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1139
1132
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7
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[
6
]
.
P
etr
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
n
d
f
u
el
o
r
o
il
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
alo
n
g
w
it
h
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ca
u
s
es
o
f
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
HC
s
a
n
d
NOx
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
s
u
c
h
p
o
llu
tan
t
s
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ates
t
h
at
ar
e
co
u
n
ted
w
ith
t
h
e
h
e
lp
o
f
ac
t
iv
i
ties
g
o
in
g
o
n
in
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
b
asic
p
o
llu
tan
t
s
w
i
th
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ele
m
en
ts
m
i
g
h
t
h
elp
r
ea
ch
to
a
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
le
v
els.
A
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
ch
e
m
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
s
p
ec
ies
m
i
g
h
t
also
b
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
b
e
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
co
llected
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
licated
o
z
o
n
e‟
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
n
c
o
n
tr
o
llab
le.
T
h
e
s
tr
ato
s
p
h
er
ic
o
zo
n
e‟
s
la
y
er
t
h
at
p
r
o
tects
th
e
ea
r
th
f
r
o
m
u
ltra
v
io
let
r
a
y
s
ca
u
s
i
n
g
h
ar
m
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
h
u
m
an
s
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
f
o
r
c
r
o
p
s
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
lo
w
er
lev
el
o
zo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
ca
u
s
in
g
h
ea
lt
h
r
elate
d
is
s
u
es
an
d
o
th
er
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
v
eg
eta
t
io
n
e
f
f
ec
t
s
[
8
]
.
Ozo
n
e
i
n
h
a
latio
n
ca
n
in
itiate
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
li
k
e
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
tr
ac
t
ir
r
itatio
n
,
ey
esi
g
h
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
co
u
g
h
i
n
g
,
ch
es
t
tig
h
t
n
e
s
s
,
w
h
ee
zi
n
g
.
C
h
ild
r
en
w
h
o
u
s
u
all
y
g
o
o
u
t
s
id
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
a
y
ti
m
e
in
s
u
m
m
er
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
at
r
is
k
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
r
e
m
ai
n
s
h
ig
h
er
i
n
th
e
air
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
is
o
zo
n
e
is
al
s
o
b
ec
o
m
e
a
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
lo
s
s
i
n
th
e
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
th
e
r
ec
en
t
p
ast,
t
h
e
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
i
n
th
e
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
i
s
h
ea
v
il
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
v
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
tech
n
ical
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
an
d
r
ap
id
in
d
u
s
tr
ializa
tio
n
i
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
lev
el
s
o
f
o
zo
n
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
d
is
tr
ict
o
f
Sal
m
i
y
a
w
er
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
m
b
ie
n
t
q
u
alit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
air
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tain
ti
m
es
o
f
y
ea
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
an
i
m
m
e
n
s
e
n
ee
d
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ate
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
zo
n
e
;
as
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
a
s
s
is
tin
g
in
t
h
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
w
ar
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ep
is
o
d
ic
d
a
y
s
i
n
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
w
id
e
ar
ea
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
e
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
f
o
r
o
zo
n
e‟
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tati
s
ti
ca
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
E
v
er
y
ar
ea
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
u
n
iq
u
e
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
s
:
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
s
e
x
tr
e
m
e
v
al
u
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
an
d
th
ir
d
o
n
e
is
Sp
ac
e
-
T
i
m
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ozo
n
e‟
s
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
th
at
is
y
et
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
an
d
th
at
h
a
s
also
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
v
er
y
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
cli
m
a
te,
o
r
a
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
p
o
lic
y
,
u
lti
m
ate
l
y
cr
ea
tes
a
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
c
h
an
g
es
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
s
m
all
er
an
d
h
ar
d
to
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
,
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
s
e
f
f
o
r
ts
o
f
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
w
e
ath
er
an
d
cli
m
a
te
[
1
0
]
.
