Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
5, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2015
, pp
. 62
6
~
63
5
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
6
26
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Impedance Matching Method
in Two-Stage Converters for
Single Phase PV-Grid System
L. Heru Pratomo*
,
**
, F. Dana
ng
Wija
ya*,
Eka
Firma
n
sy
ah*
* Departement o
f
Electr
i
ca
l
Engineering
and
Info
rmation Techno
lo
g
y
, Gadjah Mada University
, In
donesia
** Depart
em
ent
of El
ectr
i
c
a
l
Eng
i
neer
ing,
S
o
eg
ijapranata C
a
tholic
University
, Indo
nesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Mar 16, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May
6, 201
5
Accepted
May 25, 2015
This paper pr
es
ents the stud
y
o
n
the impedan
c
e matching method in two-
stage conver
t
ers for single phase PV-gri
d sy
stem.
The use of PV
sy
stems was
to obtain
the e
l
e
c
tri
cal power fro
m
the
sunlight energ
y
. Th
e s
y
stem consisted
of a Bu
ck-Boost DC-DC conver
t
er
and
a fiv
e
-level
inverter. A
Buck-Boost
DC-DC converter was used as a means
of impedance matching
to obtain th
e
maximum power that, in this case, throug
h a method by
using the
increm
ent
a
l con
ductan
ce current
control algori
t
h
m
.
M
eanwhile a
five-l
evel
invert
er was
us
ed as
an interf
ac
e
to the
utilities.
B
y
using this technique, th
e
s
y
s
t
em
c
a
m
e
to
be s
i
m
p
le.
Th
e
i
m
p
edance
of th
e
power gr
id,
a B
u
ck-Boos
t
DC-DC converter, and
a five-level invert
er wer
e
seen b
y
PV mostly
in th
e
area of R
MP
P
, enabling th
e maximum po
wer produced b
y
th
e PV to be
deliv
ered to th
e
grid. To dem
onstrate th
e effe
c
tiven
ess of the design, the
anal
ysis
and sim
u
lation
resul
t
s,
f
u
rthermore, wer
e
provid
e
d.
Keyword:
Buck
-Bo
o
st D
C
-DC
Co
n
v
ert
e
r
Five-Le
v
el In
v
e
rter
Im
pedance M
a
t
c
hi
ng
PV-Grid
Tw
o-St
a
g
e C
o
nve
rt
ers
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
L. Heru
P
r
atom
o,
Depa
rt
em
ent
of El
ect
ri
cal
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on Te
chn
o
l
o
gy
,
Gad
j
a
h
M
a
da
Uni
v
ersity
,
Jl
.
G
r
afi
k
a No
2. Kam
pus UG
M
,
Y
ogy
a
k
art
a
,
5
5
2
8
1
,
I
n
do
n
e
si
a.
Em
a
il: h
e
ru
.s3
t
e1
2@m
a
il.u
g
m
.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
A sol
a
r e
n
er
gy
were cl
ean an
d free
of
pol
l
u
t
i
on, t
h
i
s
e
n
er
g
y
di
rect
l
y
convert
s i
n
t
o
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy
k
nown
as th
e
Pho
t
ov
o
ltaic (PV), th
is
d
e
v
i
ce ge
nerate el
ectricity
w
ith
ou
t pr
odu
cing
CO
2
. T
h
e tre
n
d of P
V
u
tilizatio
n
recen
tly is g
r
owing
v
e
ry
rap
i
d
l
y as seen
in
sev
e
ral app
licati
o
n
s
su
ch
as resid
e
n
ces,
o
f
fices and
i
n
d
u
st
ri
es.
The
PV
-g
ri
d
sy
st
em
has
m
a
ny
ad
vant
a
g
es
[1
,
2]
, o
n
e
o
f
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
o
e
nha
nce t
h
e i
n
st
al
l
e
d p
o
w
er i
n
the anticipation
of the
pea
k
l
o
ad,
for e
x
am
ple.
The PV-Gri
d syste
m
has been resea
r
che
d
since tw
o last
decades a
r
e a
lternative way
s
to deliver
act
i
v
e p
o
w
er
t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
.
