Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9,
pp. 351
2~35
21
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
5
.
pp3512
-
35
21
3512
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Detectio
n of e
lect
ro
cardi
ogram
QRS
com
plex b
ased on
modified
adaptiv
e thresh
old
Ehab Ab
dul
Ra
z
z
aq
Hu
sse
in
1
,
Ali S
ha
b
an H
as
s
ooni
2
, Hi
lal Al
-
Li
b
aw
y
3
1,3
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univer
sit
y
of
B
ab
y
lon
,
Ir
aq
2
Depa
rtment of
Biom
ed
ic
a
l
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Facu
lty
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
Univer
sit
y
of
Ba
b
y
lon
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
24
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
8
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
19
, 201
9
It
is
essential
f
or
m
edi
cal
dia
g
noses
to
anal
y
z
e
Elec
troc
ard
io
gra
m
(ECG
signal
).
The
cor
e
of
th
is
ana
l
y
si
s
is
to
detec
t
the
QRS
complex.
A
m
odifi
ed
appr
oac
h
is
suggested
in
thi
s
w
ork
for
QRS
detec
t
ion
of
ECG
s
igna
ls
using
exi
sting
da
ta
b
ase
of
ar
rh
y
thmia
s.
The
proposed
appr
oac
h
st
art
s
with
the
sam
e
steps
of
pr
evi
ous a
pproa
ch
es
b
y
fil
t
eri
ng
th
e
ECG.
The
filte
red
signal
is
the
n
fed
to
a
d
iffe
ren
ti
a
tor
to
enha
nc
e
th
e
sig
nal
.
The
m
odified
ada
p
ti
v
e
thre
shold
m
et
ho
d
which
is
suggested
in
thi
s
wo
rk,
is
used
to
i
m
prove
QRS
complex
det
e
cti
on
rat
e
.
Thi
s
m
et
hod
uses
a
new
appr
oac
h
f
or
ada
pti
ng
thre
shold
l
evel,
which
is
b
ase
d
on
stat
ist
ical
an
aly
s
is
of
th
e
sig
nal
.
Fort
y
-
ei
ght
r
ec
ords fro
m
an
exi
sting
arr
h
y
thmia
databa
s
e
hav
e
be
en
t
ested using
th
e
m
odifi
ed
m
e
thod.
The
result
of
the
proposed
m
et
hod
sho
ws
the
high
per
form
anc
e
of
QRS
co
m
ple
x
det
e
ct
ion
m
et
ri
cs
with
a
positi
ve
pre
dictiv
i
t
y
of
99.
88%
and
sensiti
vi
t
y
of
99.
6
2%.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ad
a
ptive t
hr
es
ho
l
d
Ele
ct
ro
car
diog
ram
sign
al
s
Hilbert
t
ra
nsfo
rm
QRS c
om
plex
detect
ion
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Eha
b Abd
ul
Ra
zzaq
Hussei
n,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f B
abyl
on,
Hill
ah
-
Naj
a
f
R
oad, Elect
. De
pt.,
Faculty
of
En
g.
,
Unive
rsity
o
f
Babyl
on, B
abyl
on, Ira
q
.
Em
a
il
:
dr
.eh
a
b@i
tnet.u
obaby
lon
.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Hear
t
disease
and
ca
r
diac
str
ok
e
a
re
the
m
os
t
le
adin
g
ca
us
in
g
of
fatal
it
ie
s
around
t
he
world
i
n
the
la
st
15
ye
ars.
These
diseases
wer
e
res
pons
ible
for
a
15.
2
m
i
ll
ion
deaths
in
20
16
[1
]
.
The
ne
cessi
ty
and
urge
ncy
of
dea
li
ng
an
d
early
detect
ing
of
th
ese
dise
ases
w
ere
the
m
otivati
on
be
hind
m
any
publica
ti
on
s
an
d
researc
h
ce
nter
ta
sk
s.
Diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
ph
ysi
olo
gical
sig
nals
can
be
ca
ptured
from
a
hu
m
an
body
to
detect
so
m
e
sign
s
of
hear
t
disease
.
The
m
os
t
dete
ct
able
sign
al
is
the
Ele
ct
ro
car
diogram
(ECG)
wh
ic
h
r
e
pr
es
entat
iv
e
of
t
he
cy
cl
ic
al
rh
yt
hm
of
he
art
m
us
cl
es.
ECG
instr
um
ents
can
se
ns
e
s
uc
h
el
ect
rical
pulse
s
bec
ause
of
it
s
stren
gth
by
el
e
ct
rodes
posit
io
ned
on
t
he
hu
m
an
sk
in
[
2,
3]
.
These
el
ect
rical
pu
lse
s,
re
pr
esented
EC
G,
can
be
plo
tt
ed
or
sa
ve
d
in
a
form
at
t
hat
can
be
inte
rpreted
by
t
he
sp
eci
al
ist
s.
EC
G
s
ha
pe
prov
i
des
m
uch
i
nform
at
ion
about
hear
t
st
at
e
su
ch
as
ti
m
e
interval
a
nd
am
plit
ud
e.
Ma
ny
feat
ur
e
s
an
d
m
et
rics,
co
ns
ist
ing
of
m
any
char
act
e
risti
c points,
can
d
et
e
ct
card
ia
c a
bnorm
aliti
es o
r
be
hav
i
or
al
c
ha
n
ge
s su
c
h
a
s
heart
r
at
e v
a
riabil
it
y [4
]
.
Diff
e
re
nt
seg
m
ents
of
EC
G
sig
nal
ha
ve
been
us
e
d
t
o
detect
the
he
art
ab
norm
al
i
ties.
The
QR
S
com
plex
is
co
ns
ide
red
one
of
the
m
os
t
signi
ficant
par
ts
of
ECG
sig
nals.
Pan
a
nd
T
om
pk
ins
[5
]
de
velo
ped
a
m
et
ho
d
f
or
the
QRS
com
plex
detect
io
n.
Thi
s
m
et
ho
d
had
us
e
d
the
asse
m
bl
y
la
nguag
e
an
d
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
was
on
a
Z
80
m
ic
ro
process
or.