R
eg
r
es
s
io
n
b
a
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
ex
tr
e
m
e
v
al
u
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
b
o
th
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
in
g
,
esti
m
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
o
zo
n
e
l
ev
el
w
er
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
lev
el
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
li
m
i
ts
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
l
y
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
i
n
cl
u
d
es t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
ea
s
o
n
al
tr
en
d
s
o
f
o
zo
n
e
lev
els,
u
n
d
er
s
tati
n
g
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
d
iu
r
n
al
l
y
i
n
o
zo
n
e,
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
h
ea
l
th
b
y
o
zo
n
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fe
w
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
p
u
b
lic
w
a
r
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
a
m
b
ien
t
o
zo
n
e
in
Ku
w
ait
w
it
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
In
[
1
]
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
o
zo
n
e
f
r
o
m
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
at
(
SIA
)
Sh
u
aib
a
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
A
r
ea
o
f
Ku
w
a
it
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
y
li
g
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
w
a
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
tep
w
i
s
e
m
u
ltip
l
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ar
tif
icial
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
in
c
i
p
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
i
n
th
e
lo
w
er
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
o
f
K
u
w
ait.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
w
as
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
i
v
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
m
e
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
(
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
w
in
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
w
i
n
d
s
p
ee
d
)
an
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
e
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
(
SO
2
,
NO
2
,
NO,
C
O
2
,
C
O,
NM
H
C
,
an
d
C
H
4
).
As
li
n
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
i
s
a
w
e
ll
k
n
o
w
n
m
et
h
o
d
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
ies
s
u
c
h
as
[1
]
,
[
13
-
16]
h
a
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
to
ass
o
ciate
th
e
o
zo
n
e‟
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
p
r
es
en
ted
w
i
th
l
ac
k
o
f
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
th
is
i
s
w
h
y
t
h
ese
m
o
d
els
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
b
asic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
er
it,
p
r
o
v
en
s
cie
n
ti
f
ical
l
y
.
T
im
e
s
er
ies
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
an
o
th
er
co
m
p
le
x
f
ac
to
r
t
h
at
ass
o
ciate
s
th
e
s
till
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
alo
n
g
w
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[
21
]
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Desp
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icall
y
as
w
ell
as
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
l
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
th
e
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
er
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
b
etw
ee
n
a
n
ti
cip
ated
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
d
etec
ted
lo
w
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
at
es
o
f
O+
O
2
is
o
to
p
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
[
2
3
]
.
A
t
lo
w
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
ates
ar
e
th
r
ee
to
f
iv
e
ti
m
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
an
d
r
ev
ea
l
a
n
eg
a
tiv
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
t
o
u
g
h
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
eo
r
etica
ll
y
.
I
n
th
e
tr
o
p
o
s
p
h
e
r
e,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
o
zo
n
e
i
s
o
f
i
m
m
en
s
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
ce
d
u
e
to
its
n
eg
at
iv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
v
eg
eta
tio
n
,
m
ater
ials
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lt
h
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
licated
p
h
o
to
c
h
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t,
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
le
v
el
o
zo
n
e
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
it
s
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
o
f
NOx
a
s
w
ell
a
s
v
o
lat
ile
o
r
g
an
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
(
VOC),
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
4
]
.
B
y
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
c
h
e
m
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
s
w
ell
as
b
y
th
e
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
at
g
r
o
u
n
d
lev
e
l
i
s
a
f
f
ec
ted
.
O
v
e
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
te
m
p
o
r
al
a
n
d
s
p
a
tial
s
ca
le
s
,
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
o
llu
tio
n
e
x
te
n
ts
r
ev
ea
l
co
m
p
lica
ted
in
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
w
it
h
h
ar
m
f
u
l i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t [
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
as
w
e
ll
as
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
o
zo
n
e
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
ch
e
m
ical
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
ev
a
lu
a
ted
[
2
6
]
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
o
zo
n
e
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
e
x
a
m
in
ed
in
s
e
v
er
al
c
h
a
m
b
er
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
i
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
ch
e
m
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
al
y
s
is
[
2
7
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
d
if
f
icu
l
ties
i
n
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
o
zo
n
e
lev
els
a
n
d
its
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
r
el
ated
p
atter
n
s
.
On
e
h
a
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
n
o
t
j
u
s
t
o
zo
n
e
its
el
f
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictin
g
o
zo
n
e,
h
o
w
ev
er
al
s
o
t
h
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
t
h
at
i
n
te
g
r
ate
to
it
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
I
t
is
ess
e
n
tial
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
t
h
e
m
o
d
els
d
escr
ib
in
g
an
d
h
elp
i
n
g
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
co
m
p
licated
ass
o
ciat
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iab
les an
d
o
zo
n
e
lev
e
ls
ca
u
s
in
g
o
r
h
i
n
d
er
in
g
o
zo
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
p
r
ed
ict
o
z
o
n
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ti
m
e
to
ti
m
e,
p
h
o
to
ch
e
m
ical
m
o
d
els
ar
e
s
o
m
eti
m
es
u
s
ed
a
n
d
ass
is
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
lu
cr
ativ
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
a
m
b
ie
n
t
o
zo
n
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
NO
x
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
3
1
–
1139
1134
VOC
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
Ozo
n
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
if
f
er
s
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
h
o
u
r
s
,
d
a
y
s
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
s
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lica
ted
s
er
ies
o
f
r
ea
ctio
n
s
ar
e
h
an
d
led
b
y
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
.