Act
i
ve
po
wer
del
i
v
ery
t
e
c
hni
que
s ha
ve
bee
n
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed
[
3
,
4]
an
d t
o
m
a
ke i
t
m
o
re
afforda
b
le, pra
c
tical and
m
o
re com
p
act connection syst
em uses a technique without tra
n
sform
e
rs. The powe
r
u
tilizatio
n
syste
m
is
to
g
e
th
er
p
r
ov
en
to
b
e
; th
u
s
, th
e lo
ad
is b
o
rn
e
b
y
th
e m
o
re lig
h
tly [5
]. Th
e
m
a
g
n
itud
e
of
po
we
r br
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
t
h
e cor
r
el
at
i
on m
a
gni
t
u
d
e
of cu
rre
nt
is t
h
en
sen
t
th
ro
ug
h
th
e cu
rren
t
so
urce inv
e
rter an
d
it
is p
r
ov
en
to
tran
sm
it
p
o
w
er to
th
e grid
[6
,
7
]
. In
th
e PV s
y
ste
m
, a Buck-Boost DC
-DC
converter
use
d
as an
M
PPT (m
axim
um
powe
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
acke
r) i
s
use
d
t
o
obt
ai
n
t
h
e m
a
xim
u
m
po
we
r [
8
-
1
0]
. The P
V
-
g
ri
d
sy
st
em
c
o
ns
is
ts
of
two
-
s
t
ag
e
co
nv
erte
r
,
th
e f
i
s
t
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
u
a
lly u
s
ed
a D
C
-
D
C c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
ac
t a
s
MP
P
T
an
d th
e
second one is
inve
rter t
o
produce a
n
output c
u
rrent i
n
ph
ase with
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
d to
o
b
t
ain a
un
ity p
o
wer
f
acto
r
[11
-
1
6
]
. Th
e go
al id
ea
o
f
th
is topo
logy w
a
s easier
to tr
an
sm
it activ
e po
w
e
r
t
o
th
e
g
r
i
d
u
s
ing
a
voltag
e
sou
r
ce
i
n
vert
er
. T
h
e
pr
o
b
l
e
m
wi
t
h
t
h
i
s
c
onc
ept
,
t
h
ere
are
m
a
ny
of
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
desi
g
n
a
n
d m
u
ch
o
f
se
n
s
ors
o
n
i
nve
rt
er si
de.
Th
us, t
h
e sy
st
em
has poo
r eff
i
ci
ency
, due
t
o
a l
a
rge num
ber of d
e
vi
ces,
excessive size, heavy
wei
g
ht
, a
n
d
hi
gh
co
st
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
015
:
62
6
–
63
5
62
7
Di
ffe
re
nt
fr
om
t
h
e conce
p
t
t
h
at
has bee
n
d
e
scri
be
d;
t
h
e i
m
pedance
m
a
tchi
n
g
m
e
t
hod
i
n
t
w
o-
st
age
co
nv
erters fo
r
sin
g
l
e ph
ase PV-g
ri
d
system
will b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r. PV
h
a
d
a non
lin
ear ch
aract
eristi
c
cur
v
e,
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
w
oul
d
be
seen
by
t
h
e
PV m
o
stly b
e
in th
e area R
MPP
(m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
po
in
t). By ex
p
l
oitin
g
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod, a
n
im
pedance
o
f
t
h
e gri
d
, a fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
nvert
er and a B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
st
DC
-
D
C
conve
rt
er ha
s been
always certain to
b
e
at th
e
po
in
t of R
MPP.
There
b
y
,
i
t
wa
s po
ssi
bl
e t
o
p
e
rf
orm
a
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
d
e
l
i
v
ery
.
Thi
s
co
nt
rol
m
e
t
h
o
d
can re
du
ce t
h
e am
ount
of com
p
l
i
cat
ed cont
r
o
l
,
t
h
u
s
m
a
ki
ng t
h
e p
r
o
pos
ed co
nt
r
o
l
sy
st
em
hi
g
h
l
y
sim
p
l
e
. Furt
herm
ore,
t
h
e anal
y
s
i
s
and c
o
m
put
er
sim
u
l
a
t
i
ons h
a
ve bee
n
c
o
n
duct
e
d t
o
obt
ai
n t
h
e
expecte
d
acc
urate results.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Photovoltaic or PV re
fers t
o
a de
vice that
can
d
i
rectly co
nv
ert th
e sun
l
i
ght
e
n
er
gy
.
The
wo
r
k
p
r
i
n
cip
l
e
o
f
the PV will pro
d
u
ce a m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er as se
en
in Figure
1
.
An
in
crem
en
tal co
ndu
ctan
ce curren
t
co
n
t
ro
l m
e
th
o
d
wo
rk
s b
a
sed
on
th
e ex
p
l
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e po
wer Vs vo
ltag
e
curv
e. Th
e po
wer will b
e
max
i
mized
wh
en
satisfying
th
e fo
llowing equ
a
tio
n [10
]
:
PV
PV
PV
MPP
dV
I
V
d
dV
dP
0
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
dV
dI
V
dV
dV
I
PV
PV
PV
PV
dV
dI
V
I
(1
)
F
i
gure
1.
