Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4790
~
4
799
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4790
-
4
799
4790
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Eco
n
omi
ca
l
and
Reliabl
e Expansi
on Alte
rn
ative of
Co
mp
osite
Powe
r Syst
em u
nd
er
Res
tructu
rin
g
Ali S.
D
ala
bee
h
1
, Anwar
AL
Mofleh
2
,
Abd
allah R.
Alz
youd
3
,
Hi
ndi T.
Ay
m
an
4
1,
2,
3
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
E
ngine
er
ing
Dep
a
rtment,
Fa
cult
y
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
Te
chno
log
y
,
Al
-
Bal
qa’
Applie
d
Univer
sit
y
,
Jordan
4
Najr
an
Univ
ersi
t
y
,
Co
ll
eg
e
of
E
ngine
er
ing, Naj
r
an
Univer
si
t
y
,
Saudi
Arab
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
27
, 201
8
Re
vised
Jun
27
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
24
, 2
01
8
The
pape
r
inten
ds
to
sele
ct
the
m
o
st
ec
onom
ic
al
and
reliab
le
expa
nsion
al
t
ern
ative
of
a
compos
it
e
powe
r
s
y
stem
to
m
eet
the
exp
ec
t
ed
f
uture
lo
ad
growth.
In
orde
r
to
red
uce
ti
m
e
c
om
puta
ti
ona
l
quant
ity
,
a
heur
ist
i
c
al
gorit
hm
is
adopt
ed
for co
m
posite
power
sy
stem reli
abi
l
ity
eva
lu
at
ion
is pr
o
posed.
Th
e
proposed
al
gori
thm
is
base
d
on
Monte
-
Carlo
sim
ula
ti
on
m
et
hod.
Th
e
rel
i
abi
l
ity
indi
c
e
s
are
esti
m
ated
for
s
y
st
em
base
ca
se
and
for
t
he
c
ase
of
addi
ng
pea
k
ing
gene
ration
uni
ts.
The
l
ea
st
c
ost
rese
rve
m
arg
in
for
the
addi
ti
on
of
f
ive 20MW
gene
ratin
g
unit
s
sequ
ent
i
a
lly
is
determ
ine
d
.
Us
ing
th
e
proposed
al
gori
t
hm
an
inc
remen
t
compari
son
ap
proa
ch
used
to
i
ll
ustrate
th
e
eff
ect
of
the
add
ed
unit
s
on
the
int
err
upt
ion
and
on
the
annua
l
ne
t
gai
n
costs.
A
flow
cha
rt
i
ntroduc
ed
to
e
xpla
in
th
e
basi
c
m
et
hodolog
y
to
have
an
ade
qua
te
assess
m
ent
of
a
power
sy
st
em
using
Monte
Carl
o
Si
m
ula
ti
on.
Th
e
IEE
E
RTS
(24
-
b
us,
38
-
li
ne)
and
The
Jordani
an
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Pow
er
S
y
stem
(46
-
bus
and
92
-
li
ne)
were
exa
m
ine
d
to
i
ll
ustra
te
how
to
m
ake
dec
isions
in
power
s
y
stem pl
anni
ng
and
exp
ansions.
Ke
yw
or
d:
A
de
quacy
C
om
po
sit
e
Ex
pected
In
te
r
r
up
ti
on c
ost
Power
syst
em
s
R
el
ia
bili
t
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ali S.
Dalabee
h
,
Ele
ct
rical
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng D
e
par
t
m
ent, F
acult
y
o
f
Enginee
rin
g Tec
hn
ology
,
Al
-
Ba
lqa
’ App
li
ed
U
niv
e
rsity
,
Amm
an
1113
4,
Jor
dan
.
Em
a
il
:
alidalab
eeh@ya
hoo.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
tra
diti
on
a
l
regulat
ed
power
syst
em
has
m
ov
ed
to
a
der
e
gula
te
d
syst
e
m
.
The
pri
ce
of
th
e
delivere
d
ene
r
gy
and
the
qua
li
ty
of
energy
su
pply
,
inclu
di
ng
vo
lt
age
qu
a
li
ty
and
reli
abi
li
ty
of
serv
ic
e
are
the
m
ai
n
factor
s
f
or
c
om
po
sit
e
powe
r
syst
em
u
nd
e
r
rest
ru
ct
uri
ng
.
[1
]
.
Ele
ct
r
ic
power
syst
e
m
s
hav
e
tra
diti
on
al
ly
been
or
gan
iz
e
d
a
nd
ope
rated
as
ve
rtic
al
ly
integrate
d
util
it
ie
s
in
w
hich
ge
ner
at
io
n,
t
ran
sm
issi
on
,
a
nd
distrib
ution
fa
ci
li
ti
es
are
m
a
nag
e
d
by
one
com
pan
y
[2
]
.
So
ci
al
,
eco
no
m
ic
,
po
li
ti
cal
and
te
ch
nical
chang
es
hav
e
force
d
th
e
regulat
ed
in
dustry
to
ada
pt.
Com
petition
ha
s
beco
m
e
the
key
facto
r
dr
i
vi
ng
the
der
e
gu
l
at
ion
process
i
n
the
el
ect
ric
power
industry
[
3].
G
ener
at
io
n
a
nd
distrib
ution
ser
vices
are
pro
vid
ed
by
I
ndepe
nd
e
nt
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
distrib
utio
n
c
om
pan
i
es,
respec
ti
vely
,
w
hile
el
ect
rici
ty
transm
issi
on
syst
e
m
s
with
op
e
n
acce
s
s
are
ove
rseen
by
the
I
nd
e
pe
ndent
Syst
em
Op
erator
(
ISOs)
or
Re
gional
T
r
ansm
issi
on
O
r
gan
iz
at
io
ns
(R
TOs).
The
tra
ns
m
issio
n
syst
em
is
m
os
t
heav
il
y
us
e
d
in
the
de
regulat
ed
en
vi
ronm
ent
fo
r
the
reas
on
that
la
rg
e
wholesal
e
e
ne
rg
y
buye
rs
a
r
e
able
t
o
sat
i
sfy
their
nee
ds
by
purch
a
sing
le
ss
e
xpensive
ene
r
gy
from
geog
raphical
ly
distant
reg
io
ns,
wh
ic
h
te
nd
s
t
o
overloa
d
the trans
m
issi
on
syst
e
m
[2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
5].
I
n
the
inter
est
of
al
l
the
m
ark
et
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
(
gen
e
rati
ng
c
om
pan
ie
s,
ISO,
an
d
c
us
tom
ers)
it
is
neces
s
ary
to
hav
e
s
yste
m
reli
abili
ty
inform
ation
su
it
abl
e
to
the
ne
w
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
A
s
a
conseq
ue
nc
e
of
restr
uctu
ring
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
syst
e
m
s,
el
ect
ric
powe
r
util
ities
are
facin
g
increasin
g
unc
ertai
nti
es
re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
eco
nom
ic
and
te
ch
nical
const
raints.
T
his
has
cr
eat
ed
increa
sin
g
r
equ
i
rem
ents
fo
r
e
xtensi
ve
justi
ficat
ion
of
new
fa
ci
li
ti
e
s
an
d
increase
d
em
ph
asi
s
on
the
ju
sti
ficat
ion
of
s
yst
e
m
costs
and
reli
abili
ty
.
Com
po
sit
e
syst
em
exp
an
sio
n
pl
ann
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eco
nomical
an
d
Rel
ia
ble Ex
pans
i
on Alt
ern
at
iv
e o
f C
omp
osi
te
Power
Syst
em under
...
(
A
li
S
. Dal
ab
ee
h)
4791
is
basical
ly
co
ncerne
d
with
t
he
a
dd
it
io
n
of
new
ge
ne
rati
on
a
nd
tra
ns
m
is
sion
facil
it
ie
s
at
a
sp
eci
fied
t
i
m
e
in
the
fu
t
ur
e
a
nd
at
app
r
opriat
e
locat
ion
s
.
The
m
ai
n
con
cer
n
of
this
w
ork
is
to
sel
ect
the
m
os
t
econ
om
i
cal
and
reli
able
ex
pa
nsi
on
al
te
r
native
in
order
t
o
m
eet
the
new
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
c
om
petit
ion
pro
vid
e
s
str
ong
m
otivati
ons
for
syst
em
plann
e
rs
t
o
ree
valuate
the
tr
aditi
on
al
deter
m
inist
ic
app
r
oa
ch
us
ed
in
com
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ty
evaluati
on.
