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I
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o
f
AAS
A
o
v
er
MA
C
la
y
er
le
ad
s
to
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
p
r
o
p
er
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
esig
n
o
f
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
w
itc
h
ed
b
ea
m
s
m
ar
t
an
ten
n
as
(
SB
SAs
)
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
la
y
er
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
(
C
L
AR
A
)
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ad
ap
tiv
e
ar
r
a
y
(
HAA
)
.
Th
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
(
H
S
A
S
)
co
m
b
i
n
e
s
b
o
th
AAS
A
a
n
d
S
B
S
A
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
th
a
n
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
(
s
ec
tio
n
2
)
,
r
es
u
lts
i
n
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
(
s
ec
tio
n
3
)
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
&
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e
(
s
ec
tio
n
4
)
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
to
d
a
y
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
ca
n
b
e
attain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
etter
b
an
d
w
id
th
as
w
ell
as
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate.
B
e
ca
u
ase
o
f
li
m
i
ted
av
ai
lab
le
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
h
ig
h
er
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
is
a
cr
itical
tas
k
.
Hen
ce
,
a
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
(
P
h
y
l)
a
n
d
m
ed
ia
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
M
AC
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
O
FDM
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
f
u
l
f
i
ll
th
e
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
(
R
o
h
lin
g
et
al.
[
1
3
]
)
.
T
h
e
OFDM
i
s
w
id
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
s
u
c
h
as
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
g
,
lo
n
g
ter
m
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
L
T
E
)
,
etc.
(
Hu
et
al.
[
1
4
]
)
.
T
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
OFDM
is
t
h
at
it
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
h
ig
h
r
ate
s
tr
ea
m
s
o
f
d
ata
in
to
lo
w
r
ate
s
tr
ea
m
s
o
f
d
ata
o
v
er
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
o
v
er
th
e
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
ti
m
es
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
tr
ies
w
er
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
atta
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
S
h
i
v
ap
an
c
h
ak
s
h
ar
i
a
n
d
A
r
a
v
in
d
a
[
1
5
]
)
h
as p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
id
ea
s
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t a
n
te
n
n
a.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
[
1
6
]
a
s
w
itc
h
ed
b
ea
m
s
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
s
w
ell
as
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
r
o
u
b
s
t
m
ea
c
h
an
is
m
o
f
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
(
Sp
ac
e
-
ti
m
e)
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
(
Z
h
a
n
g
an
d
W
an
g
[
1
7
]
)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
u
lti
u
s
er
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
A
s
u
b
s
p
ac
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
tr
ai
n
th
e
d
ata
b
lo
ck
s
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
u
b
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
th
e
[
1
7
]
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
t
h
at
th
e
s
p
ac
e
t
i
m
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
f
o
r
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
eq
u
a
lizer
t
h
a
n
ex
is
t
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
Su
b
r
a
m
a
n
iu
m
a
n
d
R
o
u
t
[
1
8
]
)
p
r
esen
ted
an
ar
tif
icial
i
n
t
ellig
e
n
ce
(
A
I
)
ab
s
ed
tu
r
b
o
co
d
ed
OFDM
m
o
d
el
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
t
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
w
h
ic
h
is
a
p
r
im
e
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
m
es
u
p
w
i
th
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
B
en
za
r
ti
a
n
d
A
b
d
ell
ao
u
i
[
1
9
]
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
SISO
a
m
d
MI
MO
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
y
ad
ap
ti
n
g
s
m
ar
t
an
ten
n
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
a
n
d
attain
ed
b
etter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
.
I
n
(
B
o
u
d
et
al.
[
2
0
]
)
an
an
g
le
o
f
ar
r
iv
a
l
an
d
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
th
e
est
i
m
at
io
n
o
f
Do
p
p
ler
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
ae
r
o
n
au
t
ical
s
atell
ite
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
in
ter
ca
r
r
ier
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
a
er
o
n
au
tical
s
atell
ite
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
C
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
ass
iv
e
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
f
o
r
th
e
u
p
li
n
k
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
p
r
esen
te
d
in
(
J
ac
o
b
s
s
s
o
n
et
al.
[
2
1
]
)
.