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e t
o
obt
ai
n
m
a
xim
u
m
pow
er
poi
nt
As sho
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
re 2
,
PV h
a
d a u
n
i
qu
e ch
aracteristic lo
ad
. Sin
ce th
e lo
ad
i
n
g
cu
rv
e d
i
rect
ly resu
ltin
g
i
n
t
h
e c
u
rve
wa
s n
o
t
defi
ne
d at
m
a
xim
u
m
power
, t
h
e
P
V
sy
st
em
requi
red
a co
nve
rt
er
as i
m
pedance m
a
tchi
n
g
.
The PV
-
g
ri
d s
y
st
em
consi
s
t
s
of
two-stage conve
r
ter,
the fist
converter
is a Buck-Boost DC-DC
co
nv
erter and th
e secon
d
on
e is a fiv
e
-lev
el in
v
e
rter
.
In
th
is section will b
e
d
e
ri
ved
a po
wer
deliv
ery
t
echni
q
u
e
bas
e
d
on
i
m
pedance m
a
t
c
hi
ng
i
n
t
w
o-st
a
g
e c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r.
A
fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
n
vert
er
was
use
d
a
s
a
n
interface to t
h
e grid t
o
deliver the
m
a
xim
u
m powe
r
to the grid, Figure 3.
It
had a
n
advanta
g
e in term
s
of
harm
oni
c out
p
u
t
red
u
ct
i
o
n [1
7]
. The m
a
gni
t
ude
of t
h
e o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge wa
s affect
ed by
t
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude of t
h
e
m
odul
at
i
on i
n
d
e
x
by
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
e
quat
i
o
n:
i
m
o
V
I
V
(2
)
Whe
r
e:
car
m
A
A
I
inf
= M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
i
nde
x
V
P
PV
P
V
P
V
P
V
dV
dI
V
I
M
P
P
I
M
P
P
V
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ECE
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8
Im
pe
da
nce M
a
t
c
hi
ng
Met
h
o
d
i
n
Tw
o-
St
a
g
e
C
onvert
e
rs
f
o
r
Si
n
g
l
e
P
hase
P
V
-Gri
d
Syst
em
(
L
. Her
u
P
r
at
o
m
o)
62
8
inf
A
= Th
e am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e si
g
n
a
l
in
fo
rm
atio
n
car
A
= Th
e am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
th
e si
g
n
a
l
carrier
Figure
2. PV c
h
aracteristic
cur
v
e fo
r lo
ad
ing d
i
r
e
c
tly
Fi
gu
re
3.
Fi
ve
-
l
evel
i
n
v
e
rt
er
s
c
hem
e
B
y
consi
d
eri
n
g
t
h
e si
m
i
l
a
ri
ty
law i
n
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
out
put
a
n
d i
n
put
,
o
o
o
I
V
P
(3
)
i
i
i
I
V
P
(4
)
Thu
s
, equ
a
lity law power on
t
h
e inpu
t sid
e
an
d th
e
ou
tpu
t
co
u
l
d
b
e
o
b
t
ai
ned
as th
e sim
i
l
a
rities:
o
o
i
i
I
V
I
V
,
o
is
m
i
m
i
i
i
Z
V
I
V
I
Z
V
V
(5
)
Th
us, t
h
e i
m
pedance
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
base
d
on
m
odul
at
i
o
n i
n
de
x
equat
i
o
n,
as
fol
l
ows:
Vi
V
c1
V
c
2
L
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
logic cir
c
u
i
ts
PLL
Zero C
r
ossing
Detecto
r
S
1
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
6
S
4
S
5
Loa
d
Grid
source
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
M
P
P
I
M
P
P
V
I
M
P
P
R
PV
PV
PV
PV
d
V
dI
V
I
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
015
:
62
6
–
63
5
62
9
i
m
o
Z
I
Z
2
(6
)
If t
h
e m
a
gni
t
u
de
of
t
h
e m
o
d
u
l
at
i
on i
n
de
x
w
a
s eq
ual
t
o
o
n
e
,
t
h
e i
m
peda
nc
e eq
uat
i
o
n
b
e
g
a
n:
i
o
Z
Z
(7
)
A B
u
c
k
-B
oost
DC
-
D
C
co
nve
r
t
er i
s
used f
o
r im
pedance m
a
tchi
n
g
. T
h
e sch
e
m
e
of B
u
ck
-
B
oost
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
ert
e
r i
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
4
.
F
r
om
t
h
e m
ode o
f
ope
r
a
t
i
on
of
B
u
c
k
-
B
oost
DC
-
D
C
con
v
e
r
t
e
r, i
t
ca
n
be
deri
ved
an
eq
u
a
t
i
on i
m
pedanc
e m
a
t
c
hi
ng
as
a f
unct
i
o
n
of
t
h
e d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e.