T
he
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
their
m
et
ho
d
was
de
eply
aff
ect
e
d
by
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
va
riat
ion
in
QRS
c
om
plexes
wh
ic
h
re
pr
ese
nted
a
m
ai
n
draw
bac
k
of
t
his
al
gorith
m
.
T
her
efore,
a
m
or
e
adap
ti
ve
rea
l
tim
e
QRS
detect
ion
al
go
rith
m
had
bee
n
s
uggeste
d
by
t
he
sam
e
auth
or
s
an
d
im
plem
ented
usi
ng
the
C
la
nguag
e
[6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of el
ect
ro
car
diogr
am
QRS c
omple
x base
d on m
odif
ie
d
ad
ap
ti
ve
...
(
Eh
ab A
bdul
Ra
zz
aq
Hu
sse
in)
3513
Diff
e
re
nt
te
chn
iq
ues
ha
ve
be
en
sugg
e
ste
d
by
research
e
rs
to
detect
QRS
com
plex.
On
e
of
the
use
d
te
chn
iq
ue
is
th
e
Ma
tc
hed
filt
e
rs
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
[
7]
.
A
synta
ct
ic
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
a
nothe
r
te
ch
ni
que
us
e
d
to
detec
t
QRS
com
plex.
But,
this
te
ch
nique
is
ver
y
sensiti
ve
to
noise
[
8].
Alth
ough,
ne
ur
al
netw
orks
te
chn
iq
ue
is
af
fected
bad
ly
with
noise
,
but
it
give
s
good
res
ults
wh
e
n
it
use
s
with
wa
velet
trans
form
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
Di
fferen
t
com
bin
at
ion
of
su
c
cessf
ul
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
is
us
ed
to
e
nhance
resu
lt
s
s
uc
h
as
Hidde
n
Ma
r
kov
M
odel
with
ba
nd
-
pass
filt
er
[11]
.
These
com
bin
at
ion
re
su
lt
can
be
sensiti
ve
to
so
m
e
arti
facts
su
ch
as
bas
el
ine
wander
or
from
hear
t
rate
va
ri
abili
ty
or
f
r
om
noise
[
12]
.
M
or
e
over,
sta
ti
sti
cal
and
em
pir
ic
al
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
use
d
to
filt
er
an
d
detect
QRS
co
m
plex
su
ch
as
E
m
pirical
Mod
e
Dec
om
po
sit
ion
(EM
D)
.
T
he
sam
e
resea
rch
e
rs
exa
pns
there
work
a
nd
us
e
d
sin
gu
la
rity
m
et
hod
for
QRS
detect
i
on
[
13]
.
Wh
e
re
the
au
thors
us
e
d
bo
t
h
s
of
t
t
hr
es
hol
d
a
nd
singularit
y t
o d
et
ect
Q
RS.
A
ga
in, results
of
m
e
tho
ds are
st
il
l fr
agile
a
gain
st
no
ise
[
14
]
.
Ba
sed
on
sta
te
-
of
-
t
he
art
rese
arch
pa
per
s
,
it
is
fou
nd
that
Hilbert
tra
nsfo
rm
is
the
m
os
t
su
ccess
f
ul
app
r
oach
f
or
QRS
detect
ion.
Hilbe
rt
tra
ns
f
or
m
has
a
dopt
ed
in
di
ff
e
ren
t
m
et
ho
ds
to
i
de
ntify
su
cce
ssf
ul
ly
the
real
pea
ks
f
rom
ECG
sign
al
.
More
ov
e
r,
R
-
wav
e d
et
ect
ion
perform
ance
is
i
m
pr
oved
by u
sin
g
m
et
ho
ds
d
epe
nd
on
Hilbert
tra
ns
f
or
m
.
Howe
ver,
this
good
perform
ance
in
detect
ion
re
su
lt
s
is
no
t
m
ai
ntained
wh
e
n
they
app
li
ed
o
n
dise
ases
af
fect wave
am
plit
ud
e
as in
isc
hem
ic
cases
[
15]
.
F
or
no
rm
al
beat
in
si
m
ple
ECG
sig
nals a
fixe
d
thres
hold
can
detect
R
-
wav
e
s
eff
ic
ie
nt
ly
[1
6].
H
ow
e
ver,
in
reali
sti
c
ECG
m
easur
e
m
ents,
sign
al
s
m
ay
diff
e
r
dram
atic
al
ly
fr
om
each
oth
er,
du
e
to
acqu
isi
ti
on
arti
facts
su
ch
as
pa
ti
ent
m
ov
e
m
ent
or
sev
ere
ba
sel
ine
dr
ifti
ng.
As
a
con
se
quence
,
the
pr
oba
bili
ty
of
m
issi
ng
QRS
com
plex
es
m
ay
be
rising
.
Hen
ce
,
a
m
or
e
so
phist
ic
at
ed
a
dap
ti
ve
th
res
hold is
need
e
d
t
o enh
a
nce a
bili
ty
of Q
R
S
detect
ion
[
17
]
.
Re
searche
rs
ha
ve
been
us
ed
m
any
em
pirica
l
th
res
ho
l
ds
t
o
im
ple
m
ent
adap
ti
ve
th
res
hold.
Di
ff
e
ren
t
te
chn
iq
ues
us
e
d
ada
ptive
thre
sh
ol
d
su
c
h
as
wav
el
et
trans
f
or
m
te
chn
iqu
e
is
us
ed
f
or
QRS
detect
ion
,
as
well
as
P and T
wav
es
[18]. T
hese tec
hn
i
qu
e
s
hav
e
provide
d very
good
res
ults f
or
R wa
ve peak
det
ect
ion
[1
9,20]
.
In
t
his
w
ork
a
m
od
ifie
d
ad
aptive
m
et
ho
d
is
pro
po
se
d
t
o
en
ha
nce
the
detect
ion
acc
ur
acy
.
Thi
s
te
chn
iq
ue
us
es
a
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
ch
for
a
dap
ti
ng
th
res
ho
l
d
le
vel,
wh
ic
h
is
base
d
on
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
sis
of
the
sign
al
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
ap
proa
ch
w
hich
is
ba
sed
on
tw
o
thres
hold
le
vel
s
(upp
e
r
an
d
lowe
r),
is
exp
e
ct
ed
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
m
os
t
ch
al
le
nges
of
no
ise
and a
rtif
act
p
ollute
d
si
gnal
s
.