Fo
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
o
zo
n
e
lev
el
s
,
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
z
o
n
e
lev
els
i
s
p
o
r
tr
ay
ed
as
w
ell
as
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
w
a
y
s
w
er
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
Un
i
ted
States
as
w
ell
as
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
ialized
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
le
v
el
o
zo
n
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
is
s
aid
to
b
e
s
ev
er
e
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
s
ev
er
al
ci
ties
.
Fo
r
s
ev
er
al
o
zo
n
e
-
s
en
s
iti
v
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
,
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
i
s
ea
s
es
li
k
e
asth
m
a,
h
ig
h
s
u
m
m
er
ti
m
e
le
v
els
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
d
is
tr
ess
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
citie
s
,
it
is
c
lear
th
at
th
e
p
u
b
lic
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
r
an
n
o
u
n
ce
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
u
n
h
ea
lt
h
y
o
zo
n
e
ai
r
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
m
a
y
b
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
to
th
o
s
e
at
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
[
3
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
“
o
zo
n
e
ac
tio
n
”
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
a
s
in
ten
d
e
d
in
s
e
v
er
al
cities
to
co
n
tr
o
l
ep
is
o
d
ic
e
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
e
to
it
s
h
ea
lt
h
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
h
ese
ac
tio
n
s
r
el
y
o
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
le
v
el
o
zo
n
e.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
et
s
T
h
e
d
atasets
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
r
e
p
o
r
t
w
er
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
u
b
lic
w
ar
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
a
m
b
ien
t
o
zo
n
e
p
o
ll
u
tio
n
in
K
u
w
ait.
Data
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
6
to
2
0
0
8
w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
an
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
an
d
2
0
1
0
w
er
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
test
in
g
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Dat
asets
w
er
e
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
i
n
M
icr
o
s
o
f
t E
x
ce
l
u
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
[
3
2
]
b
ef
o
r
e
an
al
y
s
es.
2
.
2
.
M
e
t
ho
ds
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
ultiple Lea
s
t
-
s
qu
a
re
s
R
eg
re
s
s
io
n
Mu
ltip
le
leas
t
-
s
q
u
ar
es r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
(
ML
R
)
m
o
d
els t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les(Y)
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les (
X)
as sh
o
w
n
in
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
1
)
.
Y
=
XB
+
E
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
B
is
th
e
m
atr
ix
o
f
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
s
an
d
E
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
r
esid
u
al
s
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
L
S
R
eg
re
s
s
io
n
P
L
S r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
p
r
ed
icts
a
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les,
X,
a
n
d
a
s
et
o
f
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
Y.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e
o
f
P
L
S
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
,
w
an
d
q
ar
e
w
eig
h
t
v
ec
to
r
s
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
X
a
n
d
Y
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
co
r
es
t
=
X
w
a
n
d
u
=
Yq
.
Nex
t,
ca
lcu
latin
g
lea
s
t
s
q
u
ar
es
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
u
a
n
d
t
,
th
e
in
n
er
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
r
is
d
eter
m
i
n
d
.
A
t la
s
t
,
r
an
k
-
o
n
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
X
a
n
d
Y
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
Xj
-
1
=
Xj
-
tj
p
jT
an
d
Yj
-
1
=
Yj
-
r
j
q
jT
,
w
h
er
e
p
j
=
Xj
T
t
j
/(
t
jT
t
j
)
,
an
d
j
is
th
e
l
aten
t
v
ar
iab
le
b
ein
g
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
es st
a
g
es a
r
e
r
ep
etitiv
e
u
n
til t
h
e
d
esire
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
laten
t v
ar
iab
le
s
(
K)
h
as b
e
en
ex
t
r
ac
ted
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
m
o
d
el
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
[
3
3
]
.
K
j
T
j
j
j
Y
1
)
(
E
q
w
X
(
2
)
2
.
2
.
3
.
SVM
SVMs
ar
e
u
s
ed
w
id
l
y
d
u
e
to
th
eir
u
s
e
o
f
k
er
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e
l
f
u
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ct
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s
to
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esen
t
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ata
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T
he
d
if
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t
k
er
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el
f
u
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o
f
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VM
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e
P
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ly
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o
m
ial,
L
i
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r
,
Sig
m
o
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,
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d
R
ad
ial
B
asis
F
u
n
ct
io
n
(
R
B
F)
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
lin
ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
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m
ial
k
er
n
e
ls
w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ed
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n
s
.
