I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
6
~
2
8
6
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
11
i
4
.
pp
2
8
5
6
-
2
8
6
3
2856
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ada
ptive hy
ster
es
is ba
nd curr
ent
c
o
ntrol o
f
g
rid con
nected
P
V
inv
erte
r
R.
S.
Ra
v
i Sa
nk
a
r,
A.
Ven
k
a
t
esh
,
Dee
pi
k
a
K
o
llip
a
ra
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
ig
n
a
n
’s I
n
s
ti
tu
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 1
8
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Dec
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
In
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
ste
re
sis
b
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
to
c
o
n
tro
l
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
in
jec
ted
in
t
o
t
h
e
g
rid
.
In
it
ially
it
wa
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
b
y
B.
K
Bo
se
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
riv
e
.
No
w
it
is
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
fo
r
t
h
e
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
in
v
e
rter,
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
i
n
jec
ted
i
n
to
G
rid
.
It
is
w
e
ll
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
th
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
st
e
r
e
sis
b
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
th
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
su
p
p
ly
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
slo
p
e
o
f
th
e
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
c
u
rre
n
t.
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
g
e
n
e
ra
tes
p
u
lse
s
t
o
t
h
e
in
v
e
rter.
It
is
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
o
u
s
o
v
e
r
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
h
y
ste
re
sis
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
a
s
th
e
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
is
m
a
in
tain
e
d
a
lm
o
st
c
o
n
sta
n
t.
T
h
e
re
b
y
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
g
rid
c
u
rre
n
t
is
a
ls
o
im
p
ro
v
e
d
.
It
is
v
e
ri
f
ied
in
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
a
n
a
ly
si
s o
f
si
m
u
latio
n
u
si
n
g
M
A
TL
A
B.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
DC
li
n
k
P
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
.
S.
R
a
v
i Sa
n
k
ar
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Vig
n
an
’
s
I
n
s
t
itu
te
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Vis
h
a
k
ap
at
n
a
m
,
An
d
h
ar
a
P
r
ad
ash
,
5
3
0
0
4
6
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
a
t
y
a_
r
av
i2
0
0
1
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
e
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
i
s
e
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
g
en
er
ate
s
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
in
v
o
ltag
e
as
w
ell
a
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
o
w
er
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
h
ic
h
e
f
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
is
s
u
es.
T
h
er
e
w
as
a
tec
h
n
ica
l
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
th
er
e
i
n
HVD
C
a
n
d
F
C
T
S
d
ev
ice
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
VS
C
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
m
ed
i
u
m
a
n
d
lo
w
le
v
el
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
p
o
w
er
S
C
R
b
ased
HVD
C
s
y
s
te
m
is
u
s
ed
[
2
-
5
]
.
HVDC
D
C
li
g
h
t
i
s
m
ad
e
o
f
f
u
ll
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
w
itch
s
u
ch
a
s
I
GB
T
o
r
M
OSFET
alo
n
g
w
it
h
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
t r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
h
o
r
m
o
n
ic
g
en
er
atio
n
,
m
i
n
i
m
iz
es
t
h
e
f
ilter
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
[
6
,
7
]
.
T
h
e
HVDC
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
h
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
icien
t
alter
n
a
tiv
e
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
o
v
er
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
an
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
As
a
k
e
y
en
ab
ler
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
o
n
r
en
e
w
ab
les,
H
VDC
is
tr
u
l
y
s
h
ap
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
id
o
f
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
is
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
o
l
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
s
tatio
n
er
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
[
9
]
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
DC
m
icr
o
-
Gr
id
to
m
i
tig
a
te
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
in
it
w
it
h
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
g
u
ild
lin
es
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
A
C
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
i
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
le
v
el.
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
all
y
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Gr
id
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
.
th
e
y
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e
w
ith
p
ar
a
m
e
tr
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
.
So
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
lize
w
it
h
h
ei
g
h
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
VSC
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
er
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
h
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
B
ased
o
n
a
l
ar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
a
lin
ea
r
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
y
i
n
g
b
ase
d
s
tate
esti
m
ato
r
th
at
is
lo
ca
lized
in
ea
ch
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
(
DG)
u
n
it
s
er
v
e
s
as
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
h
yster
esis
b
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
P
V
in
ve
r
ter (
R
.