2.
DETE
CTIO
N
OF
THE
Q
R
S COM
PLE
X
On
e
cy
cl
e
of
ECG
sig
nal
com
pr
ise
s
diff
e
ren
t
tim
e
segm
ents,
includi
ng
P
,
T,
an
d
QRS
com
plex
wav
e
s
as
s
how
n
in Figure
1. A
U
-
wav
e
seg
m
ent
m
ay
al
so
app
ea
r
in
50
t
o75
% o
f
EC
G
a
fter
the T
-
wa
ve
[21].
Ba
sed
on
se
ve
ral
featu
res
ext
racted
f
r
om
th
ese
sign
al
s,
ca
rd
i
ac
a
bnor
m
aliti
es
can
be
de
te
ct
ed.
The
pr
i
ncipa
l
par
t
of ECG
ana
ly
sis al
go
rith
m
is
m
ai
nly dep
en
ds o
n h
ow re
li
able an
d
acc
ur
at
e
QRS
dete
ct
ion
.
The
de
pola
riza
ti
on
of
hea
rt
ve
ntricl
es
can
be
captur
e
d
in
a
hu
m
an
sk
in,
body
as
the
QR
S
com
plex.
The
hea
rt
ve
ntric
le
s
produce
hig
he
r
el
ect
rical
act
ivit
y
than
ot
her
pa
rts
of
hear
t
beca
use
they
hav
e
great
er
m
us
cl
e
m
ass.
R
wa
ves
a
re
t
he
m
os
t
sign
i
f
ic
ant
highest
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
par
t
of
ECG
sig
nal
an
d
hen
ce
it
is
the
easi
est
par
t
t
o
detect
.
Howe
ver,
s
om
eti
m
e
s
it
is
dif
ficult
to
detect
QR
S
com
plex.
T
he
c
halle
ng
e
s
of
QRS
detect
ion
ca
n
be
li
ste
d
as
f
ol
lows
:
a)
sig
nal
can
be
c
ha
ng
e
dynam
ic
al
l
y
with
tim
e,
i.e.,
the
ECG
sta
ti
sti
cal
pro
per
ti
es
not
consi
ste
nt
with
tim
e;
b)
QRS
com
plex
m
ay
no
t
be
disti
ngui
sh
able
al
l
times;
c)
sign
al
m
ay
b
e
con
ta
m
inate
d
with
noise
(lo
w
SN
R
an
d
art
ifact
s,
and
e
)
QRS
pola
riti
es
m
ay
be
inv
ert
ed.
Fig
ure
2
shows
a
n
inv
e
rted
R
-
pea
k.
Howe
ver,
a
good
pe
rfo
rm
ance
al
gorithm
can
detect
Q
RS
with
bo
t
h
po
la
riti
es
of
R
-
pea
ks
.
On
e
of
QRS
c
om
plex
chall
e
ng
e
s
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3
where
a
l
ow
am
plit
ud
e
R
-
pea
k
i
s
prese
nted.
A
no
t
her
chall
enge is t
he
presence
of E
CG varia
ti
on bet
ween
t
wo adj
acent he
art
bea
ts as sho
wn in
Figure
4.
Figure
1. ECG
for
a
sin
gle car
diac cy
cl
e;
r
ec
ord 1
03 in
t
he
MIT
-
BI
H data
base
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19 :
3512
-
3521
3514
Figure
2. QRS
of R
-
peak with
n
e
gative
po
la
r
it
y;
record
22
8
in
the MI
T
-
BI
H
a
r
rh
yt
hm
ia
d
at
ab
ase
Figure
3. QRS
of R
-
peak with
low am
plit
ud
e;
r
eco
rd
228 in t
he
MI
T
-
BI
H
a
rrhyt
hm
ia
d
at
abase
This
va
riat
ion
m
ay
co
m
e
du
e
patie
nts
m
ov
em
ent
of
the
ba
sel
ine
dr
i
fting.
This
chall
e
nge
degra
des
detect
ion
acc
uracy
if
a
hig
h
fi
xed
t
hr
es
hold
i
s
adopte
d.
H
oweve
r,
if
a
l
ow
f
ixe
d
thres
hol
d
is
us
e
d
instea
d,
this
can
easi
ly
le
ad
to
i
naccurat
e
detect
ion
s
.
T
he
fixe
d
t
hr
es
ho
ld
m
igh
t
al
so
a
f
fect
ba
dly
T
a
nd
P
wa
ve
det
ect
ion
.
To
over
com
e
t
hese
chall
en
ge
s,
an
ada
ptive
thres
ho
l
d
al
gor
it
h
m
has
been
us
e
d
an
d
it
is
m
ai
nly
i
m
p
leme
nted
us
in
g
m
ulti
ple thr
es
ho
l
ds
em
pirical
ly
w
hich ca
n
im
pr
ove th
e accu
racy QR
S co
m
plexes d
et
ect
ion
.
3.
AMPL
IFIER
PROP
OSE
D A
LGO
RITH
M
Thr
ee
d
ist
inct
po
i
nts for
m
the Q
RS c
om
plex, wh
ic
h po
sit
io
ned w
it
hi
n
a si
ng
le
hear
t cy
cl
e
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
as
Q,
R
a
nd
S
.
Fo
r
pea
k
dete
ct
ion
,
se
ver
al
f
eat
ur
es
of
si
gnal
detai
ls
are
extracte
d.
Sett
in
g
R
Rus
h
is
th
e
first
ste
p
of
ext
racti
on
feat
ur
e.
M
ai
n
par
t
of
the
ener
gy
of
a
de
dicat
ed
com
plex
li
es
between
3
Hz
an
d
40
Hz
.
Wav
el
et
s
tra
nsfo
rm
is
us
ed
to
detect
QRS.
The
f
ast
cha
ng
e
s
of
QR
S
com
plex
can
be
ide
ntifie
d
by
the
m
axi
m
u
m
and
zer
o
eq
uations
of
wa
velet
conver
si
on.
