Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
52
0
3
~
5214
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
52
0
3
-
52
14
5203
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Bidi
rectional
Underwat
er Vi
sible
Light C
ommun
ication
Arsyad
Ram
adha
n
Da
rl
is
,
An
dre
Widur
a
,
Muha
mad
Rif
an
An
dri
an
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Inst
it
ut
T
ek
nologi
Nasion
al
Bandung
,
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
13
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
7
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
1
5
, 201
8
In
thi
s
pap
er,
a
novel
bid
irecti
o
nal
unde
rwate
r
visibl
e
li
ght
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
(BiUVLC
)
is
pr
oposed.
Th
e
VL
C
tra
nsm
it
te
r
trans
m
it
s
an
infor
m
at
ion
signal
using
the
one
of
RGB
LE
D
through
the
wat
er
ta
nk
th
at
re
pre
sents
an
under
wate
r
environm
ent
and
th
e
n
is
recei
v
ed
b
y
VLC
recei
v
er
via
a
co
lor
fil
ter.
The
col
or
LE
Ds
and
co
lor
fil
t
ers
are
utili
z
ed
in
bid
irecti
on
al
s
y
s
te
m
s.
The
single
l
ink
i
s
cre
at
ed
b
y
a
L
ED
on
the
tra
nsm
it
te
r
and
the
c
olor
fil
t
er
on
the
re
ceive
r
wi
t
h
the
sam
e
col
o
r
which
rep
rese
nts
a
singl
e
wav
el
eng
th.
The
per
form
anc
e
of
the
proposed
BiUVLC
sy
s
te
m
was
eva
l
uat
ed
vi
a
implementa
t
i
ons.
Th
e
expe
rimen
ta
l
result
show
s
that
th
e
tra
nsm
it
te
d
signa
l
under
goes
attenu
at
ion
ove
r
the
un
der
wate
r
op
ti
c
al
cha
nne
l
and
th
e
pai
r
of
th
e
blue
wave
l
engt
h
in
li
nk
1
and
th
e
gre
en
wave
le
n
gth
in
li
nk
2
ha
ve
the
best
per
form
anc
e
th
a
n
the
othe
r
wav
el
eng
th
pa
ir
.
In
the
cro
ss
ta
lk
m
e
asure
m
ent
,
the
r
ed
wav
elen
gth
co
lor
is
the
wors
t
in
th
e
und
erwa
te
r
env
iron
m
ent
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Bi
directi
on
al
Color fil
te
r
RGB LE
Ds
Unde
rw
at
er
Visible Li
ght
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ar
sya
d
Ra
m
adh
an
D
a
rlis
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
In
sti
tut Te
knol
og
i
Nasi
on
al
B
andu
ng,
PKH. M
us
ta
ph
a Street
No.
24 Ban
dung
4012
4,
West Ja
va,
I
ndonesi
a.
Em
a
il
: l
sn
tl
@c
cu.
e
du.tw
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
there
are
m
arine
dev
ic
es
an
d
ve
hi
cl
es
that
are
util
iz
ed
in
the
unde
r
water
en
vi
ronm
ent
fo
r
m
any
ap
plica
tio
ns,
s
uc
h
as
oc
eanog
raphic,
pip
el
ine
sur
ve
y
in
a
n
offs
hore
in
dustry,
an
d
m
il
i
ta
ry,
esp
eci
al
ly
wireless
sens
or
netw
orks
in
an
underwat
er
env
i
ro
nm
ent
[1
]
.
Ther
e
fore,
the
two
way
or
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
bet
ween
dev
ic
es
and
ve
hicle
s
is
a
pr
erequisi
te
.
To
addre
ss
this
need
,
sever
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
chnolo
gie
s
hav
e
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
usi
ng
va
rio
us
transm
issi
on
m
edium
,
i.e.
acoust
ic
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
unde
rw
at
e
r
ra
dio
fr
e
qu
ency
(RF
)
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
s,
an
d
unde
r
water
visible
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
(UVLC
).
A
coust
ic
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
are
widely
us
ed
in
unde
r
water
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
be
cause
it
has
relat
ively
low
at
te
nu
at
i
on
s
o
the
lo
ng
distance
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n,
m
axi
m
u
m
up
t
o
1
km
,
can
be
ac
hi
eved
[2]
,
[3
]
.
T
he
di
sadv
a
ntage
of
this
te
ch
no
l
ogy
is
the
high
f
reque
ncy
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
cannot
be
do
ne.
Wh
il
e
UV
LC
offe
rs
t
he
highest data
rate, up
to 1
Gbp
s
,
a
nd
m
od
erate
co
ver
a
ge
di
sta
nce
of u
p
to 1
00
m
,
co
ns
ider
i
ng
RF
su
pp
or
ti
n
g
a
distance
of
up
to
10
m
[2
]
,
[4
]
.