2
.
3
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l
A
na
ly
s
is
R
3
.
1
.
2
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
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s
tatis
tica
l a
n
al
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e
s
,
w
it
h
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e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
ac
k
a
g
es (
p
ls
,
an
d
e
1
0
7
1
)
.
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p
er
f
o
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an
ce
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o
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t
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e
m
e
th
o
d
s
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ass
e
s
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ed
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s
in
g
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ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
.
2
.
4
.
E
x
peri
m
e
nta
l Set
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ing
2
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4
.
1
.
M
ultiple Lea
s
t
-
s
qu
a
re
Reg
re
s
s
io
n
ML
R
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
ata
u
s
i
n
g
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
ML
R
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
ll
v
ar
iab
les
w
er
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
at
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
.
Var
iab
les
w
it
h
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
s
wer
e
SO2
,
NO2
,
W
G,
SO
L
AR
,
T
E
MP
-
A
MB
,
an
d
C
O2
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
v
ar
ia
b
les
w
i
th
n
eg
a
tiv
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
w
er
e
NO
X
,
P
M1
0
,
C
O,
C
H4
,
NC
H4
,
W
S,
T
E
MP
-
I
ND,
an
d
W
in
d
-
d
eg
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
NO
h
ad
th
e
lar
g
est
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
Ozo
n
e
w
it
h
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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g
I
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N:
2
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2
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re
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W
ith
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L
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r
eg
r
e
s
s
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n
,
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
i
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
L
S
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
co
n
s
i
d
er
s
o
th
at
w
e
d
o
n
‟
t
s
elec
t
n
o
is
e
i
n
tr
ain
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
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n
t
h
is
r
ep
o
r
t,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
p
r
ed
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n
w
as
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
L
S
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
.
Fi
v
e
P
L
S
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
cr
ea
ted
w
as
th
en
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
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ed
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g
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
le
v
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n
e
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n
ce
n
tr
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s
u
s
i
n
g
te
s
t d
atas
et
(
2
0
0
9
an
d
2
0
1
0
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
l
u
te
er
r
o
r
w
as 9
.
7
2
x
1
0
-
03
(
T
a
b
le
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Scr
ee
n
p
lo
t o
f
P
L
S r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
F
iv
e
P
L
S r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
an
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
o
f
ML
R
,
P
L
S,
SVM
(
li
n
ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial)
M
e
t
h
o
d
M
e
a
n
a
b
so
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t
e
e
r
r
o
r
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R
9
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1
7
x
1
0
-
03
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r
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
9
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V
M
l
i
n
e
a
r
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.
6
4
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1
0
-
03
S
V
M
r
a
d
i
a
l
9
.
1
2
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0
-
03
S
V
M
p
o
l
y
n
o
mi
a
l
5
.
4
6
x
1
0
-
02
2
.
4
.
3
.
SVM
SVM
w
as
tr
ai
n
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
r
ee
k
er
n
el
s
(
lin
ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial)
.
A
g
r
id
s
ea
r
ch
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
b
est
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
g
a
m
m
a
an
d
co
s
t)
f
o
r
lin
ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
k
er
n
els.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ataset
w
as
s
p
lit
in
to
t
w
o
s
et
s
;
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
et
f
o
r
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
s
et
f
o
r
v
alid
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n
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
g
r
id
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
lin
ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ia
l k
er
n
els,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
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:
1
1
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1
–
1139
1136
T
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d
1
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h
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m
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05
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f
o
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lin
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r
,
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ad
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d
p
o
ly
n
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k
er
n
els,
r
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e
ctiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
b
est
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
u
n
i
n
g
th
e
k
er
n
el
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
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th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
SVM
tr
ain
e
d
u
s
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n
g
t
h
e
t
h
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er
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e
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6
4
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-
03
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-
03
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5
.
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6
x
10
-
02
f
o
r
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ea
r
,
r
ad
ial,
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
(
T
ab
le
2
).
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
u
n
i
n
g
SVM
th
r
ee
k
er
n
el
s
(
lin
ea
r
,
r
ad
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d
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o
ly
n
o
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)
K
e
r
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e
l
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a
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a
C
o
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e
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n
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u
a
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.
On
l
y
S
VM
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
er
p
itch
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
an
d
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
0
.
0
1
8
p
p
m
in
th
is
m
o
n
t
h
.
W
ith
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
Ma
r
ch
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
lev
el
o
zo
n
e
s
tar
ted
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
.