P
robab
il
ist
ic
reli
abili
ty
evaluati
on
of
com
po
sit
e
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
transm
iss
ion
syst
e
m
s
pr
ov
i
de
s
the
m
eans
to
eval
ua
te
the
benefit
s
of
pro
vid
i
ng
syst
e
m
su
ppor
t
[6
]
.
T
he
a
naly
ti
cal
app
r
oach
is
us
ually
restr
ic
te
d
to
the
eval
uation
of
e
xpect
ed
val
ues
a
nd
s
om
et
i
m
es
to
a
l
i
m
i
te
d
ra
nge
of
syst
em
par
a
m
et
ers
[4
]
,
[
5]
.
Wh
en
com
plex
op
e
r
at
in
g
co
ndit
ion
s
are
to
be
consi
der
e
d,
it
is
adv
isa
ble
to
go
for
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
sim
ulati
on
te
chn
iq
ues
,
w
hi
ch
giv
e
the
prob
a
bili
ty
distribu
ti
ons
of
t
he
reli
abili
ty
ind
ic
es,
in
a
dd
it
io
n
to
the
m
ean
values
.
P
la
nn
e
r
trie
s
t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e
inv
est
m
ent
and
exp
ect
e
d
op
e
r
at
i
ng
c
os
ts
w
hile
supp
ly
re
li
abili
ty
no
t
excee
d
re
est
ablishe
d
li
m
it
s
,
fo
r
e
xam
ple
in
ge
ner
at
i
on
ex
pa
ns
io
n
pl
ann
in
g
Loss
of
L
oad
Ex
pect
at
ion
(LOLE)
sh
oul
d
be
le
ss
tha
n
one
day
in
te
n
ye
ars
[7
]
.
H
oweve
r,
it
is
not
po
ssi
ble
to
e
ns
ure
that
the
ta
rg
et
reli
abili
ty
le
vel
ref
le
ct
s
the
econom
ic
i
m
pact
of
supp
ly
interr
up
ti
on
an
d,
hen
ce,
that
t
he
best
bala
nc
e
between
c
ost
s
and
reli
abili
ty
has
been
achie
ved
[1
]
.
Lea
st
cos
t
plan
ning
ap
proac
h
trie
s
to
achieve
t
he
gl
ob
al
m
ini
m
iz
a
ti
on
of
inv
est
m
ent co
s
ts, ex
pected
op
erati
on co
s
ts
a
nd sup
ply i
nter
ruptio
n
c
os
ts [
2
]
,
[
8].
Jo
r
da
n
el
ect
rici
ty
autho
rity
(J
EA)
est
a
blishe
d
in
19
67
i
n
or
der
to
ta
ke
ove
r
al
l
gen
e
rati
on
s
and
as
sess
transm
issi
on
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
in
Jo
r
dan
a
nd
sel
l
powe
r
to
t
wo
pr
ivate
distrib
ution
c
om
pan
ie
s
(JEP
C
O
an
d
I
DECO
)
[9
]
.
As
a
res
ul
t
of
a
pr
oce
s
s
of
rest
ru
ct
uri
ng
an
d
pri
vat
iz
at
ion
,
The
Nati
on
al
Ele
ct
ric
Power
Co
m
pan
y
(N
E
PCO
)
est
a
blishe
d
in
1996
as
the
le
gal
s
uccess
or
of
JE
A
of
el
ect
rical
energy.
I
n
1999
N
EPCO
was
sp
li
t
-
into
three
c
ompanies
[
10
]
,
[
11]
:
i)
Ce
ntral
Ele
ct
rici
t
y
Ge
ner
at
io
n
Com
pan
y
(CEGC
O),
respo
ns
ible
f
or
al
l
gen
e
rati
on,
ii
)
Ele
ct
rici
ty
Dist
rib
ution
C
om
pan
y
(E
DCO
),
r
esp
on
si
ble
f
or
distrib
ution
ou
tsi
de
the
c
on
ce
ssio
n
areas
of
JE
PCO
an
d
ID
EC
O
,
ii
i)
NEP
CO
was
assig
ned
t
he
res
pons
ibil
it
y
of
m
anag
em
ent,
op
er
at
io
n
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
the
high
volt
age
tra
ns
m
issio
n
net
works
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
lo
ad
disp
at
c
hing
an
d
the
operat
ion
of
the
interco
nne
ct
ion
with
the
neig
hbori
ng
countries
(
Egy
pt
and
Syria
)
.
I
n
2004
a
ne
w
gen
e
rati
on
co
m
pan
y
cal
le
d
SPE
GC
O
was
est
a
blished
[
11
]
,
[
12]
.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
m
od
el
is
app
li
ed
base
d
on
th
e
sin
gle
buye
r
m
od
el
wh
e
re
NE
PCO
bu
ys
f
ro
m
CE
GCO,
SPE
GO
and
from
neigh
bo
rin
g
co
un
t
r
ie
s
through
int
ercon
necti
on
a
nd
sel
l
it
to
the
distrib
ution
c
om
pan
ie
s
bus
res
pecti
vely
.
(JEP
C
O,
I
DEC
O
at
ED
CO).
T
he
bu
yi
ng
p
r
ocess
is b
a
sed
on
annual c
on
t
racts w
her
e t
he
ta
ri
ff
s
f
or
t
he
fi
nal co
stum
er ar
e s
et
accordin
g
th
e o
r
de
r
of i
ncr
e
asi
ng
c
ons
um
ptio
n
pr
es
pecifie
d by the
gove
rn
m
ent.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
13
]
pr
op
os
e
d
th
e
co
ncep
ts
of
releva
nt
re
gi
on
s
an
d
regul
at
ive
reg
i
ons
base
d
on
t
he
con
ce
pt
of
ce
nt
ral
relaxati
on
to
scree
n
po
s
sible
co
ntin
gen
c
ie
s.
Re
fer
e
nce
s
[1
]
descr
i
bed
a
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
for
cal
culat
ing
tot
al
syst
e
m
interrupti
on
costs
i
n
com
po
sit
e
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd
transm
issi
on
s
yst
e
m
s.
The
stud
y
in
ref
e
ren
ce
[14]
was
co
nducte
d
in
plan
ning
sta
ges
an
d
f
or
pro
j
ect
i
m
ple
m
e
ntati
on
,
w
ho
se
go
al
is
to
def
i
ne
a
netw
ork
co
nfi
gurati
on
w
hic
h
achie
ves
m
i
nim
u
m
costs.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
15]
pr
esente
d
a
te
chn
iq
ue
in
wh
ic
h
a
gen
e
rati
on
co
m
pan
y
is
rep
r
esented
by
an
equ
i
valent
m
ulti
sta
te
gen
er
at
ion
pr
ov
i
der
and
t
he
tra
nsm
issi
on
syst
e
m
is
rep
resen
te
d
by
an
equ
i
valent
m
ulti
sta
te
trans
m
is
sion
pro
vid
e
r
us
in
g
reli
abili
ty
network
e
qu
ivale
nt
te
chn
iq
ues
.
Re
fer
e
nce
[16]
presented
a
tim
e
sequ
e
ntial
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
si
m
ulati
on
te
chn
iq
ue
in
wh
ic
h
ge
ner
a
l
distrib
ution
syst
e
m
el
e
m
ents,
operati
ng
m
o
dels
an
d
rad
ia
l
co
nf
ig
urat
ions
are
c
on
si
dered.
Re
fer
e
nce
[17
]
,
[
18]
evaluate
d
the
reli
abili
ty
assessm
ent
pr
ob
le
m
of
low
and
th
e
high
DG
pen
et
rati
on
le
vel
of
t
he
act
ive
distrib
ution
sy
stem
us
in
g
the
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
si
m
ulati
on
m
eth
od.
A
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
sim
ulatio
n
te
ch
nique
i
n
[13],
was
m
od
ifie
d
to
inclu
de
P
V
a
nd
wind
ene
r
gy
so
urces.
T
he
fo
c
us
of
this
pa
per
is
on
the
r
el
ia
bili
ty
evalu
at
ion
of
c
om
po
sit
e
gen
e
rati
on
an
d
tra
ns
m
issi
on
syst
e
m
s
with
sp
eci
al
ref
e
re
nce
to
fr
e
que
ncy,
du
rati
on
relat
ed
ind
ic
es,
a
nd
es
tim
a
te
d
po
we
r
interr
upti
on
c
os
ts
at
each
l
oa
d
bus
.
