
s
f
o
r
a
2
5
GHz
g
r
id
w
it
h
0
.
2
n
m
s
p
ac
i
n
g
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
clo
s
er
ch
a
n
n
el
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
o
f
DW
DM
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
C
W
DM
s
c
h
e
m
es.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
g
o
als
o
f
C
-
R
A
N
i
s
a
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
a
n
d
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
th
at
co
m
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
DW
DM
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ies f
o
r
th
i
s
g
o
al
to
b
e
m
et
[
1
]
.
3
.
4
.
P
O
N
ba
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
P
ON
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
i
s
c
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
is
r
ea
d
il
y
a
v
ailab
l
e
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
d
ate
in
a
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
Sin
ce
it
u
s
es
f
ib
er
o
p
tics
as
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
i
t
ca
n
c
ar
r
y
t
h
e
h
u
g
e
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
d
ata
o
f
C
P
R
I
i
n
an
u
l
tr
a
-
d
en
s
e
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
’
s
s
i
m
p
le,
p
ass
iv
e
n
at
u
r
e
an
d
r
ea
d
il
y
av
ailab
le
o
p
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
ak
e
s
it
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
MN
Os.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
p
tical
s
p
litt
er
s
u
s
ed
in
P
ONs
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
co
llectio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
s
i
g
n
a
ls
,
it
ca
n
lead
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
late
n
c
y
an
d
al
s
o
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
en
ce
a
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
i
n
ce
ll
r
ad
iu
s
.
W
DM
-
P
ON
an
d
th
e
T
DM
-
P
ON
ar
e
t
h
e
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
P
ONs
t
h
at
ar
e
b
u
d
g
et
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
w
h
e
n
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
i
n
an
u
ltra
-
d
en
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
XG
-
P
ON
,
GP
ON
an
d
1
0
G
-
E
P
ON
ar
e
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
a
t
i
m
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
ed
-
P
ON.
T
h
ese
T
D
M
ex
a
m
p
le
s
ca
n
n
o
t e
x
ce
ed
1
0
Gb
/s
b
it r
ates a
n
d
s
o
th
e
y
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ch
ea
p
f
o
r
d
en
s
e
s
m
al
l c
ell
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
w
it
h
b
itra
tes
lo
w
er
th
a
n
1
0
Gb
/s
b
u
t
th
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
i
n
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
m
all
ce
lls
ar
e
s
ca
n
t
y
[
1
]
.
As
co
n
ce
r
n
s
la
ten
c
y
,
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
late
n
c
y
f
o
r
T
DM
-
P
ONs i
s
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
MFH
as it
u
s
es b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
co
m
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
laten
c
y
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
u
al
l
y
i
n
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
laten
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
is
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
an
d
w
id
th
al
lo
ca
ti
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
it
u
s
e
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
DB
A
al
g
o
r
ith
m
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
u
p
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
T
DM
-
P
ON
to
b
e
m
ad
e
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
MFH
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
w
il
l b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etai
ls
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
W
DM
-
P
ON
co
m
e
w
it
h
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
li
n
k
s
to
b
e
est
ab
lis
h
ed
.
I
t
p
r
esen
t
s
b
en
e
f
its
lik
e
lo
w
late
n
c
y
,
h
i
g
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
an
d
it
s
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
ate
s
.
W
ith
w
a
v
el
en
g
t
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
u
p
to
2
4
.
3
3
0
2
Gb
/
s
,
it
m
ak
e
s
it
an
at
tr
ac
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
C
P
R
I
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
W
DM
-
P
ON
ca
n
u
s
e
a
s
in
g
le
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
d
u
p
le
x
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
m
a
k
es
it
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
ic
ien
t
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
es
to
f
ib
er
u
s
a
g
e
[
1
8
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
ar
ed
o
p
tical
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
d
u
e
to
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ONU
s
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h
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s
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th
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e
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e
n
tio
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e
d
P
ON
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
n
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
P
ON
i
s
t
h
e
NG
-
P
ON2
.