Re
centl
y,
the
resear
ch
in
VLC
has
bee
n
addresse
d
f
or
m
an
y
app
li
cat
io
ns
[5]
-
[14].
Re
search
on
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
in
the
unde
rwat
er
en
vir
on
m
ent
us
i
ng
visible
li
gh
t,
by
Do
m
inic
O'
Bri
en
[
15]
from
t
he
U
niv
e
rsity
of
O
xf
ord
with
his
te
am
in
2008,
sta
te
d
that
the
us
e
of
w
hite
LE
D
li
gh
ts
has
an
a
dv
a
ntage
in
te
r
m
s
of
perform
ance
i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
as
well
t
he
oppo
rtu
nity
to
pr
ovid
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
si
m
ultaneou
sly
.
Fo
ll
owed
by
Jia
nyan
g
Sh
i
[
3]
from
Fu
dan
U
ni
ver
sit
y
with
his
te
am
in
20
14,
perform
ing
real
-
tim
e
bid
irect
ion
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
us
in
g
whit
e
LED
phosp
hor
bases
with
sp
ee
ds
of
10
0
Mbps
an
d
200
Mbps
us
in
g
RGB
L
ED.
Be
rn
a
ndo
Mi
gu
el
C.
S.
[
16]
app
li
ed
visi
ble
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
f
or
un
de
rw
at
e
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
In
t
he
stu
dy
,
he
us
e
d
a
very
b
rig
ht
blu
e
LED,
cy
an
a
nd
gree
n
on
t
he
transm
it
te
r
and
use
a
m
od
ifie
d
blu
e
or
gr
ee
n
ph
otodio
de
on
the
re
cei
ver
.
T
he
res
ults
of
his
rese
arch
ob
ta
in
ed
1
Mb
ps
at
a
distanc
e
of
5
m
et
ers
wit
h
delive
ry
cap
abili
ti
es
at
sea
and
i
n
the
ri
ve
r.
A
nothe
r
rese
arch
c
onduc
te
d
by
Chao
Wa
ng
[
17
]
of
the
Nati
onal
Digital
Sw
it
chin
g
Syst
em
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
a
nd
Technolo
gical
Re
search
Ce
nt
er,
Zhe
ngzh
ou
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5203
-
5214
5204
his
te
am
,
they
app
li
e
d
visi
ble
li
gh
t
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
t
o
un
derwate
r
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
By
nar
r
owin
g
t
he
ha
lf
-
powe
r
corne
r
of
the
Lig
ht
E
m
i
t
ti
ng
Diode
(LE
D)
ai
m
ed
at
increasing
t
he
li
gh
t
intens
it
y
of
the
transm
itter.
The
us
e
of
Si
ngle
Photo
n
A
va
la
nch
e
Diode
(S
P
AD)
on
t
he
receive
r
im
pr
ov
e
s
the
detect
ion
se
ns
it
ivit
y
in
this
stud
y.
T
her
e
fore,
to
our
kn
owle
dge,
the
re
has
bee
n
no
the
bid
i
recti
onal
VLC
(BiVLC)
researc
h
in
the
unde
rw
at
er
envir
on
m
ent.
In
t
his
pa
per,
a
novel
bid
irect
ion
al
underwat
er
visible
li
ght
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(BiU
VLC
)
is
pro
po
se
d.
The
syst
em
s
ar
e
i
m
ple
m
ented
by
the
two
tra
ns
cei
ve
rs
in
a
n
exp
e
rim
ental
m
et
ho
d.
A
nd
t
he
pro
posed
sy
ste
m
ut
il
iz
es
the
one
of
Re
d
G
ree
n
Bl
ue
(R
GB)
LED
a
nd
a
c
olo
r
filt
er
that
re
pr
ese
nts
a
wa
ve
le
ng
th
t
o
buil
d
the
bid
irect
io
nal
s
yst
e
m
s.
The
bid
irect
io
nal
co
ndit
ion
in
opti
cal
com
m
un
ic
ation
occurs
w
hi
le
each
li
nk
us
ing
a
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
w
hich
is
represe
nted
by
a
c
olor
LE
D
a
nd
a
c
olor
filt
er.
The
pro
po
s
ed
syst
e
m
util
iz
ed
the
water
ta
nk
that
repre
sents
the
unde
rw
at
er
e
nvir
onm
ent.
The
fi
rs
t
li
nk
,
the
VL
C
transm
itter
with
the
si
ng
l
e
colo
r
LED
t
ran
sm
it
s
an
i
nfor
m
at
ion
si
gn
al
t
hrough
the
water
ta
nk
that
represe
nts
a
n
underw
at
er
en
vir
on
m
ent
a
nd
then
is
recei
ve
d
by
VLC
r
ece
iver
via
a
col
or
filt
er.
T
he
sa
m
e
conditi
on
oc
cur
s
f
or
the
s
econd
li
nk
w
he
re
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
sign
al
is
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
from
VLC
transm
it
te
r
toward
VLC
rec
ei
ver
us
in
g
sa
m
e
or
dif
fer
e
nt
colo
r
LED.