Wh
e
n
com
plex
opera
ti
ng
c
onditi
on
s
are
involve
d
or
th
e
num
ber
of
s
ever
e
eve
nts
is
relat
ively
la
r
ge
.
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
m
et
ho
ds
are
of
te
n
pr
e
fer
a
bl
e
[
19
]
.
The
a
naly
ti
cal
appr
oach
is
usual
ly
restrict
ed
to
the
eval
uation
of
e
x
pe
ct
ed
value
s
a
nd
som
et
i
m
es
to
a
li
m
it
ed
range
of
syst
em
par
am
et
ers.
Stud
ie
s
s
howe
d
that
powe
r
dem
and
in
J
ord
an
is
ex
pected
to
co
ntinu
e
it
s
rap
i
d
increase
ov
e
r
the
com
ing
10
ye
ars.
I
n
this
r
espect,
pro
pe
r
ste
ps
nee
d
to
be
ta
ken
to
pre
pa
re
for
the
ex
pe
ct
ed
fu
t
ur
e
inc
rease
in
powe
r
de
m
and
.
A
ste
p
ahead
be
fore
t
akin
g
act
io
ns
to
increase
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
is
to
evaluate
the
a
dequacy
of
t
he
existi
ng
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
to
m
eet
the
require
d
dem
and.
T
he
deter
m
inist
i
c
te
chn
iq
ues
t
hat
are
use
d
by
m
os
t
po
wer
util
ities
i
n
Jorda
n
a
re
not
quit
e
use
fu
l
to
preci
sel
y
evaluate
ade
qu
a
c
y
of
th
e
existi
ng
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on.
Th
e
com
m
on
ly
us
e
d
pro
ba
bili
sti
c
te
chn
iqu
e
s
(MCS
si
m
ula
ti
on
te
ch
ni
qu
es
)
wer
e
a
ppli
ed
on
the
J
orda
ni
an
el
ect
rical
syst
e
m
to
pr
e
ci
sel
y
evaluate
ade
qu
acy
of
the
e
xis
ti
ng
pow
e
r
gen
e
rati
on.
T
he
aim
of
this
work
is
to
reduce
the
proces
sing
ti
m
e
with
a
neg
li
gi
ble
error,
the
syst
em
sta
te
s
with
an
ass
oci
at
ed
sta
te
pr
ob
abili
ty
gr
eat
er
than
a
th
reshol
d
val
ue
is
cons
idere
d
w
hile
the
rem
a
ining
sy
stem
sta
te
s
rem
ov
ed
f
r
om
the
eva
luati
on
proce
ss
,
a
nd
t
o
sel
ect
the
m
os
t
econom
ic
al
and
reli
a
ble
ex
pa
ns
io
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
of
a
com
po
sit
e
po
we
r
syst
em
t
o
m
eet
the
exp
ect
ed
f
uture
load
gro
wth
Ea
ch
co
ns
ide
re
d
syst
e
m
sta
te
is
evaluated
thr
ough
an
evaluati
on
f
unct
ion
.
Th
e
evaluati
on
f
unct
io
n
retu
r
ns
zero
if
it
is
a
su
ccess
sta
te
and
a
sta
te
pr
obabili
ty
if
it
is
a
fail
ure
sta
te
.
The
fail
ur
e
st
at
es
that
inclu
de
ou
ta
ges
up
to
a
giv
e
n
ord
er
only
consi
der
e
d
al
s
o
to
r
e
duce the
pro
ces
sin
g
ti
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4790
-
4
799
4792
2.
POWER
S
YST
EM R
EL
I
A
BIL
ITY AN
D
R
EL
ATE
D C
ONCEP
Re
li
abili
t
y
is
t
he
m
easur
e
of
the
ov
e
rall
ab
il
ity
of
t
he
power
sup
ply
to
m
eet
the
el
ect
rical
energy
needs
of
t
he
c
us
tom
ers
[
20
]
,
[
21]
.
T
he
wor
d
reli
abili
ty
in
the
c
on
te
xt
of
powe
r
netw
orks
is
the
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
powe
r
syst
e
m
to
pr
ovide
a
n
ade
qu
at
e
supp
ly
of
el
ect
r
ic
ener
gy
.
Sy
stem
reli
abilit
y
can
be
m
a
de
by
consi
der
i
ng
th
e
two
basic
a
nd
f
unct
ion
al
a
sp
ect
s
of
the
s
yst
e
m
,
adeq
ua
cy
and
sec
uri
ty
.
Syst
e
m
s
adeq
uacy
relat
es
to
th
e
existe
nce
of
s
uffici
ent
facil
it
ie
s
within
t
he
syst
e
m
to
sat
isfy
the
c
onsum
er
load
dem
and
or
syst
e
m
op
erati
on
al
co
ns
trai
nts.
These
inclu
de
the
facil
it
ies
necessary
to
gen
erate
s
uffici
ent
energy
and
th
e
associat
ed
tra
nsm
issi
on
loa
d
po
i
nts.
Ad
e
qu
acy
is
therefor
e
associat
ed
w
it
h
sta
ti
c
cond
it
ion
s
w
hich
do
not
include
syst
em
disturba
nces.
Syst
e
m
secur
it
y
relat
es
to
the
abili
ty
of
the
syst
e
m
to
resp
ond
to
disturb
ance
s
arisi
ng
within
i
t.t
his
pap
e
r
is
r
est
rict
ed
to
the
adequte
assess
m
ent
of
el
ect
ric
power
syst
e
m
s.
It
is
diff
ic
ult,
if
no
t
im
po
ssible
,
to
eval
uate
th
e
reli
abili
ty
of
an
entire
powe
r
syst
em
[2
2],
so
t
ra
diti
on
al
ly
,
a
powe
r
syst
e
m
is
div
ide
d
i
nto
t
hr
ee
f
un
ct
io
na
l
zon
e
s:
ge
nerat
ion
,
t
ran
sm
issi
on,
a
nd
distr
ibu
ti
on.
Hiera
r
chical
le
vels
c
an
be
create
d
a
nd
defi
ned
i
n
te
rm
s of the
thr
ee
fu
nc
ti
on
al
zones
[2
3].
The
ge
nerat
ion
m
od
el
and
the
load
m
od
el
rep
rese
nt
the
tw
o
m
a
in
com
po
nen
ts
of
an
el
e
ct
ric
powe
r
gen
e
rati
ng
syst
e
m
that
m
us
t
be
exam
ined
in
order
to
e
valua
te
the
ade
quac
y
of
t
he
gen
e
ra
ti
ng
ca
pacit
y.
Both
the
ge
ner
at
io
n
and
the
loa
d
m
od
el
s
are
then
c
om
bin
ed
to
form
the
fail
ur
e
m
od
el
[24
]
,
[
25
]
.
Bo
th
the
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
transm
issi
on
f
aci
li
ti
es
evaluati
on
are
usual
l
y
ref
er
re
d
as
t
he
evaluati
on
of
the
reli
abili
ty
of
t
he
com
po
sit
e
syst
e
m
or
bu
lk
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
[18
]
,
[
26]
.
At
this
le
vel,
adequacy
ev
al
uation
becom
es
an
assessm
ent
of
the
inte
gr
at
ed
a
bili
ty
of
t
he
gen
e
rati
on
a
nd
transm
issi
on
syst
e
m
s
to
del
iver
e
ne
rg
y
t
o
loa
d
po
i
nts.
T
he
la
st
le
vel
ind
ic
a
te
s
an
ov
e
rall
assessm
ent
t
hat
inclu
des
c
on
si
der
at
io
n
of
al
l
three
f
unct
ion
a
l
segm
ents.
A
va
riet
y
of
c
rite
ria
an
d
te
ch
niqu
es
ha
ve
been
de
velo
ped
an
d
ut
il
iz
ed
by
num
erous
util
it
ie
s
ov
e
r
a
nu
m
ber
of
dec
ades
[
20
]
-
[
24
]
,
[
27
]
-
[
28
]
.
Of
these,
determ
inist
ic
and
pro
bab
il
ist
ic
te
chn
iq
ues
are
the
on
e
s
widely
used
fo
r
the
ev
al
uatio
n of ge
ner
at
in
g ca
pacit
y ade
quacy
.
