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Nig
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[
3
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.
A
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[
3
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.
Nig
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in
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co
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[
5
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6
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.
I
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th
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[
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.
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[
1
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,
1
1
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.
Du
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to
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le
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
m
ee
t
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
d
-
u
s
er
s
[
1
2
]
.
On
e
s
u
ch
o
p
tio
n
is
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
o
w
er
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
in
clo
s
e
p
r
o
x
i
m
it
y
to
th
e
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
r
lo
ad
n
o
d
e
is
ter
m
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
r
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
p
o
w
e
r
g
en
er
atio
n
[
1
3
-
1
6
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
t
ed
o
r
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
atio
n
(
E
G)
is
o
f
te
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ef
er
to
elec
tr
icit
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
n
a
s
m
a
ll
-
s
ca
le
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
C
I
R
E
D
an
d
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
9
]
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
e
x
ac
t
m
ea
n
i
n
g
o
f
E
G
as a
t p
r
esen
t [
2
0
]
.
E
G
w
as
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
as
g
en
er
a
tin
g
u
n
its
,
w
h
o
s
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
5
0
to
1
0
0
MW
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
u
t
n
o
t
p
lan
n
ed
o
r
d
is
p
atch
ed
ce
n
tr
all
y
in
[
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
E
G
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
g
e
n
er
atin
g
u
n
it
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
n
et
wo
r
k
d
ir
ec
tl
y
b
y
th
e
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
a
g
e
n
c
y
(
I
E
A
)
w
it
h
n
o
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
m
ad
e
to
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
Mo
s
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
s
e
v
er
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
in
co
m
m
o
n
.
T
h
ese
in
cl
u
d
e
[
1
4
]
:
S
m
a
ll r
ati
n
g
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
eg
u
lar
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
s
;
Mo
s
tl
y
o
w
n
ed
b
y
p
r
iv
a
te
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
o
r
b
o
d
ies;
N
o
t d
is
p
atch
ed
ce
n
tr
all
y
;
Co
n
n
ec
ted
to
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
T
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
E
Gs
in
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
as
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
co
s
t
s
av
i
n
g
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
as
p
o
w
er
is
g
e
n
er
ated
o
n
-
s
i
t
e
[
1
4
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
E
G
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
o
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
E
G
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
als
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
,
r
eliab
il
it
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
P
ea
k
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
s
ta
n
d
b
y
a
n
d
co
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
as
w
ell
as
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
ar
e
o
th
er
b
en
ef
its
o
f
E
G
s
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
te
ch
n
ica
l,
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
a
n
d
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
y
i
s
s
u
es
w
h
en
E
G
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
o
w
er
q
u
a
lit
y
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
es
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
2
8
]
.
P
r
o
tectio
n
is
also
a
n
i
s
s
u
e,
a
s
n
e
w
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
c
h
e
m
es
wo
u
ld
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
s
a
n
d
u
tili
t
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Gen
er
atio
n
r
e
m
ai
n
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
o
p
tio
n
s
av
ailab
le
to
r
a
m
p
u
p
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
n
th
e
Ni
g
er
ian
elec
tr
icit
y
g
r
id
.
Ma
n
y
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
i
es
h
a
v
e
s
h
u
t
d
o
w
n
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
i
s
co
u
n
tr
y
d
u
e
to
th
is
er
r
atic
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
e
m
b
r
ac
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
j
u
s
t
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
to
s
a
y
t
h
at
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ec
au
s
e
w
e
h
a
v
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
g
a
s
to
f
ir
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
.
