I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
45
1
~
2
4
58
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
7
i
5
.
pp
245
1
-
24
58
2451
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
Bla
ck
Bo
x
Mo
del
ba
sed Self
H
ea
lin
g
Solutio
n f
o
r S
tu
ck at
Faults in
Digita
l
Circuits
S.
M
e
y
y
a
pp
a
n
1
,
V.
Ala
m
e
lu
m
a
ng
a
i
2
De
p
t.
o
f
E&I E
n
g
g
.
,
A
n
n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
3
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
12
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
Sep
11
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
d
e
sig
n
str
a
teg
y
to
re
tain
th
e
tru
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
in
th
e
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
o
f
stu
c
k
a
t
f
a
u
lt
s
a
t
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
lev
e
ls
o
f
d
ig
it
a
l
c
ircu
it
s.
T
h
e
p
ro
c
e
d
u
re
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
u
rs
to
d
e
sig
n
a
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
w
h
ich
in
c
lu
d
e
s attri
b
u
tes
t
o
i
d
e
n
ti
fy
stu
c
k
a
t
fa
u
lt
s p
re
se
n
t
in
th
e
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
d
iate
li
n
e
s
a
n
d
in
v
o
lv
e
s
a
h
e
a
li
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
to
re
d
re
ss
th
e
sa
m
e
.
T
h
e
si
m
u
late
d
f
a
u
lt
in
jec
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
re
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
s
b
o
th
sin
g
le
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
m
u
lt
ip
le
stu
c
k
-
a
t
f
a
u
lt
s
a
t
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
lev
e
ls
o
f
a
t
w
o
lev
e
l
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
ircu
it
in
a
c
c
o
rd
a
n
c
e
w
it
h
th
e
d
irec
ti
v
e
s
o
f
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sig
n
a
l.
T
h
e
i
n
h
e
re
n
t
h
e
a
l
f
a
c
il
it
y
a
tt
a
c
h
e
d
to
th
e
f
o
rm
u
latio
n
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
to
re
a
c
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
f
re
e
o
u
tp
u
t
e
v
e
n
in
th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
fa
u
lt
s.
T
h
e
M
o
d
e
lsi
m
b
a
se
d
si
m
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
o
b
tai
n
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
Circu
it
Un
d
e
r
T
e
st
[
CUT
]
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
si
n
g
a
Re
a
d
On
ly
M
e
m
o
r
y
[
ROM
]
,
p
r
o
c
laim
th
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
ste
m
to
su
rv
iv
e
it
se
lf
f
ro
m
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
m
a
d
e
w
it
h
th
e
trad
it
io
n
a
l
T
rip
le
M
o
d
u
lar
Re
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
[
T
M
R]
e
x
h
ib
it
s
t
h
e
su
p
e
ri
o
ri
ty
o
f
th
e
sc
h
e
m
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
a
u
lt
c
o
v
e
ra
g
e
a
n
d
a
re
a
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
lack
b
o
x
m
o
d
el
Fau
lt to
ler
a
n
ce
R
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
Self
h
ea
li
n
g
Stu
c
k
at
f
a
u
lt
s
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
Me
y
y
ap
p
an
Dep
t.
o
f
E
&
I
E
n
g
g
.
,
An
n
a
m
al
ai
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
An
n
a
m
ala
i N
ag
ar
6
0
8
0
0
2
,
T
a
m
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia
m
e
y
s
.
n
ar
a
y
an
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
v
er
y
d
ee
p
s
u
b
m
icr
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
tead
il
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
ize
o
f
i
n
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
to
a
lar
g
e
e
x
te
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
lo
g
ic
to
p
i
n
r
atio
to
a
n
e
w
h
i
g
h
w
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
h
i
g
h
er
er
r
o
r
r
ates.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lies
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
is
e
m
ar
g
i
n
s
,
to
g
eth
er
w
i
th
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
ter
n
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
eir
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
an
d
s
en
s
it
i
v
it
y
to
r
ad
iatio
n
s
t
h
er
eb
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
n
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
].
P
er
m
an
e
n
t,
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
an
d
in
ter
m
itte
n
t
f
au
l
ts
r
e
m
a
in
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
in
d
ig
ita
l
cir
cu
it
s
.