On
l
y
SVM
r
ad
ial
is
at
a
s
u
s
ta
in
i
n
g
p
o
s
iti
o
n
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
an
d
t
h
er
e
is
v
er
y
les
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
its
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
3
t
o
4
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
is
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
s
tar
t
o
f
s
ea
s
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
lev
e
l.
Fro
m
n
o
w
o
n
w
ar
d
s
ev
er
y
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
d
ep
icts
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
w
ith
s
lig
h
t
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
tr
en
d
i
s
s
u
s
t
ain
ed
till
t
h
e
m
id
o
f
Ma
y
.
Af
t
er
Ma
y
SVM
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
h
as
a
f
l
u
ctu
a
tin
g
tr
e
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
w
h
ile
SVM
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
a
n
d
SVM
r
ad
ial
ar
e
r
ath
er
s
tab
le.
T
h
is
s
it
u
atio
n
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
till
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
Sep
te
m
b
er
.
Stu
d
ies co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
SVM
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
al
l th
e
b
r
an
ch
es o
f
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
s
cie
n
ce
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
et
er
o
lo
g
y
,
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
h
y
s
ics
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
to
w
ea
t
h
er
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
T
h
ese
Stu
d
ie
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
w
h
er
e
SV
M
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
,
ex
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
es
co
u
ld
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
3
5
-
3
9
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
S A
ND
SU
G
G
E
ST
I
O
NS
T
h
e
ad
v
er
s
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
o
zo
n
e
ar
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
s
p
r
ea
d
to
v
er
y
lo
n
g
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
s
a
n
d
u
p
to
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
ca
n
b
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
b
ad
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
o
f
i
n
h
ab
ita
n
ts
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
ep
o
r
t
th
r
ee
m
et
h
o
d
s
(
ML
R
,
P
L
S
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
SV
Ms)
w
er
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
lev
el
o
zo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
zo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
at
A
l
J
ah
r
a
s
tatio
n
in
K
u
w
ait.
M
L
R
,
P
L
S
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
SVM
u
s
in
g
li
n
ea
r
an
d
r
ad
ial
k
er
n
el
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
a
n
SVM
u
s
i
n
g
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
k
er
n
el.
SV
M
tu
n
in
g
is
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
all
y
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
tu
n
i
n
g
r
ad
ial
an
d
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
k
er
n
e
ls
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
it
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
lev
e
l
o
zo
n
e
(
O3
)
v
ar
ie
s
w
i
th
s
ea
s
o
n
.
T
h
is
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
th
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
.
Us
u
all
y
,
i
n
t
h
e
s
tar
tin
g
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
O3
is
lo
w
in
air
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
A
p
r
il
a
n
d
co
n
ti
n
u
es
ti
ll
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
J
u
l
y
a
n
d
Au
g
u
s
t.
Fro
m
t
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
ti
ll
th
e
J
an
u
ar
y
a
n
d
Feb
r
u
ar
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
o
zo
n
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
least
s
q
u
ar
es
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
,
P
L
S
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
SVM.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
w
a
s
co
l
lecte
d
f
o
r
eig
h
tee
n
co
n
s
ec
u
ti
v
e
m
o
n
th
s
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
9
to
Sep
te
m
b
er
2
0
1
0
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
t
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
lev
el
o
zo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
s
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
b
as
is
.
Ozo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
i
m
p
ac
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
i
n
o
r
ch
an
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
r
ain
f
all,
h
u
m
id
it
y
o
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
alt
h
o
u
g
h
g
iv
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
o
zo
n
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ar
e
v
ar
ied
a
lo
t
in
t
h
eir
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
r
esear
c
h
o
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
ite
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
th
a
t
i
s
A
l
J
ah
r
a
s
tatio
n
i
n
Ku
w
ait
i
s
id
en
t
i
f
ied
an
d
t
h
e
wo
r
k
w
il
l a
ls
o
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
ec
ast o
f
o
zo
n
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
1
1
3
1
–
1139
1138
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
b
d
u
l
‐
W
a
h
a
b
S
,
B
o
u
h
a
m
ra
W
,
Et
to
u
n
e
y
H,
S
o
w
e
rb
y
B,
Crit
ten
d
e
n
BD,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
o
z
o
n
e
p
o
ll
u
t
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
Sh
u
a
i
b
a
in
d
u
strial
a
re
a
in
Ku
w
a
it
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
st
u
d
ies
,
2
0
0
0
F
e
b
1
;5
7
(2
)
:
2
0
7
-
2
4
.