Fo
r
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
c
h
e
m
e
to
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
,
i
t
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
b
o
th
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
an
d
ti
m
e
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
T
DM
m
a
k
es
a
v
ailab
le
s
e
v
er
al
P
tMP
lin
k
s
u
s
in
g
a
DW
DM
an
d
o
n
a
n
o
th
er
DW
DM
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
f
r
ee
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
li
n
k
s
m
ad
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
u
l
tip
lex
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
s
h
ar
ed
opt
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
ODN)
,
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
illu
s
t
r
ates
th
i
s
.
T
h
e
NG
-
P
ON2
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
i
s
b
asicall
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a
s
tack
o
f
f
o
u
r
XG
-
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ON
s
.
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h
is
m
a
k
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i
t
to
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e
ab
le
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id
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ea
m
a
n
d
10
Gb
/s
in
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
late
n
c
y
ch
al
len
g
e
t
h
at
co
m
e
s
w
it
h
T
DM
-
P
ON
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
th
er
e
i
s
also
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
ea
lizin
g
lo
w
c
o
s
t tu
n
ab
le
f
ilter
at
t
h
e
lev
e
l o
f
ONUs.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
An
o
v
er
la
y
o
f
DW
DM
-
P
ON
an
d
T
W
DM
-
P
ON
u
s
i
n
g
s
a
m
e
O
DN
[
1
]
4.
T
DM
-
P
O
N
B
ASE
D
F
RO
NT
H
AUL CH
AL
L
E
N
G
E
S AN
D
SO
L
U
T
I
O
NS
4
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es
T
DM
-
P
ON
as
a
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
a
g
o
o
d
o
p
tio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
it
s
s
i
m
p
lic
it
y
an
d
it
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
av
ailab
le
o
p
tical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
m
a
k
e
it
a
v
er
y
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
MFH
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
A
s
a
f
ir
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
w
it
h
T
DM
-
P
ON
b
ein
g
a
g
o
o
d
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
w
e
en
co
u
n
ter
t
h
e
ch
al
len
g
e
o
f
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
[1
,
15
,
20]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
C
P
R
I
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
i
n
t
er
f
ac
e
u
s
ed
i
n
C
-
R
AN
h
a
s
v
er
y
h
ig
h
b
itra
tes,
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
t
h
ese
s
i
g
n
a
ls
o
v
er
an
XG
-
P
ON
ch
a
n
n
el
o
f
1
0
Gb
/s
is
n
o
t
a
g
o
o
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ch
alle
n
g
e
o
f
ca
p
ac
it
y
h
as
b
ee
n
r
eso
lv
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
I
T
U
-
T
’
s
G9
8
9
(
NG
-
P
ON2
)
w
i
t
h
a
s
in
g
le
ch
a
n
n
e
l
o
f
u
p
to
4
0
Gb
/s
.
A
l
s
o
,
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
l
i
m
itatio
n
,
t
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
o
f
C
P
R
I
s
ig
n
al
s
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
P
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
a
s
th
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
2
X
an
d
3
X
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
i
g
n
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
C
B
R
tr
a
f
f
ic
in
C
P
R
I
,
th
er
e
is
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
T
DM
-
P
ONs
to
h
a
v
e
a
q
u
iet
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
o
as
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
n
e
w
ONUs
[
1
5
]
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
C
P
R
I
.
T
h
ese
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
v
er
y
ess
e
n
tial
i
n
T
DM
-
P
ONs
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
alr
ea
d
y
e
x
i
s
t
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
tr
ea
ted
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
laten
c
y
is
s
til
l
a
b
ig
p
r
o
b
lem
w
it
h
T
DM
-
P
ONs.
T
h
e
laten
c
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
5
G
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
5
0
0
μ
s
b
u
t
th
at
o
f
T
DM
-
P
ONs
is
u
s
u
all
y
ab
o
u
t
1
m
s
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
d
u
e
to
i
ts
DB
A
g
r
a
n
t
r
eq
u
es
t
s
en
t to
t
h
e
OL
T
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
eg
i
n
s
[1
,
15
,
20
-
22]
.
4
.
2
.
So
lutio
ns
t
o
T
D
M
-
P
O
N
f
ro
ntha
ul la
t
ency
cha
lleng
e
4
.
2
.
1
.