T
he
cr
osst
al
k
m
easur
em
ent
is
us
e
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
this
resea
rch
is
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
to
gi
ve
the
co
ntri
buti
on
to
fin
ding
the
bes
t
of
the
col
or
pa
ir
for
the
bi
directi
on
al
V
LC
syst
e
m
in
un
de
rw
at
er
e
nviro
nm
ent.
The
pro
po
s
e
d
syst
e
m
s
can
s
uppo
rt
the
bi
dir
ect
ion
al
c
ommun
ic
at
io
n
betw
een
ve
hic
le
s,
di
ver
s,
a
nd
de
vi
ces
in
t
he
unde
rw
at
er
env
i
ronm
ent.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
In
t
his
cha
pter
,
we
will
discuss
a
bout
the
ste
ps
in
c
ondu
ct
ing
the
resea
rch
of
bid
i
recti
on
al
visi
ble
li
gh
t com
m
un
ic
at
ion
in
un
derwate
r
e
nviro
nm
ent.
2.1. Sys
tem
Desi
gn
In
desig
ning
t
hi
s
syst
e
m
,
the
t
wo
tr
anscei
ver
are
us
e
d
wh
ic
h
com
pr
ise
s
of
2
(tw
o)
tra
nsm
itters
and
2
(
two
)
recei
vers
.
T
he
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
is
com
bin
ed
to
get
a
sin
gle
li
nk
tran
scei
ver
.
The
n
pu
t
t
he
LE
D
li
gh
t
on
t
he
transm
itter and
pho
t
od
i
od
e
on
the
receive
r
.
Figure
1
s
how
s
the
blo
c
k
diagr
am
of
a
vi
sible
li
gh
t
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
yst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
consi
sts
of
a
transm
it
and
r
ecei
vin
g
syst
em
.
In
the
tra
nsm
it
te
r,
the
in
pu
t
s
ect
ion
is
giv
e
n
in
f
or
m
ation
i
n
the
f
orm
of
a
n
analo
g
sig
nal
with
the
hum
a
n
fr
e
quency
li
m
it
wh
ic
h
is
400
-
4000
Hz,
gen
e
rated
by
the
au
dio
ge
ne
r
at
or
.
T
he
sign
al
process
ed
on
t
he
tra
nsm
itter
ci
rcu
it
;
then
t
he
in
f
or
m
at
ion
sig
nal
is
transm
itted
thr
ough
the
li
ght
us
in
g
the LE
D.
Figure
1. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
syste
m
The
sig
nal
f
rom
transm
it
te
r
unde
rgoes
a
proces
s
of
al
te
ring
f
r
om
an
analo
g
sig
nal
into
the
li
ght
thr
ough
the
Ligh
t
Em
itti
ng
Diode
(LE
D).
The
li
gh
t
ge
ne
rated
by
the
L
ED
co
ntains
inf
or
m
at
ion
fro
m
the
transm
itter.
T
o
procee
d
t
o
the
ne
xt
sect
io
n,
t
he
li
ght
c
on
ta
i
ns
i
nfor
m
at
ion
m
us
t
be
captu
r
ed
us
in
g
c
om
po
ne
nts
that
can
c
onve
rt
li
gh
t
int
o
el
ect
rici
ty
.
The
pa
rt
that
can
t
urn
li
gh
t
into
el
ect
rical
are
ph
otose
nsors
,
an
d
t
he
one
us
e
d
in
t
his
de
sign
is
a
phot
od
io
de.
T
he
c
aptu
red
li
gh
t
by
the
ph
otodio
de
c
on
ta
in
s
in
form
ation
.
Sin
ce
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
received
di
rectl
y
by
the
ph
ot
o
diode
is
too
w
eak,
the
am
pli
fier
is
us
ed
as
a
bo
os
te
r
fro
m
the
photodio
de
t
o f
orwarde
d
to
th
e receive
r o
utput
.
2.2. VLC
Tr
ansmi
tt
er
In
t
he
tra
ns
m
i
tt
er
sect
ion
,
t
he
pr
ocess
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
sign
al
c
hange
s
com
ing
fro
m
the
sign
a
l
gen
e
rato
r
int
o
the
f
or
m
of
li
g
ht,
w
hich
wil
l
be
tra
ns
m
itte
d
th
rou
gh
the
colo
r
LE
D.
At
the
ti
m
e
of
se
nd
i
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
in
the
form
of
vi
sible
li
gh
t
wa
ves,
th
e
LE
D
will
e
m
i
t
visible
li
gh
t
accor
di
ng
to
t
he
tra
nsm
it
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Bidirec
ti
onal
Underw
a
te
r Vi
sible Lig
ht Co
mmu
nicatio
n
(
Arsya
d
R
ama
dhan
D
ar
li
s
)
5205
sign
al
.
