I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
7
~
23
6
4
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
7
i
5
.
pp
235
7
-
23
6
4
2357
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
A Dec
o
nv
o
lution
Appro
a
ch t
o
the
Three Di
m
e
nsio
n
a
l
Identifica
tion o
f
Cra
ck
s
in
M
a
g
net
ic Slabs
A
m
r
A.
Adly
1
,
Sa
lw
a
K
.
Abd
-
El
-
H
a
f
iz
2
1
De
p
a
rte
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
M
a
c
h
in
e
s,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ca
iro
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Eg
y
p
t
2
De
p
a
rte
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ca
iro
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Eg
y
p
t
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
1
7
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
4
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
2
,
2
0
1
7
No
n
d
e
str
u
c
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
ra
c
k
s in
m
e
talli
c
p
a
rts
h
a
s alw
a
y
s b
e
e
n
a
to
p
ic
o
f
in
d
u
strial
in
tere
st.
I
n
th
e
p
a
st,
d
if
fe
re
n
t
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
ro
p
o
se
d
to
a
ss
e
ss
su
c
h
c
ra
c
k
s.
Re
c
e
n
tl
y
,
se
m
i
-
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
c
tl
y
su
p
p
o
r
ted
sp
li
n
e
w
a
v
e
lets
w
e
r
e
u
ti
li
z
e
d
to
e
ff
icie
n
t
ly
id
e
n
ti
fy
th
e
3
D
sp
a
ti
a
l
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
ra
c
k
s
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
sla
b
s
o
f
f
in
it
e
th
i
c
k
n
e
ss
e
s.
W
it
h
in
th
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
h
o
rizo
n
tally
o
rien
ted
f
ield
se
n
so
r
is
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
o
n
to
p
o
f
a
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
sla
b
su
b
jec
t
to
u
n
if
o
rm
h
o
rizo
n
tal
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
f
ield
.
In
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
th
e
3
D
sp
a
ti
a
l
id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
c
ra
c
k
s
in
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
sla
b
s
is
c
a
rried
o
u
t
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
F
o
u
rier
tran
sf
o
r
m
b
y
d
e
-
c
o
n
v
o
lu
ti
n
g
se
n
so
r
re
sp
o
n
se
.
In
c
o
m
p
a
ris
o
n
to
th
e
p
re
v
io
u
sly
a
d
o
p
ted
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
t
h
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
p
ro
p
o
se
d
i
n
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
id
e
n
ti
fy
in
g
c
ra
c
k
s
th
a
t
sp
a
n
o
v
e
r
a
re
lativ
e
l
y
lar
g
e
r
d
istan
c
e
.
De
tails
o
f
th
e
c
ra
c
k
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
s are
g
iv
e
n
in
th
e
p
a
p
e
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
r
ac
k
d
etec
tio
n
Dec
o
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
Ma
g
n
e
tic
an
al
y
s
is
No
n
d
estru
cti
v
e
te
s
ti
n
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Am
r
A
A
d
l
y
,
Dep
ar
te
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
P
o
w
er
an
d
Ma
c
h
i
n
es,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
C
air
o
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Giza
1
2
6
1
3
,
E
g
y
p
t.
E
m
ail: a
m
r
ad
l
y
@
cu
.
ed
u
.
eg
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sp
atial
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
cr
ac
k
lo
ca
tio
n
s
i
n
co
n
d
u
c
tin
g
s
la
b
s
h
as
b
ee
n
a
to
p
ic
o
f
w
id
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
in
ter
est.
I
n
th
e
p
ast,
s
ev
er
al
n
o
n
d
e
s
tr
u
cti
v
e
cr
ac
k
d
etec
t
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
(
s
ee
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
[
1
-
5
]
)
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
s
tr
a
y
m
ag
n
eti
c
f
ield
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
i
m
p
r
ess
ed
c
u
r
r
en
t
cr
ac
k
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
,
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
[
6
,
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
w
a
v
elet
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cr
ac
k
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
i
m
p
r
ess
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ti
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
[
8
,
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
e
m
i
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
co
m
p
ac
t
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
p
lin
e
w
a
v
elets
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
ef
f
icien
tl
y
s
o
lv
e
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
tin
g
2
D
Fre
d
h
o
l
m
in
te
g
r
al
eq
u
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
k
i
n
d
an
d
,
f
i
n
all
y
,
id
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
3
D
s
p
atial
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
cr
ac
k
s
i
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
s
lab
s
o
f
f
i
n
ite
t
h
ick
n
es
s
es.