T
h
e
B
u
s
s
g
a
n
g
t
h
eo
r
e
m
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
im
p
ai
r
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
ltiu
s
er
M
I
MO
-
OF
DM
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
at
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
h
ar
d
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
f
ad
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
e
h
icle
to
v
e
h
icle
i
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
(
Ki
m
et
al.
[
2
2
]
)
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
m
ar
t
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
.
W
it
h
t
h
is
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
,
t
h
e
f
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
t is r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
in
t
h
e
W
iM
A
X
w
it
h
lo
w
-
d
en
s
it
y
p
ar
ity
-
c
h
e
ck
(
L
DP
C
)
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
(
C
h
ee
m
a
a
n
d
K
u
l
k
a
r
n
i
[
2
3
]
)
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
latio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
at
lo
w
B
E
R
is
ac
h
iev
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
DF
C
co
d
es.
T
h
ese
g
r
ap
h
s
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
T
an
n
er
g
r
ap
h
h
av
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
cy
cle
s
w
h
ich
m
i
n
i
m
izes
t
h
e
L
DF
C
d
ec
o
d
er
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
g
g
es
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
M
I
M
O
-
OF
D
M
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
at
e
,
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
e
li
a
b
i
li
ty
,
an
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
an
g
e
.
A
d
e
e
p
l
e
ar
n
in
g
b
a
s
e
d
a
r
c
h
i
r
e
c
tu
r
e
f
o
r
OF
D
M
is
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
in
(
B
a
le
v
i
an
d
A
n
d
r
ew
s
[
2
4
]
)
.
Un
d
er
co
m
p
le
x
s
in
g
le
b
it
q
u
an
tizatio
n
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t,
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
lead
s
to
co
m
p
le
x
d
ata
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
lo
w
er
s
t
h
e
B
E
R
at
SN
R
o
f
d
B
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
o
f
th
e
MI
MO
-
OFDM
i
n
S
A
T
C
OM
is
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
(
Su
g
a
n
y
a
an
d
Gan
d
h
ir
aj
[
2
5
]
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
ee
n
t
MI
MO
-
OFD
M
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
atell
ite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
id
ea
lizes
th
e
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
s
co
p
es.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
T
ao
an
d
Z
h
o
u
[
2
6
]
)
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
lo
ca
lizati
o
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
MI
MO
w
i
th
d
i
v
er
s
it
y
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
s
m
ar
t
a
n
te
n
n
a
a
n
d
ac
h
i
ev
ed
a
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
th
e
m
u
ltip
at
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
Se
y
d
n
ej
ad
an
d
Ak
h
za
r
i
[
2
7
]
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
P
r
e
-
FF
T
an
d
p
o
s
t
FF
T
b
ased
ti
m
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
f
o
r
o
n
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
m
u
l
tip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t (
OI
MO
)
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
(
C
h
e
n
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
)
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
f
u
tu
r
e
i
d
ea
s
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
a
n
d
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
it.
A
r
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
B
o
u
s
tan
i
et
al.
[
2
9
]
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
ar
r
iv
al
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
th
e
s
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
to
an
alze
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
w
ir
eless
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
(
R
o
za
in
i
et
al.
[
3
0
]
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
attain
ed
lo
w
co
m
p
le
x
s
y
s
te
m
.
An
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
(
A
it
-
Saad
i
et
al.
[
3
1
]
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
s
el
f
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
alg
o
r
itj
m
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ar
e
y
et
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
c
h
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
S
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
a
n
d
O
FDM.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Yo
u
s
s
if
et
al.
[
3
2
]
h
a
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
r
esid
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
CL
-
SA
-
OF
DM:
cro
s
s
-
la
ye
r
a
n
d
s
ma
r
t a
n
ten
n
a
b
a
s
ed
OF
DM syst
em
... (
S
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ch
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i T
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4665
n
u
m
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o
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eth
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f
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
i
m
a
g
e
b
r
o
d
ca
s
tin
g
o
n
MI
MO
-
OF
DM
tr
a
n
s
ce
iv
er
b
r
o
ad
ca
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
cto
m
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ill
u
s
tr
ates
ab
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
a
s
w
e
ll
as
w
it
h
o
u
t RN
M
-
co
d
in
g
e
x
ec
u
ti
o
n
.