The
col
or
of
filt
ers
is
t
o
set
the
li
nk
s
to
av
oid
wa
vel
eng
t
h
in
te
rf
e
re
nce.
Fig
ur
e
2
i
s
a
bl
ock
dia
gra
m
of
the en
ti
re
tra
nsm
itter.
Figure
2
sho
w
s
the
connecti
on
betwee
n
co
m
po
nen
ts
in
th
e
transm
i
tt
er
s
yst
e
m
,
input
from
the
aud
io
gen
e
rato
r
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
po
wer
am
plifie
r
then
to
the
t
ransform
er
an
d
to
the
LE
D
t
o
tra
ns
m
i
t
the
sign
a
l.
Th
e
vo
lt
age
in
pu
t u
sed
is 1
2
volt
s,
the
cat
ho
de
on
the
LE
D
is
c
onnecte
d
to
the seco
nd
a
ry
tra
nsfo
rm
er
winding,
f
or
the
pr
im
ary
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
wind
ing
is
co
nn
ect
ed
to
the
po
we
r
am
plifie
r.
The
connecti
on
of
these
com
ponen
ts
can
be
see
n
i
n Fi
gure
3
w
hich
is p
a
rt of t
he
tr
ansm
itter w
it
h t
he
s
pecifica
ti
on:
a.
Sour
ce
: Po
wer S
uppl
y (12
V)
b.
LED
: 5
m
m
(
Ever
li
gh
t
334
-
15
/T
1C
1
-
4WY
A )
c.
Am
plifie
r
: Kit
Powe
r A
m
pl
ifie
r
d.
Transf
om
at
or
: C
enter Ta
p, S
te
p
D
own
, 0/C
T 6
-
8
-
10
-
12
V
Figure
2. VLC
transm
itter d
ia
gr
a
m
b
loc
k
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Tra
nsm
itter (
a)
circ
ui
t (b
)
LE
Ds
2.3. Recei
ver
VLC
In
t
his
receive
r,
the
visible
l
igh
t
that
ca
ptured
by
the
photodio
de
c
onve
rted
int
o
an
i
nfor
m
at
ion
sign
al
.
T
he
w
ork
flo
w
of
this
r
ecei
ver
sect
io
n
can
see
in
Fig
ur
e
4,
the
in
for
m
at
ion
transm
i
tt
ed
captur
e
d
by
the
photodio
de
pro
ceeds
to
a
ci
r
c
uit
con
ta
i
ning
so
m
e
resist
or
,
capaci
tors,
a
nd
bc54
7
tra
ns
ist
or
s
c
om
po
ne
nt
s,
the
com
po
ne
nt
is
a
series
of
am
pl
ifie
rs.
I
n
the b
l
ock
d
ia
gram
the
captu
red
li
gh
t
will
be
forw
a
rd
e
d
to
t
he
am
plifie
r
ci
rcu
it
to
be
a
m
pl
ifie
d
to
a
c
ertai
n
le
vel,
th
en
the
rein
f
or
c
ed
value
will
be
disp
la
ye
d
th
r
ough
the
os
ci
ll
os
c
ope
thr
ough the
out
pu
t
of the
am
pl
ifie
r.
T
he
ci
rcui
t of
receive
rs has s
pecifica
ti
on
:
a.
Sour
ce
: Po
wer S
uppl
y (9 V
)
b.
Photo
diode
: 5
m
m
(
SFH2
03)
c.
Transi
stor
: B
C547
d.
Re
sist
or
: 100
Ω
, 1
kΩ, 1 MΩ,
470 kΩ
, 56 kΩ
,
3,3
kΩ
e.
Ca
pasitor
: 100 nF
2 pc
s
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:
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5203
-
5214
5206
Figure
4. VLC
receiver
d
ia
gr
a
m
b
lock
Figure
5(
a
)
s
hows
the
im
plem
entat
ion
f
or
r
ecei
ver
ci
rc
uit
wh
e
re
ou
t
pu
t
of
the
ci
rcu
it
wi
ll
be
sent
t
o
the osci
l
losco
pe
an
d
f
ig
ur
e
5(
b)
is
ph
otodio
de
arr
ay
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. Re
cei
ver im
ple
m
entat
ion
(a)
ci
rcu
i
t (b)
photodio
de
arr
ay
This
c
ha
nn
el
m
od
el
i
m
ple
m
ents
the
w
orki
ng
s
o
f
VLC
in u
nde
rw
at
er
.
T
he
aq
uar
i
um
with d
im
ension
s
190x40
x40
cm
coated
by
sco
tl
igh
ts
on
the
inn
e
r
side
of
th
e
aqu
a
rium
,
it
aim
s
to
avo
id
the
incom
ing
ou
te
r
li
gh
t
f
ro
m
the
side
of
t
he
ta
nk,
t
hen
co
ve
re
d
with
black
c
orrib
oard
s
o
t
ha
t
no
li
gh
t
e
nt
ers
at
the
to
p.
