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J
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I
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N:
2088
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8708
Th
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[
10]
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y
p
e
s
o
f
d
ef
ec
t
o
n
s
i
n
g
le
la
y
er
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
s
t
o
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t.
T
h
e
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
i
s
an
a
l
y
ze
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
d
e
v
ice.
Her
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
d
ef
ec
t
ar
e
s
t
u
d
ied
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
la
y
er
a
n
d
s
in
g
le
v
ac
a
n
c
y
i
n
s
in
g
le
la
y
er
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
i
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
T
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
ta
k
e
n
at
th
e
0
Fer
m
i
le
v
el
e
n
er
g
y
at
3
0
0
K
(
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e)
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctan
c
e
an
d
th
er
m
a
l
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
ar
e
also
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
an
al
y
s
ed
.
I
t
is
h
o
p
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
e
w
f
i
n
d
in
g
r
es
u
lted
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
m
a
y
b
ec
o
m
e
an
o
t
h
er
t
u
r
n
i
n
g
p
o
in
t
i
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
l
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
to
ca
ter
th
e
em
er
g
i
n
g
n
ee
d
o
f
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
b
io
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
d
ev
ice
f
o
r
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
w
il
l
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
e
th
o
d
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
a
s
w
e
ll a
s
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
t
w
o
(
2
)
m
ai
n
p
ar
t
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
is
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
c
alcu
latio
n
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t is th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
2
.
1
.
So
f
t
wa
re
a
nd
Ca
lcula
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
A
to
m
is
t
ix
T
o
o
l
Kit
(
A
T
K)
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
f
r
o
m
Q
u
a
n
tu
m
W
is
e.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
n
b
u
l
k
an
d
d
ev
ice
s
y
s
te
m
(
b
u
l
k
-
n
a
n
o
d
ev
ice
s
y
s
te
m
s
)
s
u
c
h
as
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
A
ll
ca
lc
u
l
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
De
n
s
it
y
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
T
h
eo
r
y
(
DFT
)
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
2
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
e
f
ec
t
o
n
g
r
ap
h
en
e
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
ts
s
u
ch
as
b
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
R
ec
u
r
s
io
n
ca
l
cu
lato
r
.
Si
m
ilar
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
I
V
cu
r
v
e
s
,
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
“
e
lectr
o
d
e”
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
t
h
e
m
u
lti
g
r
id
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
A
ll
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
at
th
e
v
ici
n
it
y
0
eV
(
Fer
m
i
lev
el)
at
3
0
0
K
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
et
tin
g
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
del
T
h
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
tw
o
(
2
)
s
ec
tio
n
;
1
)
th
e
b
u
lk
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
an
d
2
)
th
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
ev
ice
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
d
en
tica
l
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
len
g
th
an
d
w
id
t
h
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
ar
e
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
la
y
er
p
r
is
ti
n
e
(
SL
P
)
,
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
la
y
er
w
ith
a
s
in
g
le
v
ac
a
n
c
y
(
1
SV)
,
th
e
s
in
g
le
la
y
er
w
it
h
t
w
o
v
ac
a
n
cies
(
2
SV)
an
d
th
e
s
in
g
le
la
y
er
w
ith
Sto
n
e
-
W
ales
d
ef
ec
t (
SLSW
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
u
l
k
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
th
e
d
ef
ec
t
w
it
h
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
is
1
3
.
5
5
Å
an
d
th
e
w
id
t
h
is
7
.
9
1
Å
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
4
6
ato
m
s
to
4
8
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
e
f
ec
t.
Fig
u
r
e2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
ev
i
ce
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
r
ed
b
o
x
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
w
h
ils
t t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
b
o
x
i
n
d
ic
ates t
h
e
g
ate.
T
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
is
1
3
.
5
5
Å
a
n
d
th
e
w
id
t
h
is
7
.
9
1
Å
.
T
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
is
s
et
to
4
.
9
2
Å
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
eta
l
g
ate
is
s
e
t to
1
0
.
5
Å
x
8
.