[2
]
T
il
to
n
BE,
“
He
a
lt
h
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
tro
p
o
sp
h
e
ric
o
z
o
n
e
,
”
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
1
9
8
9
M
a
r
;2
3
(
3
):2
5
7
-
6
3
.
[3
]
L
e
f
o
h
n
A
S
,
Ed
w
a
rd
s
P
J,
A
d
a
m
s
M
B,
“
T
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teri
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
z
o
n
e
e
x
p
o
su
re
s
i
n
r
u
ra
l
W
e
st
V
irg
in
ia
a
n
d
V
irg
in
ia,”
A
ir
&
W
a
ste
:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Ai
r &
W
a
ste
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
1
9
9
4
No
v
;4
4
(1
1
):1
2
7
6
-
83.
[4
]
Ja
ll
a
d
KN
,
Esp
a
d
a
-
Ja
ll
a
d
C,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
m
b
ien
t
o
z
o
n
e
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
u
rso
r
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
d
a
ta
in
a
d
e
n
se
ly
p
o
p
u
late
d
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
a
re
a
o
f
Ku
w
a
it
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
a
u
d
i
C
h
e
mic
a
l
S
o
c
iety
,
2
0
1
0
Oc
t
3
1
;1
4
(4
)
:3
6
3
-
72.
[5
]
G
e
r
y
M
W
,
W
h
it
ten
G
Z,
Kill
u
s
JP,
Do
d
g
e
M
C,
“
A
p
h
o
to
c
h
e
m
ica
l
k
in
e
ti
c
s
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
r
e
g
io
n
a
l
sc
a
le
c
o
m
p
u
ter m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ge
o
p
h
y
sic
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
:
A
t
m
o
sp
h
e
re
s,
1
9
8
9
S
e
p
2
0
;
9
4
(D
1
0
):
1
2
9
2
5
-
56.
[6
]
S
e
in
f
e
ld
JH
,
“
Urb
a
n
a
ir
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
:
sta
te o
f
th
e
sc
ien
c
e
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
,
1
9
8
9
F
e
b
1
0
;
2
4
3
(4
8
9
2
):7
4
5
.
[7
]
S
e
in
f
e
ld
JH
,
P
a
n
d
is
S
N,
N
o
o
n
e
K,
“
A
t
m
o
sp
h
e
ric ch
e
m
istr
y
a
n
d
p
h
y
sic
s:
f
ro
m
a
ir
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
to
c
li
m
a
te ch
a
n
g
e
”
.
[8
]
Kim
S
E,
Ku
m
a
r
A
,
“
A
c
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
se
a
so
n
a
l
n
o
n
sta
t
io
n
a
rit
y
in
ti
m
e
s
e
ries
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
sh
o
rt
-
term
o
z
o
n
e
lev
e
l
f
o
re
c
a
st,”
S
to
c
h
a
stic E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
R
isk
Asse
ss
me
n
t
,
2
0
0
5
Oc
t
1
;
1
9
(
4
):2
4
1
-
8.
[9
]
W
a
rsito
,
Ag
u
n
g
,
A
b
d
u
l
S
y
a
k
u
r,
a
n
d
G
a
lu
h
S
u
sil
o
w
a
ti
,
“
A
n
Oz
o
n
e
Re
a
c
to
r
De
sig
n
w
it
h
Va
rio
u
s
El
e
c
tro
d
Co
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
1
.
2
(2
0
1
1
):
9
3
.
[1
0
]
Ra
o
S
T
,
S
istl
a
G
,
He
n
ry
R,
“
S
tat
isti
c
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
tr
e
n
d
s
in
u
rb
a
n
o
z
o
n
e
a
ir
q
u
a
li
ty
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Ai
r
&
W
a
ste
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
,
1
9
9
2
S
e
p
1
;
4
2
(
9
):1
2
0
4
-
1
1.
[1
1
]
Et
to
u
n
e
y
RS
,
A
b
d
u
l
‐
W
a
h
a
b
S
,
El
k
il
a
n
i
A
S
,
“
E
m
issio
n
s
in
v
e
n
to
ry
,
IS
CS
T
,
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
m
o
d
e
l
li
n
g
o
f
a
ir
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
in
K
u
w
a
it
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
,
2
0
0
9
A
p
r
1
;6
6
(2
):
1
9
3
-
2
0
6
.
[1
2
]
Et
to
u
n
e
y
RS
,
M
jalli
F
S
,
Zak
i
JG
,
El
-
Ri
f
a
i
M
A
,
Et
to
u
n
e
y
HM,
„
F
o
re
c
a
stin
g
o
f
o
z
o
n
e
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
Qu
a
li
ty: A
n
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
2
0
0
9
S
e
p
2
5
;2
0
(6
):6
6
8
-
83.