A
d
eq
u
ate
co
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
in
te
g
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
Gs
i
n
to
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
p
o
w
er
q
u
a
lit
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Gen
er
atio
n
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
Ni
g
er
ia.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
is
s
u
es
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
ar
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
a
n
d
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
i
n
th
e
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
E
G
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
s
t
u
d
ies,
d
et
er
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
ad
j
u
d
g
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
[
2
9
]
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
esti
m
ated
th
e
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
es
b
y
r
u
n
n
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
,
w
h
ich
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
t
h
an
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
i
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
f
o
r
r
ea
s
o
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
:
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
u
s
es/
n
o
d
es,
r
ad
ial
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
r
atio
o
f
r
esis
ta
n
ce
to
r
ea
cta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
0
-
3
4
]
,
lo
a
d
-
f
lo
w
S
tu
d
ies ar
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
:
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
(
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es,
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
-
f
lo
w
i
n
all
b
r
an
ch
es a
n
d
f
ee
d
er
s
cir
cu
i
ts
)
.
W
h
eth
er
t
h
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
f
all
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
li
m
it
s
u
n
d
er
s
e
v
er
al
co
n
tin
g
e
n
c
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
w
el
l
as th
e
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
o
th
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
W
h
eth
er
th
er
e
b
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
o
r
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
VAR
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l p
lace
m
e
n
t o
f
V
AR
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lo
ad
-
f
lo
w
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
(
e.
g
.
Ne
w
to
n
-
R
ap
h
s
o
n
,
Gau
s
s
Sied
el
an
d
f
ast
-
d
ec
o
u
p
l
ed
)
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
ca
s
e
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
i
n
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
it
s
r
a
d
ial
o
r
w
ea
k
m
es
h
ed
n
atu
r
e,
h
i
g
h
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
to
r
ea
c
tan
ce
r
atio
an
d
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
3
5
,
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
v
er
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
i
n
s
o
lv
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
b
u
t
ar
e
in
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
as
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
a
y
n
o
t
co
n
v
er
g
e.
Hen
ce
in
t
h
i
s
r
es
ea
r
ch
w
o
r
k
,
NE
P
L
A
N
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
v
ia
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
w
as u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
: 9
5
6
-
9
6
5
958
E
lectr
ical
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
et
o
f
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
w
i
th
clea
r
l
y
d
ef
i
n
ed
lo
w
er
a
n
d
u
p
p
er
li
m
it
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
an
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
s
et
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
P
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
co
u
ld
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
esig
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
ch
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ca
n
u
tili
z
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
o
u
t
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
o
r
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
w
h
il
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
n
ea
r
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
es a
t r
ate
d
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
3
7
,
3
8
]
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
9
]
ar
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
w
ells
,
v
o
lta
g
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
,
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
,
r
ap
id
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
a
n
g
e,
f
l
ick
er
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
te
m
etc.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
tech
n
ical
i
s
s
u
es
w
o
r
t
h
y
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
h
e
n
in
te
g
r
atin
g
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
it
s
in
to
an
ex
is
t
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
4
0
]
.
E
lectr
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
t
h
a
s
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
m
e
et
ce
r
tain
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e,
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
P
o
o
r
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
h
a
s
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
ca
n
h
a
v
e
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
an
d
co
s
t
s
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
v
o
lta
g
e
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
all
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
p
ar
ties
:
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
No
n
li
n
ea
r
lo
ad
s
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lie
s
,
co
m
p
ac
t
f
lo
r
escen
t
la
m
p
s
,
elec
tr
ic
ar
c
f
u
r
n
ac
es,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
etc
ar
e
th
e
m
aj
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
4
2
,
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e:
i
m
p
a
i
r
ed
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
e
n
g
in
e
s
,
o
v
er
h
ea
ti
n
g
o
f
m
o
to
r
s
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
e
s
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
an
d
o
th
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
,
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
o
v
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
w
it
h
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l s
y
s
te
m
s
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
o
s
t
E
Gs
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ca
u
s
es
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
.