5
Å
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
id
en
tical
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t t
y
p
e
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
w
h
er
e
(
a)
SL
P
w
i
th
4
8
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
(
b
)
1
SV
w
it
h
4
7
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
(
c)
2
SV
w
it
h
4
6
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
an
d
(
d
)
SL
SW
w
ith
4
8
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
4
4
4
–
1
4
5
1
1446
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
id
en
tical
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
in
g
le
c
h
an
n
el
clo
s
e
d
lo
o
p
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
(
a)
SL
P
an
d
(
b
)
1
SV (
c)
2
SV a
n
d
(
d
)
SL
SW
d
ef
ec
t.
T
h
e
ar
r
o
w
(
s
)
i
n
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
is
s
in
g
ato
m
s
.
R
ed
b
o
x
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t a
n
d
lef
t e
le
ctr
o
d
e
(
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
)
an
d
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
b
o
x
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
g
at
es
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
T
he
elec
t
ro
nic pro
pert
ies o
f
g
ra
ph
ene
s
heet
s
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
ill
d
is
c
u
s
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
DO
S,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
.
First,
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
es
th
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
a
n
d
th
e
DOS
o
f
t
h
e
S
L
P
,
1
SV,
2
SV
an
d
S
L
SW
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
at
ze
r
o
b
ias
v
o
lta
g
e.
As
f
o
r
th
e
b
a
n
d
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
w
er
e
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
at
p
o
in
t
(
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
B
r
illo
u
i
n
zo
n
e)
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
th
e
ax
e
s
o
f
x
,
y
,
an
d
z
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t.
W
h
er
e
th
e
x
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
la
y
er
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t,
th
e
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t a
n
d
t
h
e
z
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
th
e
(
a)
SL
P
,
(
b
)
1
SV,
(
c)
2
SV a
n
d
(
d
)
SL
SW
No
t
e
t
ha
t
:
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
f
icatio
n
(
in
s
et
s
)
ar
e
tak
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
X
p
o
in
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
ese
in
s
ets
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
a
n
d
th
e
v
a
len
ce
b
an
d
w
h
ich
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
A
b
-
in
itio
S
t
u
d
y
o
f B
u
lk
S
i
n
g
le
La
ye
r
Defe
cted
Gra
p
h
en
e
to
w
a
r
d
s
Gra
p
h
en
e
Dev
ice
(
Ma
r
r
ia
tyi
Mo
r
s
in
)
1447
T
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
ts
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
a)
–
(
d
)
w
h
ic
h
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
is
ca
lcu
lated
at
p
o
in
t
X.
Her
e
it
is
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
n
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
le
v
el
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
b
an
d
an
d
v
alen
ce
b
an
d
s
h
if
ted
(
u
p
an
d
d
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
0
eV)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
to
w
ar
d
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
d
ef
ec
t.
T
h
e
b
an
d
g
ap
is
0
.
0
0
eV,
0
.
5
8
eV,
0
.
3
5
eV
an
d
0
.
0
8
eV
f
o
r
SL
P
,
1
SV,
2
SV
an
d
SLSW
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
clo
s
i
n
g
o
f
b
an
d
g
ap
n
ea
r
t
h
e
Dir
ac
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
S
L
P
is
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
wh
at
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
t
b
y
B
a
n
h
ar
t
e
t.a
l
[
4
]
an
d
Alle
n
an
d
W
ar
n
er
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
ch
a
n
g
in
g
(
d
o
p
ed
,
r
em
o
v
ed
,
ad
d
ed
etc.
)
in
th
e
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
ca
r
b
o
n
lattice.
C
o
n
tin
u
i
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
SLSW
,
th
e
s
m
all
b
an
d
g
ap
in
S
L
SW
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ef
ec
t
v
io
late
in
t
h
e
lattice
s
y
m
m
etr
y
b
o
n
d
at
th
e
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
t
[
1
4
]
.
A
s
th
er
e
is
n
o
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
o
r
a
d
d
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
,
b
u
t o
n
l
y
t
h
e
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
C
-
C
b
o
n
d
at
9
0
.
W
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
a
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
a
to
m
in
t
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
s
h
ee
t a
s
i
n
1
SV
an
d
2
SV,
th
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
w
ill
w
i
d
en
o
p
en
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
ee
d
an
g
li
n
g
b
o
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
.