P
er
m
a
n
en
t
f
au
lts
e
x
h
ib
it
ir
r
e
v
er
s
ib
le
p
h
y
s
ical
c
h
an
g
es
o
n
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
w
ea
r
-
o
u
t
h
ar
d
w
a
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
f
a
u
lt
s
er
u
p
t
d
u
e
to
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
li
k
e
co
s
m
ic
r
a
y
s
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
et
ic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
w
h
er
ea
s
in
ter
m
itt
en
t
f
a
u
lt
s
ar
is
e
in
l
ig
h
t
o
f
u
n
s
tab
le
o
r
m
ar
g
in
a
l
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
r
esid
u
es [
3]
-
[6
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
g
ai
n
s
cr
u
cial
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
as
it
h
elp
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eliab
le
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
s
e
n
s
e
it
m
a
k
es
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
f
au
lts
an
d
co
n
tin
u
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
it
s
ta
s
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
e
v
e
n
i
n
f
a
u
lt
p
r
o
n
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
y
p
es
o
f
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
i
n
cl
u
d
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
t
i
m
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cies.
D
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
s
ci
en
ce
o
f
f
a
ilu
r
e
a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
b
y
t
h
e
ab
ili
t
y
o
f
an
e
n
tit
y
to
s
ati
s
f
y
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
i
tal
s
y
s
te
m
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ev
e
n
u
n
d
er
f
a
u
l
t
y
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Sel
f
-
h
ea
li
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
ab
ili
t
y
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
eir
o
w
n
b
eh
a
v
i
o
u
r
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
ch
an
g
es
i
n
t
h
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
lead
to
s
y
s
te
m
f
a
u
lts
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
f
au
l
t
in
j
ec
tio
n
m
an
i
f
e
s
ts
it
s
el
f
as
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
f
a
u
l
t
to
ler
a
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
[1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
an
d
m
a
n
d
ates
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
er
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
b
eh
av
io
u
r
i
n
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
f
au
l
ts
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
elib
er
ately
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
r
ee
b
asic
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
f
a
u
lt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
5
1
–
24
58
2452
in
j
ec
tio
n
in
cl
u
d
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
a
u
lt
in
j
ec
t
io
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
lated
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
.
A
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
s
i
m
u
la
ted
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
i
n
cl
u
d
e
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
e
to
ea
r
l
y
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
,
a
v
o
id
an
ce
o
f
r
ed
esig
n
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
an
d
th
u
s
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
-
to
-
m
ar
k
et
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ver
y
h
ig
h
s
p
e
ed
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
i
ts
Har
d
w
ar
e
Descr
ip
tio
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
[
VHDL
]
b
ased
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
r
ec
eiv
es
w
id
e
s
p
r
ea
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
d
u
e
to
its
f
lex
ib
ili
t
y
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
o
n
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
m
o
d
el
[
12
].
A
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
o
n
in
tr
u
s
i
v
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
d
u
p
licatio
n
w
i
th
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
w
h
er
ein
d
u
p
licated
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
to
g
eth
er
ac
ts
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
ch
ec
k
er
to
d
etec
t
an
y
er
r
o
n
e
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
o
d
u
le
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
5
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
VHDL
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
s
ep
ar
ab
le
co
d
es
f
o
r
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
w
it
h
in
V
L
SI
I
C
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
u
itab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
t
w
o
l
ev
el
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
a
l
cir
cu
it
s
w
i
th
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
ased
on
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
7
]
.
An
in
-
d
ep
th
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
s
elf
h
ea
lin
g
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
d
etailed
s
u
r
v
e
y
an
d
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
tax
o
n
o
m
y
i
n
[
1
8
]
.
A
s
elf
h
ea
l
in
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
b
ased
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
i
m
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
to
ler
atin
g
s
o
f
t
er
r
o
r
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
i
n
V
L
SI
b
ased
d
i
g
ital
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
cir
cu
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
tr
ea
ted
as
an
an
tig
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ef
en
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
h
as b
ee
n
ev
o
l
v
ed
to
h
ea
l its
el
f
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
es
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
c
h
ec
k
er
s
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
w
h
ich
in
t
u
r
n
in
itiates
t
h
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
y
u
n
it
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
o
f
f
a
u
l
t
to
ler
a
n
t
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
in
to
p
ar
tial
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
p
ar
tial
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
h
e
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
s
y
s
te
m
d
esig
n
ar
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
t
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
1
]
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
o
f
lo
g
ic
C
MO
S
cir
c
u
it
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
co
m
b
i
n
es
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cie
s
to
g
et
h
er
to
to
ler
ate
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
as
w
el
l
as
p
er
m
an
en
t
f
a
u
lt
s
.