F
ix
ed
ba
nd
w
idth a
llo
ca
t
io
n (
F
B
A)
FB
A
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
to
th
e
h
ig
h
late
n
c
y
in
T
DM
-
P
ONs.
B
y
as
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
f
ix
ed
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
O
L
T
an
d
its
d
if
f
er
en
t
ONU
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
ix
ed
b
an
d
w
id
th
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
als
ar
e
n
o
t
n
ee
d
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
O
L
T
an
d
th
e
ON
U.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
th
e
s
e
f
i
x
ed
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
to
ev
er
y
li
n
k
is
n
o
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ef
f
icien
t
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
s
tatis
tical
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
to
al
w
a
y
s
r
e
m
ai
n
h
i
g
h
[
2
0
,
2
2
-
25]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
3
9
5
-
1404
1400
4
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
us
ing
qu
e
uin
g
t
heo
ry
P
r
asan
th
,
W
alid
an
d
P
f
eif
f
er
,
u
s
ed
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
to
s
o
lv
e
th
i
s
laten
c
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
er
e
w
a
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
q
u
e
u
in
g
t
h
eo
r
y
to
m
at
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
ela
y
.
T
h
en
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
u
s
i
n
g
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
w
er
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
c
lo
s
ed
-
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
m
u
la
s
.
A
t
th
e
en
d
,
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t a
p
p
licatio
n
ca
s
es,
a
2
5
0
µs o
f
ac
ce
p
tab
le
laten
c
y
w
a
s
estab
li
s
h
ed
[
1
5
]
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
L
o
w
l
a
t
ency
DB
A
s
chem
e
s
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
laten
c
y
i
n
T
DM
-
P
ONs
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
of
th
e
DB
A
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
Mik
ae
il
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
id
s
o
b
y
o
p
ti
m
i
zin
g
t
h
e
h
ig
h
late
n
c
y
r
o
u
n
d
-
r
o
b
in
DB
A
o
f
XG
-
P
ON.
Z
h
o
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
an
d
T
a
s
h
ir
o
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
w
o
r
k
ed
o
n
a
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
th
at
u
s
es
th
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
L
T
E
R
B
to
tr
an
s
m
it
it
s
o
u
tc
o
m
e
to
t
h
e
T
DM
-
P
ON.
T
h
is
h
elp
ed
to
cu
t
d
o
w
n
o
n
t
h
e
ex
tr
a
d
ela
y
in
P
ON
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
.
O
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
Mo
d
if
ied
laten
c
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
iv
is
io
n
t
o
th
e
DB
A
.
Ho
r
v
at
h
et
al
.
[
2
7
]
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
laten
c
y
o
f
th
r
ee
ess
e
n
tial
s
er
v
ice
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
v
id
eo
,
v
o
ice
an
d
d
ata
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
n
ta
i
n
er
s
(
T
-
C
NT
s
)
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
ese
t
h
r
e
e
s
er
v
ic
es.
T
-
C
ONT
s
h
elp
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
a
P
ON’
s
DB
A
s
tatu
s
.
I
n
[
2
1
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
t
w
o
n
e
w
XG
-
P
ON
DB
As.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
-
r
o
b
in
DB
A
(
R
R
-
DB
A
)
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
-
a
s
s
u
r
ed
GI
A
NT
(
g
GI
ANT
)
.
T
h
e
y
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
i
n
g
b
u
r
s
t
s
i
m
u
lated
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
n
t
-
h
a
u
l
tr
af
f
ic.
Neit
h
er
o
f
t
h
ese
DB
As
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
ela
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
a
C
-
R
AN
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
b
u
t
th
e
R
R
-
DB
A
g
a
v
e
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
d
el
a
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
g
GI
A
NT
.
I
t
is
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at
w
e
d
ec
id
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
R
R
-
DB
A
i
n
s
tead
o
f
t
h
e
g
GI
ANT
.
5.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
DB
A
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
P
ONs
i
s
b
y
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ONU
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
O
L
T
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
O
L
T
to
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
O
NUs.