An
o
th
er
cr
iter
io
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ar
e
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
e
SL
P
an
d
t
h
e
S
L
SW
h
a
s
a
d
ir
ec
t
b
an
d
g
ap
w
h
ils
t
th
e
1
SV
an
d
th
e
2
SV
h
a
s
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
b
an
d
g
ap
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ap
p
ar
en
tl
y
p
r
o
v
en
to
w
h
a
t
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
B
ala
n
d
in
[
5
]
th
at
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
b
an
d
g
ap
ca
n
b
e
tu
n
ed
b
y
d
ef
ec
t.
Den
s
i
t
y
o
f
s
tate
(
DOS)
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
a)
(
i)
(
ii)
(
b
)
(
i)
(
ii)
(
c)
(
i)
(
ii)
(
d
)
(
i)
(
ii)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
s
tate
(
DOS)
(
a)
(
i)
–
(
d
)
(
i)
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
a)
(
ii)
–
(
d
)
(
ii)
o
f
th
e
(
a)
(
i)
SL
P
,
1
SV,
2
SV a
n
d
SLSW
-5
0
5
0
2
4
6
8
E
n
e
r
gy
(
e
V)
T
(
E
)
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
=
2
-5
0
5
0
2
4
6
8
E
n
e
r
gy
(
e
V)
T
(
E
)
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
=
1
-5
0
5
0
1
2
3
4
E
n
e
r
gy
(
e
V)
T
(
E
)
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
=
~
2.5
-5
0
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
E
n
e
r
gy
(
e
V)
T
(
E
)
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
=
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
4
4
4
–
1
4
5
1
1448
An
o
th
er
f
ea
tu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
b
u
lk
s
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
is
th
e
DO
S
.
T
h
e
DOS
o
f
ea
ch
g
r
ap
h
en
e
b
u
l
k
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
an
d
d
is
p
la
y
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a)
(
i)
-
(
d
)
(
i)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
D
O
S o
f
th
e
S
L
P
an
d
t
h
e
SLSW
ar
e
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
n
o
n
t
h
e
0
eV
-
1
at
v
icin
it
y
0
en
er
g
y
lev
el
.
T
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
in
th
e
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
e
x
p
lain
e
d
e
ar
lier
.
T
h
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
v
alen
ce
a
n
d
e
m
p
t
y
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
a
n
d
s
m
ee
t
at
Dir
ac
p
o
in
t
m
ea
n
s
ze
r
o
v
alu
e
at
th
e
DOS.
W
ith
v
a
n
is
h
i
n
g
DO
S
at
th
e
Di
r
ac
p
o
in
t
b
u
t
n
o
en
er
g
y
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
v
alen
ce
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
b
a
n
d
s
[
1
3
]
.
On
e
i
n
ter
est
in
g
ele
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
S
L
P
,
th
e
DOS
s
h
o
w
s
a
l
m
o
s
t
a
s
y
m
m
etr
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
DOS
i
n
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
lef
t
x
-
a
x
is
o
f
th
e
d
i
ag
r
a
m
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a)
(
i)
)
.
A
t
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
a
n
g
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
eV
to
1
.
5
eV,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
ea
k
s
ar
o
s
e
at
DOS
v
alu
e
3
.
2
eV
-
1
an
d
3
.
5
eV
-
1
.
T
h
e
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
g
ap
f
ea
t
u
r
es
i
n
b
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
D
OS
i
n
1
SV
a
n
d
2
S
V.
O
n
t
h
i
s
s
p
o
t,
t
h
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
g
ap
s
tate
n
e
ar
th
e
Fer
m
i
-
en
er
g
y
le
v
el
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
(
i)
-
(
c
)
(
i)
.
Un
lik
e
to
th
e
SL
P
o
r
t
h
e
S
L
SW
,
th
e
DOS
i
n
th
e
1
SV
an
d
2
SV
s
h
o
w
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
u
n
p
air
ed
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
v
i
cin
it
y
o
f
v
ac
an
cie
s
th
u
s
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
to
s
p
i
n
p
o
lar
ized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
0
]
.
So
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
DO
S
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
g
ap
ex
is
t i
n
m
a
ter
ial.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
is
t
h
en
co
n
ti
n
u
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
e
f
f
ici
en
t
is
2
,
1
,
2
.