A
n
e
w
h
y
b
r
id
f
a
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
C
MO
S
cir
cu
it
s
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
also
e
m
p
lo
y
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
,
ti
m
i
n
g
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t e
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
f
o
r
p
er
m
a
n
en
t e
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
all
t
h
e
atte
m
p
ts
b
ein
g
m
ad
e,
s
till
t
h
er
e
is
an
e
x
ig
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
i
n
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
t
d
ig
i
tal
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
h
ea
lin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
t
u
c
k
at
f
au
lts
i
n
m
u
lti
le
v
el
co
m
b
i
n
at
io
n
al
cir
cu
it
s
w
it
h
a
v
ie
w
to
n
u
lli
f
y
t
h
eir
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
e
m
p
lo
y
s
s
i
m
u
lated
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
asi
s
o
f
i
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
p
h
a
s
e.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
m
an
a
g
e
s
to
d
is
ta
n
t
its
el
f
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
at
u
r
e
in
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
it
u
n
v
eil
s
a
n
o
v
el
b
lac
k
b
o
x
m
o
d
ellin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
li
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
w
h
ich
to
ler
ates
s
i
n
g
le
as
w
e
ll a
s
m
u
l
tip
le
b
it f
a
u
lts
a
n
d
m
a
k
es t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
tr
u
l
y
f
au
lt to
ler
an
t.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
o
r
g
an
iz
es
its
el
f
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
t
h
at
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
esig
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
r
es
u
lt
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
f
i
n
all
y
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2
.
DE
SI
G
N
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
t
h
eo
r
y
v
o
w
s
to
ev
o
lv
e
a
s
e
lf
h
ea
li
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
s
tu
c
k
at
f
au
l
ts
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
in
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
lo
g
ic
o
f
a
n
y
d
ig
ital
c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
r
eiter
ates
it
s
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
to
cr
ea
te
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
r
el
iab
le
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
a
v
ie
w
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
t
e
v
en
o
n
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
es
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
f
au
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
in
j
ec
t
f
a
u
lts
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
lev
el
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
la
y
d
o
w
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
eir
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
t
h
e
h
ea
li
n
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
.
T
h
e
tr
av
el
m
o
v
es
o
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
r
tals
o
f
Mo
d
elsi
m
p
latf
o
r
m
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
s
tatu
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
it
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
u
itab
il
it
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
Xil
in
x
FP
GA
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
th
e
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
p
r
o
m
i
s
es
to
n
eg
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
t
u
c
k
-
a
t
f
a
u
lts
p
r
esen
t
at
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
le
v
els
o
f
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
cir
cu
its
a
n
d
b
r
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
tr
iv
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
ls
an
d
co
m
e
u
p
w
it
h
th
e
d
esire
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
en
j
o
y
s
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
b
u
ilt
-
i
n
h
ea
li
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
t
h
at
ca
n
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
s
tu
c
k
a
t
f
au
l
ts
p
r
esen
t
at
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
le
v
els
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
tr
u
e
v
a
lu
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
li
n
e
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
er
eb
y
m
ak
in
g
it a
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
it
s
v
er
y
n
at
u
r
e.
I
n
ter
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
R
OM
b
elo
n
g
s
t
o
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
al
cir
cu
i
t th
a
t c
an
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
w
it
h
A
N
D
g
ates
co
n
n
ec
ted
as
a
d
ec
o
d
er
an
d
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
O
R
g
ate
s
eq
u
al
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
R
OM
f
all
s
in
to
a
t
w
o
lev
el
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tati
o
n
in
s
u
m
o
f
m
i
n
ter
m
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
o
r
d
er
th
at
ea
ch
o
f
i
ts
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
all
th
e
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
“
n
”
i
n
p
u
t
s
.
T
h
e
B
o
o
lean
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
s
u
m
o
f
m
in
ter
m
s
ar
e:
F
1(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
1
,3,5,7)
F
2(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
0,1,4,
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
B
la
ck
B
o
x
Mo
d
el
b
a
s
ed
S
elf
H
ea
lin
g
S
o
lu
tio
n
fo
r
S
t
u
ck
a
t F
a
u
lts
in
Dig
ita
l Ci
r
cu
its
(
S
.
Meyy
a
p
p
a
n
)
2453
F
3(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
2,3,4,
5,6)
F
4(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
3,4,7)
F
5(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
0,1,2,
3)
F
6(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
0,5,6)
F
7(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
2,3,4,
5)
F
8(
A
2
,A
1
,A
0
) =
∑(
1,2,3,
4,5,6)
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
C
UT
r
elate
s
to
a
R
OM
o
f
s
ize
8
X8
w
it
h
th
r
ee
i
n
p
u
t
s
a
n
d
eig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
s
1
&
2
s
h
o
w
th
e
lo
g
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
C
UT
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
8
Χ
8
R
OM
an
d
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
g
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
in
g
8
X8
R
OM
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
a
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
m
o
d
el
ca
n
eith
er
b
e
a
b
lac
k
b
o
x
m
o
d
el
o
r
a
w
h
ite
b
o
x
m
o
d
el
o
r
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
ca
lled
a
s
g
r
e
y
b
o
x
m
o
d
el.