Ma
n
y
E
G
s
li
k
e
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
u
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
ele
ctr
o
n
ics
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
i
cs in
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
4
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
e
m
b
e
d
d
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
s
in
to
th
e
s
u
b
-
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
r
esu
lt
in
lo
t
s
o
f
tech
n
ica
l c
h
alle
n
g
es s
u
c
h
as
[4
3
]:
I
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
a
to
r
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
i
n
v
o
lta
g
e
r
is
e
in
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
r
ev
er
s
e
f
lo
w
o
f
p
o
w
er
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
lo
ad
in
g
le
v
el
s
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
ele
m
e
n
ts
(
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
an
d
lin
e
s
)
th
a
t
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
to
th
e
th
er
m
al
r
atin
g
s
b
ein
g
ex
ce
ed
ed
.
I
n
r
u
s
h
c
u
r
r
en
ts
ca
u
s
e
s
tep
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
w
h
e
n
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
an
d
/o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
en
er
g
ized
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Dis
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
g
e
n
er
ato
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
u
ld
also
r
esu
lt i
n
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
v
o
lta
g
e
W
h
en
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
le
v
el
in
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
clo
s
er
to
th
e
p
o
in
t o
f
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
m
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Net
w
o
r
k
in
s
tab
ilit
y
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lo
ca
l
E
Gs
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
its
ab
ilit
y
to
is
lan
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
lo
ad
s
in
t
h
e
ev
en
t o
f
f
ai
lu
r
e.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
in
to
a
w
ea
k
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
e
s
as
p
o
w
er
is
b
ein
g
f
o
r
ce
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
r
ea
lit
y
,
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
q
u
ali
t
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
tab
ili
t
y
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
s
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Sev
er
al
liter
at
u
r
e
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
i
n
clu
s
i
o
n
o
f
E
Gs
i
n
t
h
e
e
lectr
ic
g
r
i
d
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
q
u
ali
t
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
E
G
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
E
Gs o
n
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
it.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
ce
r
n
w
h
e
n
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
E
G
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
is
St
ea
d
y
s
tat
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
r
p
r
o
f
ile
at
all
b
u
s
es
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
il
es
an
d
th
e
to
tal
lo
s
s
o
n
th
e
li
n
e
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t E
G
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
No
r
m
a
ll
y
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
p
ass
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
s
ig
n
[
44
-
47
]
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
n
o
d
es
ig
n
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
is
m
ad
e
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
an
y
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
.
C
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
o
f
E
Gs
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
izes
an
d
t
y
p
e
s
co
n
v
er
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So
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in
j
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E
Gs
to
p
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ac
co
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[
4
8
]
ca
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s
tead
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(
l
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n
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ca
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o
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[
4
9
]
.
I
f
E
Gs
ar
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ca
r
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ll
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s
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a
n
d
p
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d
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[
5
0
]
.
I
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[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
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w
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v
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p
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2.
RE
S
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ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
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d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
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th
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a
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tr
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I
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DC
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ic
h
is
o
n
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o
f
th
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(
1
1
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d
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Ni
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T
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Og
b
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ated
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S
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as t
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B
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6
9
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d
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s
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T
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d
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tr
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t
w
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d
er
s
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a
t
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p
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ad
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w
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ca
b
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im
p
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(
Z
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8
4
1
1
.
T
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to
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s
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Hen
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s
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s
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n
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F
ig
u
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1
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3
.
1
.
M
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delin
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f
dies
el
g
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a
t
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r
Diesel
g
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m
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s
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N
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i.e
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1
8
0
0
r
p
m
;
t
h
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m
p
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Ge
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Gen
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(
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(
1
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[1
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icie
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[2
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Esa
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B.
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A
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h
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[3
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Ob
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r
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sig
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[4
]
S
.
O.
O
y
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d
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o
,
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En
e
rg
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a
n
d
su
sta
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1
5
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p
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2
.
[5
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IRENA
,
“
F
u
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Ro
le
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f
Distrib
u
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io
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S
y
ste
m
Op
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to
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IRE
NE,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
E.
N.
V
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D.
Yu
s
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,
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Nig
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tri
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G
rid
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ma
rt Grid
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p
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2
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0
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8
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.
[7
]
V
.