W
h
il
e
th
e
w
av
e
lets
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
ed
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l,
it
o
f
f
er
ed
d
is
cr
ete
cr
ac
k
id
en
tif
icatio
n
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
m
es
h
d
is
cr
etiza
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ass
es
s
i
n
g
cr
ac
k
s
ex
ten
d
in
g
o
v
er
r
elati
v
el
y
lar
g
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
i
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
s
lab
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
ze
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
0
-
1
2
]
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
t
h
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FT
)
to
d
e
-
co
n
v
o
lu
te
Gau
s
s
m
eter
f
in
i
te
s
en
s
o
r
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
As
i
n
[
3
]
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tall
y
o
r
ie
n
ted
f
ield
s
en
s
o
r
p
lace
d
o
n
to
p
o
f
t
h
e
m
ag
n
et
ic
s
lab
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
h
ile
b
ein
g
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
.
1
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
cr
ac
k
s
,
lo
ca
lized
m
a
g
n
et
ic
d
ip
o
les
ar
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
th
u
s
e
m
a
n
ati
n
g
v
er
tical
f
i
eld
s
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
2
D
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ie
ld
m
ap
p
in
g
r
esu
lt
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ten
c
e
o
f
cr
ac
k
s
m
a
y
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
.
Deta
ils
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
3
5
7
–
23
6
4
2358
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
ca
lized
m
a
g
n
et
ic
d
ip
o
le
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
cr
ac
k
s
i
n
a
co
n
d
u
ct
i
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
s
lab
s
u
b
j
ec
t to
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AP
P
RO
A
CH
E
x
p
lain
i
n
g
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
v
er
tical
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
z
B
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
n
is
o
lated
m
a
g
n
et
ic
ch
ar
g
e
m
q
m
a
y
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
(
1
)
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
4
)
,
,
(
)
(
)
,
,
(
2
/
3
2
2
2
s
s
s
s
s
s
m
s
o
z
z
z
y
y
x
x
z
y
x
q
z
z
z
y
x
B
w
h
er
e,
)
,
,
(
z
y
x
is
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
o
in
t,
)
,
,
(
s
s
s
z
y
x
is
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
c
h
ar
g
e
p
o
s
itio
n
,
w
h
ile
o
is
t
h
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ili
t
y
o
f
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e.
Ass
u
m
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
s
en
s
o
r
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
i
d
e
len
g
th
a
n
d
v
er
tica
l
h
eig
h
t
co
o
r
d
in
ate
H
an
d
o
z
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
–
w
h
e
n
its
ce
n
ter
co
o
r
d
in
ates
co
in
cid
e
w
i
th
)
,
,
(
z
y
x
–
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
it
y
d
u
e
to
a
u
n
it
m
a
g
n
e
tic
ch
ar
g
e
(
i.e
.
,
d
e
v
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e)
m
a
y
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
(
2
)
.
1
4
)
(
)
,
,
;
,
,
(
)
2
(
)
2
(
)
2
(
)
2
(
2
3
2
y
d
x
d
R
L
z
z
z
y
x
z
y
x
K
H
y
H
y
H
x
H
x
PQ
s
o
o
s
s
s
o
z
I
n
(
2
)
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
z
s
o
y
s
x
s
PQ
u
z
z
u
y
y
u
x
x
R
,
w
h
ile
a
n
d
,
z
y
x
u
u
u
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
u
n
it
v
ec
to
r
s
alo
n
g
th
e
x
-
,
y
-
a
n
d
z
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fo
r
a
n
o
r
m
alize
d
s
q
u
ar
e
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
zo
n
e
f
ar
en
o
u
g
h
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
id
e
s
o
f
a
r
elat
iv
el
y
l
ar
g
e
s
lab
to
ig
n
o
r
e
ed
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
er
tical
f
lu
x
d
en
s
it
y
m
ap
p
in
g
M
z
B
in
f
er
r
ed
b
y
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
d
escr
ib
ed
s
en
s
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
m
a
y
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
:
(
3
)
.