E
v
er
y
ONU
is
b
ein
g
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
Qo
S
cla
s
s
e
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
C
o
S)
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
T
-
C
ONT
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
th
e
OL
T
to
tr
ea
t
t
h
e
m
s
ep
ar
atel
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ese
T
-
C
ONT
S
ar
e
eith
er
Fix
ed
(
T
-
C
ONT
1
)
,
A
s
s
u
r
ed
(
T
-
C
ONT
2
)
,
N
o
n
-
Ass
u
r
ed
(
T
-
C
ONT
3
)
o
r
B
est E
f
f
o
r
ts
(
T
-
C
ONT
4
)
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
O
L
T
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
co
llec
ts
DB
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ts
a
n
d
ca
lcu
late
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t
h
e
u
p
s
tr
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m
tr
af
f
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to
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g
n
to
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ch
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T
h
e
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r
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ch
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w
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th
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ap
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t
h
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s
m
it
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m
d
ata
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h
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g
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th
e
p
er
m
itted
ti
m
eslo
t
s
in
t
h
e
m
ap
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
e
en
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A
s
is
in
t
h
e
m
an
n
er
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
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ig
n
ed
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
tr
a
f
f
ic
is
ca
lc
u
lated
f
o
r
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ch
ONU.
5
.
1
.
Ro
un
d
-
ro
bin
DB
A
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
e
R
R
-
DB
A
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r
ig
in
ate
s
f
r
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m
an
o
ld
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f
air
an
d
s
i
m
p
le
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
th
at
tr
ea
t
s
all
T
-
C
ONT
s
e
q
u
all
y
b
y
ass
i
g
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
b
y
te
s
les
s
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
allo
ca
tio
n
b
y
tes
an
d
in
a
cir
cu
lar
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
ONU
f
o
r
ea
ch
cy
c
le
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
=
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
c
y
cle
a
n
d
th
er
e
ar
e
a
t
o
tal
o
f
ONUs
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
r
ep
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ℎ
T
-
C
ONT
d
u
r
in
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th
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cy
cle
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
OL
T
,
th
e
DB
A
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
allo
ca
tes th
e
g
r
an
t
as f
o
llo
w
s
=
{
≤
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
h
elp
to
s
to
p
th
e
o
v
er
d
e
m
an
d
i
n
g
T
-
C
O
NT
s
f
r
o
m
o
v
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u
s
i
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g
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u
p
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b
an
d
w
id
t
h
b
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s
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icien
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s
o
m
e
b
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w
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w
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o
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e
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.
5
.
2
.
T
he
o
pti
m
ized
ro
un
d
-
ro
bin
DB
A
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
r
s
t
y
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
tr
af
f
ic,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
al
lo
ca
tio
n
b
y
te
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
T
-
C
ONT
as
i
n
R
R
-
DB
A
w
i
ll
lead
to
late
n
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
ela
y
a
n
d
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
in
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f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
o
p
tim
ized
R
R
-
DB
A
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
ill
d
iv
id
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th
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ex
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s
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b
an
d
wid
th
f
r
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m
t
h
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t
h
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v
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T
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C
O
NT
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in
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p
r
ev
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to
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i
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m
an
d
i
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g
T
-
C
ONT
s
in
th
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n
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x
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cle.
A
t
t
h
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b
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in
n
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t
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f
ir
s
t
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all
T
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O
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ar
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ass
ig
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th
e
m
a
x
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m
u
m
all
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y
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d
th
er
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ar
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ex
ce
s
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i.e
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tio
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.
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t
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ea
v
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C
ONT
s
w
i
ll b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
=
(
−
∑
=
0
)
(
5
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T
h
is
o
p
ti
m
ized
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
s
s
u
m
e
s
t
h
at
t
h
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C
ONT
s
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ai
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at
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t
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u
p
co
m
i
n
g
c
y
cle.
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AN
D
DIS
CUSS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
o
u
r
o
p
ti
m
ized
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
e
v
alu
a
te
d
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
t
h
e
d
ef
a
u
l
t
R
R
DB
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
w
e
u
s
ed
a
d
is
cr
ete
-
ev
e
n
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
l
ato
r
NS
3
an
d
its
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
NG
-
P
ON
2
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
ev
er
al
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
.