Figure
4
s
hows
t
he
bl
oc
k
dia
gr
am
of
the
su
ggest
e
d
m
eth
od.
Figure
4
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
P
rop
os
ed
A
l
gori
thm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of el
ect
ro
car
diogr
am
QRS c
omple
x base
d on m
odif
ie
d
ad
ap
ti
ve
...
(
Eh
ab A
bdul
Ra
zz
aq
Hu
sse
in)
3515
3.1.
ECG
s
tu
d
y d
atase
t
In
this
wor
k,
a
n
e
xisti
ng
data
set
is
a
dopted
to
te
st
the
pro
po
s
ed
al
gorith
m
.
This
datase
t
was
ta
ke
n
from
a
sta
nd
ar
d
data
base
cal
l
ed
Me
ta
bee
O
nline
Hem
at
onic
Database
w
hich
c
on
ta
i
ns
appr
ox
im
at
ely
4,000
ECG
recor
ds
.
This
dataset
is
colle
ct
ed
fr
om
patie
nts
a
t
t
he
Isr
ael
H
osp
it
al
Pace
m
aker
Be
tween
1975
an
d
1979
[
22]
.
It
recorde
d
i
n
pa
ti
ents
with
a
r
rh
yt
hm
ia
issues
w
hich
c
onsi
sts
of
48
-
ho
ur
an
d
half
-
hour
ISG
record
s.
T
he
c
ollec
te
d
sig
nal
s h
a
ve bee
n
sa
m
pled
at
3
60
Hz fo
r
eac
h
c
ha
nn
el
with a
r
e
so
luti
on
of 11
-
bit
.
3.2.
Preproces
sing
The
baseli
ne
tr
ajecto
ry
an
d
t
he
interf
ere
nce
i
n
the
m
ai
n
el
ect
rici
ty
are
the
dom
inant
sour
ce
of
no
ise
and
can
str
ongly
aff
ect
t
he
ECG
si
gn
al
a
naly
sis.
A
wa
nd
e
r
baseli
ne
that
arises
bec
ause
of
breat
hi
ng
li
e
s
betwee
n
0.1
5
and
0.3
Hz
.
T
he
inter
fer
e
nce
on
the
m
ai
n
el
ect
rici
ty
is
a
nar
r
ow
-
band
no
ise
con
ce
ntrate
d
on
a
60
-
degree
range
with
a
range
le
ss
t
han
1
m
agn
it
ud
e.
T
he
EC
G
sig
na
ls
are
pr
e
-
pr
oc
essed
by
filt
e
rin
g
to
rem
ov
e
high
-
f
reque
ncy
noise
,
m
a
in
el
ect
rical
interfer
e
nc
e
and
baseli
ne
dr
ift
in
g,
t
hus
enh
a
ncin
g
t
he
sign
al
sta
nd
a
rd an
d
e
qu
i
pm
ent ex
cl
us
io
n
a
nd e
nv
i
ronm
ental
ch
ang
e
s
.
3.3.
Fil
tering
E
CG
Anothe
r
filt
eri
ng
sta
ge
is
us
e
d
to
e
nh
a
nce
th
e
desire
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
in
ECG
sign
al
.
T
his
st
age
inclu
des
a
ba
nd
-
pa
ss
filt
er
w
hich
hel
ps
to
en
ha
nce
the Q
RS
c
om
plex.
This f
il
te
r
al
so
helps
to r
em
ov
e
m
us
cular
a
r
ti
fact
from
the
ECG
sig
nal.
A
B
utterw
or
t
h
ba
nd
-
pass
filt
er
with
an
orde
r
of
6
has
bee
n
a
ppli
ed.
This
filt
er
is
set
from
5
to
15
Hz.
T
his
hel
ps
to
m
axi
m
iz
e
t
he
QRS
c
om
plex
an
d
s
uppres
ses
the
P
a
nd
T
wa
ves
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
5
.
Figure
5.
The
ra
w
a
nd f
il
te
re
d EC
G Si
gnal
s
3.4.
Diff
ere
nt
i
at
io
n
Der
i
vation
Deri
vation
of
EC
G
sig
nal
helps
to
fo
ll
ow
the
t
ype
of
c
hanges
and
ti
m
e
of
oc
currence
by
ind
ic
at
in
g
slo
pe
s.
The
risin
g
of
QRS
c
om
plex
(i.e
.
f
ro
m
Q
to
R)
ca
n
be
i
den
ti
fie
d
usi
ng
first
de
rivati
ve
as
a
high
sl
op.
Whi
le
,
the
fall
in
g
ed
ge
of
QRS
com
plex
(i.e.
f
ro
m
R
to
S)
a
pp
ea
rs
a
s
m
ini
m
u
m
slop
.
Th
e
first
der
i
vative
diff
e
ren
ti
at
ion i
s ca
lc
ulate
d usin
g 2 poi
nts
of
t
he c
en
tral
diff
e
re
nc
e u
si
ng
(
1)
.
(
)
=
1
2
∆
(
(
+
1
)
−
(
−
1
)
)
,
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…
,
−
1
.
(
1)
nu
m
ber
of
sam
ples.
At
the
bounda
ries
of
t
i
m
e
slot
(i.e.,
k=
0,
a
nd
k=
N
-
1),
a
nd
base
d
on
er
ror
m
ini
m
i
zat
ion
,
init
ia
l
conditi
ons
can
be
set
.
The deri
vative
al
so
helps
t
o re
m
ov
e
m
otion
a
rtifact
s and
bas
el
ine drifts
.
3.5.
Hil
bert t
r
ansf
orms
In
t
his
w
ork
,
H
il
ber
t
tr
an
sf
orm
is
fed
with
di
screte
tim
e
-
series
y(
k)
.
This
op
e
rati
on
ca
n
be
def
i
ned
a
s
in
(
2).
(
)
=
(
)
=
−
1
(
(
)
∗
(
)
)
.
Tim
e o
r
fr
e
qu
ency d
om
ai
n.
(2)
w
he
re
t
he
vector
h
can
be
cal
culat
ed
as
in
E
q
uatio
n
(
3).