)
,
,
;
,
,
(
)
,
,
(
)
,
,
(
1
0
1
0
y
d
x
d
z
y
x
z
y
x
K
z
y
x
q
z
y
x
B
s
s
s
o
z
s
s
s
m
o
M
z
A
p
p
l
y
in
g
FT
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
o
lu
t
io
n
p
r
in
cip
le,
w
e
g
et
,
(
4
)
,
z
m
M
z
K
q
B
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
Hen
ce
,
k
n
o
w
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
p
r
o
f
ile
as
w
ell
as
th
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
d
ip
o
le
ch
ar
g
e
d
en
s
it
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
a
y
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
s
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FT
)
,
1
,
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
(
5
)
.
)
,
,
(
1
z
M
z
m
K
B
z
y
x
q
On
ce
th
e
d
ip
o
le
ch
ar
g
e
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
m
ap
is
d
ed
u
ce
d
,
cr
ac
k
lo
ca
tio
n
s
a
n
d
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
m
a
y
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
Dec
o
n
vo
lu
tio
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
th
e
Th
r
ee
Dimen
s
io
n
a
l I
d
en
tif
ica
tio
n
o
f Cr
a
ck
s
in
Ma
g
n
etic
S
la
b
s
(
A
mr A
.
A
d
ly
)
2359
3.
SAM
P
L
E
CRAC
K
E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
NS
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
id
en
tify
cr
ac
k
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
r
a
w
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
er
tical
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
it
y
m
ap
p
in
g
M
z
B
w
a
s
co
m
p
u
ted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
eq
u
atio
n
(
3
)
f
o
r
cr
ac
k
s
h
av
i
n
g
a
d
ep
th
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
2
%
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
o
m
ain
s
id
e
len
g
th
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
,
th
e
eig
h
t
cr
a
ck
ca
s
es
g
i
v
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
t sh
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ta
ted
th
at,
w
it
h
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
w
as d
i
s
cr
etize
d
in
to
6
1
b
y
6
1
m
es
h
p
o
in
ts
a
n
d
2
D
FT
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
p
to
th
e
4
1
st
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
icien
t.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
tab
le
th
at
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
co
v
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
id
e
len
g
th
s
o
f
0
.
1
,
0
.
2
,
0
.
3
an
d
0
.
5
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
p
er
u
n
i
t (
p
u
)
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
id
e
len
g
t
h
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
ac
k
i
den
t
i
f
i
ca
t
i
o
n ca
s
es
co
nsi
der
ed
.
C
A
S
E
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
(
p
u
o
f
d
o
mai
n
s
i
d
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
)
S
e
n
so
r
S
i
d
e
L
e
n
g
t
h
H
(
p
u
o
f
d
o
ma
i
n
si
d
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
)
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
r
a
c
k
s
C
r
a
c
k
(
s)
L
i
mi
t
i
n
g
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
[
l
o
w
e
r
l
e
f
t
c
o
r
n
e
r
–
u
p
p
e
r
r
i
g
h
t
c
o
r
n
e
r
]
i
n
me
s
h
u
n
i
t
s
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
[
1
9
,
1
3
–
2
3
,
1
7
]
&
[
3
9
,
4
5
–
4
3
,
4
9
]
2
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
[
1
9
,
1
3
–
2
9
,
1
7
]
&
[
3
9
,
4
5
–
4
3
,
4
9
]
3
0
.
1
0
.
2
1
[
2
9
,
2
9
–
3
3
,
3
3
]
4
0
.
2
0
.
2
1
[
2
9
,
2
9
–
3
3
,
3
3
]
5
0
.
4
0
.
2
1
[
2
9
,
2
9
–
3
3
,
3
3
]
6
0
.