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e
c
r
ea
ted
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clo
u
d
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ad
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ac
ce
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
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-
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A
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n
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i
s
ti
n
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f
1
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lo
u
d
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e,
2
0
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s
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es,
5
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n
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es
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f
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2
0
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3
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e
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s
an
d
4
a
n
ten
n
as),
5
ONU
(
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
n
i
ts
)
a
n
d
m
ac
r
o
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
in
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
W
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
NG
-
P
ON
2
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
All
u
s
er
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
R
R
H
an
d
R
R
Hs
ar
e
co
n
n
e
cted
to
ONUs.
5
G
s
m
al
l
ce
ll
u
p
li
n
k
tr
af
f
ic
is
g
e
n
er
ated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
is
s
o
n
P
ar
eto
b
u
r
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
P
P
B
P
)
an
d
in
j
ec
ted
in
to
ea
c
h
ONU.
T
h
r
ee
k
e
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
R
R
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e:
L
ate
n
c
y
(
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
u
s
ed
b
y
p
ac
k
ets
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
ti
m
e
s
p
en
t
i
n
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
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d
ti
m
e
tr
a
v
elli
n
g
i
n
th
e
f
ib
er
m
ed
iu
m
)
,
J
itter
(
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
late
n
c
y
)
an
d
B
E
R
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
A
p
p
e
n
d
ix
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
ap
h
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
R
R
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DB
A
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
d
ef
a
u
lt
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
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m
eter
s
o
f
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en
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,
j
itter
an
d
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E
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w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
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lo
ad
s
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h
e
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p
tim
ized
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o
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it
h
m
o
u
tp
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o
r
m
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t
h
e
o
r
ig
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n
al
al
g
o
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ith
m
f
o
r
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er
y
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ar
a
m
eter
.
Fo
r
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
,
th
e
laten
c
y
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
b
etter
as
it
u
s
es
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
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h
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les
s
h
ea
v
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T
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ONT
s
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d
h
en
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ed
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s
th
e
w
aiti
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I
t
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n
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e
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th
at
th
e
o
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m
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ails
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≤
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ter
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ates
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h
en
th
e
MA
C
-
P
HY
s
p
lit is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
(
1
2
3
.
2
Mb
p
s
)
.
Fo
r
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
th
e
o
p
tim
iz
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
as
j
itter
is
a
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
la
ten
c
y
:
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
d
ela
y
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ac
k
ets
w
h
ich
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Als
o
,
as
th
e
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
j
itter
to
o
co
n
tin
u
es
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
Fo
r
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
alg
o
r
it
h
m
p
r
esen
t
s
a
b
etter
B
E
R
th
an
th
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
al
R
R
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
co
n
g
esti
o
n
o
f
th
e
T
-
C
ON
T
s
in
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
alg
o
r
ith
m
as it a
l
lo
w
s
t
h
e
b
ig
g
er
w
i
n
d
o
w
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
T
-
C
ONT
s
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
an
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
to
t
h
e
C
-
R
AN
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
m
o
v
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
tical
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
,
th
e
T
DM
-
P
ON
w
a
s
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
o
f
in
ter
est
a
n
d
s
o
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
to
it
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
W
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
o
p
ti
m
ized
R
o
u
n
d
R
o
b
in
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ic
h
h
e
lp
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
late
n
c
y
to
s
atis
f
y
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
a
5
G
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
An
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
j
itter
an
d
B
E
R
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
t
h
e
op
tim
ized
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
also
n
o
ticed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
w
o
r
k
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
l
ik
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
an
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t u
s
in
g
t
h
is
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
b
in
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8708
I
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11
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2
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1404
1402
AP
P
E
NDI
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(
a)
(
b
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(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
er
f
o
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m
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m
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ar
is
o
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r
ig
i
n
al
R
R
-
DB
A
an
d
th
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
-
RR
,
(
a)
L
aten
c
y
,
(
b
)
J
itter
,
(
c)
B
E
R
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
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M
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w
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P
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ica
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n
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v
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tio
n
P
AUST
I
,
Ken
y
a.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
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N:
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C
lo
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o
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tio
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in
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1403
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
I.
A
.