Yo
u
s
s
ef
e
t a
l.
[
3
3
]
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
esid
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
as a
co
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
e
en
im
p
e
d
e
d
in
th
e
M
I
MI
-
OF
D
M
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
es
,
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
c
o
m
p
ass
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
OF
DM
t
o
o
f
f
s
et
s
th
a
t
l
ea
d
t
o
l
o
s
s
o
f
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
lly
,
in
t
r
u
s
i
o
n
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
p
o
v
e
r
ty
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
L
ef
t
ah
an
d
A
lm
in
s
h
i
d
[
3
4
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
DHT
p
r
ec
o
d
ed
MI
MO
-
OFDM
m
et
h
o
d
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
-
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
ad
in
g
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
h
u
g
e
-
s
iz
e
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
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n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
c
h
an
n
el
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
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p
o
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ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
MI
MO
-
OFD
M
ex
clu
s
i
v
e
o
f
a
p
r
e
-
co
d
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tate
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t is
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
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te
n
n
a
w
it
h
OFDM
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
n
d
b
y
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
eu
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
v
er
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
b
ea
m
s
f
o
r
s
p
atiall
y
s
ep
ar
ated
u
s
er
s
[
1
-
15
].
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
u
s
er
s
ig
n
a
l
-
to
-
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
-
p
lu
s
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SIN
R
)
as
it
u
s
es
h
ig
h
er
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
es.
T
h
e
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
o
u
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
w
ith
AAS
A
ca
n
o
f
f
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
lo
w
er
co
s
t
th
an
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
S
B
SA
[
8
]
.
I
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
w
it
h
AA
S
A
at
b
ase
s
tatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
v
er
in
g
ea
ch
u
s
er
an
d
is
a
n
o
t
b
etter
id
ea
b
ec
au
s
e
:
(
a)
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
o
f
AAS
A
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
tr
ain
in
g
o
r
Dir
ec
tio
n
of
A
r
r
i
v
al
(
DO
A
)
w
h
er
eDO
A
p
u
t
lo
ts
o
f
lo
ad
on
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
an
d
M
AC
l
a
y
er
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
s
i
n
a
ce
ll
ar
e
o
f
lo
w
d
ata
r
ate
(
L
D
R
)
o
r
v
o
ice
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
L
D
R
h
o
ld
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
o
r
t
w
o
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
f
u
ll
y
lo
ad
ed
,
th
e
n
th
e
L
DR
u
s
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
a
n
th
e
s
ep
ar
ate
ad
ap
t
iv
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ep
ar
atel
y
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
u
s
er
s
[
1
0
]
.
Hen
ce
,
to
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
AAS
A
i
n
th
e
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
ca
n
lead
to
co
m
p
licated
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ec
o
m
e
s
u
n
s
tab
le
,
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
ad
ap
t
i
v
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
n
o
t
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
s
u
b
o
p
ti
m
al
an
d
r
ea
lis
tic
s
m
ar
t
an
ten
n
a
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
OF
DM
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
ad
o
p
ted
is
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
ai
m
s
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
u
s
a
g
e
o
v
er
OFDM
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
(
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
)
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itec
t
u
r
al
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
i
s
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
an
d
is
n
a
m
ed
as
"
C
r
o
s
s
-
la
ye
r
and
s
ma
r
t
a
n
te
n
n
a
b
a
s
ed
OF
DM
(
C
L
-
SA
-
OF
DM
)
s
yst
em
.
"
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
u
tili
ze
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
u
n
its
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
,
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
et
o
f
u
s
er
s
1
,
2
.
.
.
N
w
ith
s
e
r
ial
b
it
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
an
d
b
it
allo
ca
tio
n
u
n
it
(
B
A
U)
.
I
n
B
A
U,
u
s
er
b
its
ar
e
lo
ad
ed
on
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
ca
r
r
i
er
s
.
L
ater
,
th
e
B
A
U
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Q
-
ad
ap
t
i
v
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
an
d
to
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
lev
els
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
.
)
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
ad
ap
t
i
v
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
w
h
ich
s
m
ar
t
an
ten
n
a
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
attain
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
Qu
alit
y
o
f
Ser
v
ice
(
Qo
S)
.