Determ
inist
ic
te
chn
iq
ues
we
re
us
e
d
early
on
i
n
pr
act
ic
al
app
li
cat
ion
s
,
and
s
om
e
power
syst
e
m
util
it
ie
s
are
sti
l
l
dep
e
ndent
on
these
te
ch
niqu
es.
T
heir
m
ajor
disa
dvanta
ge
is
their
fail
ure
to
ta
ke
int
o
ac
count
the
stoc
hastic
n
at
ure of
the
s
yst
e
m
beh
avi
or
that res
ults
f
r
om
custom
er
dem
and
s o
r
c
ompone
nt
fail
u
res
.
I
n
t
he
past,
a
nu
m
ber
of
facto
rs,
s
uc
h
as
la
ck
of
re
li
abili
ty
data
a
nd
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
resource
s,
create
d
a
pr
e
fe
ren
ce
for
the
us
e
of
determ
inist
ic
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
.
H
oweve
r,
with
th
e
avail
abili
ty
o
f
the
ap
plica
bl
e
reli
abili
ty
da
ta
and
adv
a
ncem
ents
in
com
pu
ta
ti
onal
te
chn
ol
og
ie
s
,
these
fact
or
s
no
l
onger
a
pply
,
and
lo
gic
no
w
dicta
te
s
the
us
e
of
pro
bab
il
ist
ic
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
that
can
inclu
de
c
on
si
der
at
io
n
of
the
stoc
hastic
natur
e
of
t
he
beh
a
vior
of
powe
r
syst
e
m
s,
wh
ic
h
has
s
uc
h
a
cr
it
ic
al
influ
e
nce
on
power
syst
e
m
rel
ia
bili
t
y
[2
7].
T
he
reli
ab
le
per
f
or
m
ance
of
a
par
ti
cula
r
conf
igurat
ion
(alt
er
native)
ca
n
bes
t
be
exp
res
sed
by
cal
culat
ing
appr
opriat
e
indi
ces.
These
indi
ces
can
be
cal
c
ulate
d
f
or
eac
h
of
the
th
ree
hierar
c
hical
le
vel
s.
T
hese
i
nd
ic
es
assist
util
it
y
syst
e
m
pla
nn
ers
a
nd
op
e
rato
rs
t
o
c
om
par
e alt
ern
at
e p
la
ns
or
oper
at
ing
proce
dur
es in speci
fic s
egm
ents o
f
a
pow
e
r
syst
em
.
3.
AD
EQ
U
ACY ASSES
SME
N
T OF
COMP
OSITE
PO
W
ER S
YS
TE
M
An
ou
ta
ge
hist
or
y
of
each
unit
can
be
ge
nerat
ed
by
sim
ula
ti
ng
it
s
fail
ur
e
and
rep
ai
r
with
res
pect
to
tim
e
us
ing
(1)
and
(
2),
res
pe
ct
ively
,
wh
er
e
MTT
F
and
MTT
R
are
the
m
ean
tim
es
t
o
fail
ure
an
d
rep
ai
r
,
resp
ect
ively
,
of the
unit
Up
Time
=
−
MTTF
×
Ln
(
x
1
)
(
1
)
D
own
Time
=
−
MTTR
×
Ln
(
x
2
)
(
2
)
The
po
wer
a
va
il
able
fr
om
al
l
the
ge
ner
at
in
g
un
it
s
is
com
bine
d
to
create
th
e
gen
e
rati
on
m
od
el
,
w
hich
is
com
par
ed
w
it
h
the
hourl
y
load
a
nd
the
a
ccepte
d
deter
m
inist
ic
crit
eri
on
to
i
den
ti
fy
the
su
ccess
a
nd
the
fail
ur
e
sta
te
s.
The
sim
ulati
on
procee
ds
c
hro
no
l
og
ic
al
ly
fro
m
on
e
hour
to
the
ne
xt
f
or
re
peated
ye
arly
s
a
m
ples
un
ti
l
s
pecified
conve
rg
e
nce
c
r
it
eria
are
sat
isf
ie
d.
T
he
num
ber
of
su
cce
ss
st
at
es
n
(
H)
,
n
(
R)
fail
ure
sta
te
s,
a
nd
their
durati
on’
s
t
(
H)
a
nd
t
(
R)
are
rec
orde
d
f
or
the
entire
sim
ulatio
n.
T
he
syst
em
su
ccess
an
d
fail
ur
e
ind
ic
e
s
are e
valuated
usi
ng (3)
–
v (5),
where
N is t
he
total
num
ber
of sim
ulate
d
ye
ars:
P
(
H
)
=
∑
t
(
H
)
i
n
(
H
)
i
=
1
N
×
Ye
a
r
in
hrs
(
3
)
LOH
E
=
[
1
−
P
(
H
)
]
×
Ye
a
rsin
hrs
(
4
)
LOL
E
=
∑
t
(
R
)
i
n
(
R
)
i
=
1
N
(
5
)
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Eco
nomical
an
d
Rel
ia
ble Ex
pans
i
on Alt
ern
at
iv
e o
f C
omp
osi
te
Power
Syst
em under
...
(
A
li
S
. Dal
ab
ee
h)
4793
The
t
w
o st
at
e
m
od
el
s co
ns
i
de
red in t
he
st
udy are
pr
ese
nted
as
FOR
=
U
=
∑
T
down
∑
T
up
+
∑
T
down
(
6
)
FOR
=
U
=
λ
λ
+
μ
(
7
)
The
fl
ow
c
ha
rt
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure.
1
il
lustrate
s
the
proce
dures
and
s
eq
ue
nce
wh
ic
h
we
re
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
order t
o
ac
hie
ve
the a
dequacy
assessm
ent
us
i
ng an
al
yt
ic
al
techn
i
qu
e
s.
Figure
1. Flo
w
ch
a
rt of a
dequ
acy
assessm
ent
u
si
ng an
al
yt
ic
al
techn
i
qu
e
s
The
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
m
et
ho
d
is
base
d
on
sam
pling
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
distribu
ti
on
of
the
com
pone
nt
sta
te
durati
on.
I
n
this
app
r
oac
h,
chro
no
l
og
ic
al
com
po
ne
nt
sta
te
transiti
on
pr
ocesses
f
or
al
l
com
po
nen
ts
a
re
first
si
m
ulate
d
by
sa
m
pling
.
T
he
c
hro
no
l
og
ic
al
s
yst
e
m
state
tr
ansiti
on
process
is
then
create
d
by
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
chro
no
l
og
ic
al
com
po
ne
nt
sta
te
transiti
on
pr
ocess
[6
]
.
T
he
flo
w
cha
rt
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2
e
xp
la
in
s
th
e
basic
m
et
ho
dolo
gy t
o hav
e
an ade
quacy
assess
fo
r
a
powe
r
syst
e
m
u
sing
Mo
nte
Carlo
Sim
ulatio
n.
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ol.
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, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4790
-
4
799
4794
Fig
ure
2
.
Flo
w
ch
a
rt for
ade
quacy
assessm
ent
usi
ng
m
on
te
carlo
sim
ul
at
i
on
4.
AD
EQ
UE
CY
INDICES
Power
syst
em
reli
abili
ty
is
us
ually
ref
le
ct
ed
by
in
dices
[
11,
19,
22,
29
]
that
m
easur
e
the
reli
a
bili
ty
and
ade
quacy
of
t
he
syst
em
.
The
i
nd
ic
es
m
os
t
widely
acce
pted
a
nd
use
d
f
or
the
asse
ssm
ent
of
ge
ne
rati
ng
capaci
ty
ad
e
quacy
are:
a)
LOLE
denotes
the
ex
pected
aver
a
ge
num
ber
of
hours/d
ay
s
in
a
desig
nated
per
i
od
durin
g
w
hich
th
e
existi
ng g
e
ne
ra
ti
ng
ca
pacit
y f
ai
ls t
o
m
eet
the
d
em
and
.
b)
LOEE
in
dicat
es the e
xpect
ed am
ou
n
t
of e
nergy n
ot s
upplie
d du
e
to
a
s
hor
ta
ge
of
ge
ner
at
ion
ca
pacit
y.
c)
LOLF i
s the
lo
ss of loa
d f
requen
cy
.
d)
EENS i
s the
expect
ed
e
ne
rg
y
no
t
sup
plied.
e)
EIC is the
E
xpect
ed
I
nter
ruption C
os
t
f)
IEA
R
is the
I
nterrup
te
d
E
nerg
y Assessm
ent Rat
e
5.