Fi
gu
re
4.
B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
st
DC
-DC
co
nve
rt
er
sche
m
e
A B
u
c
k
-B
oost
DC
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r has t
w
o m
ode
s of
ope
rat
i
o
n
.
The m
ode of
ope
rat
i
o
n 1:
el
ect
roni
c
switch
is ON: th
e cu
rren
t flow fro
m
PV
to
th
e in
du
ctor (L) and
g
e
t b
a
ck
to
th
e n
e
g
a
tiv
e ter
m
in
al. From th
is
ope
rat
i
o
n m
o
d
e
has
an
eq
uat
i
on:
dt
di
L
V
PV
(8
)
The m
ode
of
ope
rat
i
o
n 2:
el
ect
ro
ni
c swi
t
c
h i
s
O
FF:
t
h
e
cur
r
ent
fl
o
w
f
r
o
m
t
h
e i
nduct
o
r
(L
) t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad a
n
d
get
ba
ck t
o
t
h
e i
n
duc
t
o
r
(L)
.
F
r
om
thi
s
ope
rat
i
o
n
m
ode has a
n
e
quat
i
o
n:
o
V
dt
di
L
(9
)
From
equ
a
t
i
o
n
(8
) a
n
d
(
9
)
,
t
h
e
m
a
gni
t
ude
of
t
h
e
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
was a
ffect
e
d
by
t
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
t
h
e
dut
y
cy
cl
e by
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
e
quat
i
o
n:
d
d
V
V
PV
o
1
(1
0)
Whe
r
e:
T
t
d
on
= Duty cycle
on
t
= Tim
e
ON of
the electronic s
w
itch
T
= Swi
t
c
hi
ng
pe
ri
o
d
By co
n
s
i
d
eri
n
g
th
e sim
ilari
t
y
law in th
e po
wer
ou
tpu
t
(3) an
d inp
u
t
(4
), equ
a
lity law
p
o
wer
o
n
the
in
pu
t sid
e
and
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
sid
e
were b
e
ob
tained
as th
e sim
i
l
a
rities:
L
C
Zo
D
Vo
V
PV
C
bank
Sw
i
t
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Im
pe
da
nce M
a
t
c
hi
ng
Met
h
o
d
i
n
Tw
o-
St
a
g
e
C
onvert
e
rs
f
o
r
Si
n
g
l
e
P
hase
P
V
-Gri
d
Syst
em
(
L
. Her
u
P
r
at
o
m
o)
63
0
o
o
PV
PV
I
V
I
V
o
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
Z
V
d
d
V
d
d
R
V
V
1
1
o
PV
PV
PV
Z
V
d
d
R
V
2
2
2
1
(1
1)
Th
us, t
h
e i
m
pedance
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
base
d
on
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e equat
i
o
n, a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
MPP
PV
o
R
R
d
d
Z
2
1
(1
2)
Hence
,
a
fi
ve
-l
evel
i
n
ve
rt
er
an
d B
u
ck
-B
oost
DC
-DC
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
wo
u
l
d ha
ve
t
h
e e
qui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
a
s
im
pedance
m
a
tchi
n
g
i
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re
5.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
o
f
t
w
o-st
a
g
e c
o
nve
rt
er
Th
us, t
h
e g
r
i
d
im
pedance
,
a fi
ve-l
evel
i
n
ver
t
er and
Buck-Boost DC
-DC
conve
r
ter came to always be at the
poi
nt
R
MPP
, an
d t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
power
was
a
l
way
s
bei
n
g
de
l
i
v
ered
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
of
P
V
sy
st
e
m
.
Fi
gu
re
6
prese
n
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d sc
hem
e
m
o
del
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
peda
nce m
a
t
c
hi
n
g
m
e
t
hod
f
o
r t
w
o
-
st
ag
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
r i
n
P
V
-
g
ri
d sy
st
em
, t
h
at
c
onsi
s
t
e
d
of
a B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
s
t
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
f
u
nct
i
o
n
e
d as
m
a
xim
u
m
pow
e
r
poi
nt trac
ker a
n
d a
five
-level
inve
rter
use
d
a
s
an interf
ace t
o
the
grid. T
o
perform
the analysis of t
h
e
propose
d
sy
st
em
, a sim
u
l
a
t
i
on pl
at
f
o
rm
has
been
desi
gne
d.
Fi
g
u
re
6
sh
ows t
h
e si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on sche
m
e
of t
h
e si
ng
l
e
phas
e
PV-
g
ri
d sy
st
e
m
t
o
del
i
v
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e p
o
we
r
fr
o
m
PV
m
odul
es
.