AAS
A
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
r
ea
l
v
id
eo
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
(
o
f
h
i
g
h
d
ata
r
ate
)
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
g
r
o
u
p
.
Als
o
,
f
o
r
lo
w
d
ata
(
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ice
d
ata)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
AAS
Au
tili
ze
s
le
s
s
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
an
te
n
n
a
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
in
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
co
n
v
er
ted
s
a
m
p
les
o
f
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
a
m
p
le
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
i
n
v
er
s
e
F
FT
(
I
FF
T
)
an
d
to
th
is
C
y
clic
P
r
ef
i
x
(
C
P
)
is
a
d
d
ed
.
T
h
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
w
i
ll b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
o
v
er
v
i
a
an
ten
n
as (
1
,
2
…
N
).
2
.
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ad
ap
t
iv
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
at
clo
s
s
la
y
er
an
d
s
m
ar
t
an
ten
n
a
b
ased
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
.
Algorithm for
Cross
-
Layer and Smart antenna based OFDM (CL
-
SA
-
OFDM) system
Input:
Input signal Data
Output:
Performance enhancement in the OFDM system
Start:
Step
-
1:
Perform
Generation packets (P) for different users
Step
-
2:
Apply
carrier (C) & Bit allocation (B)
Step
-
3:
Use
Adaptive modulation (Mod
-
A)
Step
-
4:
Apply
Beamforming (Bf)
process and OFDM modulation
Step
-
5:
Consider
channel condition (Cn)
Noisy Data
Step
-
6:
Apply
OFDM demodulation
Step
-
7:
Extract
the demodulated data
Step
-
8:
Use
Adaptive demodulation
get original data
Step
-
9:
Collect
transmitted packet (P)
Step
-
10:
Perform
Results analysis
End
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
6
3
-
4670
4666
T
h
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
(
P
)
.
On
th
e
s
e
g
en
er
ated
P
,
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
(
C
)
an
d
B
it
A
llo
ca
tio
n
(
B
)
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
lat
i
o
n
(
m
o
d
A
)
is
u
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
m
o
d
if
ie
s
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
m
o
b
il
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
en
B
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
(
B
f
)
is
u
til
ized
an
d
is
an
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t c
o
n
s
id
er
s
m
o
r
e
an
te
n
n
as to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
i
g
n
al
.
T
h
en
th
e
C
h
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
(
C
n
)
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
g
et
t
h
e
n
o
is
y
d
ata
o
v
er
OF
DM
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata.
OFDM
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
is
ap
p
lied
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e
a
n
d
o
b
tain
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
P
,
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
r
es
u
l
ts
.
U
s
e
r
1
U
s
e
r
2
U
s
e
r
N
R
a
t
e
1
R
a
t
e
2
R
a
t
e
N
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
a
n
d
B
i
t
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
P
C
r
o
s
s
L
a
y
e
r
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
L
A
R
A
)
&
H
y
b
r
i
d
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
A
r
r
a
y
(
H
A
A
)
B
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
(
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
B
e
a
m
S
m
a
r
t
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
(
S
B
S
A
)
O
r
H
A
A
)
I
F
F
T
I
F
F
T
I
F
F
T
1
2
N
C
y
c
l
i
c
P
r
e
f
i
x
C
y
c
l
i
c
P
r
e
f
i
x
C
y
c
l
i
c
P
r
e
f
i
x
1
2
N
1
2
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
r
ch
itectu
r
al
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
2.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
A
L
YS
I
S
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
r
o
s
s
-
L
a
y
er
an
d
S
m
ar
t
a
n
ten
n
a
b
a
s
e
d
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
(
C
L
-
SM
-
OFDM)
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
v
er
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
W
h
ile
d
esi
g
n
in
g
th
e
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
I
I
I
b
ea
m
s
a
n
d
VI
b
ea
m
s
a
n
ten
n
a
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
S
A
s
li
k
e
H
y
b
r
id
S
A
,
P
er
f
ec
t
S
A
,
an
d
S
w
itch
ed
b
ea
m
S
A
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
u
n
d
er
r
an
d
o
m
(
3
5
to
2
1
0
)
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
in
p
u
t
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
d
ata
b
its
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
OFDM
an
d
ar
e
n
ee
d
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
b
i
n
ar
y
d
ata
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
w
it
h
a
p
o
w
er
le
v
el
o
f
0
:0
.