RESU
L
TS
Using
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
Me
thod I
EEE
RTS
(
24
-
bus,
38
-
li
ne)
a
nd
T
he
J
ordan
i
an
Ele
ct
rical
Po
we
r
Syst
em
(46
-
bus
an
d
92
-
li
ne
)
we
re
exam
ined
to
il
l
us
trat
e
how
to
m
ake
decisi
on
s
in
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
plann
in
g
an
d
exp
a
ns
i
on
s
.
5.1.
Reli
ab
il
ity
A
s
sessment
in
G
enera
tion Pl
anni
ng
is i
ll
ustr
at
e
d u
sin
g th
e IEE
E RTS
The
IE
EE
RT
S
co
ns
ist
s
of
24
bus
locat
io
ns
connecte
d
by
38
li
nes
a
nd
tr
ansfo
rm
ers
[8
]
,
the
an
nual
peak
l
oad
of
2850M
W,
an
d
the
total
instal
le
d
generati
ng
capaci
ty
is
34
05M
W.
T
he
gen
e
rati
ng
uni
t
sta
te
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Eco
nomical
an
d
Rel
ia
ble Ex
pans
i
on Alt
ern
at
iv
e o
f C
omp
osi
te
Power
Syst
em under
...
(
A
li
S
. Dal
ab
ee
h)
4795
durati
ons
are
a
ssu
m
ed
to
be
e
xponentia
l,
no
de
-
rated
sta
te
s
are
co
ns
i
der
e
d,
a
nd
unit
s
w
ere
ass
um
ed
to
ha
ve
the sam
e fail
ure data
of the
20M
W
unit
s w
it
h
ca
pital
co
st
of
17
M
$ per
uni
t.
5.1.1.
Base
Ca
se
In
this
ca
se,
t
he
ge
ner
at
in
g
unit
sta
te
durati
on
s
ar
e
ass
um
e
d
t
o
be
e
xpone
ntial
an
d
no
directed
sta
te
s
are
co
ns
ide
red.
The
est
i
m
at
ed
reli
abili
ty
ind
ic
es
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
T
hese
res
ults
ar
e
for
2500
sa
m
pl
ing
ye
ars.
Fig
ure
3.
The
e
stim
at
ed
reli
abil
ity i
nd
ic
es
in
gen
e
rati
on
plann
i
ng
usi
ng th
e IEEE
RTS
a
t t
he
ba
se case
5.1.2.
Peakin
g Unit
s
Case
This
case
is
the
sa
m
e
as
the
base
case
for
the
an
nu
al
pea
k
load
of
2850
M
W
,
exce
pt
th
at
add
it
ion
al
25
M
W gas t
urbine u
nits are
instal
le
d
as
pea
king
un
it
s.
Th
e
d
at
a
f
or the
pe
akin
g un
it
s a
re
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
T
he
da
ta
for
the
pe
a
king
un
it
s
Cap
acity
(
M
W
)
Mean Ti
m
e
to
f
ailu
re(
h
r)
Av
erage Rep
air
Ti
m
e
(hr)
Start
f
ailu
re
p
rob
ab
ility
25
550
75
0
.01
The
sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
for
2500
sam
ple
ye
ars
ar
e
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
4
,
sh
ows
that
the
ad
diti
on
of
peak
i
ng unit
s i
m
pr
ov
es t
he ge
ner
at
in
g
syst
e
m
ad
equ
acy
.
Fig
ure
4. The
e
stim
at
ed
reli
abili
t
y i
nd
ic
es
in
gen
e
rati
on
plann
i
ng
usi
ng th
e IEEE
RTS
at
pea
king
un
it
s case
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
7
5
0
2
8
5
0
2
9
5
0
3
0
5
0
LO
L
E (
day/
yr.)
LO
E
E (
G
W
h
.
/
y
r.)
LO
L
F
(occ
. /yr.)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ze
r
o
uni
t
s
One
uni
t
Two
uni
t
s
LO
L
E (
day/
yr.)
LO
E
E (
G
M
W
/
y
r.)
LO
L
F
(occ
. /yr.)
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p
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ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4790
-
4
799
4796
5.1.3.
Reli
ab
il
ity
wo
rth Assess
men
t
in
Gener
at
io
n Pla
nnin
g
f
or
IEEE
R
TS
The
init
ia
l
analy
sis
was
done
by
assum
i
ng
that
the
to
ta
l
syst
e
m
pe
ak
load
is
inc
reased
from
2850M
W
t
o
3000M
W
w
hile
the
an
nual
lo
ad
cu
r
ve
s
hape
rem
ai
ns
un
c
hange
d.
T
he
t
otal
instal
le
d
c
apacit
y
pro
vid
e
d
by
32
ge
ner
at
in
g
unit
s
is
34
05M
W.
T
he
ass
oci
at
ed
reserve
m
a
rg
i
n
is
13
.
5%
of
this
syst
em
peak
load.
T
he
pur
pose
of
the
study
is
to
determ
i
ne
the
le
ast
cost
reser
ve
m
arg
in
f
or
the
a
ddit
ion
of
fi
ve
20
M
W
gen
e
rati
ng
unit
s
sequ
e
ntial
l
y.These u
nits
we
re
assum
ed
to
hav
e
t
he
sam
e
fail
ur
e d
at
a
of
the
20M
W
u
n
it
s
with
capit
al
cost
of
17
M$
per
uni
t.
The
annual
inv
est
m
ent
cost
was
cal
culated
us
in
g
the
present
val
ue
m
et
hod
unde
r
the
ass
um
pt
ion
of
a
30yr
ec
onom
ic
li
fe
an
d
a
10
%
disc
ount
ra
te
.
The
an
nual
inv
e
stm
ent
cost
is
1802K
$/yr.
Ta
ble
2
prese
nts
the
ex
pecte
d
i
n
te
rru
ption,
in
vestm
ent,
and
op
e
rati
ng
c
os
t
in
K
$/yr
,
f
or
t
he
base
case an
d wit
h
s
equ
e
ntial
addit
ion
of
20
M
W un
it
s.
Table
2.
T
he
in
te
rr
upti
on
,
i
nv
estm
ent
, and
operat
in
g
c
os
t
w
it
h
ad
ding
20M
W
un
it
s
Ad
d
ed
un
its
Res
erve Ma
rgin
%
EI
C(k
$
/y
e
ar)
Inv
est
m
en
t
Co
st(k
$
/y
ear
)
Op
erating
cos
t(k$
/y
ear
)
0
1
3
.5
1
6
6
6
5
.30
0
1
2
6
7
4
0
1
1
4
.16
1
4
3
1
3
.00
1802
1
2
6
9
3
0
2
1
4
.83
1
2
6
3
5
.01
3606
1
2
7
0
1
0
3
1
5
.50
1
1
4
0
3
.77
5406
1
2
7
0
6
0
4
1
6
.17
1
0
3
2
9
.32
7208
1
2
7
0
9
0
5
1
6
.83
8
9
6
9
.7
6
9010
1
2
7
1
2
0
It
can
be
see
n
that
the
Ex
pec
te
d
I
nterru
ptio
n
Cost
(EI
C
)
de
crease
s
r
api
dly
as
add
it
io
nal
capaci
ty
is
add
e
d
t
o
the
s
yst
e
m
wh
il
e
the
op
e
rati
ng
c
ost
s
increase
sl
ow
ly
.
An
incr
e
m
ent
com
par
ison
ap
proac
h
can
be
us
e
d
to
il
lustra
te
the
eff
ect
of
the
add
e
d
un
it
s
to
the
interr
upti
on
a
nd
oper
at
ing
costs
in
K$
/y
r
for
the
w
hole
syst
e
m
,
as
s
how
n
i
n
T
able
3.
It
ca
n
be
se
en
t
hat
the
m
a
xim
u
m
ben
efit
or
th
e
le
ast
c
ost
rese
rv
e
occ
ur
s
with
the addit
io
n of
on
e
20M
W un
i
t.
Table
3.
