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ctio
n
o
f
f
er
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
b
etter
q
u
alit
y
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
th
eir
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
aw
m
ater
ial
as
w
el
l
as
th
eir
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
n
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
m
a
k
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
n
d
es
ir
ab
le
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
,
o
n
to
p
o
f
t
h
at
t
h
eir
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
co
s
t
o
f
r
ea
lizatio
n
a
r
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
[
5
,
6
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
ased
o
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
i
s
m
u
c
h
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
o
s
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e,
th
eir
co
m
p
letio
n
ti
m
e
i
s
f
ar
s
h
o
r
ter
.
O
n
to
p
o
f
th
at,
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
ies
ar
e
n
o
n
-
p
o
llu
tin
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
ar
e
n
o
t
m
a
g
ical
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
eir
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
o
n
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
i
m
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
f
ilter
i
n
g
,
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
F
AC
T
S d
ev
ice
s
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
in
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
co
m
e
s
w
it
h
a
h
i
g
h
co
s
t
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
atio
n
[
7
,
8
]
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
ex
p
en
s
e
s
i
f
th
er
e
ar
e
b
etter
an
d
ch
ea
p
er
alter
n
ativ
e
s
to
th
e
c
o
s
tl
y
o
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
et
wo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
y
o
th
er
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
s
w
i
tch
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
o
n
o
f
t
h
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alr
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y
ex
is
t
in
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
h
as b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
2.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CAL M
O
DE
L
A
s
i
n
g
le
l
in
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tica
l
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
ep
o
w
er
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
as [
9
,
1
0
]
:
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sin
g
le
li
n
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
w
ill
o
f
f
er
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
.
Si
n
g
le
li
n
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
le
f
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co
n
f
ig
u
r
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s
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n
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ig
u
r
e
1
.
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s
et
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f
r
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r
s
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atio
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s
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t
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er
f
lo
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n
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y
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.
T
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k
n
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n
er
alize
d
f
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lated
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s
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g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
:
(
,
+
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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Dis
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P
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w
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is
t
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[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
3.
P
ARTI
C
L
E
SWA
RM
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
I
ntr
o
du
ct
io
n
P
SO
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
is
a
p
ar
allel
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Ke
n
n
ed
y
an
d
E
b
er
h
ar
t
[
1
3
-
1
6
]
.
I
t
is
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
te
n
d
to
i
m
i
tate
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
e
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
,
w
h
ile
b
r
in
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
ir
p
er
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Ken
n
ed
y
a
n
d
E
b
er
h
ar
t,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
1
9
9
5
a
n
e
w
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
ca
lled
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
b
y
S
w
ar
m
o
f
P
ar
ticle
P
SO,
is
a
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
p
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ar
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g
r
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u
p
s
to
g
et
h
er
s
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al
p
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ticles.
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ac
h
p
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ticle
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a
k
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o
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s
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ce
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th
e
ex
p
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ce
s
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f
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n
ei
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h
b
o
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h
o
o
d
.
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s
p
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h
e
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eh
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v
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f
f
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w
h
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d
to
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itate
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cc
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l
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r
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r
in
g
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n
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th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
v
ar
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n
s
to
it.
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SO
s
tar
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
y
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
t
h
at
m
o
v
e
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t
h
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
is
r
ep
r
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ted
b
y
i
ts
co
o
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d
in
a
tes
alo
n
g
th
e
t
w
o
X
Y
a
x
es
a
n
d
also
b
y
i
ts
s
p
ee
d
w
h
ich
is
ex
p
r
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ed
b
y
V
x
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th
e
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Vy
(
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
alo
n
g
t
h
e
x
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x
is
)
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
.
I
n
P
SO,
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ef
i
n
it
io
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
:
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
est
an
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
b
est.
A
s
a
p
ar
ticle
m
o
v
e
s
th
r
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g
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t
h
e
s
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ce
,
it
co
m
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i
tn
e
s
s
v
a
lu
e
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
to
th
e
b
est
f
it
n
ess
v
al
u
e
it
h
as
e
v
er
attain
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
.
I
n
P
SO,
to
ad
j
u
s
t
th
e
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
,
v
elo
cit
y
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
u
s
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
xi
,
b
est
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
p
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ticle
s
o
f
ar
P
b
es
t
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
p
a
r
ticle
in
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
Gb
est
.