Here i
s
a corr
e
l
at
i
on of p
o
w
e
r
on P
V
m
odul
es, B
u
ck
-B
o
o
st
con
v
ert
e
r a
nd
a fi
ve-l
evel
i
n
v
e
rt
er. I
f
t
h
e
gri
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
V
Grid
and
out
put
cur
r
ent
i
n
ve
rt
er I
inv
, the i
n
sta
n
tane
ous powe
r
was i
n
je
cted
to the
grid, express
e
d
as
t
i
t
v
t
p
inv
Grid
inv
(1
3)
An
d t
h
e a
v
era
g
e p
o
we
r c
o
ul
d
be
fo
u
n
d
as
T
inv
inv
dt
t
p
P
0
(1
4)
Whe
n
cu
rre
nt
and
vol
t
a
ge
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
p
h
ase
,
t
h
e a
v
e
r
age
po
wer
c
oul
d
be
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
by
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
R
M
S
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
cur
r
ent
a
n
d
vol
t
a
ge, t
h
us
inv
grid
inv
I
V
P
(1
5)
2
1
d
d
Z
o
P
V
V
P
V
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
015
:
62
6
–
63
5
63
1
Fi
gu
re 6.
Pr
op
ose
d
sc
hem
e
In id
eal co
nd
itio
n, th
e av
erag
e po
wer
o
f
inj
e
cted
power h
a
d
th
e sam
e
v
a
lu
e of PV
p
o
wer
inv
DC
DC
PV
P
P
P
(16)
For
t
h
ese
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons, i
nve
rt
er
out
put
c
u
rre
nt
can
be e
x
p
r
ess
e
d as
Grid
DC
DC
Grid
MPP
MPP
inv
V
P
V
I
V
I
Grid
DC
DC
inv
V
P
I
(1
7)
The
i
m
port
a
nt
t
h
i
ng
m
u
st
be un
de
rst
o
od by
com
p
ari
ng
t
h
e val
u
e of p
o
we
r
:
i
n
st
ant
a
ne
ous
po
wer
a
n
d
avera
g
e power. Buck-Boost DC-DC co
nve
rter operate
d
unde
r instanta
ne
ou
s p
o
we
r an
d five
-level o
p
e
rate
d
un
de
r ave
r
ag
e
po
we
r. F
o
r t
h
e co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
ope
rat
e
d
u
nde
r i
n
st
ant
a
ne
ou
s p
o
we
r co
n
d
i
t
i
on, i
t
i
s
ne
eded a
capaci
t
o
r
dc l
i
nk
f
o
r e
n
er
gy
st
ora
g
e el
em
ent
,
whi
c
h i
s
i
n
st
al
l
e
d bet
w
ee
n
fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
n
ve
rt
er a
nd B
u
ck
-
B
oost
DC
-
D
C
co
nv
er
t
e
r.
Whe
n
i
n
st
a
n
t
a
ne
ou
s p
o
w
e
r
o
f
fi
ve-l
evel
i
nve
rt
er
out
put
i
s
great
er t
h
an
po
we
r ge
nerat
e
d by
Buck
-Bo
o
st D
C
-DC co
n
v
ert
e
r,
the energy store
d
in the c
a
pacitor
wo
uld be released. T
h
e opposite condition
hap
p
e
n
s
whe
n
t
h
e i
n
st
a
n
t
a
ne
ous
p
o
w
er
o
f
fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
n
ve
rt
er
out
put
i
s
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
po
we
r ge
ne
rat
e
d
by
B
u
ck
-
Boost
DC-DC
conve
r
ter, t
h
is
would m
a
ke a capacito
r
ab
so
r
b
s
po
we
r f
r
o
m
Buck
-Bo
o
st
D
C
-DC c
o
nve
rter.
The l
o
a
d
was
const
r
uct
e
d
u
s
i
ng a resi
st
o
r
. AC
l
i
nk i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
at
t
h
e fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
nve
rt
er use
d
t
o
at
t
e
nuat
e
t
h
e swi
t
c
hi
n
g
ri
p
p
l
e
t
o
prev
ent
hi
g
h
harm
oni
cs s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
fre
q
u
e
ncy
.
The
phas
e
l
o
ck-l
oo
p wa
s used
fo
r sy
nc
h
r
o
n
i
z
at
i
on
bet
w
ee
n
a fi
ve
-l
evel
i
n
v
e
rt
er
wi
t
h
a
si
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
g
r
i
d
sy
st
em
t
o
obt
ai
n a m
a
xim
a
l
powe
r
d
e
liv
ery.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Verification
of th
e an
alysis t
h
at h
a
s b
e
en
co
ndu
cted
was
p
e
rform
e
d
,
th
ou
gh
sim
u
latio
n
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
wo
rk
s we
re ba
sed o
n
P
o
we
r
Sim
u
lator so
ftware
by
usin
g
t
h
e schem
e
depi
ct
ed i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6. Tabl
e
1 pr
esent
s
t
h
e pa
ram
e
t
e
r use
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
on. T
h
e
PV
-g
ri
d
sy
st
em
cont
ai
ns
r
e
si
st
i
v
e an
d
fi
ve-l
e
v
el
i
n
vert
er wa
s
connected to the grid t
o
d
e
liv
er
activ
e po
wer.