T
he
Fast
F
ourier
Transf
or
m
(F
F
T)
of
the
y
(
k)
s
ign
al
is st
or
e
d
i
n vec
tor
f
,
and t
he
a
cronym
FF
T
-
1
m
eans th
e
Inve
rse
Fast
F
ourier T
ran
s
f
or
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19 :
3512
-
3521
3516
0
=
(
2
⁄
)
+
2
,
…
,
.
2
=
2
,
3
,
…
,
(
2
⁄
)
.
(
3)
1
=
1
,
(
2
⁄
)
+
1
.
In
(
4) d
esc
ribe
s the
pr
e
-
e
nv
el
op
e
sig
nal
of
ori
gin
al
si
gnal
y
(
k
)
wh
ic
h
is
also c
onsidere
d
a
s
the
a
naly
ti
c sign
al
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
.
(4)
The
i
ns
ta
nta
ne
ou
s
m
agn
it
ud
e
a
(
k)
of
z
(
k) is
descr
i
bed in
(
5).
It is
al
so co
nsi
der
e
d
as
the e
nv
el
op
e
f
z
(
k).
(
)
=
√
2
(
)
+
2
(
)
.
(
5)
Wh
il
e th
e insta
ntane
ous
ph
ase
angle i
n
t
he
c
om
plex
plane
ca
n be calc
ulate
d by
(6)
(
)
=
(
(
)
(
)
)
.
(
6)
4.
THE
M
O
DIF
IED
ADAPTI
VE TH
RESH
OLD
The
m
os
t
su
ccessfu
l
te
ch
nique
f
or
R
-
se
gme
nt
peak
detec
ti
on
is
the
ada
ptive
thre
shold
.
Howe
ver,
us
in
g
on
e
thre
s
ho
l
d
m
ay
be
accurate
e
noug
h
so
at
a p
ai
r
of
thres
hold
li
m
i
ts
te
chn
i
qu
e
can o
f
fer
m
or
e
acc
ur
at
e
resu
lt
s.
T
hese
lim
it
s
cal
le
d
th
e
uppe
r
li
m
it
t
hr
es
hold
(
u
th
)
and
the
lo
wer
lim
it
threshold
(
l
th
).
I
n
t
his
w
ork
a
m
od
ifie
d
ada
pt
ive
m
et
ho
d
is
pro
po
se
d
t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
de
te
ct
ion
acc
ur
ac
y.
The
pr
opose
d
m
et
ho
d
cal
culat
es
the ad
a
ptive
th
reshold
s fo
r
ea
ch
a
naly
sis wi
ndow (N
sam
ples)
as
fo
ll
ows:
The
uppe
r
t
hr
e
sh
ol
d
is
de
fine
d
by
k=1,…,
N.
ℎ
=
0
.
5
×
.
(7)
And
t
he
lo
we
r
thres
ho
l
d
is
de
fine
d by
(
8).
ℎ
=
0
.
1
×
.
(8)
The
dynam
ic
op
e
rati
on
of
c
al
culat
ing
th
re
sh
ol
d
values,
update
these
va
lues
with
eac
h
ep
oc
h.
Me
a
nwhile
,
bo
t
h nu
m
ber
s
of d
et
ect
in
g pe
aks (ab
ove th
re
sh
ol
d
ℎ
a
nd thresh
old
ℎ
)
a
re cal
culat
ed.
The
num
ber
of
QRS
c
om
ple
xes
detect
ed
by
ℎ
is
denoted
by
ℎ
w
hile
t
he
num
ber
of
Q
RS
com
plexes
det
ect
ed
by
ℎ
is
de
no
te
d
by
ℎ
.
U
sing
t
his
te
ch
nique,
t
he
num
ber
of
detec
ti
ng
peaks
is
diff
e
re
nt.
T
he
t
hr
es
hold
value
of
ℎ
is updated
us
in
g
Eq
uation
(
9)
.
ℎ
(
+
1
)
=
ℎ
(
)
−
∆
.
(9)
wh
e
re
is
the
error
wei
gh
t
a
nd
∆
=
(
+
×
)
×
(
−
ℎ
)
is
the
dif
f
eren
ce
bet
wee
n
th
e
def
i
ned
two
lim
it
s.
Wh
ere
c
is
a
scal
in
g,
an
d
are
the
m
ean
an
d
sta
nd
a
r
d
de
viati
on
of
t
he
sig
nal
in
the
c
urrent
window.
Ba
se
d
on
sim
ulati
on
s
on
t
he
data
base
w=
0.1
25
an
d
c
=
0.8
wer
e
c
hose
n.
The
value
of
ℎ
is
cal
culat
e u
sin
g Eq
uatio
n
(
10)
.
Th
e
v
a
riables
∆
are as
d
e
fine
d i
n
(
9).
ℎ
(
+
1
)
=
ℎ
(
)
+
∆
.
(10)
Accor
ding
to
t
heir
def
i
niti
on
s
,
∆
=
0
.
05
×
.
Then
the
l
ower
t
hr
es
hold
l
i
m
i
t
is
increase
d
by
∆
as
well
.
This
pro
cess
co
ntinues
un
ti
l
the
nu
m
ber
s
of
detect
ing
QRS
for
uppe
r
a
nd
l
ow
e
r
thre
sholds
ar
e
equ
al
(
.
.
ℎ
=
ℎ
)
.
∆
=
(
+
×
)
×
(
−
ℎ
)
is
the
a
dd
it
io
n
to
im
pr
ov
i
ng
the
QRS
detec
ti
on
that
will
giv
e a
go
od se
ns
it
ivit
y.
5.
RESU
LT
S
The
pro
posed
QRS
autom
at
i
c
detect
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e h
as
bee
n
validat
ed
us
ing
the
MIT
-
BI
H
arrhyt
hm
ia
database
.
T
his
database
com
pr
ise
s
48
rec
ord
s.
Eac
h
rec
ord
include
s
a
n
E
CG
sig
nal
with
durati
on
of
30
m
in
with
5.5
56
s
.
The
first
ch
an
nel
of
eac
h
rec
ord
is
need
e
d
for
QRS
de
te
ct
ion
.