I
n
b
lack
b
o
x
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
s
i
m
p
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
b
lack
b
o
x
in
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
e
te
s
t
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
an
y
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
u
t
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
k
n
o
w
s
t
h
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
p
u
t
s
h
o
u
ld
r
et
u
r
n
a
ce
r
tain
i
n
v
ar
iab
le
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
test
er
i
s
a
w
ar
e
o
f
w
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
d
o
b
u
t
n
o
t
o
f
h
o
w
d
o
es
it
d
o
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
i
s
f
ac
t
to
b
u
i
ld
th
e
h
ea
li
n
g
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
w
h
ich
ass
u
m
e
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
test
er
an
d
b
r
in
g
s
o
u
t
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
alr
ea
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
i
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eg
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
f
a
u
lts
at
th
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
lev
els o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
c
t
u
a
l
F
i
r
st
S
t
a
g
e
O
u
t
p
u
t
D
e
si
r
e
d
F
i
r
st
S
t
a
g
e
O
u
t
p
u
t
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
H
e
a
l
e
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
S
t
a
g
e
E
r
r
o
r
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
O
u
t
p
u
t
s
N
o
E
r
r
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
I
t
is
i
n
t
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
o
u
s
e
s
a
h
ea
li
n
g
cir
cu
it
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
ei
g
h
t
E
X
-
O
R
g
a
t
es
eq
u
al
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
8
X8
R
OM
as
an
in
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ev
e
n
t
u
al
o
u
tco
m
e
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
li
n
es
o
f
th
e
d
ec
o
d
er
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
ts
to
ea
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
E
X
-
OR
g
ate
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
te
n
d
s
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
E
X
-
O
R
g
ates
a
n
d
s
en
s
es
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
w
h
en
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
E
X
-
OR
g
ates
g
o
es
h
i
g
h
.
I
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
t
o
to
g
g
le
th
e
lo
g
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
5
1
–
24
58
2454
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
y
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
lin
e
an
d
r
ev
er
t it
b
ac
k
to
its
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
s
tate.
T
h
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
lo
w
a
n
d
th
e
ab
il
it
y
to
ta
k
e
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
ti
v
e
ac
tio
n
o
n
th
e
f
l
y
m
ak
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
tr
u
l
y
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
o
n
e.
T
h
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
e
en
b
elo
w
e
n
u
m
er
ate
s
t
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
h
ar
m
o
n
ize
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
in
j
ec
tio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
an
d
t
h
e
h
ea
lin
g
p
ar
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
est o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
1.
Dete
r
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ta
g
e
b
y
s
tag
e
f
o
r
th
e
g
i
v
en
s
et
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
in
p
u
ts
2.
C
h
ec
k
t
h
e
s
tat
u
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
3.
If
“
co
n
tr
o
l”
is
n
o
t e
n
ab
led
t
hen
4.
Get
th
e
f
au
l
t f
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
o
u
t f
a
u
lt i
n
j
ec
tio
n
5.
E
ls
e
6.
C
h
o
o
s
e
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t lin
e(
s
)
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
7.
I
n
j
ec
t f
au
lt o
n
t
h
e
c
h
o
s
en
li
n
e(
s
)
8.
Hea
l th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
t
h
e
b
u
il
t in
s
el
f
h
ea
lin
g
f
ac
ilit
y
9.
Ob
tain
th
e
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
10.
E
nd
if
3
.
RE
SUL
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
h
en
th
e
C
UT
o
p
er
ates
in
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
s
tate,
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
a
s
“
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
”
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
i
n
p
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
“
1
0
0
”
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
its
i
n
p
u
t
–
o
u
tp
u
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
c
k
at
f
a
u
lt
s
at
t
h
e
in
ter
m
ed
i
ate
lin
es
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
cir
c
u
it
to
g
en
er
ate
f
au
lt
y
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
o
n
e
s
u
ch
tu
r
b
u
le
n
t
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
lev
el
s
i
n
t(
0
)
an
d
i
n
t(
4
)
ar
e
s
tu
c
k
at
1
an
d
s
tu
c
k
at
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
C
UT
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
t
u
c
k
at
f
a
u
lt
s
T
h
e
T
ab
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
p
u
t
co
m
b
in
atio
n
i
n
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
t
u
c
k
at
f
a
u
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t le
v
el
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fau
lt
y
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
C
UT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
B
la
ck
B
o
x
Mo
d
el
b
a
s
ed
S
elf
H
ea
lin
g
S
o
lu
tio
n
fo
r
S
t
u
ck
a
t F
a
u
lts
in
Dig
ita
l Ci
r
cu
its
(
S
.