S
.
R
a
vi
S
a
n
k
a
r
)
2857
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
o
le
an
d
o
b
tai
n
s
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
D
G
u
n
its
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
A
li
n
ea
r
m
a
tr
ix
i
n
eq
u
ali
t
y
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
p
o
le
p
lace
m
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
w
as
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
t
ate
e
s
ti
m
ato
r
d
esig
n
.
A
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
,
th
u
s
,
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
i
n
g
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
esto
r
atio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
l
in
k
s
[
1
2
]
.
A
n
o
v
el
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
s
t
r
ateg
y
w
it
h
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
h
ig
h
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
b
o
th
i
s
la
n
d
ed
an
d
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
th
e
u
ltra
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
u
n
i
t
h
as
v
ital
r
o
le
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
c
lin
k
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
w
a
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
d
eliv
er
/ab
s
o
r
b
ce
r
tain
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
to
g
r
id
.
No
p
o
w
er
is
d
is
p
at
ch
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
in
i
s
la
n
d
m
o
d
e
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
an
d
is
n
o
r
m
al
l
y
f
ix
ed
to
a
ce
r
tain
v
al
u
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
ar
ies
with
i
n
a
b
an
d
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ea
k
to
p
ea
k
o
f
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
at
all
p
o
in
ts
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
a
v
e.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
b
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
ch
a
n
g
e
s
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
m
a
k
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
in
v
er
ter
n
ea
r
l
y
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
T
HD
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
cu
r
r
en
t.
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
h
y
s
te
r
esis
b
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
MP
P
T
tech
n
iq
u
e,
h
y
s
t
er
esis
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
tied
i
n
v
er
ter
s
w
it
h
d
etailed
m
o
d
ellin
g
i
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
I
n
Sec
tio
n
3
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
h
y
s
ter
e
s
i
s
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
in
s
p
ec
ted
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
% T
HD
in
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t.
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
S
YS
T
E
M
2
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
t
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ele
m
e
n
t
is
P
V
ce
ll,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
e
r
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
elli
n
g
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
i
s
g
iv
e
n
in
liter
at
u
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
u
ch
as
s
i
n
g
l
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el,
t
w
o
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
e
ls
,
a
n
d
m
u
l
tip
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
els.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
t
w
o
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
l
l
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
pv
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t.
D1
an
d
D2
ar
e
t
w
o
a
n
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
es,
R
p
i
s
lea
k
a
g
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
a
n
d
R
s
is
co
n
tact
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
.
V
is
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
ce
ll
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
ce
ll
‘
I
’
is
g
i
v
e
n
in
(
1
)
[
1
5
-
1
9
]
.
=
−
1
−
2
−
(
+
)
(
1
)
1
1
=
1
[
(
(
+
)
1
)
−
1
]
(
2
)
2
=
2
[
(
(
+
)
2
)
−
1
]
(
3
)
=
[
+
(
−
)
]
×
1000
⁄
(
4
)
H
er
e
λ
is
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
I
scr
is
s
h
o
r
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
P
V
ce
ll,
T
k
an
d
T
refk
ar
e
th
e
ac
tu
a
l
an
d
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
K
is
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
A
/
K)
,
A
1
an
d
A
2
ar
e
t
h
e
id
ea
lit
y
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
es.’
q
‘
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
,
I
o1
a
n
d
I
o2
ar
e
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
ts
o
f
d
io
d
es
D1
,
D2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
As s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
)
is
m
o
d
i
fi
ed
f
o
r
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
as
g
iv
en
i
n
(
5
)
.
=
−
1
−
2
−
(
+
)
(
5
)
I
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
u
b
s
t
itu
te
th
e
(
1
)
an
d
(
3
).
=
×
−
×
1
[
{
×
(
+
)
1
}
−
1
]
−
×
2
[
{
×
(
+
)
2
}
−
1
]
−
(
+
)
(6
)
H
er
e
N
s
an
d
N
p
ar
e
t
h
e
No
.
o
f
ce
ll
s
ar
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
an
d
s
h
u
n
ted
in
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
le
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
ca
s
ca
d
e
an
d
s
h
u
n
t to
m
ee
t t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
r
atin
g
.