A
total
of
48
recor
ds
ha
s
bee
n
analy
zed. The
s
e rec
ords
i
nclu
de
a
bnorm
al
si
gn
al
s
su
c
h
a
s: l
ow am
plit
ud
e
QRS,
i
nverted
QRS
po
la
rity
.
A
wide
ra
ng
e
of
te
sti
ng,
pe
rfor
m
ance
m
et
ric
is
us
ed
t
o
e
valuat
e
the
detect
io
n
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
.
These
m
et
rics
in
cl
ud
e
false
ne
gative
(ar
t)
w
hich
m
eans
no
t
detect
ing
a
re
al
beat,
f
al
se
posit
ive
(
PHP)
wh
i
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of el
ect
ro
car
diogr
am
QRS c
omple
x base
d on m
odif
ie
d
ad
ap
ti
ve
...
(
Eh
ab A
bdul
Ra
zz
aq
Hu
sse
in)
3517
represe
nts
the
detect
ion
of
true
,
false
a
nd
posit
ive
strik
es
(TP)
is
the
total
nu
m
ber
de
vo
te
d
to
de
te
ct
ion
correct
ly
by
the
te
chn
iq
ue.
U
sing
ph
e
noty
pe
,
sensiti
vity
(C),
posit
ive
pred
ic
ti
on
(+P
)
an
d
detect
ion
er
ror
rate
(D
ER
)
can
be
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
eq
uations
(11
-
13).
Se
ns
it
iv
it
y
(S
en)
(C):
The
hea
rt
rate
correct
ly
determ
ined
by the al
gorith
m
.
(
%
)
=
+
.
(
11)
Po
s
it
ive
P
re
dicti
on
(+
P)
:
T
he
detect
ion
rate
giv
e
n
by
the
al
gorithm
cor
res
pondin
g
to
t
he
annotat
io
n
ass
ign
e
d
by the
sp
eci
al
ist
.
+
(
%
)
=
+
.
(
12)
Detect
ion
Er
ror
Ra
te
(DER):
Th
e
per
ce
nta
ge
of f
al
se
d
et
ect
ion
s
ove
r
the
to
ta
l nu
m
ber
of de
te
ct
ing
hear
tb
eat
s.
(
%
)
=
+
.
(
13)
A
wi
ndow
siz
e
of
±
13
sam
ples
is
chosen
a
r
ound
the
beat
de
te
ct
ion
to
c
ount
this
window
as
one
beat
detect
ed.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
th
e
two
-
t
hr
es
holds
m
od
ifie
d
t
echn
i
qu
e
is
li
ste
d
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
hese
res
ults
ar
e
cal
culat
ed
bas
ed
on
48
recor
ds
sel
ect
ed
fro
m
the
MIT
-
BI
H
ar
rh
yt
hm
ia
database
.
The
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
hat
the
chall
eng
i
ng
re
cords
are
d
et
ec
te
d
su
ccess
f
ully
with
the
pro
po
s
ed
te
ch
ni
que.
Exam
ples
of
these
rec
ords
are:
(i)
wh
e
n
the
R
-
wav
e
is
no
t
c
entere
d
on
th
e
record
(e.
g.,
record
100).
(ii)
Wh
e
n
t
he
no
ise
is
very
hig
h
(e.
g.
,
rec
ord
104
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6
a
nd
(iii
),
the
al
gor
it
h
m
detect
ed
QRS
pr
eci
sel
y
for
recor
d
117
with
a
chall
enge
of
l
ow S
NR
wh
e
n
t
he
am
plit
ud
es
of R
-
peak
s
are
low
a
s s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
7.
Figure
6. A
n
e
xam
ple o
f
a
no
isy
r
eco
rd (104
) dete
ct
ion
;
fro
m
d
at
abase u
se
d
in
this
w
ork
Figure
7. A
n
e
xam
ple, low
a
m
pl
it
ud
e Q
R
S
com
plex
detec
t
ion
with l
ow S
NR (rec
ord 117)
from
d
at
abase
us
e
d
in
this
work
The
res
ults
of
the
pro
posed
m
et
ho
d
of
de
te
ct
ion
QRS
com
plex
es
are
accu
rate.
T
he
res
ults
of
the
pro
po
se
d
al
gorithm
can
be
su
m
m
ariz
ed
with
the
f
ollow
i
ng
m
et
ri
cs:
Se=96.28
%
and
+P=
99.
71
ov
e
r
44,71
5
hear
t
be
at
s,
as
s
how
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
I
n
sp
it
e
of
e
xcel
le
nt
res
ults
w
hich
is
achie
ve
d
by
the
pro
po
s
ed
al
gorithm
,
i
t
s
hould
be
m
entione
d
he
re
that
no
t
al
l
rec
ords
hav
e
been
de
te
ct
ed
prop
e
rly
(su
c
h
as,
record
228)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19 :
3512
-
3521
3518
because
of
ne
ga
ti
ve
QRS
pola
riti
es
and
ve
nt
ricular
ect
op
ic
s
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
8.
This
cou
l
d
a
pp
ea
r
c
le
arly
with
the
sensit
ivit
y
rate
of
t
his
rec
ord
a
nd
t
hi
s
cou
l
d
j
us
ti
fy
the
hi
gh
num
ber
of
F
N
beat
s,
w
hich
is
sho
wn
i
n
Table
1.
Figure
8. A
n
e
xam
ple Q
RS c
om
plex
detect
ion wit
h ve
ntric
ular
ect
op
ic
s
(r
ecord
228),
from
the d
at
ab
ase us
e
d
i
n
this
work
Table
1.
Per
for
m
ance of
QRS
com
plex
detect
ion
m
et
ho
d o
n M
IT
-
BI
H
a
rrh
yt
h
m
ia
d
at
abas
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Detect
ion
of el
ect
ro
car
diogr
am
QRS c
omple
x base
d on m
odif
ie
d
ad
ap
ti
ve
...
(
Eh
ab A
bdul
Ra
zz
aq
Hu
sse
in)
3519
6.
DISCU
SSI
ON
A
ver
y
well
-
know
n
dataset
is
us
e
d
i
n
this
work
w
hic
h
is
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
in
m
any
research
pa
pe
r
s
.
Howe
ver,
it
is
not
ver
y
eas
y
ta
sk
to
c
ompare
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
sta
te
of
the
art
a
lgorit
hm
s
with
our
te
chn
iq
ue.