5
an
d
0
f
o
r
SL
P
,
1
SV,
2
S
V
an
d
SL
SW
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(
a)
(
ii)
–
(
d
)
(
ii))
.
T
h
e
lo
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
m
a
y
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
[
1
5
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
th
e
li
n
e
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
last
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
t
h
e
n
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
w
ith
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
)
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
ex
h
ib
its
u
n
iq
u
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lar
g
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
A
s
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
th
e
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
is
tin
e
an
d
d
ef
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
s
h
ee
ts
ar
e
al
m
o
s
t
s
i
m
ilar
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
th
e
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ce
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
2
SV
(
G
g
=
1
.
7
1
7
e
-
4
S)
s
h
o
w
s
5
.
1
4
%
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
SL
P
(
G
g
=
1
.
5
4
9
e
-
4
S)
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
co
e
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
SL
SW
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
least
v
a
lu
e
at
G
g
=
3
.
8
4
e
-
5
S
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
1
SV,
th
e
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
i
s
G
g
=
7
.
8
1
3
e
-
5
S.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
ele
ctr
o
n
s
s
ca
tter
ed
d
o
g
i
v
e
i
m
p
a
ct
w
ith
a
lo
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
co
n
d
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g
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5
(
b
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(
3
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h
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1
3
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-
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o
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th
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SV is K
g
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7
0
9
e
-
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W
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,
a
n
d
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o
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th
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SLSW
is
K
g
=
6
.
7
4
e
-
10
(
W
/K)
.
W
h
ich
t
h
e
1
SV
s
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w
s
lo
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th
er
m
al
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t
f
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w
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b
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L
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a
n
d
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e
2
SV.
T
h
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is
an
ag
r
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m
e
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t
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n
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itio
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at
t
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m
ax
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atter
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b
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[
1
6
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.
Fo
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(
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Th
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w
n
i
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Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
lef
t)
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
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n
t
r
elate
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to
th
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t
y
p
e
o
f
d
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ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
ev
ice,
i
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
1
SV
d
e
v
ice
i
s
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
h
ig
h
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m
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ar
ed
to
o
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ty
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o
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ap
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n
e
d
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ice.
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h
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e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
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n
s
p
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tr
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lect
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h
e
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r
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t
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r
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at
Fi
g
u
r
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6
(
r
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h
t)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
ev
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w
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r
k
s
w
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t
th
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p
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is
ti
n
e
g
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a
n
d
th
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1
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d
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ce
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w
e
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t
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V
at
4
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4
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x
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n
A
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r
en
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m
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io
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ated
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ec
t t
y
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th
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Fo
r
th
e
2
SV,
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is
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n
cr
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s
ed
w
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t
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r
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al
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B
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t
at
t
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r
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1
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(
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1
5
V)
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SW
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o
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ap
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t
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eter
io
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ate
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tly
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ter
2
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x
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4
n
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en
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h
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o
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cr
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r
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r
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k
d
o
w
n
o
f
th
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g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
at
1
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8
V.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
d
u
e
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
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h
e
d
e
f
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ted
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ap
h
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n
e
d
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at
th
e
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al
u
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
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n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
to
ze
r
o
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
lef
t
)
)
.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lts
also
an
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
to
Ma
n
o
h
ar
a
n
[
8
]
th
at
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
d
ef
ec
t in
d
u
ce
d
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
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t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
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t a
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o
s
s
th
e
ch
an
n
el
is
n
o
t a
f
f
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ted
to
it.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
le
f
t)
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d
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
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v
o
ltag
e
(
r
ig
h
t)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
SL
P
,
th
e
1
SV,
th
e
2
SV a
n
d
t
h
e
S
L
SW
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
t
h
r
ee
(
3
)
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
ef
ec
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
is
ti
n
e
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
i
s
tab
u
lated
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
tab
le,
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t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
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th
e
d
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o
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n
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SV
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f
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th
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er
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[3
]
C.
G
.
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t
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[4
]
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.
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t
a
l.
,
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[5
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.
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.
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[6
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A
.
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[7
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J.
Ya
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.
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[8
]
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H.
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[9
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D.
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2
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