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Ke
rleta
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D.
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.
P
o
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“
H
y
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late
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a
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e
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ra
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W
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H.
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rstin
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,
“
Distrib
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S
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M
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a
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d
A
n
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sis,
”
Fo
u
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h
.
B
o
c
a
R
a
t
o
n
:
CRC
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
M
.
M
o
ra
d
z
a
d
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h
,
R.
Bo
e
l,
a
n
d
L
.
V
a
n
d
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v
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ld
e
,
“
A
n
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ti
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g
a
n
d
Co
o
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in
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ti
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g
V
o
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tag
e
Co
n
tro
l
f
o
r
In
terc
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n
n
e
c
ted
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,
”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
7
,
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.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
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7
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,
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0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
A
.
A
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
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n
d
D.
O.
Ko
v
a
l,
“
P
o
w
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Distrib
u
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o
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S
y
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m
R
e
li
a
b
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(P
ra
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ti
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M
e
th
o
d
s
a
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A
p
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ti
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s),”
Ne
w
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e
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e
y
:
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&
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o
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s,
I
n
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.
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
R.
L
.
A
.
F
a
u
c
i,
X
.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
M
A
,
“
I
m
p
li
m
e
n
ti
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g
th
e
S
tan
d
a
rd
iza
ti
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F
ra
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e
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rk
to
S
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De
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No
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ti
o
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Distrib
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ti
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Ne
tw
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icro
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rid
s,”
in
CIRE
D W
o
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sh
o
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a
,
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1
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2
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8
.
[1
2
]
F
.
Ca
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e
sc
u
,
L
.
F
.
Oc
h
o
a
,
H.
M
a
rg
o
ss
ian
,
a
n
d
N.
D.
Ha
tzi
a
rg
y
rio
u
,
“
A
ss
e
s
sin
g
th
e
P
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
Ne
tw
o
rk
Re
c
o
n
f
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g
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ra
ti
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to
Im
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ro
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e
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Ho
sti
n
g
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
in
Ac
ti
v
e
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s,”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
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l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
-
3
5
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
K.
W
.
Co
ste
ll
o
,
“
M
a
jo
r
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
fo
r
S
tate
Util
it
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is,”
T
h
e
El
e
c
tricity
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
-
2
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
L
.
I.
Du
lau
,
M
.
A
b
ru
d
e
a
n
,
a
n
d
D.
Bica
,
“
Ef
fe
c
ts
o
f
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
1
-
6
8
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
D.
F
e
d
e
re
n
c
iu
c
,
D.
S
tan
e
sc
u
,
a
n
d
N.
G
o
lo
v
a
n
o
v
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
i
n
d
ica
to
rs,”
i
n
2
3
rd
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tricity Distrib
u
ti
on
,
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[1
6
]
R.
K.
Ja
g
a
n
a
th
a
n
a
n
d
T
.
K.
S
a
h
a
,
“
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
tab
il
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
to
rs,”
in
Au
stra
l
a
sia
n
Un
ive
rs
it
ies
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
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e
(
AUPE
C
2
0
0
4
)
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
2
9
.
[1
7
]
J.
Drie
se
n
a
n
d
Be
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
P
o
ss
i
b
le
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s,”
i
n
2
0
0
6
IEE
E
Po
w
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
ng
,
M
o
n
tre
a
l,
Qu
e
.
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
8.
[1
8
]
M
.
B.
S
ig
a
lo
,
K.
Eze
,
a
n
d
R
.
U
s
m
a
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4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
7
]
C.
R.
Du
g
a
n
,
F
.
M
.
M
c
G
ra
n
a
g
h
a
n
,
S
.
S
a
n
to
s
o
,
a
n
d
H.
W
.
Be
a
t
y
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
Qu
a
li
ty
,
”
S
e
c
o
n
d
Ed
i
.
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
:
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
8
]
A
.
G
ó
m
e
z
-
Ex
p
ó
sito
,
A
.