P
V
ar
r
ay
c
u
r
r
en
t is
g
i
v
en
i
n
(
7
).
=
×
−
×
1
[
{
×
(
+
(
)
)
1
}
−
1
]
−
×
2
[
{
×
(
+
(
)
)
22
}
−
1
]
−
(
+
(
)
(
)
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
N
ss
an
d
N
pp
ar
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
er
ies
s
tr
i
n
g
s
i
n
P
V
ar
r
ay
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
KC
2
0
0
G
T
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
P
V
ar
r
ay
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
2
8
5
6
-
2863
2858
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
o
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
P
V
ar
r
a
y
d
u
e
to
c
h
an
g
es
in
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
liter
at
u
r
e
s
u
ch
as
I
n
cr
e
m
en
ta
l
co
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
m
et
h
o
d
,
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
w
ee
p
an
d
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
P
er
tu
r
b
an
d
Ob
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
i
n
d
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
e
l
.
I
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
w
er
is
p
o
s
i
t
iv
e,
p
an
e
l
v
o
ltag
e
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
p
an
e
l
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
I
t
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
Gen
er
al
l
y
,
a
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
to
r
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
w
h
e
n
s
w
i
tc
h
i
s
ON
,
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
is
r
elea
s
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
w
h
e
n
it i
s
OFF.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
(
8
)
.
=
1
−
;
=
=
0
⥂
⥂
(
8
)
W
h
er
e,
V
s
=
So
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
,
V
o
=O
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
,
D=
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
,
=
R
ip
p
les
in
c
u
r
r
en
t,
=
R
ip
p
les
in
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
a
P
V
ce
ll
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
V
a
l
u
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
Im
8
.
3
0
A
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
max
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
Vm
3
0
.
2
V
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
o
c
3
7
.
3
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
sc
8
.
7
1
A
S
e
r
i
e
s
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
Rs
0
.
2
1
7
o
h
m
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
r
e
f
1
0
0
0
W
/
m2
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
T
r
e
f
3
0
0
k
2
.
2
.
P
er
t
urb a
nd
o
bs
er
v
e
m
et
ho
d
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
DC
l
in
k
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
,
d
u
e
to
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
tie
s
in
t
h
e
cli
m
atic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
P
V
p
an
el
is
v
ar
iab
le.
T
o
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
p
an
el,
d
if
f
er
en
t
MP
P
T
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
liter
atu
r
e.
Su
c
h
as
f
i
x
ed
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
m
eth
o
d
,
b
eta
m
eth
o
d
,
I
n
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
cta
n
c
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
e
th
o
d
,
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
l
v
o
ltag
e
m
eth
o
d
.
E
ac
h
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
its
o
w
n
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
m
et
h
o
d
i
s
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
ea
s
y
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
[
2
3
]
.
2
.
3
.
O
pera
t
io
n o
f
3
-
ph
a
s
e
inv
er
t
er
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
3
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
in
b
o
th
AC
/D
C
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
A
3
-
p
h
as
e
in
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ix
s
w
itch
e
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
W
h
en
u
p
p
er
d
ev
ice
i
s
‘
ON
’
,
th
e
lo
ad
ter
m
in
al
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
p
o
s
it
iv
e
v
o
l
tag
e
a
n
d
w
h
en
lo
w
er
d
ev
ice
is
‘
ON
’
,
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e.
A
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
p
u
ls
es
to
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
e
is
g
en
er
ate
d
,
th
at
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
il
ter
.
T
o
f
ilter
o
u
t
t
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ilter
s
‘
L
’
,
‘
L
C
L
’
,
‘
L
C
’
ar
e
av
ailab
le
in
l
iter
atu
r
e
[
2
4
]
.
‘
L
’
f
ilter
w
as
u
s
ed
to
f
il
ter
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics i
n
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t [
2
5
-
2
6
]
.
2
.
4
.
H
y
s
t
er
esis
ba
nd
co
ntr
o
ller
I
n
th
is
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e,
ac
tu
al
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
f
er
r
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
f
i
x
ed
b
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
‘
o
n
’
.
I
f
it
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
t
h
e
lo
w
er
li
m
it,
t
h
e
n
lo
w
er
s
w
itc
h
es in
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
p
h
a
s
es a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
‘
o
n
’
.