Nex
t
aqu
a
rium
fill
ed
with
ta
p
wat
er
with
35
cm
high
.
Fi
gure
6
is
t
he
c
once
pt
a
nd
reali
sat
ion
of
c
ha
nnel
m
od
el
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n.
(a)
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Bidirec
ti
onal
Underw
a
te
r Vi
sible Lig
ht Co
mmu
nicatio
n
(
Arsya
d
R
ama
dhan
D
ar
li
s
)
5207
(b)
Figure
6. Proto
ty
pe
of c
hanne
l
m
od
el
(
a
) des
ign
(
b)
im
ple
m
entat
ion
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
I
ON
Af
te
r
t
he
de
sign
proces
s,
th
e
nex
t
ste
p
is
to
m
easur
em
ents.
Me
as
ur
e
m
ents
wer
e
m
ade
to
ob
ta
i
n
syst
e
m
per
for
m
ance
data,
th
en
com
par
ed
t
o
determ
ine
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
a
de
vice
that
has
been
de
sign
e
d.
The
m
easur
em
ent r
es
ults ca
n be
us
e
d
as a
r
e
fer
e
nce in t
he
ov
e
rall
an
al
ysi
s.
3.1.
Posi
tion b
as
ed
Me
as
ure
ment Sys
tem
On
t
he
m
easur
e
m
ent,
the
syst
e
m
is
te
ste
d
in
two
c
onditi
ons.
First
tra
ns
m
i
tt
er
1
an
d
tra
nsm
it
te
r
two
al
so
recei
ver
1
a
nd
receive
r
2
a
re
on
t
he
sam
e
le
vel
or
can
be
cal
le
d
cro
ss
ed
.
T
he
s
econd
sit
uati
on,
t
he
po
sit
io
n
of
tran
sm
it
te
r
1
and
r
ecei
ver
1
a
nd
t
ran
sm
it
te
r
2
and
receive
r
2
ar
e
o
n
the
sam
e
l
evel
or
ca
n
be
cal
le
d
directi
onal
.
Th
e
pu
r
pose
of
this
m
easur
e
m
ent
is
to
kn
ow
th
e
op
ti
m
a
l
po
sit
ion
in
transm
itti
ng
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
betwee
n
li
nks.
Figures
7
a
nd
8
a
re
diagr
am
m
at
ic
o
f
both
previ
ou
sly
c
ondi
ti
on
s.
Figure
9
s
ho
w
grap
h
of
m
easur
e
d
va
lues
fr
om
the
two
previ
ously
m
entioned
c
onditi
ons
with
fr
e
qu
e
ncy is
400
-
40
00 H
z
a
nd 5 V
p
-
p
si
gnal
am
plit
ud
e.
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
os
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
s
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
L
i
n
k
1
L
i
n
k
2
Figure
7.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
s
yste
m
f
ro
m
d
irect
ion
al
m
easur
e
m
ent
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5203
-
5214
5208
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
os
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
s
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
Figure
8.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
s
yste
m
from
cro
s
s
m
easur
em
ent
Figure
9. P
os
it
ion ba
sed
m
eas
ur
em
ent r
es
ult
Fr
om
the
m
easur
em
ents
on
t
r
ansm
itter
1
an
d
receive
r
1
an
d
transm
it
te
r
2
and
receive
r
two
posit
io
ns
in
the
sam
e
area
disp
la
y
valu
es
that
are
not
m
uch
diff
e
re
nt.
I
n
tra
ns
m
itter
co
nd
it
io
n
1
a
nd
tran
sm
i
tt
er
2
a
nd
receiver
1
a
nd
receiver
t
wo
a
r
e
in
the
sam
e
a
rea
or
can
be
c
al
le
d
cro
s
sed
s
how
n
that
the
values
betwee
n
li
nk
s
are m
uch
diff
e
ren
t.
I
t ca
n be
assum
ed
that d
irect
ion
al
posit
ion
is
the
best
conditi
on
on t
hi
s syst
e
m
.
3.2.
Bi
dire
cti
onal
Measurem
ent
u
sing
RG
B L
EDs
The
ne
xt
m
eas
ur
em
ent
by
us
ing
c
olor
LED
on
the
tra
ns
m
itter
side
to
com
par
e
.
The
col
or
LED
us
ed
as
m
any
as
thr
ee
pieces
place
d
on
the
tra
nsm
itter
side
a
nd
the
recei
ver
se
t
a
colo
r
LE
D
si
m
il
ar
to
the
c
olor
on
the
tra
ns
m
itter.
Fig
ur
e
10
is
a
blo
c
k
diag
ram
in
m
easur
em
e
nt
us
i
ng
c
olo
r
LED.