Meyy
a
p
p
a
n
)
2455
*
in
t(
1
)
is
s
t
u
c
k
at
*
*
i
n
t(
1
)
an
d
in
t(
4
)
ar
e
s
-
a
-
1
&
s
-
a
-
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
T
h
e
Mo
d
elsi
m
b
ased
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
d
is
p
la
y
ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
4
to
7
elu
cid
ate
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ea
lin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
k
ee
p
th
e
C
UT
in
its
f
au
l
t
to
le
r
an
t
s
tate.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ee
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e.
4
ex
p
la
in
s
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
as
lo
n
g
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
is
at
lo
g
ic
0
s
tate
it
in
h
ib
its
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ates i
n
an
er
r
o
r
f
r
ee
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
C
UT
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l si
g
n
al
“
co
n
”
is
at
lo
g
ic
0
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
e
en
ab
li
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
as
s
ee
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
p
er
m
it
s
t
h
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
tu
c
k
-
at
f
au
lts
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
lo
g
ic
v
al
u
es o
f
t
h
e
4
b
it
f
au
lt
g
e
n
er
ato
r
“f
g
”
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
at
t
h
e
5
0
0
th
n
s
t
h
e
2
th
i.e
.
,
in
t(
1
)
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
li
n
e
i
s
m
ad
e
to
b
e
s
tu
c
k
-
at
lo
g
ic
1
a
n
d
at
th
e
1
0
0
0
th
n
s
t
h
e
5
nd
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
li
n
e
i.e
.
,
in
t
(
4
)
to
b
e
s
tu
c
k
-
at
lo
g
ic
0
r
esp
ec
t
iv
el
y
.
Desp
ite
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
,
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
co
n
ti
n
u
es
to
g
e
n
er
ate
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
it
s
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
li
n
es
t
h
a
n
k
s
t
o
th
e
in
n
ate
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
li
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
h
er
e
n
tl
y
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
it.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
C
UT
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
lin
e
“
i
n
t(
1
)
”
is
s
tu
ck
-
at
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
5
1
–
24
58
2456
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
C
UT
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
lin
e
s
“
i
n
t(
1
&
4
)
”
ar
e
s
tu
ck
at
1
&
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
s
e
lf
h
e
alin
g
R
OM
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l s
ig
n
a
l “
co
n
”
r
ev
er
ts
to
lo
g
ic
0
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
elab
o
r
ates
t
h
e
r
etr
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
to
i
ts
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
s
tate
as
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ig
n
al
r
ev
er
ts
to
lo
g
ic
0
at
th
e
1
5
0
0
th
n
s
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
2
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
lo
g
ic
s
tate
s
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
als
ass
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
t
h
e
C
UT
in
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
q
u
en
ce
o
f
e
v
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t si
m
u
latio
n
in
s
ta
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
o
g
ic
s
tates o
f
s
i
g
n
al
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
i
n
s
ta
n
ts
Si
m
ula
t
io
n I
ns
t
a
nt
co
n (
1
)
f
g
(
4
)
A
(
3
)
int
(
8
)
F
(
8
)
0
n
s
to
4
9
9
n
s
0
0100
100
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
n
s
to
9
9
9
n
s
1
0100
100
*
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
n
s
to
1
4
9
9
n
s
1
1000
100
*
*
0
0
0
0
00
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
n
s
to
2
0
0
0
n
s
0
1000
100
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
*
in
t(
1
)
is
s
t
u
ck
at
1
*
*
i
n
t(
1
)
an
d
in
t(
4
)
ar
e
s
-
a
-
1
&
s
-
a
-
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
ex
h
ib
it
s
ex
ce
lle
n
t
r
esil
ien
ce
a
n
d
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
e
v
en
i
n
tu
r
b
u
len
t
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
FP
G
A
to
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
it
s
elf
m
a
n
d
ates
th
e
d
esig
n
er
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
an
d
h
elp
s
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
lo
g
ical
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ed
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
u
s
i
n
g
XC
3
S5
0
0
E
FP
GA
o
n
Xilin
x
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
er
ies
I
SE
9
.
2
i
p
latf
o
r
m
v
alid
ate
s
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
VHD
L
co
d
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
C
UT
an
d
en
d
o
r
s
es it
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
u
itab
il
it
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
B
la
ck
B
o
x
Mo
d
el
b
a
s
ed
S
elf
H
ea
lin
g
S
o
lu
tio
n
fo
r
S
t
u
ck
a
t F
a
u
lts
in
Dig
ita
l Ci
r
cu
its
(
S
.
Meyy
a
p
p
a
n
)
2457
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
nce
A
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
T
ab
le
3
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
co
v
er
a
g
e
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ar
ea
o
v
er
h
ea
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
w
it
h
T
MR
f
o
r
th
e
C
UT
.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
c
o
v
er
ag
e
ex
p
la
in
s
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
t
o
to
ler
ate
f
a
u
lt
s
at
a
g
iv
e
n
p
o
in
t
o
f
ti
m
e
w
h
ile
o
v
er
h
ea
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
id
ea
o
v
er
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
h
ip
ar
ea
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
i
m
p
le
m
en
t t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
elatio
n;
%
ℎ
=
.