T
h
er
eb
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t i
s
r
estricte
d
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
t
li
m
it
s
.
T
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ep
en
d
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
b
an
d
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
h
yster
esis
b
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
P
V
in
ve
r
ter (
R
.
S
.
R
a
vi
S
a
n
k
a
r
)
2859
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
ty
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
il
ter
an
d
its
v
al
u
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
v
ar
iab
le
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
u
e
t
h
e
f
ix
ed
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
I
t
i
s
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
to
d
esig
n
t
h
e
f
il
ter
at
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
i
s
o
v
er
co
m
e
w
it
h
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
s
ter
esis
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
ts
d
es
ig
n
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
th
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
3
-
P
h
in
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
H
y
s
ter
es
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
2
.
5
.
Ada
ptiv
e
hy
s
t
er
esis
ba
n
d c
u
rr
ent
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
atter
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
p
h
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
3
-
p
h
.
i
n
v
er
ter
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
.
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
a
l
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
I
NV
≥
(
I
R
-
HB
)
T
h
en
T
1
is
ON
&
T
4
is
OFF
(
9
)
I
I
NV
≥
(
R
+
HB
)
T
h
en
T
1
is
OFF &
T
4
is
ON
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
f
i
x
ed
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
h
o
w
f
a
s
t
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
p
p
er
li
m
it
to
th
e
lo
w
er
li
m
i
t
an
d
v
ice
-
v
er
s
a.
Slo
p
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
f
il
ter
v
alu
e
a
n
d
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
v
er
ter
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
ar
ies [
2
8
]
.
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
allo
w
s
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
c
u
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
A
s
th
e
s
witch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
(
E
MI
)
in
cr
ea
s
es.
So
w
h
ile
s
elec
ti
n
g
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
f
o
r
a
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
e
n
ti
o
n
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
.
H
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
i
m
p
le
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
a
m
o
n
g
P
W
M
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
t
h
as
i
n
h
er
en
t
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
li
m
itin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
y
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
o
r
s
h
u
n
t
ac
ti
v
e
f
ilter
s
an
d
d
r
iv
es
[
2
9
-
3
1
]
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
ill
b
e
u
p
d
ated
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e,
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
f
ilter
v
alu
e
s
an
d
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e.
as d
etailed
in
(
1
0
)
-
(
1
9
)
.
+
=
1
(
−
)
(
1
0
)
−
=
−
1
(
+
)
(
1
1
)
Fro
m
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
,
+
1
−
∗
1
=
2
(
1
2
)
−
2
−
∗
2
=
−
2
(
1
3
)
1
+
2
=
=
1
(
1
4
)
A
d
d
(
1
2
)
an
d
(
13
)
an
d
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
in
(
14
)
.
P
V
I
n
ver
ter
L
-
F
i
l
ter
g
R
g
L
G
r
i
d
T
1
T
3
T
5
T
4
T
6
T
2
AC
AC
AC
P
C
C
G
N
D
1
P
V
A
r
r
a
y
C
V
a
V
b
V
c
3
-
P
h
a
s
e
Lo
a
d
V
dc
A
d
a
p
t
iv
e
H
y
s
t
e
r
e
s
is
C
on
t
r
ol
I
i
nv
I
R
*
Pul
s
e
s
+
-
a
b
c
I
i
nv
I
R
*
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
2
8
5
6
-
2863
2860
−
+
+
−
1
∗
=
0
(
1
5
)
Su
b
tr
ac
t
(
12
)
an
d
(1
3
)
,
w
e
g
et
;
−
−
+
−
(
1
−
2
)
∗
=
4
(
1
6
)
Su
b
s
ti
tu
te
(1
4
)
in
(
1
6
)
.
I
t r
esu
lts
in
to
;
(
1
+
2
)
−
−
(
1
−
2
)
∗
=
4
(
1
7
)
S
u
b
s
ti
tu
te
t
h
e
(
1
4
)
in
(
1
7
)
an
d
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
;
2
−
1
=
∗
/
(
+
/
)
(
1
8
)
Fro
m
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
an
d
is
g
iv
e
n
(
1
9
)
.
=
{
0
.
125
[
1
−
4
2
2
(
+
)
]
}
(
1
9
)
w
h
er
e
;
f
C
:
S
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
:
Slo
p
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t.