1
0
.
2
2
[
1
9
,
1
3
–
2
3
,
1
7
]
&
[
3
9
,
4
5
–
4
3
,
4
9
]
7
0
.
1
0
.
3
1
[
2
9
,
2
9
–
3
3
,
3
3
]
8
0
.
1
0
.
5
1
[
2
9
,
2
9
–
3
3
,
3
3
]
C
ases
1
an
d
2
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
s
en
s
o
r
s
id
e
len
g
th
o
f
0
.
1
p
u
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
ev
ice
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
z
K
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
as
w
ell
as
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
4
1
st
b
y
4
1
st
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
.
Fo
r
th
ese
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
,
t
w
o
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
a
s
s
u
m
ed
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
ll
y
,
i
n
C
ase
1
th
e
t
w
o
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
o
f
id
en
tical
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
w
h
ile
f
o
r
C
ase
2
t
h
e
y
ar
e
a
s
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
n
o
n
-
id
e
n
tical.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
co
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
)
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
f
o
r
C
ase
1
.
Si
m
ilar
p
lo
t
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
a
s
e
2
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a)
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
ase
s
1
an
d
2
an
d
,
(
b
)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
in
g
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
(
a)
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
(
b
)
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
(
c)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
ag
e,
an
d
(
d
)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
ase
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
3
5
7
–
23
6
4
2360
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
(
a)
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
(
b
)
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
(
c)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
ag
e,
an
d
(
d
)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
ase
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a)
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
ases
3
,
4
an
d
5
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
.
Fo
r
C
ase
s
3
,
4
,
5
an
d
6
a
s
en
s
o
r
s
id
e
len
g
th
o
f
0
.
2
p
u
is
ass
u
m
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
f
o
u
r
ca
s
e
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
-
s
a
m
p
le
clea
r
an
ce
o
z
is
clea
r
l
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
C
a
s
es
3
,
4
an
d
5
.
Fo
r
th
ese
th
r
ee
ca
s
e
s
,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
in
T
ab
le
I
,
th
e
s
a
m
e
cr
ac
k
i
s
a
s
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
o
z
p
u
v
alu
e
s
o
f
0
.
1
,
0
.
2
an
d
0
.
4
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
m
ag
e
s
o
f
M
z
B
co
m
p
u
ted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
eq
u
atio
n
(
3
)
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
ca
s
es
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
P
lo
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e
s
an
d
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
)
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
r
ee
ca
s
es a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
. 7
-
9
.
C
ase
6
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
o
u
b
le
cr
ac
k
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
as
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
C
a
s
e
1
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
,
p
lo
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
o
s
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
,
th
u
s
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
s
a
m
p
le
clea
r
an
ce
o
z
v
ar
iatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
(
a)
C
ase
3
,
(
b
)
C
ase
4
,
an
d
(
c)
C
ase
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
Dec
o
n
vo
lu
tio
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
th
e
Th
r
ee
Dimen
s
io
n
a
l I
d
en
tif
ica
tio
n
o
f Cr
a
ck
s
in
Ma
g
n
etic
S
la
b
s
(
A
mr A
.
A
d
ly
)
2361
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
(
a)
A
ct
u
al
cr
ac
k
,
(
b
)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e,
a
n
d
(
c)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
a
s
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
8.
(
a)
A
ct
u
al
cr
ac
k
,
(
b
)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e,
a
n
d
(
c)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
a
s
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
(
a)
A
ct
u
al
cr
ac
k
,
(
b
)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e,
a
n
d
(
c)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
a
s
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
(
a)
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
(
b
)
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
(
c)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e
,
an
d
(
d
)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
ase
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
,
as
w
ell
as
it
s
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
2
D
FT
,
f
o
r
C
ase
7
w
h
ic
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
id
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
0
.
3
p
u
.
P
lo
ts
f
o
r
M
z
B
co
m
p
u
ted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
eq
u
atio
n
(
3
)
,
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
,
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
es
a
n
d
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
)
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
.
F
in
all
y
,
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
,
as
well
as
its
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
2
D
FT
,
f
o
r
C
ase
8
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
s
en
s
o
r
s
id
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
0
.