Velo
cit
y
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticl
e
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e
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lated
as:
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k
i
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e
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a
s
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r
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r
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w
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r
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h
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eter
m
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ed
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y
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h
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g
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atio
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=
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(
2
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=
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…
(
1
2
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:
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0
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8
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b
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CO
NST
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AIN
T
S [
2
0
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T
h
e
co
n
s
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ain
ts
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s
ted
as f
o
llo
w
s
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tr
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u
tio
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n
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ab
s
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its
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(
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it:
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m
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ited
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w
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d
ar
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m
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m
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m
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d
m
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.
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2
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.
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as s
h
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r
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r
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3
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I
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ig
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r
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u
r
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ile
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h
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m
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ar
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b
r
an
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h
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o
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F
ig
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5
f
o
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th
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in
iti
al
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w
o
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b
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o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
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o
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g
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r
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n
(
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s
e
1
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d
ca
s
e
2
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
e
s
i
n
al
m
o
s
t
ev
er
y
b
r
an
c
h
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n
ca
s
e
2
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ed
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ce
d
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ce
p
t
at
1
8
,
1
9
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2
0
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1
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3
3
,
3
4
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d
3
5
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h
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er
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w
a
s
a
s
m
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er
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y
t
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e
s
w
i
tch
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g
as d
ep
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5.
18
17
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
2
6
19
2
0
21
22
23
24
25
S1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S1
0
S1
1
S
12
S1
3
S
14
S
15
S
16
S
17
S2
6
S2
7
S2
8
S2
9
S3
0
S3
1
S3
2
S2
4
S2
3
S1
9
S2
1
S3
3
S2
0
S3
5
S3
6
S3
7
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
0
0
9
-
5015
5014
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
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o
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s
s
e
s
in
3
3
-
b
u
s
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s
te
m
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fin
all
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ased
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th
e
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w
e
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n
t
f
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o
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r
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s
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s
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n
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le
v
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g
e
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o
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co
n
f
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g
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r
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d
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er
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o
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le
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o
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e,
an
d
th
er
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o
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e
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ile,
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tio
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et
w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F.
Bo
u
f
f
a
rd
a
n
d
D.
S.
Kirsc
h
e
n
,
“
Ce
n
tralise
d
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
s
y
st
e
m
s,
”
En
e
rg
y
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
36
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
pp.
4
5
0
4
-
4
5
0
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
2
]
L
iu
M
.,
“
P
u
b
li
c
tr
a
n
sp
o
r
ta
ti
o
n
p
r
o
p
o
rti
o
n
o
f
Be
ij
in
g
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
4
6
%
in
2
0
1
3
,”
Be
ij
in
g
Da
il
y
,
2014
.
[3
]
O.
A
.
Af
o
lab
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
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L
o
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d
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lo
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r
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S
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ste
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lan
n
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g
S
t
u
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ies
,
”
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e
rg
y
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
5
0
9
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5
2
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
A
.
Ke
y
h
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
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w
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h
n
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p
u
ters
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E
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
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n
s
p
o
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r
sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
1
7
-
8
2
6
,
1
9
8
9
.
[5
]
M
.
S
.
A
rk
a
n
a
n
d
H
.
S
a
leh
i,
“
Ap
p
li
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a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
a
rti
c
le
S
w
a
rm
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
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n
f
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r
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ti
m
a
l
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
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n
to
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lt
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g
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P
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Im
p
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m
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n
t
a
n
d
L
in
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L
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ss
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s
Re
d
u
c
ti
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n
in
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b
u
ti
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n
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
Re
se
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rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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f
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S
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e
s,
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n
g
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n
d
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y
,
v
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l
.
5
, n
o
.
20
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
1
-
4
7
9
5
,
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0
1
3
.
[6
]
J.
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
a
n
d
R.
Eb
e
rh
a
rt,
“
P
a
rti
c
le
S
wa
r
m
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
,
”
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e
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ter
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ra
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Ne
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(
ICNN’9
5
)
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
2
1
9
4
8
,
1
9
9
5
.
[7
]
C.
T
.
S
u
a
n
d
C.
S
.
L
e
e
,
“
Ne
t
w
o
rk
re
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o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
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istri
b
u
ti
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n
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y
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m
s
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m
i
x
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-
in
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y
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rid
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if
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re
n
ti
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l
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Po
we
r De
li
v
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ry
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
2
-
1
0
2
7
,
Ju
l
2
0
0
3
.