A
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
ch
a
n
g
es
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
l
o
p
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
DC
v
o
lta
g
e.
I
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
a
v
e.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
HB
is
g
i
v
en
in
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
b
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
g
i
v
en
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Geo
m
e
tr
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
an
d
ac
tu
al
cu
r
r
en
t
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
HB
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Si
m
u
latio
n
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
o
f
P
V
a
r
r
ay
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
3
8
0
V
u
p
to
0
.
5
Sec.
Du
e
to
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
at
0
.
5
s
ec
,
v
o
lta
g
e
r
aise
s
to
ar
o
u
n
d
4
8
0
V.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
9
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
th
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
as
w
ell
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
P
V
also
ch
an
g
es
at
0
.
5
s
ec
.
I
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
P
V
in
v
er
ter
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
3
-
p
h
.
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
is
c
h
a
n
g
ed
at
0
.
5
s
ec
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
ch
a
n
g
e
in
D
C
l
in
k
v
o
ltag
e.
R
e
f
er
en
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ta
k
e
n
as
4
A
.
T
HD
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
w
i
th
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
HD
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
H
y
s
ter
es
i
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
I
t is o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
T
HD
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
to
2
.
3
4
%
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
i
th
3
.
1
9
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
es
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
2HB
I
R
*
I
In
v
-
I
In
v
+
t
1
t
2
+
0
.5
V
dc
-
0
.5
V
dc
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
h
yster
esis
b
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
P
V
in
ve
r
ter (
R
.
S
.
R
a
vi
S
a
n
k
a
r
)
2861
T
HD
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
ts
v
al
u
es
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
t
h
e
T
ab
le
2
.
w
it
h
o
u
t
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
t
er
esis
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
a
s
g
iv
en
th
e
less
T
HD
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t,
co
m
p
ar
e
to
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
v
o
l
tag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
w
itc
h
i
s
s
h
o
wn
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
.
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
ev
er
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
lo
w
.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ti
m
e
lo
w
,
m
e
an
s
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
h
ei
g
h
,
w
h
er
e
w
h
i
ch
r
eq
u
ir
es t
h
e
lo
w
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
il
ter
,
is
also
co
n
s
ta
n
t s
h
o
w
n
Fig
u
r
e
14.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
P
V
c
u
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
V
p
o
w
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
n
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
HD
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
w
i
th
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
5
A
)
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
T
HD
o
f
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
5
A
)
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
%
T
HD
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
s
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
i
n
A
)
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
y
st
e
r
e
si
s b
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
H
y
st
e
r
e
si
s b
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
2
5
.
6
7
7
.
8
3
3
3
.
7
9
4
.
5
9
4
3
.
1
2
3
.
6
5
5
2
.
9
4
3
.
1
9
6
2
.
8
0
3
.
5
8
7
2
.
5
4
3
.
3
5
8
3
.
0
8
3
.
3
9
3
.
2
0
3
.
3
2
10
2
.
9
2
2
.
4
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
2
8
5
6
-
2863
2862
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Vo
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
a
s
w
itc
h
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
w
it
ch
w
it
h
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
b
o
th
h
y
s
ter
esis
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
b
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
th
e
P
V
in
v
er
ter
tied
to
g
r
id
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
b
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
al
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
T
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
ch
a
n
g
es
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lati
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e,
i
n
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
lo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
all
m
o
s
t
all
co
n
s
tan
t.
%
T
HD
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
is
also
lo
w
w
it
h
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
in
ca
s
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
w
h
er
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l is r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
I
.
M
a
d
e
G
in
a
rsa
,
A
g
u
n
g
Bu
d
i
M
u
lj
o
n
o
,
I
.
M
a
d
e
A
ri
Nra
rth
a
,
S
u
lt
a
n
S
u
l
tan
,
“
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
re
sp
o
n
se
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
u
sin
g
su
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
c
o
n
tro
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
A
NFIS
f
o
r
re
c
ti
f
ier i
n
HV
DC,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
7
-
2
1
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
Kh
a
y
a
t,
M
.
Na
d
e
ri,
Q.
S
h
a
fi
e
e
,
Y.
Ba
tm
a
n
i,
M
.
F
a
th
i,
J.