In
c
re
m
ent
cost a
nd
annual
net gai
ns wit
h t
he
a
ddit
ion
al
20
M
W
unit
s
Ad
d
ed
Unit
s
EI
C
(1)
Inv
est
m
en
t Co
st
(2
)
Op
eration
Co
st
(3)
An
n
u
al net g
ain
(1)
-
[
(2)+(3)
]
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
5
2
.3
1802
190
3
6
0
.3
2
4
0
3
0
.2
9
3604
270
1
5
6
.29
3
5
2
6
1
.5
3
5406
320
-
4
6
4
.47
4
6
3
3
5
.9
8
7208
350
-
1
2
2
2
.02
5
7
6
9
5
.5
4
9010
380
-
1
6
9
4
.46
5.2.
Reli
ab
il
ity
wo
rth
Assess
men
t
in c
omposite
sy
s
tem
plan
ning
is i
ll
us
trate
d u
sin
g JEPS
The
basic an
nu
al
p
eak lo
ad
f
or the test
syst
e
m
is
2
230M
W
and
the total i
nst
al
le
d
gen
erati
ng
ca
pacit
y
is
2525M
W.
T
he
basic
data
f
or
t
he
J
EPS
[
9]
is
us
e
d
t
o
e
valuate
the
a
nnua
l
ex
pected
i
nter
r
upti
on
c
os
ts
of
f
ou
r
al
te
rn
at
ives:
A1
:
The
addit
ion o
f
a
13
2KV
double ci
rc
uit
OH
L
bet
wee
n B
us
es
17 a
nd 19 (7
0K
M
).
A2
:
The
addit
ion o
f
a
40
0KV
double ci
rc
uit
OH
L
bet
wee
n B
us
es
1
a
nd
4 (36
0K
M)
.
A3
:
The
addit
ion o
f
a
g
e
ner
at
ing
unit
at Bus
20 (2
0M
W)
.
A4
:
The
ad
diti
on of a
g
e
ner
at
ing
unit
at Bus
4 (20M
W)
.
The
an
nual
investm
ent co
st was calcula
te
d
usi
ng
the
pr
e
sen
t value m
et
ho
d under
t
he
assu
m
pt
ion
of
a
30
y
r
eco
nom
ic
li
fe
and
a
10
%
disco
unt
rat
e.
Fou
r
Alte
r
na
ti
ves
f
or
lo
ad
increm
ent
0.0
%,
2%
,
4%,
6%
,
8%
,
and
10%
.
Fi
gure
5
s
hows
t
he
a
nnual
e
xp
ect
ed
EE
NS,
EIC,
a
nd
IEAR
in
the
JE
P
S
at
Diff
e
ren
t
Loa
d
increm
ent Lev
el
s (
0.0
%
-
10%
)
M
W.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
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C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eco
nomical
an
d
Rel
ia
ble Ex
pans
i
on Alt
ern
at
iv
e o
f C
omp
osi
te
Power
Syst
em under
...
(
A
li
S
. Dal
ab
ee
h)
4797
Figure
5. Syst
em
EEN
S,
EIC
, a
nd I
E
AR i
n
th
e JEPS
at
di
ff
e
ren
t l
oad level
s
The
a
nnual
ex
pected
inter
rup
ti
on
c
os
ts
(E
I
C)
of
t
he
base
syst
e
m
and
t
he
f
our
Alte
r
natives
for
l
oa
d
increm
ent 0
.
0%
, 2%,
4%
, 6
%,
8%,
a
nd
10% are
sho
wn in Ta
ble
4.
Table
4.
E
IC
I
nd
ic
es
of the
B
ase Syst
em
an
d
F
ou
r Alt
er
na
ti
ves
f
or JEP
S(K$/yr
.)
Load
I
n
cre
m
en
t %
Bas
e Sy
ste
m
Alternativ
es
A1
A2
A3
A4
O.O
2
2
9
8
2
.39
2
0
8
5
9
.02
2
1
9
0
7
.5
1
6
8
6
2
.99
8
3
2
9
.9
2
2
.0
4
1
2
2
5
.69
3
8
5
8
2
.92
3
9
2
8
2
.92
3
3
8
0
4
.63
1
9
5
6
3
.11
4
.0
8
0
5
7
2
.70
7
7
7
1
7
.7
7
8
1
1
7
.7
6
2
7
0
5
.06
4
1
5
0
2
.38
6
.0
1
5
4
9
1
8
.22
1
5
1
8
1
3
.3
1
5
3
8
5
7
.9
1
1
8
6
2
0
.4
7
9
5
5
6
.49
8
.0
2
9
2
5
2
4
.49
2
8
6
7
1
5
.72
2
8
9
0
5
1
.6
2
3
9
4
4
4
.4
1
4
5
6
1
2
1
0
.0
5
0
6
0
0
6
.02
4
9
9
8
8
1
.64
5
0
2
5
2
4
.7
4
1
8
7
9
6
.1
2
9
4
7
3
1
.1
It
can
be
seen
that
Alte
rn
at
ive
A1
is
the
add
i
ti
on
of
a
13
2KV
double
ci
rcui
t
OH
L
betwee
n
Buses
17
and
19
wh
ic
h
le
ads
to
m
uch
lowe
r
EIC
tha
n
A
2.
This
in
di
cat
es
that
the
diff
e
re
nt
li
ne
add
it
io
n
locat
io
n
has
com
plete
ly
dif
fer
e
nt
im
pacts
on
c
om
po
sit
e
syst
e
m
reli
abi
li
ty
.A
2
has
ba
sic
al
ly
the
sam
e
EIC
ind
ic
e
s
as
th
e
base
case
.
T
hi
s
m
eans
that
the
a
dd
it
io
n
of
a
40
0KV
double
ci
rc
uit
O
H
L
bet
ween
Bu
ses
1
an
d
4
does
no
t
i
m
pr
ove the
r
el
ia
bili
ty
o
f
the s
yst
e
m
.
Fu
rthe
r a
naly
sis can
be
conducte
d t
o
e
valuate the
tota
l cost,
wh
ic
h
is
the
su
m
of
annual
exp
ect
e
d
inter
ruptio
n
cost
s
a
nd
a
nnual
in
ve
st
m
ent
fo
r
the
al
te
rn
at
ives.
T
he
eco
nom
ic
lif
e
of
the
po
wer
syst
e
m
facil
it
ie
s
was
assum
ed
to
be
30
ye
a
rs
a
nd
the
disc
ount
rate
10%.
Th
e
un
it
ca
pital
co
st
and
the ann
ual in
ve
st
m
ent f
or all
a
lt
ern
at
ives ca
n be s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
5.
Table
5.
T
he
Unit
Capit
al
Cos
t and the
A
nnua
l
Investm
ent f
or all
A
lt
ernat
ives
NO.
Alternativ
e D
escri
p
tio
n
Un
it capital co
st
An
n
u
al I
n
v
est
m
en
t
A1
Ad
d
line
1
3
2
KV(70
KM)
@
Bu
s 1
7
-
19
1
3
5
K$
/KM
1
0
0
2
.4
0
A2
Ad
d
line 4
0
0
KV(36
0
KM)
@
Bu
s 1
–
4
4
0
0
K$
/KM
Rejected
A3
Ad
d
GT
gen
(20
M
W
)
@
Bu
s 2
0
1
7
M$
1
8
0
3
.3
3
K$
/y
r.
A4
Ad
d
ST
get(1
2
0
M
W
)
@
Bu
s 4
1
2
0
M$
1
2
7
3
0
.00
K$
/y
r.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
at
the
pr
esent
load
le
vel
(0.
0%
increm
ent),
Alte
rn
at
ive
A
1
can
re
du
ce
t
he
ex
pected
interr
up
ti
on
c
os
t
by
2123.
37K
$/yr.
(22
98239
-
20859.0
2).
This
re
duct
io
n
in
m
uch
la
rg
e
r
tha
n
it
s
annual
inv
est
m
ent
of
1002.
4K$/yr
,
an
d
the
re
for
e
Alte
r
native
A
1
is
a
be
nef
ic
ia
l
opti
on.
Table.
6
s
hows
the
al
te
rn
at
ives
a
nnual
net
gain
.
This
in
dicat
es
that
the
a
dd
it
ion
of
the
20M
W
un
it
is
the
best
opti
on
e
ve
n
wh
e
n
the loa
d has
10
% growth
.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pe
ak
Load(G
W)
EEN
S(
GW
h/y
r.)
EI
C(10*m
il
l
ion
$/yr.)
IE
AR($
/
K
Wh)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4790
-
4
799
4798
Table
6.