J.
Co
n
e
jo
,
a
n
d
C.
A
.
Ca
ñ
iza
r
e
s,
Ed
s.,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s:
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
2
n
d
Ed
.
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
:
CRC
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
9
]
D.
O.
Jo
h
n
so
n
a
n
d
K.
A
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
“
Iss
u
e
s
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s
Iss
u
e
s
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
t
y
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
5
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
0
]
U.
S
h
a
h
z
a
d
,
S
.
Ka
h
ro
b
a
e
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
s
g
a
rp
o
o
r,
“
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
Dis
tri
b
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s,
”
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
1
4
-
6
5
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
K.
W
e
n
g
,
Y.
Wan
,
a
n
d
R.
Ku
m
a
r
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
n
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ial
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
m
it
ig
a
ti
n
g
P
V
g
rid
-
ti
e
d
re
late
d
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
e
v
e
n
ts,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
p
p
.
3
3
4
-
3
4
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
2
]
D.
S
a
x
e
n
a
,
S
.
Bh
a
u
m
ik
,
a
n
d
S
.
N.
S
in
g
h
,
“
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
M
u
lt
ip
le
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
S
o
u
rc
e
s
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
Op
ti
m
a
ll
y
P
lac
e
d
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
De
v
i
c
e
s,”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
8
3
-
2
4
9
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
3
]
X
.
L
ian
g
,
“
Em
e
r
g
in
g
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
Du
e
to
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s
X
iao
d
o
n
g
L
ian
g
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stry
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
5
-
8
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
4
4
]
L
.
H
e
r
m
a
n
,
I
.
P
a
p
i
c
,
a
n
d
B
.
B
l
a
z
i
c
,
“
A
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
-
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
H
y
b
r
i
d
A
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
F
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
i
n
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
5
-
2
0
6
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
5
]
M
.
M
.
Be
ll
o
,
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
S
.
P
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
N
e
t
w
o
rk
A
u
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
b
y
Distrib
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
0
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ha
n
g
z
h
o
u
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
[4
6
]
L
.
N.
Oc
h
o
a
,
A
.
Ke
a
n
e
,
a
n
d
G
.
H
a
rriso
n
,
“
M
in
im
izin
g
th
e
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
S
u
p
p
o
rt
f
o
r
Distrib
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
ra
t
io
n
:
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
P
a
ss
iv
e
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
S
a
n
Die
g
o
,
CA
,
2012
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
.
[4
7
]
S
.
Ru
e
ste
r,
S
.
S
c
h
w
e
n
e
n
,
C.
Ba
tl
le,
a
n
d
I.
P
é
re
z
-
a
rriag
a
,
“
F
ro
m
d
is
tri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s to
s
m
a
rt
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s :
Re
th
in
k
in
g
t
h
e
re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
DSOs,”
Util
it
ies
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
3
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
8
]
M
.
Ju
a
m
p
e
re
z
a
n
d
G
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
V
o
l
tag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
in
L
V
g
rid
s
b
y
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
ted
v
o
lt
-
v
a
r
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Clea
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
-
3
2
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
9
]
E.
Zi
o
,
M
.
De
lf
a
n
ti
,
L
.
G
io
rg
i,
V.
Oliv
ieri,
a
n
d
G
.
S
a
n
sa
v
in
i,
“
M
o
n
te
Ca
rlo
sim
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
isti
c
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
D
G
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
in
m
e
d
iu
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
p
p
.
8
5
2
-
8
6
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
0
]
K.
Ba
la
m
u
ru
g
a
n
,
D.
S
rin
iv
a
sa
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
Re
in
d
l,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Di
strib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
s
te
m
s,”
in
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
p
p
.
9
3
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
1
]
Ra
n
jan
R
a
n
d
V
e
n
k
a
tec
h
B.
,
“
V
o
l
tag
e
S
tab
il
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
ra
d
ial
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
0
1
-
5
1
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
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