5
p
u
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
re
1
3
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
–
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
cr
ac
k
o
f
C
a
s
e
7
-
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
eq
u
ati
o
n
(
3
)
,
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
,
ap
p
ar
en
t c
r
ac
k
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
es a
n
d
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
u
s
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
3
5
7
–
23
6
4
2362
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
(
a)
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
z
K
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
ase
7
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
(
a)
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
(
b
)
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
(
c)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e
,
an
d
(
d
)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
ase
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
(
a)
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
z
K
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
ase
8
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
s
i
n
g
2
D
FT
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
Dec
o
n
vo
lu
tio
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
th
e
Th
r
ee
Dimen
s
io
n
a
l I
d
en
tif
ica
tio
n
o
f Cr
a
ck
s
in
Ma
g
n
etic
S
la
b
s
(
A
mr A
.
A
d
ly
)
2363
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
(
a)
C
o
m
p
u
ted
M
z
B
,
(
b
)
ac
tu
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
(
c)
ap
p
ar
en
t
cr
ac
k
s
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
a
w
i
m
a
g
e
,
an
d
(
d
)
in
f
er
r
ed
cr
ac
k
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
ase
8
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
f
ig
u
r
es
clea
r
l
y
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
ab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ca
n
c
el
o
u
t
th
e
d
ev
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
,
t
h
u
s
,
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
a
v
er
y
clo
s
e
th
r
ee
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
i
m
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
ass
u
m
ed
cr
ac
k
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
cr
ac
k
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
in
q
u
an
ta
o
f
t
h
e
FT
d
is
cr
etiza
tio
n
g
r
id
u
n
li
k
e
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
w
a
v
elets
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
(
r
ef
er
,
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
to
[
9
]
)
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
S
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
a
l
y
s
is
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
r
esu
lts
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
y
b
e
w
ell
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
cr
ac
k
s
w
h
o
s
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
m
u
ch
s
m
aller
t
h
an
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
e
le
m
e
n
t
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
/o
r
s
en
s
in
g
h
eig
h
t.
R
es
u
lt
s
also
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
y
a
ls
o
r
eso
lv
e
t
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
cr
ac
k
s
.
An
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
it
s
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
war
d
n
atu
r
e.
Fu
t
u
r
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
u
t
ilizat
io
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
o
t
h
er
r
elate
d
in
v
er
s
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
n
d
n
o
n
d
estru
ct
iv
e
te
s
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
Ok
a
a
n
d
M
.
En
o
k
izo
n
o
,
"
A
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
Ba
c
k
sid
e
Cra
c
k
Us
in
g
Ro
tatio
n
a
l
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
lu
x
S
e
n
s
o
r
W
i
t
h
S
e
a
r
c
h
C
o
i
l
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
.
M
a
g
n
.,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
6
8
-
4
9
7
0
,
1
9
9
6
.
[
2
]
A
.
A
.
A
d
l
y
,
"
A
V
a
riab
le
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
L
o
c
a
ti
n
g
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
Cra
c
k
s
i
n
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
M
e
d
i
a
,
"
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
.
M
a
g
n
.,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
0
-
3
8
0
3
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
]
S
.
K.
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
f
iz
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
A
d
ly
,
"
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
S
u
rf
a
c
e
Cr
a
c
k
s
i
n
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Bo
d
ies
Us
in
g
W
a
v
e
l
e
ts
o
n
a
Bo
u
n
d
e
d
I
n
terv
a
l,
"
Ph
y
sic
a
-
B:
C
o
n
d
e
n
se
d
M
a
tt
e
r
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
-
2
8
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
F
e
n
g
li
a
n
Niu
,
“
Cra
c
k
D
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
L
in
e
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
M
e
tal
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
M
e
m
o
r
y
N
o
n
d
e
str
u
c
ti
v
e
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
7
6
4
-
7
7
7
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
R.
Ra
jn
i,
A
.