V
c
1
V
c
2
L
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
log
i
c circuits
Zero Crossing
Detecto
r
S
1
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
6
S
4
S
5
Load
PV
PV
PV
PV
dV
dI
V
I
PV
I
PV
V
B
B
C
L
D
C L
i
n
k
C
B
B
C
D
B
B
C
SW
B
B
C
SW
Phase
Lock
-
Loo
p
Load
C
ban
k
V G
r
id
Iinv
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Im
pe
da
nce M
a
t
c
hi
ng
Met
h
o
d
i
n
Tw
o-
St
a
g
e
C
onvert
e
rs
f
o
r
Si
n
g
l
e
P
hase
P
V
-Gri
d
Syst
em
(
L
. Her
u
P
r
at
o
m
o)
63
2
Tabl
e
1. T
h
e
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce o
f
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on
Para
m
e
ters
Valu
e
Pm
ax
50.
45
W
P
Cur
r
e
nt at P
m
ax
14.
2V
Voltage at P
m
ax
3.
55 A
Nu
m
b
er
of M
odules in Arr
a
y
12
M
odules Connecti
o
n
Series
Gr
id Voltage
220 V
rm
s
I
nductor
2.
5
m
H
Switching Fr
equency
20KHz
W
h
en
so
lar
irrad
i
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
1
000W
/m
2
wi
th resi
st
i
v
e l
o
a
d
1
0
O
h
m
,
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
power
wo
ul
d
b
e
pr
o
duce
d
by
P
V
, t
h
e
req
u
i
r
e
d
p
o
we
r t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
i
s
very
l
a
r
g
e;
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
po
wer
w
o
ul
d
be
sup
p
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e p
o
we
r
gene
rat
e
d
by
P
V
a
nd
si
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
gri
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
. I
n
ot
her
ha
n
d
;
l
o
a
d
, i
n
ve
rt
er an
d t
h
e g
r
i
d
s
o
u
r
ce c
u
r
r
ent
wo
ul
d
b
e
in ph
ase resp
ect with th
e grid
vo
ltag
e
,
Figu
re 7.
Fi
gu
re 7.
Sim
u
latin
g
w
a
v
e
f
o
rm
s
:
(
a
)
.
Lo
ad
cu
rr
en
t, (b
).
I
nve
rter out
put cu
rre
nt, (c).
G
r
id
cur
r
ent,
(
d
)
P
o
wer
on
B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
st
DC
-
D
C
c
o
nve
rt
er,
(e)
I
n
vert
e
r
out
put
p
o
we
r
Whe
n
i
n
stanta
neo
u
s
p
o
we
r
o
f
fi
ve-lev
el inv
e
rter
wa
s great
er
t
h
a
n
po
wer
gene
rat
e
d
by
B
u
ck
-B
o
o
st
D
C
-DC
con
v
e
r
t
e
r, m
o
s
t
of t
h
e
p
o
we
r
w
oul
d
be t
a
k
e
n
fr
om
t
h
e ener
gy
st
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
capaci
t
o
r DC
l
i
n
k
f
o
r
po
we
r
eq
u
ilibriu
m
, so
th
at th
e cap
a
cito
r vo
ltag
e
wou
l
d
b
e
d
ecreased
. Th
e
opp
o
s
ite co
nd
ition
h
a
pp
ens,
when
fi
v
e
-
l
e
vel
i
nve
rt
er
o
u
t
p
ut
p
o
w
er l
e
ss t
h
a
n
po
wer
gene
rat
e
d b
y
B
u
ck-
B
oo
st
D
C
-D
C conv
erte
r, the
capacit
o
r woul
d
be i
n
c
r
ease
d
,
a
n
e
quat
i
o
n
(
1
6
)
, Fi
g
u
r
e
8.
Fi
gu
re 8.