Me
asu
re
m
ents
wer
e
m
a
de
i
n
water
with
a
water
de
pth
of
35
cm
with
a
distance
betw
een
the
li
nk
s
a
s
far
as
50
cm
.
Each
col
or
is
te
ste
d
base
d
on
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
range
of
40
0
–
4000
Hz
with
an
am
plit
ud
e
of
5
V
p
-
p.
Fig
ure
11
sh
ows
the
re
s
ults
of
m
easur
em
ents u
sin
g
R
GB LE
Ds.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
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C
om
p
En
g
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S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Bidirec
ti
onal
Underw
a
te
r Vi
sible Lig
ht Co
mmu
nicatio
n
(
Arsya
d
R
ama
dhan
D
ar
li
s
)
5209
L
i
n
k
2
L
i
n
k
1
A
q
u
a
r
i
u
m
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
s
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
os
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
wer
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
C
ol
or
F
i
l
t
e
r
C
ol
or
F
i
l
t
e
r
L
i
n
k
2
L
i
n
k
1
Figure
10. Dia
gr
am
b
loc
k of
b
idirect
io
nal m
easur
em
ent u
si
ng RGB
LED
s
In
Fig
ur
e
11,
t
hr
ee
gra
ph
s
ar
e
sho
wing
the
respo
ns
e
of
ea
ch
li
nk.
T
he
r
e
d
li
ne
dis
play
s
the
re
spo
ns
e
on
li
nk
2
an
d
f
or
t
he
blu
e
li
ne
represe
nts
th
e
res
pons
e
on
the
li
nk
1.
T
he
ex
planati
on
for
w
riti
ng
the
ti
tl
e
of
each
gra
ph
"
Re
d
-
Re
d"
t
he
first
c
olor
m
entioned
is
a
li
nk
one
w
hi
ch
co
ntained
a
color
LED
on
t
he
transm
itter
and
color
filt
ers
on
the
recei
ver
i
t
aim
s
to
ob
t
ai
n
one
wa
vele
ngth
in
one
li
nk
.
On
the
s
eco
nd
color
after
the
"
-
"
sign
is
a
li
nk
2
c
on
ta
ini
ng
th
e
colo
r
LED
on
t
he
transm
it
te
r
and
the
c
olor
f
il
te
r
on
the
rec
ei
ver
it
aim
s
to
obta
in
on
e
wa
vele
ng
t
h
in
on
e
li
nk.
I
n
this
m
easur
e
m
ent,
the
us
e
of
filt
ers
an
d
c
o
l
or
LE
Ds
on
li
nk
tw
o
are c
hange
d
int
erch
a
ngeably
. T
able
1
s
hows
the av
e
ra
ge res
ults o
f
eac
h
m
easur
e
d
li
nk.
Figure
11. Mea
su
rem
ent r
es
ult w
her
e
λ red
on lin
k 1
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S
N
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5203
-
5214
5210
Table
1
is
the
aver
a
ge
value
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
on
t
he
receive
r
side
of
li
nk
1
a
nd
li
nk
2,
t
o
determ
ine
wh
e
ther
a
s
olid
col
or
c
om
bin
at
ion
is
seen
from
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
values
betw
een
li
nks.
I
n
T
able
4
the "Red
-
Bl
ue
" color c
om
bin
at
ion ha
s the
highest
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
v
al
ue o
f 8.
50 volt
s.
Table
1
.
A
ver
a
ge of
Mea
sure
m
ent V
al
ue w
he
re
λ Re
d o
n
L
ink
1
λ
o
n
link
2
Red
(
v
o
lt)
Gree
n
(
v
o
lt)
Blu
e (
v
o
lt)
Link
1
4
.32
4
.45
4
.49
Link
2
3
.74
3
.79
4
.01
Total
8
.06
8
.24
8
.50
In
Fig
ur
e
12,
t
hr
ee
gra
ph
s
ar
e
sho
wing
the
respo
ns
e
of
ea
ch
li
nk.
T
he
r
e
d
li
ne
dis
play
s
the
re
spo
ns
e
on
li
nk
2
an
d
f
or
t
he
blu
e
li
ne
represe
nts
th
e
res
pons
e
on
the
li
nk
1.
T
he
ex
planati
on
for
w
riti
n
g
the
ti
tl
e
of
each
gr
a
ph
"B
lue
-
Bl
ue"
on
th
e
first
color
m
entione
d
is
a
lin
k
on
e
that
co
ntains
colo
r
L
EDs
on
the
transm
itter
and
c
olor
filt
er
s
on
the
rec
ei
ve
r
it
aim
s
to
get
on
e
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
in
on
e
li
nk.
In
t
he
seco
nd
col
or
a
fter
t
he
"
-
"
sign
is
a
li
nk
2
co
ntainin
g
c
olo
r
LED
s
on
t
he
transm
it
te
r
a
nd
col
or
filt
ers
on
the
receive
r
it
aim
s
to
get
one
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
i
n on
e
li
nk.