Ka
u
r
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
r
wa
h
a
,
“
Co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
S
p
li
t
Rin
g
Re
so
n
a
to
r
b
a
se
d
S
e
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
Cra
c
k
De
te
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
, v
ol
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
2
-
1
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
6
]
I.
S
e
b
e
sty
e
n
a
n
d
J.
P
a
w
,
"
F
la
w
De
tec
ti
o
n
Us
i
n
g
DC
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
ield
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
s
, v
o
l
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
5
3
-
6
0
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
P
.
G
io
rd
a
n
o
,
J.M
.
Itt
e
l,
J.
Ca
h
o
u
e
t
a
n
d
S
.
Da
ste
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Cra
c
k
s
i
n
S
tee
l
S
u
b
se
a
S
tru
c
tu
re
s
:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
T
h
e
Op
ti
m
iza
t
io
n
o
f
a
Ne
w
El
e
c
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
De
tec
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
,
"
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
M
a
g
n
.
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
p
p
.
5
4
0
8
-
5
4
1
0
,
1
9
9
1
.
[8
]
A
.
A
.
A
d
l
y
a
n
d
S
.
K.
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
f
iz,
"
A
W
a
v
e
let
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
T
h
e
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
S
u
rf
a
c
e
Cr
a
c
k
s
Us
in
g
Cu
rre
n
t
In
jec
ti
o
n
P
e
rtu
r
b
a
ti
o
n
,
"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s
, v
o
l.
1
1
1
,
p
p
.
0
7
E3
1
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
S
.
K.
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
f
iz
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
Ad
ly
,
“
T
h
re
e
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
Cra
c
k
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
C
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
S
lab
s
Us
in
g
W
a
v
e
lets,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
M
a
g
n
.
, v
o
l
.
4
9
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
2
-
3
4
7
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
I.
D.
M
a
y
e
rg
o
y
z
,
A
.
A
.
A
d
l
y
,
R.
D.
G
o
m
e
z
,
a
n
d
E.
R
.
Bu
rk
e
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
z
a
ti
o
n
Im
a
g
e
Re
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
F
o
rc
e
S
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
T
u
n
n
e
li
n
g
M
icro
sc
o
p
y
I
m
a
g
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s
, v
o
l
.
7
3
,
p
p
.
5
7
9
9
-
5
8
0
1
,
1
9
9
3
.
[1
1
]
R.
M
a
d
a
b
h
u
s
h
i,
R.
D.
G
o
m
e
z
,
E.
R.
Bu
rk
e
,
a
n
d
I.
D.
M
a
y
e
rg
o
y
z
,
“
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Bias
in
g
a
n
d
M
F
M
Im
a
g
e
Re
c
o
n
stru
c
t
io
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
M
a
g
n
.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
7
-
4
1
4
9
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
2
]
A
.
A
.
A
d
l
y
,
M
.
M
.
A
b
d
e
l
-
A
z
iz
a
n
d
N.S
.
Ho
s
n
y
,
“
D
e
d
u
c
in
g
L
o
c
a
l
EL
F
F
ield
V
a
lu
e
s
F
ro
m
L
a
r
g
e
S
e
n
se
Co
il
F
lu
x
m
e
ter M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ph
y
sic
s
, v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
p
p
.
0
7
E
7
2
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Am
r
A
.
A
d
ly
(IE
EE
F
e
ll
o
w
)
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
in
El
e
c
t.
En
g
.
f
ro
m
C
a
iro
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(CU)
in
1
9
8
4
a
n
d
1
9
8
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
t.
En
g
.
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
r
y
lan
d
(UMD),
Co
ll
e
g
e
P
a
rk
,
USA
,
in
1
9
9
2
.
He
a
lso
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
S
e
n
io
r
S
c
ien
ti
st
a
t
L
DJ
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
M
ich
ig
a
n
,
USA
,
d
u
ri
n
g
1
9
9
3
-
1
9
9
4
.
S
in
c
e
1
9
9
4
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
t.
o
f
El
e
c
t.
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
M
a
c
h
in
e
s
CU.