Alte
r
na
ti
ves
A
nnual
ne
t gai
n
at
Dif
f
eren
t L
oa
d
Le
ve
ls
Load
I
n
cre
m
en
t %
Bas
e Sy
ste
m
Alternativ
e Ann
u
a
l net g
ain
(
K$
/
y
r.
)
A1
A2
A3
A4
0
2
2
9
8
2
.39
1
1
2
0
.9
7
-
1
4
2
0
3
.5
1
4
3
1
6
.0
6
1
9
2
2
.4
7
2
3
9
8
4
7
.65
1
6
4
0
.3
7
-
1
3
3
3
5
.6
3
5
6
1
7
.7
3
8
9
3
2
.5
8
4
8
0
5
7
2
.69
1
8
5
2
.5
9
-
1
2
8
2
3
.4
1
1
6
0
6
4
.30
2
6
3
4
0
.31
6
1
5
4
9
1
8
.22
2
1
0
2
.5
2
-
1
4
2
1
8
.1
2
3
4
4
9
4
.45
6
2
6
3
1
.73
8
2
9
2
5
2
4
.49
3
6
1
3
.0
4
-
1
2
9
9
8
.7
7
5
0
0
8
3
.47
1
3
2
9
8
9
.21
10
5
0
6
0
0
6
.02
5
1
2
1
.9
8
-
1
1
7
9
7
.1
2
8
5
4
0
6
.55
1
9
8
5
4
4
.89
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
the
i
nterest
of
al
l
the
m
ark
et
pa
rtic
ipants
(
ge
ner
at
in
g
c
om
pan
ie
s,
IS
O
,
a
nd
c
us
t
om
ers)
it
is
necessa
ry
to
ha
ve
syst
e
m
rel
ia
bili
ty
inform
at
ion
su
it
able
to
the
ne
w
en
vi
ronm
ent.
Wh
e
n
com
plex
ope
rati
ng
conditi
ons
are
to
be
co
ns
ide
r
ed,
it
is
adv
isa
ble
to
go
for
Mon
te
Ca
rlo
si
m
ula
ti
on
te
chni
qu
es
,
w
hich
gi
ve
th
e
pro
bab
il
it
y
distribu
ti
ons
of
the
reli
abili
ty
ind
ic
es
,
in
a
dd
it
ion
to
t
he
m
ean
values.
A
s
a
co
ns
e
qu
e
nc
e
of
restr
uctur
i
ng
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
syst
em
s,
el
ect
ric
powe
r
util
it
ie
s
are
fa
ci
ng
increasin
g
unc
ertai
nties
re
gardin
g
the eco
nom
ic
c
on
st
raints.
Thi
s h
as c
reated
in
creasin
g
re
quir
e
m
ents f
or e
xtensiv
e
justi
fica
ti
on
of
ne
w
fac
il
ities
and
inc
rease
d
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
the
justi
ficat
io
n
of
syst
e
m
c
os
ts
an
d
reli
abili
ty
.
Co
m
po
sit
e
syst
e
m
exp
ansi
on
plan
ning
is
bas
ic
al
ly
con
cer
ne
d
wit
h
the
a
ddit
ion
of
ne
w
ge
ner
at
io
n
a
nd
tr
ansm
issi
on
fac
il
ities
at
a
sp
ec
ifie
d
tim
e
in
the
fu
t
ur
e
a
nd
at
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
locat
ion
s
.
Th
e
obj
ec
ti
ve
is
to
sel
ect
the
m
os
t
econ
om
ic
al
and
r
el
ia
ble
exp
a
ns
i
on
al
te
rn
at
ive
i
n
orde
r
to
m
eet
the
exp
ect
e
d
f
uture
load
gr
ow
t
h.
Fo
r
a
restr
uctu
red
c
om
po
sit
e
powe
r
syst
e
m
to
enhance
the
reli
abili
ty
ind
ic
es
and
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
interrupti
on
s
c
os
t
of
a
lon
g
te
rm
exp
an
sio
n
evaluati
ng
the
reli
abili
ty
ind
ic
es
in
lo
ng
te
r
m
plann
in
g
a
nd
sp
eci
fyi
ng
t
he
best
feasi
ble
exp
a
ns
i
on
al
te
r
native
from
m
ult
i pro
po
s
ed
alt
ern
at
i
ves
s
houl
d be
done.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
C
.
C.
O.
Mello,
et
a
l.
,
“
Eva
lu
at
ion
of
r
el
i
abi
l
i
t
y
worth
in
com
posite
s
y
st
em
ba
sed
on
pseudo
-
seque
nt
ia
l
m
onte
ca
rlo
sim
ula
ti
on
,
”
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons
on
power
S
yste
m
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
9
(
3
)
,
1
994.
[2]
C.
Barbulescu,
e
t
al.
,
“
Tra
nsm
ission
Planni
ng
–
a
Probabil
ist
ic
L
oad
Flow
Perspec
t
ive
,
”
In
te
rnat
ional
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Pow
er
and
En
ergy
S
yst
em
Engi
n
ee
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,
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2
(
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),
2009.
[3]
D.
Chattopadh
ya
y
and
J.
Mom
oh,
“
A
Multi
-
o
bje
c
ti
ve
Opera
tions
pla
nning
Model
with
Unit
Com
m
it
m
ent
and
Tra
nsm
ission Constra
int
s,
Pow
er S
y
stems
,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
14
(
3
)
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pp
.
1078
-
1084
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19
99
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[4]
R.
Bi
ll
in
ton
and
R.
All
an,
“
Rel
i
a
bil
ity
Ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
Pow
er
S
y
ste
m
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”
Plenum Pre
ss
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New York,
N
Y
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1996
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[5]
R.
Bil
li
n
ton
and
R.
Alla
n,
“
Rel
i
a
bil
ity
ev
al
u
at
ion
of
engi
nee
ring
sy
stems
Conce
pts
and
te
chni
qu
es,
”
Plenum
Press
,
New York,
NY
,
1992
.
[6]
J.
Endre
n
y
i
,
“
Re
li
ability
Model
in
g
in El
e
ct
r
ic Pow
er
S
y
st
em,
”
Jo
hn
W
il
e
y
,
1978
.
[7]
A.
Bhui
y
a
,
“
A
S
ud
y
of
Bil
atera
l
Contra
c
ts
in
a
D
ere
gul
at
ed
Pow
e
r
Sy
st
em
Netwo
rk,
”
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Saskatc
hewa
n,
Nati
ona
l
L
ibra
r
y
of
Can
ada
,
200
4
.
[8]
R.
Bil
l
int
on
and
W
.
Li,
“
Rel
i
ability
As
sess
m
ent
of
El
e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
S
y
stem
Us
ing
Monte
Carl
o
Me
thods,
”
Plenum
Press
,
New York,
NY
,
1994
.
[9]
N
at
ional
El
e
ct
r
ical
Pow
er
Com
pan
y
(NEPCO
),
“
El
ectricit
y
in
Jord
an,
Deve
lopment
of
El
ectri
ci
t
y
,
”
Ret
ri
eve
d
from
:
htt
p://ww
w.ne
pc
o.
com.j
o/
english_im
prove
.
html
[10]
Ce
ntral
E
lectr
i
cit
y
Gene
r
at
ing
C
om
pan
y
,
Annual
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Am
m
an
-
Jordan
,
2016
.
[11]
D.
M.
Da
la
b
ei
h,
et
a
l.
,
“
Reliability
As
sess
m
ent
o
f
a
Restru
ct
ur
ed
P
ower
S
y
st
em
.
”
[12]
A
.
K
.
Dala
b
ee
h
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Rel
i
ab
il
ity
W
orth
As
sess
m
ent
in
Com
posite
Pow
er
S
y
stem
Planni
n
g
and
Opera
ti
o
n
,
”
Mode
rn A
ppl
ie
d
Sci
en
ce
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
5
),
2014
.
[13]
G
.
Yongji,
et
al
.
,
“
Com
posile
S
y
stem
Rel
i
abi
l
ity
Evaluation
ba
sed
on
Monte
-
Carl
o
Sim
ula
ti
on
C
om
bine
d
with
Outage
s Screeni
ng
,
”
I
EEE
transacti
ons on
Power
Syste
ms
,
v
ol
/i
s
sue:
14
(
2
)
,
1
999
.
[14]
O
.
Bert
o
ldi
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Monte
Carl
o
Approac
h
i
n
Pl
anni
ng
Studi
es:
a
n
Applicat
ion
t
o
I
EEE
RTS
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Powe
r S
ystem
s
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
3
(
3
)
,
1988
.