A
li
m
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
a
n
Eff
icie
n
t
C
-
RA
N
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ro
n
th
a
u
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
F
u
tu
re
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
T
u
to
rial
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
Re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
a
n
d
T
u
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
0
8
-
7
6
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
Ch
in
a
M
o
b
il
e
,
“
C
-
RA
N T
h
e
Ro
a
d
T
o
w
a
rd
s
G
re
e
n
R
A
N,”
W
h
it
e
P
a
p
er
,
Ch
i
n
a
M
o
b
il
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
st
it
u
te
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
Ra
d
isy
s,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
Clo
u
d
RA
N
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
S
c
e
n
a
rio
s,”
W
h
i
te P
a
p
er
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
H.
L
.
Ch
e
c
k
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Clo
u
d
Ra
d
io
A
c
c
e
s
s
Ne
t
w
o
rk
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
.
T
o
wa
rd
s
5
G
m
o
b
il
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
Clo
u
d
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
De
n
m
a
r
k
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
H.
L
e
h
r
m
a
n
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Clo
u
d
RA
N
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
-
a
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
O
v
e
rv
i
e
w
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
and
T
u
to
ri
a
ls
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
-
4
2
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
J.
A
.
H.
a
n
d
D.
L
.
L
.
G
.
O.
P
é
re
z
,
“
De
la
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
F
ro
n
t
h
a
u
l
T
ra
ff
ic
in
5
G
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
0
1
7
I
EE
E
1
7
t
h
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s W
ire
l
e
ss
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
[7
]
M
.
W
a
q
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
5
G
F
ro
n
t
h
a
u
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
L
o
n
g
-
Dista
n
c
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
9
W
ire
l
e
ss
Da
y
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
F
.
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
Clo
u
d
Ra
d
io
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
No
r
w
e
g
ian
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
N.
J.
G
o
m
e
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ro
n
t
h
a
u
l
Op
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
M
e
e
ti
n
g
5
G
Re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts,”
2
0
1
8
2
0
th
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
T
ra
n
sp
a
re
n
t
Op
t
ic
a
l
Ne
two
rk
s
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
0
]
NG
M
N
A
ll
ian
c
e
,
“
F
ro
n
th
a
u
l
Re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
f
o
r
C
-
RA
N,”
N
G
M
N,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
o
b
il
e
F
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
f
o
r
Clo
u
d
Ra
d
i
o
A
c
c
e
ss
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
ics
:
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
ies
,
v
o
l.
9
1
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[1
2
]
G
.
O.
P
e
re
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l
n
e
t
w
o
rk
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
d
im
e
n
sio
n
in
g
m
e
e
ti
n
g
u
lt
ra
-
lo
w
late
n
c
y
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts f
o
r
5
G
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
t
ic
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
7
3
-
5
8
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
A
.
M
a
c
h
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
S
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
M
u
lt
ico
re
F
ib
e
r
M
e
d
ia,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
t
w
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
F
u
ji
ts
u
,
“
T
h
e
Be
n
e
f
it
s o
f
Clo
u
d
-
R
A
N
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
in
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
two
rk
Ex
p
a
n
sio
n
,
”
W
h
it
e
P
a
p
er
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
N.
P
.
A
n
th
a
p
a
d
m
a
n
a
b
h
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
b
i
le
F
ro
n
t
h
a
u
l
o
v
e
r
L
a
ten
c
y
-
Op
ti
m
ize
d
T
i
m
e
Div
isio
n
M
u
lt
i
p
lex
e
d
P
a
ss
iv
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
2
0
1
5
I
EE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
(
ICCW
)
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
6
2
-
6
7
.
[1
6
]
H.
Ou
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
a
ss
iv
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
ra
n
g
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
b
le
to
c
o
st
-
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
m
o
b
il
e
f
ro
n
th
a
u
l,
”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
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Co
mm
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ica
ti
o
n
s
(
ICC
2
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6
)
,
2
0
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6
.
[1
7
]
Z.
T
a
y
q
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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ro
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th
a
u
l
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e
rf
o
rm
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n
c
e
D
e
m
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n
stra
ti
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n
in
a
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D
M
-
P
ON
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Ba
se
d
Co
n
v
e
rg
e
n
t
Ne
t
wo
rk
,
”
Eu
CNC
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
Z.