M
.
G
u
e
rre
ro
,
a
n
d
H
.
Be
v
ra
n
i,
“
D
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
5
-
2353
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
Bo
u
a
f
ia
S
a
b
e
r,
Be
n
a
issa
A
b
d
e
lk
a
d
e
r,
Bo
u
z
id
i
M
a
n
so
u
r,
Ba
rk
a
t
S
a
i
d
,
“
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
tro
l
o
f
T
h
re
e
L
e
v
e
ls
Ba
c
k
-
To
-
Ba
c
k
V
S
C
-
HV
DC
S
y
ste
m
U
sin
g
S
p
a
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
M
o
d
u
latio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
-
2
7
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
S
.
G
h
a
y
a
d
,
Niv
e
e
n
M
.
Ba
d
ra
,
A
l
m
o
a
ta
z
Y.
A
b
d
e
la
z
iz,
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
A
.
A
tt
ia,
“
Re
a
c
t
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
V
S
C
-
H
V
DC
sy
ste
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
f
a
u
lt
y
a
n
d
n
o
rm
a
l
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s,”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
AP
E)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
-
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
P
.
Ku
m
a
r
Ra
th
a
n
d
K
.
Ch
a
ra
n
B
h
u
y
a
n
,
“
V
e
c
to
r
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
V
S
C
HV
DC
S
y
ste
m
u
n
d
e
r
S
i
n
g
l
e
L
i
n
e
t
o
G
r
o
u
n
d
F
a
u
l
t
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
A
P
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
6
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
S
.
Bo
l
o
g
n
a
n
i
a
n
d
S
.
Zam
p
ieri,
“
A
Distrib
u
ted
Co
n
tr
o
l
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Co
m
p
e
n
s
a
ti
o
n
i
n
S
m
a
rt
M
icro
g
rid
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
A
u
t
o
ma
ti
c
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
8
-
2
8
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
Zh
a
n
g
Zh
a
o
y
u
n
,
Zh
a
o
W
e
n
ju
n
,
Ya
n
g
M
e
i,
Ka
n
g
L
i
,
Zh
a
n
g
Zh
i,
Zh
a
o
Ya
n
g
,
L
iu
G
u
o
z
h
o
n
g
,
Ya
o
N
a
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
f
M
ic
r
o
-
G
r
i
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
I
n
S
m
a
r
t
P
a
r
k
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
6
-
3119
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
T
.
Dr
a
g
ice
v
ic,
D.
W
u
,
Q.
S
h
a
f
iee
,
L
.
M
e
n
g
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
a
n
d
d
e
c
e
n
tralize
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
rc
h
i
tec
tu
re
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
rter
-
in
terf
a
c
e
d
m
icro
g
rid
s,”
Ch
in
e
se
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
52
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
Bid
ra
m
a
n
d
A
.
D
a
v
o
u
d
i,
“
Hie
ra
rc
h
ica
l
S
tru
c
tu
re
o
f
M
icro
g
rid
s
Co
n
tr
o
l
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
3
-
1
9
7
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
L
.
M
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
DC
M
icro
g
ri
d
s,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
i
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
2
8
-
9
4
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
R.
He
y
d
e
ri,
M
.
A
lh
a
sh
e
e
m
,
T
.
Dra
g
ice
v
ic,
a
n
d
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
re
d
ictiv
e
c
o
n
tro
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
d
istri
b
u
ted
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
v
sc
-
b
a
se
d
m
icro
g
rid
s,”
2
0
1
8
2
0
t
h
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (
EP
E
'
1
8
ECCE
Eu
r
o
p
e
),
Rig
a
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
8.
[1
2
]
W
.
G
u
,
G
.
L
o
u
,
W
.
T
a
n
,
a
n
d
X
.
Yu
a
n
,
“
A
n
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
sta
te
e
stim
a
t
o
r
-
b
a
se
d
d
e
c
e
n
tralize
d
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s m
icro
g
ri
d
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
4
-
4
8
0
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
Ba
o
q
u
a
n
L
iu
,
F
a
n
g
Zh
u
o
,
Yix
in
Zh
u
,
a
n
d
Ha
o
Yi
,
“
S
y
ste
m
Op
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
-
Ba
se
d
Dc
M
icro
-
G
rid
f
o
r
Hig
h
P
e
n
e
tratio
n
De
p
t
h
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
5
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
Ha
rsh
it
h
a
,
H.