Cap
a
cito
r v
o
ltag
e
variatio
n
with
resp
ect
to com
p
aration bet
w
een the
values
of
P
DC-DC
and
P
Inv
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
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08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
015
:
62
6
–
63
5
63
3
Whe
n
s
o
lar ir
radia
n
ce u
nde
r 1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
wi
t
h
resi
st
i
v
e
l
o
ad
20
0 O
h
m
,
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
power
wo
ul
d b
e
pr
o
duce
d
by
P
V
, t
h
e re
qui
re
d p
o
we
r t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad bec
o
m
e
sm
al
l
e
r;
t
h
e l
o
ad p
o
we
r w
oul
d be su
p
p
l
i
e
d by
t
h
e
po
we
r ge
nerat
e
d by
P
V
, am
ou
nt
o
f
p
o
w
er
wo
ul
d
be a
b
so
rbe
d
by
a si
n
g
l
e phase
gri
d
s
o
u
r
ce.
In
ot
he
r
han
d
;
l
o
ad a
nd t
h
e i
n
vert
er
o
u
t
p
ut
cur
r
ent
wo
ul
d
b
e
i
n
pha
se,
but
t
h
e gri
d
so
ur
c
e
cur
r
ent
w
a
s
di
ssi
m
i
l
a
r (t
he sou
r
ce
current
a
n
gle was 180
0
with
resp
ect
t
o
the grid
vo
ltag
e
),
Fi
g
u
re 9
.
Fi
gu
re 9.
Sim
u
latin
g
w
a
v
e
f
o
rm
s
:
(
a
)
.
Lo
ad
cu
rr
en
t, (b
).
I
nve
rter out
put cu
rre
nt, (c).
G
r
id
cur
r
ent,
(
d
)
P
o
wer
on
B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
st
DC
-
D
C
c
o
nve
rt
er,
(e)
I
n
vert
e
r
out
put
p
o
we
r.
Wh
en
so
lar
irrad
i
an
ce drop
u
n
til
250W
/m
2
wi
t
h
resi
st
i
v
e
l
o
ad
2
0
0
Oh
m
,
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
w
o
ul
d
be
pr
o
duce
d
by
PV, t
h
e
req
u
i
r
e
d
p
o
w
er t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
becom
e
l
a
rger;
t
h
e l
o
a
d
p
o
w
er
wo
ul
d be s
u
ppl
i
e
d by
t
h
e
po
we
r
gene
rat
e
d
by
P
V
, t
h
er
e i
s
n
o
p
o
we
r
wo
ul
d
be
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d by
a
si
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
g
r
i
d
s
o
u
r
ce.
I
n
ot
he
r
ha
nd;
l
o
ad a
n
d t
h
e i
nve
rt
er
o
u
t
p
ut
cu
rre
nt
w
o
ul
d
be i
n
p
h
ase
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
sou
r
ce c
u
rre
nt
was
nea
r
l
y
t
o
ze
ro
,
F
i
g
u
r
e
10
.
Figure 10.
Simu
latin
g
w
a
v
e
for
m
s: (
a
)
.
Lo
ad
cu
rr
en
t, (b
).
I
n
v
e
r
t
er ou
tpu
t
cu
rr
en
t, (
c
)
.
Gr
id
cu
rr
en
t, (d
).
Pow
e
r
on
B
u
c
k
-B
o
o
st
DC
-
D
C
c
o
nve
rt
er, (e)
.
In
vert
er out
put
p
o
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Im
pe
da
nce M
a
t
c
hi
ng
Met
h
o
d
i
n
Tw
o-
St
a
g
e
C
onvert
e
rs
f
o
r
Si
n
g
l
e
P
hase
P
V
-Gri
d
Syst
em
(
L
. Her
u
P
r
at
o
m
o)
63
4
Th
e sim
u
lated
resu
lt shows th
at und
er
max
i
m
u
m
irrad
i
an
ce
10
00W
/m
2
and when the
sola
r
irrad
i
an
ce
d
r
opp
ed un
til 25
0
W
/
m
2
, m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er can
still b
e
p
r
od
u
c
ed
; th
e
ou
tpu
t
po
wer is al
ways equ
a
l
to
th
e PV power as seen
i
n
Fi
g
u
re 11
(b). Th
e fi
v
e
-lev
el inv
e
rter is still go
od
to
tran
sm
it
all p
o
w
er g
e
nerated
b
y
PV to th
e
grid
so
urce, ev
en th
oug
h d
e
crea
sin
g
th
e i
n
ten
s
i
t
y o
f
irrad
i
an
ce un
til 2
5
0
W/m
2
Fig
u
re 1
1
(a).
Figure 11.
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
ng
wa
vef
o
rm
s:
(a). I
n
vert
er
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge,
(
b
).
P
o
we
r
on
P
V
a
n
d
P
o
wer
o
u
t
p
ut
P
V
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
It
i
s
fou
nd t
h
a
t
t
h
e im
pedance
m
a
t
c
hi
ng
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
t
w
o
-
st
age co
nve
rt
ers
for si
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
s
e PV-
g
r
i
d
syste
m
that has bee
n
st
udie
d
ran well.