.
ℎ
×
100
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
S
u
m
m
ar
y
M
e
t
ho
do
lo
g
y
F
a
ult
Co
v
er
a
g
e
Are
a
O
v
er
hea
d
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Self
h
ea
li
n
g
A
r
c
h
ite
ctu
r
e
1
0
0
%
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
in
g
le
a
s
w
ell
a
s
m
u
ltip
le
b
it f
a
u
lt
s
8
4
.
2
1
%
T
r
i
p
le
Mo
d
u
lar
R
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
T
o
le
r
ates o
n
l
y
s
i
n
g
le
b
it f
a
u
lt
s
3
6
8
.
4
2
%
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
en
j
o
y
s
a
clea
r
ed
g
e
o
v
er
T
MR
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
T
MR
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
ield
a
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
T
MR
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
u
ar
an
tee
f
au
lt
f
r
e
e
o
u
tp
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
i
f
t
w
o
o
r
all
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
ts
to
t
h
e
v
o
ter
t
u
r
n
o
u
t
to
b
e
f
au
lt
y
,
it
p
er
m
its
th
e
f
a
u
lt
y
s
i
g
n
al
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
s
s
u
e
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
T
MR
r
elate
s
to
th
e
ar
ea
o
v
er
h
ea
d
w
h
ic
h
g
o
es
as
h
ig
h
a
s
3
6
8
.
4
2
%
s
in
ce
i
t
r
eq
u
i
r
es
t
w
o
id
en
tica
l
co
p
ies
o
f
th
e
C
UT
an
d
th
e
v
o
ter
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
C
UT
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
o
n
l
y
a
s
m
an
y
XO
R
g
a
tes
an
d
NOT
g
ate
s
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
m
ed
iate
lin
es
o
f
t
h
e
C
U
T
w
h
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
r
es
u
lts
i
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
l
y
lo
w
ar
ea
o
v
er
h
e
ad
o
f
8
4
.
2
1
%
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es h
u
n
d
r
ed
p
er
ce
n
t f
au
l
t c
o
v
er
ag
e
ag
ai
n
s
t si
n
g
le
as
well
as
m
u
ltip
le
b
it e
r
r
o
r
s
.
4
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
A
b
lack
b
o
x
m
o
d
el
b
a
s
ed
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
ted
to
d
etec
t
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t
s
t
u
ck
at
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
th
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
le
v
el
s
o
f
m
u
lti
le
v
el
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
al
cir
cu
i
ts
.
T
h
e
m
er
i
ts
o
f
s
i
m
u
lated
f
au
lt
in
j
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
til
ized
to
attai
n
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
en
er
ati
n
g
f
a
u
lts
.
T
h
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
a
s
b
ee
n
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
elf
h
ea
li
n
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
Mo
d
elsi
m
b
ased
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
l
ts
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ch
o
s
en
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
cir
cu
i
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
R
OM
ad
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
to
th
e
s
i
m
p
lici
t
y
a
n
d
v
er
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
VHD
L
co
d
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
v
alid
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
XC
3
S5
0
0
E
FP
GA
u
s
in
g
Xi
li
n
x
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
s
er
ie
s
I
SE
9
.
2
i
w
i
th
a
v
ie
w
to
ex
h
ib
it
it
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
m
ad
e
w
ith
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
T
MR
b
ased
h
ea
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
u
t
th
e
u
lti
m
ate
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
to
th
e
li
g
h
t
a
s
it
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
el
y
o
v
er
p
o
w
er
s
th
e
T
MR
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
au
lt
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
ar
ea
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
KSh
irsa
g
a
r
R.
V
,
P
a
tr
ik
a
r
R.
M
.
A
Ne
w
De
sig
n
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
T
o
ler
a
ti
n
g
I
n
ter
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
F
a
u
lt
s
in
Dig
i
ta
l
Circ
u
it
s
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
S
P
IT
-
IEE
E
c
o
l
lo
q
u
iu
m
a
n
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
In
d
ia.
2
0
0
7
;
2
:
1
1
7
-
1
2
0
.
[2
]
KSh
irsa
g
a
r
R.
V
,
P
a
tri
k
a
r
R.
M
.
A
No
v
e
l
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
t
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
Al
g
o
ri
th
m
fo
r
t
o
ler
a
ti
n
g
F
a
u
lt
s
in
Dig
it
a
l
Circ
u
it
s.
3
rd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
De
sig
n
a
n
d
T
e
st W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
T
u
n
isia,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
Cristi
a
n
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
sc
u
.