M
.
,
Da
w
n
e
e
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
Ku
m
a
ra
n
,
K.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
f
ix
e
d
h
y
ste
re
sis
b
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
y
s
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
b
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
,
”
2
0
1
7
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
a
t
a
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
(
I
C
E
C
D
S
)
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
5
5
2
-
5
5
8
.
[1
5
]
R
.
S
.
Ra
v
i
S
a
n
k
a
r,
S
.
V
.
Ja
y
a
K
u
m
a
r,
K
.
K
.
De
e
p
ik
a
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
P
re
d
ictiv
e
Cu
rre
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
G
r
i
d
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
E
E
C
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
-
2
9
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
S
.
Ch
a
n
g
c
h
ien
,
T
.
J.
L
ian
g
,
J.
F
.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
L
.
S
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
No
v
e
l
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
S
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
7
-
2
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
R.
S.
Ra
v
i
S
a
n
k
a
r
,
S
.
V
.
Ja
y
a
Ku
m
a
r,
G
.
M.
Ra
o
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
F
u
z
z
y
P
I
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
G
r
id
In
tera
c
t
P
V
In
v
e
rter
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
2
-
4
8
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
E.
Ro
m
á
n
,
R.
A
lo
n
so
,
P
.
I
b
a
ñ
e
z
,
S
.
El
o
rd
u
iza
p
a
tarie
tx
e
,
D.G
o
it
ia
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
P
V
M
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
te
d
P
V
S
y
st
e
m
s
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
6
-
1
0
7
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
d
a
p
tive
h
yster
esis
b
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
P
V
in
ve
r
ter (
R
.
S
.
R
a
vi
S
a
n
k
a
r
)
2863
[1
9
]
R
.
S
.
Ra
v
i
S
a
n
k
a
r,
S
.
V
.
Ja
y
a
Ku
m
a
r,
K
.
K
.
De
e
p
ik
a
,
“
F
le
x
ib
le
P
o
w
e
r
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
In
v
e
rters
f
o
r
P
V
S
y
ste
m
s
Us
in
g
M
o
d
e
l
P
re
d
i
c
ti
v
e
Dire
c
t
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
tro
l
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
8
-
5
1
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
A
.
Ra
h
i
m
a
n
d
J.
S
e
lv
a
ra
j
,
“M
ul
ti
strin
g
F
iv
e
-
L
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rter
w
it
h
No
v
e
l
P
W
M
Co
n
tr
o
l
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
P
V
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
1
-
2
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
H.
Ak
a
g
i
a
n
d
K.
Iso
z
a
k
i,
“
A
H
y
b
rid
A
c
ti
v
e
F
il
ter
f
o
r
a
T
h
re
e
-
P
h
a
se
1
2
-
P
u
lse
Dio
d
e
Re
c
ti
f
ier
Us
e
d
a
s
th
e
F
ro
n
t
En
d
o
f
a
M
e
d
iu
m
-
V
o
l
tag
e
M
o
to
r
Driv
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
-
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
N.
F
lo
u
re
n
tzo
u
a
n
d
V
a
ss
il
io
s
.
G
.
Ag
e
li
d
is,
“
Op
ti
m
ize
d
M
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
A
C
–
DC
Ha
r
m
o
n
ic
I
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
V
S
C
HV
DC T
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
3
-
1
7
2
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
A
.
El
ta
w
i,
a
n
d
Zh
e
n
g
m
in
g
Zh
a
o
,
“
M
P
P
T
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
p
p
.
7
9
3
-
8
1
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
K
.
K
.
De
e
p
ik
a
,
G
.
K
.
R
a
o
,
J
.
V
ij
a
y
a
Ku
m
a
r,
R
.
S
.
Ra
v
i
S
a
n
k
a
r,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
V
o
lt
a
g
e
R
e
g
u
lat
io
n
u
si
n
g
a
7
-
L
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
El
e
c
tri
c
S
p
rin
g
w
it
h
Re
d
u
c
e
d
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
w
it
c
h
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
-
565
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
Y.
Jia
n
g
,
A
.