He
a
lso
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
US
a
s
a
V
isit
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
P
r
o
f
.
a
t
UMD,
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
s
u
m
m
e
r
s
o
f
1
996
-
2
0
0
0
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
p
e
rio
d
2
0
0
3
-
2
0
0
4
a
s
a
c
o
n
s
u
lt
a
n
t
to
th
e
UN
ES
CO
Ca
iro
o
f
f
ice
a
n
d
in
2
0
0
6
a
s
a
n
e
x
p
e
rt
to
th
e
EU
Co
m
m
issio
n
.
He
a
lso
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
d
d
irec
ted
t
h
e
R&
D
A
d
m
in
istratio
n
a
t
t
h
e
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
I
n
d
u
str
ial
M
o
d
e
rn
iza
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter
i
n
th
e
p
e
rio
d
2
0
0
6
-
2
0
0
7
.
He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
th
e
CU’s
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
V
ice
De
a
n
in
t
h
e
p
e
r
io
d
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
4
.
I
n
th
e
p
e
rio
d
2
0
1
4
-
2
0
1
5
h
e
w
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
a
s
th
e
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
th
e
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
F
u
n
d
(S
T
DF).
S
in
c
e
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
6
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
Ca
iro
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
V
ice
P
re
sid
e
n
t
f
o
r
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
tu
d
ies
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
.
P
r
o
f
.
A
d
l
y
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
2
5
re
v
iew
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs,
h
o
l
d
s
o
n
e
U.S
.
p
a
ten
t,
a
c
ted
a
s
th
e
P
I
o
f
se
v
e
r
a
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
w
a
rd
e
d
th
e
1
9
9
4
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
S
tate
En
c
o
u
ra
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
rize
,
t
h
e
2
0
0
2
S
h
o
m
a
n
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
Yo
u
n
g
A
ra
b
S
c
ien
ti
st
P
rize
a
n
d
th
e
2
0
0
6
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
S
tate
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
P
rize
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
ro
m
o
ted
to
IE
EE
F
e
ll
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
3
5
7
–
23
6
4
2364
sta
tu
s
in
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
r
v
in
g
in
th
e
Ed
i
to
rial
B
o
a
rd
o
f
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
a
n
d
El
se
v
ier’s
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
.
S
a
lw
a
K.
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
f
i
z
(IE
EE
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r)
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
C
a
iro
Un
iv
e
rsity
(CU)
in
1
9
8
6
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
S
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
r
y
l
a
n
d
(U
M
D),
Co
ll
e
g
e
P
a
rk
,
M
a
ry
lan
d
,
USA
,
in
1
9
9
0
a
n
d
1
9
9
4
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
S
in
c
e
1
9
9
4
,
sh
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
F
a
c
u
lt
y
M
e
m
b
e
r
in
th
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
P
h
y
sic
s
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
CU,
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
ro
m
o
ted
t
o
a
F
u
ll
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
sa
m
e
d
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
in
2
0
0
4
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
e
rio
d
2
0
1
4
-
2
0
1
6
,
sh
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
th
e
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
th
e
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Ce
n
te
r
f
o
r
Ca
r
e
e
r
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
CU.
S
in
c
e
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
6
,
sh
e
w
a
s
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s t
h
e
Ch
a
irm
a
n
o
f
th
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s an
d
P
h
y
sic
s De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
CU.
S
h
e
c
o
-
a
u
th
o
re
d
o
n
e
b
o
o
k
,
c
o
n
t
rib
u
ted
o
n
e
c
h
a
p
ter t
o
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
6
0
re
f
e
re
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs.
P
ro
f
.
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
f
iz
is
a
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
1
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
S
tate
En
c
o
u
ra
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
rize
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
2
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
Aw
a
rd
f
ro
m
th
e
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
M
in
istry
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
re
c
ip
ie
n
t
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
4
A
f
ri
c
a
n
Un
io
n
Kw
a
m
e
Nk
ru
m
a
h
Re
g
io
n
a
l
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Aw
a
rd
f
o
r
Wo
m
e
n
in
b
a
sic
sc
ien
c
e
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
se
v
e
r
a
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
wa
rd
s f
ro
m
Ca
iro
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
d
a
n
IE
EE
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.