T
hi
s
chall
eng
e
a
rises
beca
us
e
previ
ou
sly
pu
blis
he
d
w
ork
al
gorithm
s
wer
e
not
te
ste
d
unde
r
the
sam
e
env
iro
nm
ents.
More
ov
er,
they
a
re
no
t
us
in
g
t
he
sam
e
recor
ds
.
T
o
e
la
borate
m
or
e,
it
is
log
ic
al
tha
t
QRS
com
plex
detec
ti
on
rate
i
ncr
e
ases
(e.
g.,
hi
gher
pe
rfor
m
ance
m
e
tric
s)
w
hen
us
es
healt
hy
rec
ords
on
l
y
a
nd
exclu
des
the
c
halle
ng
i
ng
rec
ords.
Table
2
li
ste
d
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
th
e
m
od
ifie
d
a
ppr
oac
h
in
c
omparis
on
with
oth
er
rec
ent
w
orks
f
or
the
QRS
detec
ti
on
,
e
valuati
on
ov
e
r
the
M
I
T
-
BI
H
ar
r
hyth
m
ia
database.
In
t
his
ta
ble,
the
be
st
resu
lt
s
of
the
s
ta
te
-
of
-
the
a
rt
al
gorithm
s
are
sel
ect
ed
[
23
-
29]
to
a
ssess
ou
r
propose
d
al
gorithm
.
The
well
-
known
al
go
rithm
of
Pa
n
an
d
To
m
pk
ins
[5
]
is
us
e
d
in
m
any
pap
e
rs
as
a
point
to
sta
rt
fo
r
bette
r
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
QRS
detect
io
n.
T
o
im
pr
ov
e
QRS
detect
ion,
m
any
research
e
rs
re
sam
ple
t
he
acq
uired
ECG
sign
al
at
200 H
z. Ho
wev
e
r, E
CG r
es
am
pling
is not
need
e
d
i
n our
pro
posed
.
.
Table
2.
A
c
om
par
ison
of QR
S d
et
ect
io
n p
erfor
m
ance
bet
ween t
he p
rop
os
e
d
te
ch
nique
and o
t
her
s
m
eth
ods
base
d o
n M
IT
-
BI
H
a
rrh
yt
h
m
ia
d
at
abas
e
NA =
NOT
AV
AI
LABL
E
Sen
s
(%)
Sp
ec
(%)
Der
(%)
Prop
o
sed
Algo
rith
m
9
9
.62
9
9
.89
0
.5
Bas
h
eerud
d
in
Sha
h
Shaik
et
al.
(20
1
5
)[
2
3
]
9
9
.56
9
9
.52
0
.93
No
p
ad
o
l
(20
1
0
)
[24
]
9
9
.10
9
9
.60
1
.30
Darr
in
g
to
n
(
2
0
0
6
)
[
2
5
]
9
9
.00
9
9
.20
1
.70
Ch
en
et
al.
(20
0
6
)
[
2
6
]
9
9
.55
9
9
.49
0
.96
Pan
and
To
m
p
k
in
s (19
8
5
)
[
5
]
9
0
.95
9
9
,95
NA
Ch
o
u
ak
ri
et al.
(
2
0
1
1
)
[
2
7
]
9
8
.68
9
7
.24
NA
Elgen
d
i et
al.
(20
0
9
)
(M
eth
o
d
I
)
[
2
1
]
8
7
.90
9
7
.60
NA
Elgen
d
i et
al.
(20
0
9
)
(M
eth
o
d
I
I)
[
2
1
]
9
7
.5
9
9
.9
NA
Ch
o
u
h
a
n
et
al.
(20
0
8
)
[
2
8
]
9
8
.56
9
9
.18
NA
R. Ro
d
rígu
ez e
t al.
(
2
0
1
5
)
[
2
9
]
9
6
.28
9
9
.71
NA
In
t
his
wor
k,
a
pass
ba
nd
filt
er
wit
h
a
rang
e
of
(
5
-
15)
Hz
has
bee
n
recr
uited
to
en
ha
nc
e
the
QR
S
energy.
Alth
ough
m
any
res
earche
rs
a
gr
ee
d
to
us
e
the
(5
-
15
)
Hz
ba
nd,
oth
er
rese
arch
es
us
e
di
f
fer
e
nt
pass
bands.
H
oweve
r,
m
os
t
re
searche
rs
a
gr
e
ed
to
us
e
casc
aded
l
ow
-
pass
and
hi
gh
-
pa
ss
filt
ers
to
im
pl
e
m
ent
Ba
nd
-
pa
ss
filt
e
r
of
Pa
n
a
nd
T
om
pk
ins
al
go
rithm
[5
]
.
Anot
he
r
ad
diti
on
to
t
his
w
ork
is
t
o
us
e
a
first
der
i
vate
sta
ge
to
reduce
the
bad
ef
fect
of
ba
sel
ine
dr
i
f
ts
and
m
ov
e
m
ent
arti
facts.
Th
is
s
ta
ge
is
inserted
befor
e
a
pp
l
yi
ng
Hilbert
tra
ns
f
orm
.
Also
,
ano
t
her
re
searc
her
app
li
ed
a
dap
t
ive
qu
a
ntize
d
thres
ho
l
d
[
16
]
.
To
overc
om
e
s
the
dr
a
w
back
s
of
us
in
g
fixe
d
thres
ho
l
ds
,
we
sugg
e
ste
d
a
new
al
gorithm
for
QRS
c
omplex
detect
ion.
This
al
gorithm
us
es
an
a
dap
ti
ve
up
per
a
nd
lo
wer
lim
i
ts
threshol
d.
The
res
ults
of
our
pro
posed
al
gorithm
(as
can b
e
seen
in
Ta
bles
1
a
nd
2)
,
s
how
im
pr
ove
m
ent
in
detect
ion
rates
of
Q
RS
com
plex
due
to
the
us
e
of
the
com
bin
at
ion
of
Hilbert
trans
f
or
m
s
and
m
od
ifie
d
ada
ptive
t
hr
es
hold.