2
:1
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
it
to
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
,
w
h
i
ch
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
m
o
d
i
f
ie
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
a
n
n
el
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
r
ad
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
R
F)
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
is
a
n
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
i
n
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
m
o
r
e
a
n
te
n
n
as
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
ig
n
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
CL
-
SA
-
OF
DM:
cro
s
s
-
la
ye
r
a
n
d
s
ma
r
t a
n
ten
n
a
b
a
s
ed
OF
DM syst
em
... (
S
h
iva
p
a
n
ch
a
ksh
a
r
i T
.
G
.
)
4667
T
h
e
OFDM
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
is
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
in
to
an
o
th
er
s
ig
n
al
h
a
v
i
n
g
h
ig
h
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
O
FD
M
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
is
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
ch
an
n
el
c
o
n
d
itio
n
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
is
OFD
M
m
o
d
u
lated
d
a
t
a
w
h
ich
g
i
v
es
n
o
i
s
y
d
ata
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
OFDM
d
em
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
d
e
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
g
n
al
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
F
FT
o
p
er
atio
n
in
p
ar
allel
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
a
nd
it
g
i
v
es t
h
e
co
llect
ed
s
ig
n
a
l a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
ad
ap
ti
v
e
d
em
o
d
u
la
tio
n
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
g
et
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
d
ata
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gen
er
ated
b
in
ar
y
d
at
a
s
tr
ea
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
ar
r
ier
p
o
w
er
lev
e
l
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
OFDM
m
o
d
u
la
ted
d
ata
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
No
is
y
d
ata
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
6
3
-
4670
4668
Fig
u
r
e
8
OFDM
d
e
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ata
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
o
llected
d
ata
af
ter
OFDM
d
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
C
o
llected
d
ata
af
ter
A
d
ap
tiv
e
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE AN
AL
YS
I
S
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
T
ab
le
s
1
-
3
b
y
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
v
o
ice
u
s
er
p
ac
k
et
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
f
ix
ed
b
it
-
r
ate
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
av
e
r
ag
e
d
ela
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
Me
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S
[1
]
R
.
G
e
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z
a
g
u
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t,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
5G
m
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h
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f
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o
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IEE
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Glo
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p
s
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s)
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2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
J
.
M
u
ñ
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z
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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f
IEE
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0
2
.
1
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.
4
g
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a
n
d
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ts
A
p
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W
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.
[3
]
C.
S
tu
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d
G
.
Du
risi
,
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Qu
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[4
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,
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[5
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2
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.
[6
]
S
.
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t
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l
.
,
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[7
]
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.
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lev
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J
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2
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[8
]
S
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,
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t
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l
.
,
“
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F
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2
0
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5
9
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In
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l
Co
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(
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ECO)
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[9
]
C
.
G
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t
a
l
.
,
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s
m
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ten
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a
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a
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ti
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s
,
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IEE
E
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sa
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ti
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s
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An
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d
Pr
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ti
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,
v
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l
.
63
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
5
3
2
5
-
5
3
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
A
.
S
.
Olu
w
o
le,
a
n
d
V
.
M
.
S
ri
v
a
sta
v
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
s
m
a
rt
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
it
h
im
p
ro
v
e
d
sig
n
a
l
q
u
a
l
it
y
a
n
d
sp
a
ti
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
Pro
g
re
ss
in
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
e
ti
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
S
y
mp
o
siu
m (
PIE
RS
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
C
.
Kim
,
T
.
Ki
m
,
a
n
d
J
.
-
Y
.
S
e
o
l
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
b
e
a
m
tran
s
m
is
sio
n
d
iv
e
rsity
w
it
h
h
y
b
rid
b
e
a
m
f
o
rm
in
g
f
o
r
M
IM
O
-
OFD
M
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
in
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
Glo
b
e
c
o
m W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
GC W
k
sh
p
s)
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
M
.