In
ter
mitt
e
n
t
Fa
u
lt
s
in
VL
S
I
Circ
u
it
s.
2
n
d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
S
i
li
c
o
n
Err
o
rs
in
L
o
g
ic
-
S
y
ste
m
Eff
e
c
ts
(S
EL
S
E2
),
A
p
ril
2
0
0
6
.
[4
]
Cristi
a
n
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
sc
u
.
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
In
ter
mitt
e
n
t
F
a
u
lt
s
o
n
Na
n
o
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
De
v
ice
s
.
W
DSN
-
0
7
,
Ed
in
b
u
rg
h
,
UK
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
G
ra
c
ia
J,
S
a
iz
L
.
J,
Ba
ra
z
a
J.C,
G
il
D,
G
il
P
.
J.
An
a
lys
is
o
f
th
e
In
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
I
n
ter
mitt
e
n
t
Fa
u
lt
s
i
n
a
M
icr
o
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
.
1
1
th
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Dia
g
n
o
stics
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
A
p
ril
2
0
0
8
;
8
0
-
8
5
.
[6
]
S
a
iz
L
.
J,
G
r
a
c
ia
J,
B
a
ra
z
a
J.C,
G
i
l
D,
G
il
P
.
J.
Ap
p
lyi
n
g
F
a
u
l
t
In
jec
ti
o
n
t
o
stu
d
y
th
e
Ef
fec
ts
o
f
In
ter
mitt
e
n
t
Fa
u
lt
s
.
7
th
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Ka
u
n
a
s.
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
:
6
7
-
6
9
.
[7
]
P
a
ra
g
K.
L
a
la.
S
e
lf
-
Ch
e
c
k
in
g
a
n
d
F
a
u
l
t
T
o
ler
a
n
t
Dig
i
ta
l
De
sig
n
.
M
o
rg
a
n
Ka
u
f
m
a
n
n
P
u
b
l
ish
e
rs.
2
0
0
1
.
[8
]
L
a
la
P
.
K.,
Ki
ra
n
Ku
m
a
r
B,
P
a
rk
e
rso
n
J.
P
.
On
S
e
lf
-
He
a
li
n
g
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
ste
m
D
e
sig
n
.
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
2
0
0
6
;
3
7
(
4
):
3
5
3
-
3
6
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
5
1
–
24
58
2458
[9
]
M
a
rw
a
B
e
n
Ha
m
m
o
u
d
a
,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Na
jeh
L
a
k
h
o
u
a
,
L
il
ia
El
Am
ra
o
u
i.
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
u
p
e
rv
isio
n
in
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
lan
ts.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2
0
1
5
;
5
(
5
):
905
-
9
1
7
.
[1
0
]
Ha
m
id
Ba
g
h
e
ri1
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
A
li
T
o
rk
a
m
a
n
i,
Zh
a
leh
G
h
a
ff
a
r
i.
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
ra
l
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
S
e
lf
-
He
a
li
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
u
lt
i
Ag
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
).
2
0
1
3
;
3
(6
):
7
7
9
-
7
8
3
.
[1
1
]
Ba
ra
z
a
J.C,
G
ra
c
ia
J,
G
il
D,
Gil
P
.
J.
A
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
a
V
HD
L
-
b
a
se
d
f
a
u
lt
in
jec
ti
o
n
t
o
o
l:
De
sc
rip
ti
o
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
y
ste
ms
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
.
2
0
0
2
;
4
7
(1
0
):
8
4
7
–
8
6
7
.
[1
2
]
G
il
D,
G
r
a
c
ia
J,
Ba
ra
z
a
J.C,
Gil
P
.
J.
S
tu
d
y
,
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
if
fe
re
n
t
V
HD
L
-
Ba
se
d
F
a
u
lt
In
j
e
c
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
F
a
u
l
t
-
T
o
lera
n
t
S
y
ste
m
.
M
icr
o
e
le
c
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
2
0
0
3
;
3
4
(
1
):
4
1
-
5
1
.
[1
3
]
Jo
n
g
w
h
o
a
Na
,
Lee
D.
W
.
S
i
m
u
late
d
F
a
u
lt
In
jec
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
S
im
u
lato
r
M
o
d
if
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
.
ET
RI
J
o
u
rn
a
l
.
2
0
1
1
;
3
3
(
1
):
5
0
-
5
9
.
[1
4
]
L
e
e
D.
W
,
Na
J.
W
.
No
v
e
l
S
im
u
l
a
ti
o
n
F
a
u
lt
I
n
jec
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis.
IEE
E
De
sig
n
&
Tes
t
Co
m
p
u
ters
.
2
0
0
9
;
2
6
(6
):
5
0
-
6
1
.
[1
5
]
G
o
ra
n
L
j.