It is
revealed
t
h
at
t
h
e i
m
pedance
m
a
t
c
hi
ng c
o
nt
rol
was
very
si
m
p
l
e
.
Thi
s
co
nt
r
o
l
schem
e
for fi
ve-l
evel
i
nve
rt
er t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze
t
h
e po
wer ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d by
PV an
d t
o
del
i
v
e
r
p
o
w
er t
o
t
h
e gri
d
was
de
ri
ve
d.
Whe
n
t
h
e l
o
ad p
o
w
er
was l
a
r
g
e, t
h
e l
o
ad
p
o
we
r w
o
ul
d
be su
p
p
l
i
e
d
by
PV an
d t
h
e
si
ngl
e
pha
se gri
d
source syste
m
. When the l
o
ad
powe
r was sm
all, th
e lo
ad
power
wou
l
d
b
e
su
pp
lied
b
y
th
e PV
am
ount
of
po
w
e
r w
oul
d be a
b
sor
b
e
d
by
t
h
e
gri
d
so
urce sy
s
t
em
. When t
h
e
po
wer
ge
nerat
e
d by
P
V
was
equal
to
th
e lo
ad
,
po
wer lo
ad
power will b
e
su
pp
lied
b
y
th
e PV and
a g
r
i
d
curren
t
sou
r
ce clo
s
e to
zero. Th
e
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d res
u
l
t
sho
w
s t
h
at
un
de
r m
a
xim
u
m
i
rradi
ance
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
and
whe
n
t
h
e s
o
lar irra
diance
droppe
d
u
n
til 25
0
W
/
m
2
,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er can
still b
e
produ
ced. Wh
en
th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
produ
ced
b
y
th
e PV, th
e
fiv
e
-lev
el inv
e
rter is still g
ood to
tran
sm
it all
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
rated
b
y
PV
to th
e
g
r
i
d
so
urce.
REFERE
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ES
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Jun Mei,
et
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a
l
.
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“Modular Multil
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rt
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Mohamed Najeh
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aj
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aj Selv
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ev
el Inver
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[8]
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a
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[10]
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.
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aj Selvar
aj
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ile
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J
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o
. 4
,
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015
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5
[12]
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aj
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aj, “Multistring Five-Level Inverter
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r
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e
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e
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[15]
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-
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,
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e
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EEE T
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[16]
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a
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i
, “dsPIC33 Based Control for
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V
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h
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P
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[17]
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.
, “A Simple Strateg
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a
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i
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el Inve
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h
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
L. Heru Prato
m
o
was born in
Ambarawa, Ind
onesia, in
1976
. He receiv
e
d
th
e B.S d
e
gree an
d
M.Eng degree from
Chatolic Universit
y
, Se
m
a
rang, Indon
esia and Band
ung Institute o
f
Techno
log
y
, Bandung, Indonesia in 1994 and 2
004. No
w, he is on Phd Progra
m
at Gadjah Mada
Universit
y
. His current research
is focused on mu
ltil
evel inv
e
rt
er
topolog
y
,
activ
e power filter
i
n
g
and PV-Grid S
y
stems.
F
.
Danang Wijay
a
was born
in
Yog
y
ak
arta, Ind
onesia, in
1974
.
He received
the
B.E.E and
M.E.E
degrees from Gadjah Mada University
, Yog
y
ak
arta, Indonesia,
in 1997 and 2001. In 2006, he
rece
ived
Dr
.Eng
d
e
gr
ee
in energ
y
scien
ces from
Toky
o Institu
te of Technolog
y
,
Tok
y
o
,
Japan
.
He has
been a Lectur
er and Res
e
archer in th
e El
e
c
tri
cal Eng
i
ne
eri
ng Departm
e
nt a
t
Gadjah M
a
da
University
since 1998. His research
interests ar
e in the ar
ea o
f
energ
y
conver
s
ion, electr
ical
m
achines
,
and
p
o
wer el
ec
tronics
Eka Firmansy
a
h
was born in Yog
y
ak
arta, Indon
esia, in 1979
. He received
the B
.
E.E
from Gadjah
Mada University
, Yog
y
akar
ta, Indonesi
a, in
2001 and M
.
Eng deg
r
ees
from
Nany
a
ng
Tech
nol
ogi
cal
Uni
v
e
r
si
t
y
Singapore,
in 2005. In 2010, he
received Ph.D
degree
in power
ele
c
troni
c from
K
y
us
hu Univers
i
t
y
, Tok
y
o
,
J
a
pa
n. He has
been a Lec
t
urer and
Res
earch
er in th
e
Electrical Eng
i
n
eering Depar
t
ment at Gadjah Ma
da University
since 2002. His research in
terests
are in the area
of
power electronics
and robotics
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.