Table
2
repres
ents
the
ave
ra
ge
valu
e
of
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
on
the
receive
r
side
of
li
nk
1
and
li
nk
2,
to d
et
erm
ine
w
hethe
r
a
so
li
d
c
olor
c
om
bin
at
ion
is
see
n
fro
m
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of v
al
ue
s bet
wee
n
li
nk
s
. In
Ta
ble
5
the
"B
lue
-
Green"
colo
r
com
bin
at
io
n
has
th
e
hig
he
st
ou
t
put
vo
lt
ag
e
valu
e
of
8.9
0
volt
s.
Figu
r
e
12
a
dd
resses
the r
es
ults
of
m
easur
em
ents u
sin
g
c
olor LE
Ds.
Table
2
.
A
ver
a
ge of
Mea
sure
m
ent V
al
ue w
he
re λ
Bl
ue on
Link 1
λ
o
n
link
2
Blu
e (
v
o
lt)
Red
(
v
o
lt)
Gree
n
(
v
o
lt)
Link
1
4
.44
3
.73
4
.05
Link
2
3
.80
4
.47
4
.85
Total
8
.24
8
.20
8
.90
Figure
12. Mea
su
rem
ent r
es
ult w
her
e
λ blue
on li
nk 1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Bidirec
ti
onal
Underw
a
te
r Vi
sible Lig
ht Co
mmu
nicatio
n
(
Arsya
d
R
ama
dhan
D
ar
li
s
)
5211
In
Fig
ur
e
13,
three
gr
a
phs
a
re
sho
wing
th
e
respo
ns
e
of
each
li
nk.
T
he
re
d
li
ne
re
pr
ese
nts
th
e
respo
ns
e
on
li
nk
2
a
nd
f
or
the
blu
e
li
ne
re
pre
sents
the
re
spo
ns
e
on
the
li
nk
1.
T
he
ex
plan
at
ion
f
or
wr
it
in
g
the
ti
tl
e
of
each
"
Gr
ee
n
-
Gr
ee
n"
grap
h
on
the
first
c
olo
r
m
entioned
is
a
li
nk
one
t
hat
co
nta
ins
c
olo
r
LE
Ds
on
th
e
transm
itter an
d color
f
il
te
rs
on the r
ecei
ve
r
it
ai
m
s to
get o
ne
wa
velen
gth
in o
ne
li
nk. In
the second
col
or
after
the "
-
" sign
is a li
nk
2
co
nta
i
ning co
lo
r
LE
Ds
on the tran
s
m
itter an
d
colo
r
filt
ers
on
the
receiver
, it aims
to g
et
on
e
w
a
velen
gt
h
in
one lin
k.
Table
3
is
the
aver
a
ge
value
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
on
t
he
receive
r
side
of
li
nk
1
a
nd
li
nk
2,
t
o
determ
ine
wh
e
ther
a
s
olid
col
or
c
om
bin
at
ion
i
s
seen
from
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
values
betw
een
li
nks.
I
n
T
able
6
the
"G
ree
n
-
Bl
ue"
col
or
com
bin
at
io
n
has
t
he
highest
ou
t
put
volt
age
valu
e
of
8.7
8
volt
s.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
nin
e
pairs
of
te
ste
d
colo
rs
a
nd
f
r
om
the
data
obt
ai
ned
,
prov
i
ng
that
a
good
c
ol
or
pai
r
is
u
se
d
as
li
nk1
a
nd
li
nk
tw
o
on
bi
directi
ona
l
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
is
a
"B
lue
-
Gr
ee
n"
c
olor
LED
pair
with
a
val
ue
of
8.9
0
vo
lt
s.
This
r
esult
is
ob
ta
ine
d
from
a
sig
nificant
a
m
ou
nt
of
ou
t
put
volt
age
at
t
he
receive
r,
a
nd
this
c
on
cl
us
io
n
ca
n
be
c
orroborate
d
by
the
li
te
ra
tur
e
that
sta
te
s
th
e
best
wav
el
e
ngth
in
the
un
de
rw
at
er
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
is
the
blu
e
-
gr
ee
n
wa
ve
le
ng
th
of
40
0
-
50
0
nm
[2]
.
Ba
sed
on
the
com
par
ison
in
the
us
e
of
filt
ers
an
d
LEDs
f
ound
th
at
the
color
pa
ir
that
pro
du
ces
a
good
respo
ns
e is
on the
co
l
or f
il
te
r
wit
h
a c
om
bin
at
ion o
f blue
and re
d wit
h
a
value o
f 10 v
ol
t.
Table
3
.
A
ver
a
ge of
Mea
sure
m
ent
Value
w
he
re λ G
reen o
n Li
nk
1
λ
o
n
link
2
Gree
n
(
v
o
lt)
Red
(
v
o
lt)
Blu
e (
v
o
lt)
Link
1
4
.42
3
.88
4
.05
Link
2
3
.94
4
.50
4
.73
Total
8
.36
8
.38
8
.78
Figure
13. Mea
su
rem
ent r
es
ult w
her
e
λ gree
n o
n
li
nk
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5203
-
5214
5212
3.3.