[8
]
M
.
A
.
K
a
sh
e
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
L
o
ss
M
in
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
in
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tric
Util
it
y
De
re
g
u
la
t
io
n
a
n
d
Res
tru
c
tu
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Po
we
r
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e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
-
255
,
2
0
0
0
.
[9
]
Y.
M
e
rz
o
u
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
t
im
a
l
P
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
in
a
Ra
d
ial
Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
u
sin
g
P
S
O
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
4
-
1
0
8
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
0
]
P
.
P
.
Bisw
a
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
m
u
lt
io
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
siz
in
g
o
f
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
in
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
o
ft
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
-
2
8
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[11]
A
.
D.
T
.
L
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
x
i
m
isin
g
V
o
l
tag
e
S
u
p
p
o
rt
in
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
b
y
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
in
T
ENCON
2
0
0
5
-
2
0
0
5
IEE
E
Reg
i
o
n
1
0
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
,
M
e
lb
o
u
r
n
e
,
Ql
d
.
,
p
p
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1
-
6,
20
0
5
.
[1
2
]
M.
H.
M
o
ra
d
i
a
n
d
M
.
A
b
e
d
in
i
,
“
A
Co
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Ge
n
e
ti
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Alg
o
rit
h
m
a
n
d
P
a
rti
c
le
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w
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r
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p
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iza
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n
f
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m
a
l
D
G
lo
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a
ti
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n
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n
d
S
izi
n
g
in
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
”
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e
c
tric
a
l
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l
.
34
,
p
p
.
66
-
74
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
D.
Ra
m
e
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Us
e
o
f
F
A
C
TS
P
o
w
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r
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lo
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n
tro
ll
e
rs
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
T
ra
n
s
f
e
r
L
i
m
i
ts,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
Ame
ric
a
n
Po
we
r C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
v
ol
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1,
pp
.
7
1
2
-
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1
8
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p
r
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9
9
4
.
[1
4
]
A
.
B.
Ku
n
y
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
f
o
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Re
d
u
c
ti
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n
d
Vo
lt
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g
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P
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e
I
m
p
ro
v
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m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
B
-
P
S
O,
”
ICA
T
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6
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n
ter
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t
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,
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5
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M.
P
.
L
a
li
th
a
,
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t
a
l.
,
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ti
m
a
l
D
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p
.
1
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.
[1
6
]
R.
K.
S
in
g
h
a
n
d
S
.
K.
G
o
s
w
a
m
i,
“
Op
ti
m
u
m
A
ll
o
c
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ti
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n
o
f
Distrib
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ted
G
e
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b
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it
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u
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a
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p
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v
e
m
e
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in
c
lu
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n
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V
o
lt
a
g
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Rise
Iss
u
e
,
”
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ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
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rn
a
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f
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rg
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l.
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6
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[1
7
]
Z
.
Ya
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
No
v
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l
Tw
o
-
su
b
p
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u
latio
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c
le
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in
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f
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h
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1
0
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ti
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n
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p
p
.
4
1
1
3
-
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7
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0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
H.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
d
i
strib
u
ti
o
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n
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ra
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tree
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les
,
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t
e
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ti
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J
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rn
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l
o
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c
trica
l
Po
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r
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d
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ms
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v
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l.
8
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p
.
4
6
6
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7
3
,
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0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
Y.
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Hu
a
n
g
,
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h
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n
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ra
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Pro
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s
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n
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ra
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n
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ti
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.
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p
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0
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0
0
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0
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.
W
.
d
e
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t
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l.
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0
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[2
1
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O.
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l.
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2
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2016
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n
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.
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3
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J.
P
.
C
h
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t
a
l.
,
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le sc
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rid
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if
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re
n
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e
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4
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e
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s in
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e
rg
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l.
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o
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p
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1
4
3
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4
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5
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0
1
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.
[2
5
]
T
e
st Cas
e
A
rc
h
iv
e
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
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w
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.
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sh
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u
/res
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rc
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/.
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h
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r
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tri
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l
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lg
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ria.
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r
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e
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d
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ra
t
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ro
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r
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t
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n
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o
f
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id
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w
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d
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m
,
q
u
a
li
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rg
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P
o
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d
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re
ss
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Bo
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m
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r
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