[15]
P.
W
ang
and
R.
Bi
ll
in
ton,
“
Rel
ia
b
il
i
t
y
assess
m
ent
of
a
rest
ruc
ture
d
power
s
y
stem
using
rel
i
abi
l
ity
n
et
w
ork
equi
va
le
nt
t
e
chn
ique
s
,
”
IE
E
Pro
c
.
-
Gene
r.
Tr
ansm.
Distrib
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
150
(
5
)
,
2003
.
[16]
R
.
Bil
l
int
on,
et
al.
,
“
Teac
h
ing
Distribut
ion
S
y
s
te
m
Rel
ia
b
il
i
t
y
Eva
lu
at
ion
Us
in
g
Monte
Carl
o
Sim
ula
ti
on
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
Syst
ems
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
14
(
2
)
,
1999.
[17]
Shao
y
un
G
.
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Reliability
A
ss
ess
m
ent
of
Acti
ve
Distribution
S
y
stem
Us
ing
M
onte
Carl
o
Sim
ula
ti
on
Me
thod
,
”
Journal
of
Appli
ed
Math
ematics
,
2014.
[18]
R.
Bil
l
int
on
and
A.
Sankar
akr
ishnan,
“
A
compari
son
of
m
onte
ca
rlo
sim
ulation
te
chn
ique
s
for
compos
it
e
powe
r
s
y
stem
reliab
il
i
t
y
assess
m
ent
,
”
Proc.
W
ESCA
N
EX
95
,
IE
EE
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons,
P
ower
and
Computing
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ere
nc
e
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e
t
al
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,
“
A
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i
onal
Probab
il
ity
Approac
h
to
the Ca
lc
ul
ation
of
F
req
uency
and
D
ura
ti
on
Indices
i
n
Com
posite
Relia
bil
ity
Ev
al
ua
ti
on
,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ans. O
n
Powe
r S
ystem
s
,
vo
l
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
3
)
,
pp
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112
5
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eco
nomical
an
d
Rel
ia
ble Ex
pans
i
on Alt
ern
at
iv
e o
f C
omp
osi
te
Power
Syst
em under
...
(
A
li
S
. Dal
ab
ee
h)
4799
[20]
R.
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l
int
on
and
R.
N.
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n
,
“
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s
y
stem
relia
bil
ity
in
per
spec
t
ive
,
”
Elec
tron
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ol
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ss
ue:
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[21]
W
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Lia
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J.
Zhoub,
“
Probabil
isti
c
re
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y
assess
m
ent
of
p
ower
sy
st
em
oper
ations,”
Elec
t.
Powe
r
Compon
.
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ss
ue:
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)
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1102
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2008
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[22]
A
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Alm
uta
iri,
e
t
al.
,
“
Eva
lu
at
io
n
of
the
Gene
r
a
ti
ng
Cap
ac
i
t
y
A
dequa
c
y
of
th
e
Saudi
Arabi
an
Cent
ra
l
Opera
ting
Area
,
”
E
lect
ric
Powe
r Compone
nts an
d
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ems
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issue:
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83
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[23]
R.
All
an
and
R.
Bil
li
n
ton,
“
Prob
abi
li
st
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me
nt
of
power
s
y
s
te
m
s,”
Proc
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I
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issue:
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[24]
R.
Bi
ll
in
ton
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L.
Gan,
“
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e
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f
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C
arl
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sim
ula
ti
on
in
tea
chi
ng
g
ene
r
at
ing
ca
p
acit
y
ade
qu
acy
assess
m
ent
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Po
wer
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.
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ss
ue:
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[25]
R.
Bil
li
n
ton
an
d
D.
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“Ba
sic
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ra
ti
ng
c
apa
c
ity
ade
qu
acy
evalua
t
ion,”
9th
Inte
rnation
a
l
Confe
renc
e
on
P
robabili
stic Met
hods A
pplied
to
Powe
r Sy
st
ems
,
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ede
n,
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–
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[26]
M.
A.
H.
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Sa
y
ed
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H.
J.
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“
Com
posi
te
rel
i
abi
l
ity
ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
int
er
conne
c
te
d
powe
r
sy
st
ems
,
”
El
e
c
t.
Powe
r Compon.
Syst
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
24
(
6
)
,
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–
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22,
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[27]
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.
A.
Bil
l
int
on
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nd
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N.
Alla
n
,
“
Gene
rat
ing
c
ap
ac
i
ty
–
basic
prob
abi
lit
y
m
et
hods,
”
Re
l
iabi
l
it
y
Ev
a
luat
ion
of
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ms
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R.
Bil
l
int
on,
et
al
.
,
“
Probabil
i
t
y
distri
bu
ti
on
d
eve
lopment
in
distri
buti
on
s
y
s
t
em
rel
ia
bi
li
t
y
e
val
ua
ti
on,
”
Elec
t.
Powe
r Compon.
Syst
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
30
(
9
)
,
pp
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907
–
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16,
2002
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[29]
J.
Casaz
za
and
F.
Dele
a,
“
Understa
nding
E
lectr
i
c
Pow
er
Sy
s
te
m
:
An
Overvi
ew
of
the
Te
ch
nolog
y
and
th
e
M
ake
tplace,
”
The
Insti
tut
e
of
Ele
ct
rical and El
ec
t
ronics
Engi
n
ee
rs
(
IEE
E)
,
2003
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ali
S.K.
Da
la
b
e
eh
:
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
B.
S
from
Alle
pp
o
Univer
sit
y
/
En
gine
er
ing
Col
le
g
e/
S
y
r
ia
in
1981
and
PH
.
D
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
ne
ering
from
Mos
co
w
power
Instit
ute
in
1988
.
Curr
ent
l
y
he
is
an
associa
t
e
profe
ss
or
in
el
ectri
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
depa
rtment
of
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Te
chno
log
y
/Al
-
Bal
qa’
Appl
ie
d
Univer
sit
y
.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
s
inc
lude
ren
ew
abl
e
ene
rg
y
a
nd
der
egulati
on
in
e
le
c
tri
c
al power
s
y
stems
.
Abdall
ah
R.
Al
z
y
oud
:
recei
v
ed
his
Master
Degre
e
in
Elec
t
rical
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Donetsk
Pol
y
t
ec
hni
c
Inst
it
ute,
1980
.
Uk
rai
ne
And
th
e
Ph.D.
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Pow
er
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Ki
ev
Pol
y
t
ec
hni
c
Instit
ute,
1992,
Ukrai
ne
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
prom
ote
d
the
As
socia
te
p
rofe
ss
or
with
Depa
rtment
of
e
le
c
tri
c
al
engi
n
eering
Facu
lty
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Tec
hnolog
y
,
Al
-
Ba
lqa
’
Appl
ie
d
Univer
sit
y
,
Al
-
Salt,
Jordan.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
s
inc
lude
solar
en
erg
y
,
ren
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
and
prote
c
ti
on.
Anw
ar
Al
-
Mofleh
:
rec
e
ive
d
his
B.
Sc
and
MS
c
fr
om
By
e
lorussian
Poly
technic
a
cadem
y
in
1993.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
,
working
as
le
ct
u
rer
in
Al
-
Bal
q
a
Applie
d
Univer
s
ity
in
Jordan
an
d
as
ca
ndidate
for
PhD
,
a
t
th
e
f
i
el
ds of
po
w
er an
d
ene
rg
y
eff
icien
c
y
.
E
-
m
ai
l addre
ss
: anwara
lmofleh
@
y
ahoo
.
com,
T
el
(
+962779430
087)
A
y
m
an
T.
Hind
i
:
recei
ved
h
is
B.
S
from
Vinnit
sa
Te
chnica
l
Univer
sit
y
in
199
5
and
PH
.
D
i
n
el
e
ct
ro
engi
n
ee
r
ing
sci
enc
e
fro
m
Vinnit
sa
T
echnic
a
l
Univer
si
t
y
in
2004
.
Curr
ent
l
y
h
e
is
an
assistanc
e
prof
e
ss
or
in
el
ec
tr
ica
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
d
epa
rtment
in
Najr
an
Univ
ersity.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
include
compensat
ion
o
f
react
iv
e
power
ene
rg
y
and
con
sum
pti
on
in
e
le
c
tri
c
installation
and
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.