W
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
On
OFDM
a
n
d
S
C
-
F
DE
tran
sm
issio
n
s
in
m
il
li
m
e
ter
w
a
v
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
w
it
h
b
e
a
m
f
o
rm
in
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
8
3
rd
Veh
icu
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
VT
C
S
p
ri
n
g
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
H
.
Ro
h
li
n
g
a
n
d
T
.
M
a
y
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
S
K
a
n
d
D
P
S
K
M
o
d
u
latio
n
in
a
Co
d
e
d
OFDM
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
4
7
t
h
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
4
]
H
.
Hu
,
K
.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
e
c
k
e
rle
,
“
H
y
b
rid
s
m
a
rt
a
n
ten
n
a
s
f
o
r
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
s
-
a
c
ro
ss
-
la
y
e
r
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
IEE
E
1
6
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Per
so
n
a
l,
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Ra
d
i
o
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
0
5
-
PIM
RC
2
0
0
5
,
v
o
l.
4
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
5
]
T
.
G
.
S
h
v
iap
a
n
c
h
a
k
sh
a
ri
a
n
d
H.
S
.
A
ra
v
in
d
a
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
m
a
rt
A
n
ten
n
a
,
”
Op
e
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
An
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
02
,
p
p
.
83
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
T
.
G
.
S
h
v
iap
a
n
c
h
a
k
sh
a
ri
a
n
d
H.
S
.
A
ra
v
in
d
a
,
“
A
n
Eff
icie
n
t
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
Co
m
p
lex
it
y
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
OFDM
Us
in
g
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
Be
a
m
S
m
a
rt
A
n
ten
n
a
(S
S
A
)
,
”
in
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
On
-
li
n
e
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
9
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
1
9
8
1
3
-
8
_
7
.
[1
7
]
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
m
u
lt
i
-
b
ra
n
c
h
sp
a
c
e
–
ti
m
e
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
o
r
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
,
”
Dig
it
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l.
65
,
p
p
.
63
-
70
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
P
.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
iu
m
,
a
n
d
R
.
D.
Ra
u
t
,
“
AI
-
e
n
a
b
led
t
u
rb
o
-
c
o
d
e
d
OF
DM
sy
st
e
m
f
o
r
im
p
ro
v
e
d
BER
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
u
p
e
rc
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
11
,
2
0
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
0
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
6
3
-
4670
4670
[1
9
]
M.
Be
n
z
a
rti
a
n
d
Z
.
A
b
d
e
ll
a
o
u
i
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
tV
Ie
S
tu
d
y
o
f
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
o
n
in
S
IS
O
a
n
d
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
7
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
S
ET
I
T
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
H
.
Bo
u
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Do
p
p
ler
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
e
ro
n
a
u
ti
c
a
l
sa
telli
t
e
OFDM
sy
st
e
m
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
8
t
h
IEE
E
An
n
u
a
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
le Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IEM
CON)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
1
]
S
.
Ja
c
o
b
ss
o
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
a
ss
V
Ie
M
U
-
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
U
p
li
n
k
w
it
h
Ha
rd
w
a
r
e
I
m
p
a
ir
m
e
n
ts:
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
5
2
n
d
Asil
o
m
a
r Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ig
n
a
ls
,
S
y
ste
ms
,
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
s
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
J.
-
H.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
f
a
d
in
g
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
th
e
d
V
Ie
rsi
ty
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
2
×
2
s
m
a
rt
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
8
0
2
.
1
1
p
W
A
V
E
V
2
V
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
Nin
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s
a
n
d
Fu
t
u
re
Ne
two
rk
s (
ICUFN)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
3
]
M
.
Ch
e
e
m
a
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
Ku
lk
a
rn
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
M
IM
O
OFDM
Ba
s
e
d
W
iM
A
X
s
y
st
e
m
w
it
h
L
DP
C
,
”
in
2
0
1
5
F
if
t
h
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
ICACC)
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
E
.
Ba
lev
i,
a
n
d
J
.
G
.
A
n
d
re
w
s
,
“
Re
li
a
b
le
L
o
w
Re
so
lu
ti
o
n
OFDM
Re
c
e
V
Ie
rs
v
ia
De
e
p
Lea
rn
in
g
,
”
in
2
0
1
8
5
2
n
d
Asil
o
ma
r C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ig
n
a
ls
,
S
y
ste
ms
,
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
M
.