[1
3
]
F
e
ister
U,
Ba
lze
r
K,
“
S
u
rf
a
c
e
o
z
o
n
e
a
n
d
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
p
r
e
d
icto
rs
o
n
a
su
b
re
g
io
n
a
l
sc
a
l
e
,
”
A
t
m
o
sp
h
e
ric
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
P
a
rt
A
.
G
e
n
e
ra
l
T
o
p
ics
.
1
9
9
1
Ja
n
1
;2
5
(9
)
:1
7
8
1
-
9
0
.
[1
4
]
Ko
rso
g
P
E,
W
o
lf
f
GT
,
“
A
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
rb
a
n
o
z
o
n
e
tren
d
s
i
n
th
e
n
o
rt
h
e
a
ste
rn
US
(1
9
7
3
–
1
9
8
3
)
u
sin
g
a
ro
b
u
st
sta
ti
stica
l
m
e
th
o
d
.
A
tm
o
s
p
h
e
ric E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
P
a
rt
B.
Ur
b
a
n
A
tm
o
sp
h
e
re
,
1
9
9
1
Ja
n
1
;2
5
(1
)
:4
7
-
5
7
.
[1
5
]
F
io
re
A
M
,
Ja
c
o
b
DJ
,
L
o
g
a
n
J
A
,
Yin
JH
,
“
L
o
n
g
-
ter
m
tren
d
s
in
g
ro
u
n
d
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
th
e
c
o
n
t
ig
u
o
u
s
Un
i
te
d
S
tate
s,
1
9
8
0
-
1
9
9
5
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
G
e
o
p
h
y
sic
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
1
9
9
8
Ja
n
2
0
;1
0
3
(D1
):
1
4
7
1
-
80.
[1
6
]
Ka
tso
u
li
s
BD,
“
T
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
s
y
n
o
p
ti
c
,
m
e
so
sc
a
le
a
n
d
m
icro
sc
a
le
m
e
t
e
o
ro
lo
g
ica
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
d
u
rin
g
p
o
o
r
a
ir
q
u
a
li
ty
e
v
e
n
ts
in
A
th
e
n
s,
G
re
e
c
e
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
o
f
th
e
to
t
a
l
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
1
9
9
6
M
a
r
1
;1
8
1
(
1
):1
3
-
2
4
.
[1
7
]
G
a
lb
a
ll
y
IE,
M
il
ler
A
J,
Ho
y
RD
,
A
h
m
e
t
S
,
Jo
y
n
t
RC,
A
tt
w
o
o
d
D,
“
S
u
rf
a
c
e
o
z
o
n
e
a
t
ru
ra
l
sites
in
th
e
L
a
tro
b
e
V
a
ll
e
y
a
n
d
Ca
p
e
G
ri
m
,
A
u
stra
li
a
,
”
At
mo
sp
h
e
ric
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
(1
9
6
7
),
1
9
8
6
Ja
n
1
;
2
0
(
1
2
):
2
4
0
3
-
2
2
.
[1
8
]
Al
-
S
h
a
m
m
a
ri
E
T
,
“
P
u
b
li
c
w
a
rn
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
a
m
b
ien
t
o
z
o
n
e
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
in
K
u
w
a
it
,”
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
3
F
e
b
1
;2
(
1
):2
.
[1
9
]
Blo
o
m
f
ield
P
,
R
o
y
le
J
A
,
S
tein
b
e
rg
L
J,
Ya
n
g
Q,
“
A
c
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
f
o
r
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
e
ff
e
c
ts
in
m
e
a
su
rin
g
u
rb
a
n
o
z
o
n
e
lev
e
ls
a
n
d
tren
d
s,”
At
m
o
sp
h
e
ric
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
1
9
9
6
S
e
p
1
;3
0
(1
7
):3
0
6
7
-
7
7
.
[2
0
]
W
o
lff
GT
,
L
i
o
y
P
J,
“
A
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
a
il
y
o
z
o
n
e
lev
e
ls
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
e
a
ste
rn
US
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Ai
r P
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
1
9
7
8
Oc
t
1
;
2
8
(
1
0
):1
0
3
4
-
8.
[2
1
]
Ra
f
ter
y
A
E,
M
a
d
ig
a
n
D,
Ho
e
ti
n
g
J
A
,
“
Ba
y
e
sia
n
m
o
d
e
l
a
v
e
ra
g
in
g
f
o
r
li
n
e
a
r
re
g
re
s
sio
n
m
o
d
e
ls,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Ame
ric
a
n
S
t
a
ti
stica
l
Asso
c
i
a
ti
o
n
,
1
9
9
7
M
a
r
1
;
9
2
(
4
3
7
):1
7
9
-
9
1
.