A
b
u
Qa
h
o
u
q
,
M
.
O
ra
b
i
,
“
M
AT
LAB
/P
sp
ice
Hy
b
rid
S
im
u
latio
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
S
o
lar
P
V
Ce
ll
/M
o
d
u
le,”
2
0
1
1
T
we
n
ty
-
S
ixth
An
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
Ap
p
li
e
d
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
(
AP
EC)
,
F
o
rt
W
o
rth
,
T
X
,
USA
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
4
-
1
2
5
0
.
[2
6
]
H.
Ak
a
g
i
A
.
Na
b
a
e
,
S
.
A
to
h
,
“
Co
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
o
f
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
f
il
ters
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
v
o
lt
a
g
e
-
so
u
rc
e
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stry
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
IA
-
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
6
0
-
4
6
5
,
1
9
8
6
.
[2
7
]
Af
o
n
so
,
Co
u
t
o
,
J.
M
a
rti
n
s
,
“
A
c
ti
v
e
F
il
ters
w
it
h
Co
n
tro
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
p
-
q
T
h
e
o
ry
,
”
IEE
E
In
d
u
str
ia
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iety
Ne
wsle
tt
e
r
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
-
1
0
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
8
]
B.
K.
Bo
se
,
“
A
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
ste
re
sis
b
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
e
e
d
P
W
M
in
v
e
rter
f
o
r
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
riv
e
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
0
2
-
4
0
8
,
1
9
9
0
.
[2
9
]
W
e
.
Da
i,
Y.
D
a
i,
T
.
Zh
o
n
g
,
“
A
Ne
w
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
Ha
r
m
o
n
ic
a
n
d
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Co
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
0
8
IE
E
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
C
h
e
n
g
d
u
,
C
h
in
a
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[3
0
]
P
r
u
sty
,
S
.
R.
,
Ra
m
,
S
.
K.,
S
u
b
u
d
h
i,
B.
D,
M
a
h
a
p
a
tra,
K.
K
.,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
b
a
n
d
h
y
ste
re
sis
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
sh
u
n
t
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
il
ter,”
2
0
1
1
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Eme
rg
in
g
T
re
n
d
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Na
g
e
r
c
o
il
,
I
n
d
ia,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
-
4
2
9
.
[3
1
]
M
u
ra
t
Ka
le,
E
n
g
in
Oz
d
e
m
ir
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
H
y
ste
re
sis
B
a
n
d
Cu
rre
n
t
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
S
h
u
n
t
A
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
F
il
ter
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
2
0
0
3
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
0
3
(
CCA
2
0
0
3
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
Ista
n
b
u
l,
T
u
rk
e
y
,
2
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
8
-
1
1
2
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
R.
S
.
Ra
v
i
S
a
n
k
a
r
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
EE
E
in
V
ig
n
a
n
’s
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia.
Re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
rs,
M
a
ste
rs
a
n
d
D
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs,
JN
T
U
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
JN
T
U
A
n
a
n
th
a
p
u
ra
m
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
in
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s ,
e
lec
tri
c
d
riv
e
s
Alla
m
V
e
n
k
a
te
s
h
w
a
s
b
o
rn
o
n
J
u
n
e
1
0
t
h
,
1
9
9
2
in
Visa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
In
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(B.
E),
i
n
f
ield
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
f
ro
m
A
n
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
M
a
ste
rs
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(M
.
T
e
c
h
.
),
in
f
ield
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
In
d
u
strial
Driv
e
s,
f
ro
m
V
ig
n
a
n
'
s
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Aff
il
iate
d
to
JN
T
U
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
in
2
0
1
7
.
C
u
rre
n
t
ly
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
s
sista
n
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
in
V
ig
n
a
n
'
s
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
Cu
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
c
o
n
tro
ll
i
n
g
G
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
I
n
v
e
rter,
S
tab
il
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis.
K
.
K
.
De
e
p
i
k
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
T
e
c
h
.
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Ba
p
a
tl
a
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
G
u
n
tu
r.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
G
I
TA
M
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
KL
EF
,
V
ij
a
y
a
wa
d
a
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia.
S
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
EE
E
in
Vig
n
a
n
’s
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
in
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s a
n
d
D
e
m
a
n
d
S
id
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.