G
h
e
b
re
ten
sa
é
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
ra
n
s
m
i
ss
io
n
S
o
lu
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s
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n
d
A
rc
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tero
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Ne
tw
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rk
s
Bu
il
t
a
s
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RA
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,
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2
0
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2
7
th
In
t
e
rn
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ti
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n
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l
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S
T
C
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e
re
n
c
e
on
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mm
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d
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h
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a
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
4
8
-
7
5
2
.
[1
9
]
D.
Ne
ss
e
t,
“
P
ON
Ro
a
d
m
a
p
,
”
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
Op
t
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C
o
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p
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0
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7
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Ku
w
a
n
o
,
“
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e
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to
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P
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t
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ra
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ti
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A
c
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e
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F
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c
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s,”
2
0
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4
IEE
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In
t
e
rn
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l
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o
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o
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s
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2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
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3
8
1
.
[2
1
]
A
.
M
.
M
ik
a
e
il
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
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e
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lu
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ti
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ON
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se
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o
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ro
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t
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u
l
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ra
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sp
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rt
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Clo
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d
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RA
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rc
h
it
e
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tu
re
,
”
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
O
p
t
ica
l
Co
mm
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n
ica
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o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
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o
rk
in
g
,
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o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
.
9
8
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
S
.
Z
h
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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o
w
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Late
n
c
y
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-
Eff
icie
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y
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o
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il
e
F
r
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t
h
a
u
l
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it
h
T
DM
-
P
ON
(
M
o
b
il
e
-
P
O
N
),
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
t
ica
l
C
o
mm
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n
ica
ti
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n
s
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n
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t
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g
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l.
1
0
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
N.
S
h
ib
a
ta,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
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il
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f
ro
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h
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h
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b
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se
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ste
m
f
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s
m
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ll
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s
,
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2
0
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Op
ti
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l
Fi
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e
r Co
mm
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s C
o
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fer
e
n
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d
Exh
ib
it
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(
OFC),
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o
s
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g
e
les
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
-
9.
[2
4
]
N.
S
h
ib
a
ta,
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t
a
l.
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“
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ro
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t
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se
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P
ON
W
it
h
IQ
Da
ta
Co
m
p
re
ss
io
n
[
In
v
it
e
d
],
”
IEE
E/
OS
A
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
C
o
mm
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n
ic
a
ti
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d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
3
-
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
A
.
P
izz
in
a
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
in
g
s
Yo
u
S
h
o
u
ld
K
n
o
w
A
b
o
u
t
F
ro
n
th
a
u
l
,
”
J
o
u
rn
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l
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f
L
i
g
h
t
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v
e
T
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h
n
o
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y
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l.
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3
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o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
7
-
1
0
8
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
T
.
T
a
sh
iro
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
DBA
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
T
DM
-
P
ON
b
a
se
d
M
o
b
il
e
F
r
o
n
th
a
u
l
,
”
OFC
2
0
1
4
,
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a
n
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ra
n
c
isc
o
,
p
p
.
3
-
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
T
.
Ho
rv
a
th
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
if
ied
G
I
A
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y
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m
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n
d
w
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th
Allo
c
a
ti
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n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
o
f
N
G
-
P
ON
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
o
ft
w
a
re
a
n
d
S
y
st
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ms
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
8
]
P
.
S
ik
o
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
T
e
st
s
o
f
DBA
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s in
X
G
-
P
ON
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
7
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
9
]
J.
P
ra
t
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
a
rd
a
n
a
:
a
n
a
l
l
-
o
p
t
ica
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
-
m
e
tro
w
d
m
/t
d
m
-
p
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[3
0
]
L
.
Hu
a
we
i
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Co
.
,
“
XG
(S
)
-
P
ON
(X
G
-
P
ON
a
n
d
X
G
S
-
P
ON
)
F
e
a
tu
re
G
u
id
e
,
”
v
o
l.
2
2
0
8
,
n
o
.
0
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
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8
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8708
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t J
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&
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l.
11
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No
.
2
,
A
p
r
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0
2
1
:
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1404
1404
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.