T
he
ob
ta
ine
d
re
su
lt
s
us
in
g
the
pro
po
s
ed
al
gorithm
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
as
cl
early
sh
ow
n
f
ro
m
the
com
par
ison
bet
ween
t
he
pro
po
s
e
d
al
gorithm
an
d
t
he
sta
te
of
t
he a
rt r
es
ults o
f ot
her resea
rch
e
s
wh
ic
h
is l
ist
ed i
n
Ta
ble 2.
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
m
od
ifie
d
ap
proac
h
for
QR
S
detect
ion
sugg
e
ste
d
an
d
im
ple
m
ented
in
this
wo
r
k.
T
his
appro
ac
h
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
by
app
ly
in
g
a
m
od
ifie
d
ada
pt
ive
thre
shold
t
echn
i
qu
e
.
T
he
m
ai
n
con
tri
buti
on
of
this
m
od
ifie
d
appr
oach
is
to
us
e
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
featur
es
of
EC
G
sig
nal
it
sel
f
to
upda
te
the
two
-
t
hresh
old
val
ues.
Thi
s
m
od
ific
at
ion
e
nh
a
nces
t
he
de
te
ct
ion
accu
rac
y
of
QRS
c
omplex,
especial
l
y
with
chall
en
ging
rec
ords
s
uch
a
s
ven
t
ricular
ect
op
ic
,
l
ow
am
plit
ud
e
R
-
pe
aks
,
ne
gative
QR
S
pola
riti
es,
and
l
ow
si
gnal
-
to
-
noise
rati
o.
T
h
e
resu
lt
s
pro
ve
d
that
the
m
od
ifie
d
al
gorithm
ou
tpe
rfor
m
s
oth
er
m
et
ho
ds
in
perform
ance
m
et
rics,
includi
ng
;
a
sensiti
vity
o
f
99.88%
a
nd pos
it
ive p
re
dicti
vity
o
f
99.6
2
%
f
or the
us
e
d
MI
T
–
BI
H data
ba
se
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
W
HO
,
“
The
top
10
Causes
of
dea
th
,”
M
a
y
2017
.
Avail
able:
htt
ps
:/
/www
.
who.i
nt
/
news
-
room
/fa
ct
-
shee
ts/detail/t
h
e
-
top
-
10
-
ca
uses
-
of
-
dea
th
.
[2]
As
irva
dam,
V.S.,
Pis
al
,
K.S.
,
Izh
ar,
L
.
I
.
,
&
Khuzi,
N.A.A.M
.
,
"ECG
Viewe
d
Us
ing
Gra
y
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88
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8708
Detect
ion
of el
ect
ro
car
diogr
am
QRS c
omple
x base
d on m
odif
ie
d
ad
ap
ti
ve
...
(
Eh
ab A
bdul
Ra
zz
aq
Hu
sse
in)
3521
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Eh
ab
Abdu
lRa
z
z
a
q
Hus
sein
,
P
hD
.
MSc.
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tr
ic
a
l
Eng
ine
er
ing
was
born
in
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y
lon
on
Janu
ar
y
1,
1976.
He
obta
in
ed
his
BS
c
degr
e
e
(1997)
in
El
ectri
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
the
Facul
t
y
o
f
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Ba
b
y
lon
and
MS
c
degr
e
e
(2000)
,
in
el
e
ct
r
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a
l
e
ngine
er
ing
a
t
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Technol
og
y
and
his
PhD
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Degre
e
from
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Depa
rtment
of
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e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
at
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ac
ul
t
y
of
Eng
in
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ring
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si
t
y
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f
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or
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e
ct
ri
cal
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rtment
at
the
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cul
t
y
o
f
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
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ive
rsit
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of
Bab
yl
on.
His
m
ai
n
int
ere
st
is
signal
p
roc
essing,
anal
ysis,
informati
on
tra
nsiti
on
,
senso
rs a
nd
cont
rol
s
y
stem a
naly
sis.
Ali
Sh
aba
n
Hassoon
i,
MSc.
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
eering
was
born
in
Bab
y
lon
on
Jul
y
7
,
1981.
He
obta
in
ed
his BSc
degr
ee
(2003)
i
n
El
ectrical
Eng
i
nee
ring
a
t
the
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Engi
n
eering,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Bab
y
lon
an
d
MS
c
degr
ee
(2011),
in
el
e
ct
roni
c
and
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
e
ngine
er
ing
at
t
he
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
ing,
Univ
e
rsit
y
of
Bab
y
lo
n,
Curre
nt
l
y
h
e
works
at
the
Biom
edi
cal
Dep
art
m
ent
a
t
th
e
Facu
l
t
y
of
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Univ
ersity
of
Bab
y
lon
.
His
m
ai
n
intere
st
i
s
m
edi
ca
l
signa
l
proc
essing,
Mic
roc
ontroller
s
y
s
te
m
s,
Biom
edi
c
al
sensors
and
cont
rol
s
y
st
em
ana
l
y
sis.
Hi
lal
Al
-
Liba
w
y
r
ecei
ved
BS
c
degr
e
e
in
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Bagh
dad
Univer
si
t
y
,
Baghda
d,
Ira
q
,
i
n
1991,
MS
c
de
gre
e
in
elec
tronic
engi
n
ee
r
ing
in
1995.
He
is
a
t
ea
ch
ing
staff
in
Bab
y
lon
Univ
er
sit
y
,
B
ab
y
lon,
Ir
aq
sinc
e
2004
till
now.
Al
-
Li
b
a
w
y
a
PhD
stude
nt
in
beha
v
i
ora
l
ana
l
y
sis
and
op
era
tor
fatigue
st
udie
s
sinc
e
201
3
in
th
e
Univ
ersity
of
Li
v
erp
ool
,
Li
v
erp
ool,
UK
.
His
m
ai
n
areas
of
rese
ar
ch
int
er
est
ar
e
beh
avi
or
al
ana
l
y
sis,
oper
at
or
f
at
igu
e
d
et
e
ct
ion
,
m
ac
hi
n
e
le
arn
ing, a
nd
bio
logi
c
al
and cogn
it
ive m
odel
l
ing
i
ncl
uding
ACT
-
R
arc
h
it
e
ct
ur
e
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