Cr
os
st
alk
Measurem
en
t
To kno
w
the
va
lue of inter
fere
nce
betwee
n
the li
nks,
t
hen
t
he
m
easur
em
e
nt of crosstal
k by invol
vi
ng
two
li
nks
sim
ultaneo
us
ly
but
in
the
sta
te
of
one
of
the
li
nk
s
are
not
giv
e
n
sig
nal
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
I
n
th
e
m
easur
em
ent
process
,
the
in
form
ation
se
nt
from
li
nk
1
ha
s
a
d
ist
ance
of
50
cm
,
and
t
he
value
of
cr
os
sta
lk
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
the
ou
t
pu
t
li
nk
tw
o
c
onnecte
d
t
o
the
os
ci
ll
os
c
op
e
.
Fi
gure
14
is
a
blo
c
k
diag
ram
of
c
rossta
lk
m
easur
em
ent.
L
i
n
k
2
L
i
n
k
1
A
q
u
a
r
i
u
m
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
Au
d
i
o
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
s
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
T
r
a
ns
m
i
tt
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
L
E
D
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
ui
t
P
h
o
to
d
i
o
d
e
os
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
P
o
wer
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
C
ol
or
F
i
l
t
e
r
C
ol
or
F
i
l
t
e
r
L
i
n
k
2
L
i
n
k
1
C
r
o
s
s
t
a
l
k
Figure
14. C
rossta
lk m
easur
em
ent d
ia
gram
blo
c
k usin
g
R
GB
LE
Ds
Figure
14
is
diagr
am
blo
ck
of
the
pr
e
viousl
y
m
entioned
conditi
ons,
subs
equ
e
ntly
fo
r
da
ta
retrieval,
the
transm
it
te
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
val
ue
of
1
Hz
with
the
5
V
p
-
p
s
ign
al
am
plit
ud
e
gen
e
rated
by
the
au
dio
generato
r
and
for
each
li
nk
s
pacin
g
of
50
cm
.
In
this
cro
sstal
k
m
eas
ur
em
ent,
the
colo
r
us
e
d
is
sim
il
ar
to
the
previo
us
te
st,
red
(~
675
nm
),
blu
e
(~4
70
nm
),
and
gr
ee
n
(~
550
nm
).
Tab
le
4
are
the
resu
lt
s
of
cr
osst
al
k
m
easur
em
ents.
Table
4.
C
ro
s
sta
lk Measu
rem
e
nt U
si
ng RGB
LEDs
Link
1
Vo
u
t (
Vo
lt)
Freq (H
z)
Lin
k
2
Vo
u
t (
Vo
lt)
Freq (H
z)
Red
4
.55
1029
Red
3
.68
1093
4
.88
1006
Blu
e
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
4
.8
1009
Gree
n
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
Blu
e
4
.88
1065
Red
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
4
.96
1067
Blu
e
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
4
.55
1007
Gree
n
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
Gree
n
4
.48
1028
Red
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
4
.48
1046
Blu
e
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
4
.71
1088
Gree
n
Un
m
easu
red
Un
m
easu
red
Fr
om
the
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d
that
the
us
e
of
col
or
filt
ers
is
per
f
ect
reg
ar
ding
s
epar
at
io
n
bet
w
een
li
nk
s
,
it
is
sh
ow
n
f
ro
m
the
disc
ov
e
ry
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
from
li
nk
on
e
on
li
nk
2.
I
n
the
m
et
ho
d
of
colo
r
LE
Ds
preci
sel
y
on
t
he
re
d
on
e
li
nk
an
d
re
d
li
nk
2,
the
r
e
is
cro
sstal
k
of
2.66
dB.
T
hat
value
s
ho
ws
that
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
a
sim
i
lar
col
or
ca
us
es
le
akag
e
of
inf
orm
ation
on
li
nk
tw
o
that
will
cause
a
c
olli
sion
of
the r
ecei
ved in
form
ation
si
gnal
.
Fr
om
al
l
the
exp
e
rim
ents
perform
ed,
the
sy
stem
can
w
ork
bid
irect
i
on
al
usi
ng
c
olor
L
E
Ds
as
well
as
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
separ
at
io
n
that
does
w
ork
well
,
becau
se
the
r
e
is
no
interfe
ren
ce
bet
wee
n
li
nk
s
on
the
seco
nd
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
c
onditi
on
of
the
diff
e
re
nt
li
nk
s
.
Conve
rsely
,
if
us
in
g
a
sim
i
lar
wa
vele
ng
t
h
on
eac
h
li
nk,
t
he
n
the
interfe
ren
ce
w
i
ll
o
ccu
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.