Djo
rd
jev
e
c
,
M
il
e
K.
S
to
jce
v
,
Tatjan
a
R.
S
tan
k
o
v
ic.
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
P
a
rti
a
ll
y
S
e
lf
-
Ch
e
c
k
in
g
Co
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
ircu
it
s De
sig
n
.
Mi
c
ro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
.
2
0
0
4
;
3
5
(
1
2
):
9
4
5
-
9
5
2
.
[1
6
]
S
to
jce
v
M
.
K,
Djo
rd
jev
ic G
.
L
j,
S
tan
k
o
v
ic
T
.
R.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
e
lf
-
c
h
e
c
k
in
g
t
w
o
-
le
v
e
l
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lo
g
ic o
n
F
P
GA
a
n
d
C
P
L
D circ
u
it
s.
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
2
0
0
4
;
4
4
(
1
):
1
7
3
-
1
7
8
.
[1
7
]
T
a
tj
a
n
a
R.
S
tan
k
o
v
ic,
M
il
e
K.
S
t
o
jce
v
,
G
o
ra
n
L
j.
Djo
rd
jev
ic.
On
V
HD
L
S
y
n
th
e
sis
O
f
S
e
l
f
Ch
e
c
k
i
n
g
Tw
o
Lev
e
l
Co
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
ircu
it
s.
El
e
c
trica
l
En
e
rg
y
.
2
0
0
4
;
1
7
:
6
9
-
79.
[1
8
]
De
b
a
n
jan
G
h
o
sh
,
Ra
j
S
h
a
rm
a
n
,
H.
Ra
g
h
a
v
Ra
o
,
S
h
a
m
b
h
u
U
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
a
.
S
e
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
s
y
ste
m
s
—
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
S
y
n
th
e
sis.
De
c
isio
n
S
u
p
p
o
rt
S
y
st
e
m
s.
2
0
0
6
;
4
2
(
4
):
2
1
6
4
-
2
1
8
5
.
[1
9
]
L
a
la
P
.
K,
B.
Kira
n
K
u
m
a
r.
A
n
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
S
e
lf
-
H
e
a
li
n
g
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ic
T
e
stin
g
:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s,
Klu
we
r
Aca
d
e
mic
Pu
b
li
sh
e
rs
.
2
0
0
3
;
1
9
:
5
2
3
-
5
3
5
.
[2
0
]
S
trak
a
M
,
Ka
stil
J,
Ko
tas
e
k
Z.
M
o
d
e
rn
fa
u
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
r
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
a
rti
a
l
d
y
n
a
mic
re
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
fp
g
a
s
.
1
3
th
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Dia
g
n
o
stics
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s,
IEE
E
Co
m
p
u
ter S
o
c
iety
,
USA
.
2
0
1
0
;
3
3
6
–
3
4
1
.
[2
1
]
T
ra
n
D.
A
,
V
iraz
e
l
A
,
Bo
sio
A,
Dili
ll
o
L
,
G
irard
P
,
P
ra
v
o
ss
o
u
d
o
v
it
c
h
S
,
W
u
n
d
e
rli
c
h
H.
-
J.
A
Hy
b
rid
Fa
u
lt
T
o
ler
a
n
t
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
fo
r
Ro
b
u
st
n
e
ss
Imp
ro
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
Dig
it
a
l
Circ
u
it
s
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
th
IEE
E
A
sia
n
T
e
st
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
(
AT
S
1
1
).
2
0
1
1
;
1
3
6
-
1
4
1
.
[2
2
]
T
ra
n
D.
A
.
,
V
iraz
e
l
A
,
Bo
sio
A
,
Dili
ll
o
L
,
G
irard
P
,
P
ra
v
o
ss
o
u
d
o
v
it
c
h
S
,
W
u
n
d
e
rli
c
h
H.
-
J.
A
Ne
w
H
y
b
rid
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
Dig
it
a
l
CM
OS
Circu
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
stin
g
:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (
J
ET
T
A)
.
2
0
1
4
;
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
0
8
3
6
-
0
1
4
-
5
4
5
9
-
3.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
.
M
e
y
y
a
p
p
a
n
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
f
a
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
a
st
1
3
y
e
a
rs
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
in
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
A
s
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
In
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
n
n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
F
a
u
lt
T
o
lera
n
t
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
s,
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
P
r
o
c
e
ss
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
.
V
.
A
la
m
e
lu
m
a
n
g
a
i
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
h
o
l
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
st
o
f
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
In
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
n
n
a
m
a
lai
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
ia.
He
r
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
sp
a
n
s
o
v
e
r
2
0
y
e
a
rs.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
a
re
Dig
it
a
l
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
,
P
r
o
c
e
ss
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
I
n
d
u
strial
In
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.