S
u
g
a
n
y
a
,
a
n
d
R.
Ga
n
d
h
iraj
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
M
IM
O
a
n
d
OFDM
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
S
AT
C
OM
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
(
ICCS
P)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
6
]
C.
T
a
o
a
n
d
B
.
Zh
o
u
,
“
In
d
o
o
r
L
o
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
S
m
a
rt
A
n
ten
n
a
S
y
ste
m
:
M
u
lt
ip
a
th
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
M
IM
O
Be
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
1
4
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Ad
Ho
c
a
n
d
S
e
n
so
r
S
y
ste
ms
(
M
AS
S
)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
S
.
R
.
S
e
y
d
n
e
jad
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
k
h
z
a
ri
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
re
-
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
F
F
T
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
i
n
p
il
o
t
-
a
ss
isted
S
IM
O
-
OFDM
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
61
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
1
-
4
8
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
D.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
OQ
A
M
-
OFDM
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
F
u
tu
re
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Ke
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
7
8
8
-
3
8
0
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
9
]
B.
Bo
u
sta
n
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
d
irec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rriv
a
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
a
n
ten
n
a
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
7
3
-
4
8
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
0
]
M
.
D.
Ro
z
a
in
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
e
d
ian
c
o
d
e
w
o
rd
sh
if
t
(M
CS
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
P
A
P
R
re
d
u
c
ti
o
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o
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lex
it
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sy
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m
,
”
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ter
n
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ti
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a
l
J
o
u
r
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o
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(
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,
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0
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[3
1
]
H.
A
it
-
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a
a
d
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.
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.
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o
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rd
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d
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.
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u
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ss
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m
,
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lg
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h
m
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ter
n
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o
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[3
2
]
M
.
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.
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m
a
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
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.
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g
h
a
n
y
,
“
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m
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g
e
m
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g
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m
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s
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m
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o
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r
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IM
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-
OFDM
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
sy
ste
m
,
”
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ter
n
a
ti
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n
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l
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o
u
rn
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l
o
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trica
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n
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o
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,
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l.
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p
.
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0
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.
[3
3
]
M
.
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.
Yo
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ss
e
f
,
a
n
d
A
.
E.
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m
a
m
,
“
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a
n
d
P
A
P
R
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
in
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
RN
S
c
o
d
in
g
,
”
IOP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s: M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
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ien
c
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a
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g
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e
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g
,
v
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l
.
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1
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0
1
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.
[3
4
]
H
.
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.
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tah
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d
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.
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lm
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sh
id
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“
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a
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a
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it
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e
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o
rm
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n
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e
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lu
a
ti
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o
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re
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d
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IM
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-
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s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
larg
e
-
siz
e
c
o
n
ste
ll
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
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mp
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ter
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n
g
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n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
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,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
0
2
4
-
5
0
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
h
iv
a
p
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n
c
h
a
k
sha
r
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T
.
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.
is
w
o
rk
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g
a
sa
s
sista
n
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
.
He
is
p
u
rs
u
in
g
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
V
isv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
lag
a
v
i,
In
d
ia.
His f
ield
s o
f
in
tere
st are
sm
a
rt
a
n
ten
n
a
s,
e
lec
tro
m
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g
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s a
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ic
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.
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h
a
s p
u
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sh
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m
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p
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rs o
n
sm
a
rt
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ten
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s.
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.
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.
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.
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a
v
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ro
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n
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a
d
o
f
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
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n
t
o
f
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in
JSS
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E,
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n
g
a
lo
re
.
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h
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s
o
b
tain
e
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h
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h
D
d
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f
ro
m
V
isv
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s
v
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ra
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a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ic
a
l
Un
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rsity
,
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la
g
a
v
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In
d
ia.
His
f
ield
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o
f
in
tere
st
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re
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ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
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n
d
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o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
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h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
a
n
y
p
a
p
e
rs
in
re
p
u
ted
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
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n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
sig
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
g
u
i
d
i
n
g
six
re
se
a
rc
h
sc
h
o
lars
.
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