[2
2
]
P
ri
d
e
KR,
P
e
e
l
JL
,
Ro
b
in
s
o
n
B
F
,
Bu
sa
c
k
e
r
A
,
G
ra
n
d
p
re
J,
Bis
g
a
rd
KM,
Yip
F
Y,
M
u
rp
h
y
T
D,
“
A
s
so
c
iatio
n
o
f
sh
o
rt
-
term
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
g
ro
u
n
d
-
l
e
v
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
a
n
d
re
sp
irato
ry
o
u
t
p
a
ti
e
n
t
c
li
n
ic
v
isit
s
i
n
a
r
u
ra
l
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
–
S
u
b
lette
Co
u
n
ty
,
Wy
o
m
in
g
,
2
0
08
–
2
0
1
1
,
”
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
re
se
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
5
F
e
b
2
8
;1
3
7
:1
-
7.
[2
3
]
Da
w
e
s
R
,
L
o
lu
r
P
,
L
i
A
,
Jia
n
g
B,
G
u
o
H,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
:
A
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
g
lo
b
a
l
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
su
rf
a
c
e
f
o
r
th
e
g
ro
u
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic sta
te
o
f
o
z
o
n
e
”
.
[2
4
]
P
a
v
o
n
-
Do
m
in
g
u
e
z
P
,
Jim
e
n
e
z
-
Ho
rn
e
ro
F
J
,
d
e
Ra
v
e
EG
,
“
M
u
lt
if
ra
c
tal
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
g
ro
u
n
d
–
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
s
a
t
u
rb
a
n
,
s
u
b
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
ru
ra
l
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
sites
in
S
o
u
th
w
e
ste
rn
Ib
e
rian
P
e
n
in
s
u
la,”
At
mo
sp
h
e
ric
P
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
3
A
p
r
3
0
;4
(2
):
2
2
9
-
3
7
.
[2
5
]
Bo
r
g
e
s
A
S
,
A
n
d
ra
d
e
M
D,
G
u
a
rd
a
n
i
R,
“
G
ro
u
n
d
-
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
p
re
d
ictio
n
u
si
n
g
a
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
v
a
riab
les
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ied
to
th
e
m
e
tro
p
o
l
it
a
n
a
re
a
o
f
S
ã
o
P
a
u
l
o
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
Po
ll
u
t
io
n
,
2
0
1
2
Ja
n
1
;
4
9
(
1
-
2
)
:1
-
5.
[2
6
]
L
u
W
Z,
Wan
g
D,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
s:
Ra
ti
o
n
a
le
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
g
ro
u
n
d
-
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
p
re
d
icti
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
o
ft
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
2
0
1
4
N
o
v
3
0
;2
4
:1
3
5
-
41.
[2
7
]
S
u
n
d
a
ra
m
o
o
rth
i
D,
“
A
d
a
ta
-
in
teg
ra
ted
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
to
f
o
re
c
a
st
g
ro
u
n
d
-
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
,
”
An
n
a
ls
o
f
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s re
se
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
4
M
a
y
1
;2
1
6
(1
):
5
3
-
69.
[2
8
]
Ro
b
ich
a
u
d
A
,
M
é
n
a
rd
R
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
y
e
a
r
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
o
f
w
a
r
m
s
e
a
so
n
g
ro
u
n
d
-
lev
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
a
n
d
P
M
2
.
5
o
v
e
r
No
rth
Am
e
rica
u
sin
g
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ca
n
a
d
ian
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
ir
q
u
a
l
i
ty
m
o
d
e
ls,
”
At
mo
sp
h
e
ric
Ch
e
mistry
a
n
d
Ph
y
sic
s
,
2
0
1
4
F
e
b
1
7
;
1
4
(
4
):1
7
6
9
-
8
0
0
.
[2
9
]
S
ica
rd
i
V
,
Ort
iz
J,
Rin
c
ó
n
A
,
Jo
rb
a
O,
P
a
y
M
T
,
G
a
ss
ó
S
,
Ba
l
d
a
sa
n
o
JM,
“
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ka
l
m
a
n
f
il
ter
b
ias
-
a
d
ju
stm
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
g
ro
u
n
d
-
le
v
e
l
o
z
o
n
e
o
v
e
r
S
p
a
in
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
o
f
th
e
to
ta
l
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
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1139
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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0
1
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(
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1
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.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.