Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4772
~
4780
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
47
72
-
47
80
4772
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Metal
-
e
mb
edde
d SU
-
8 Sl
ab Tech
niq
ues fo
r Lo
w
-
r
esist
ance
Mic
ro
m
ac
hin
ed In
du
cto
rs
Manot
M
apato
1
, Pr
apon
g K
lysub
an
2
,
Thanatc
ha
i
Kulw
ora
w
an
ic
hp
ong
3
, Nim
it
Cho
mna
w
ang
4
1,
3
,4
School
of El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
i
ng,
Surana
ree U
nive
rsit
y
of Technolog
y
,
Tha
i
land
2
S
y
nchr
otron
L
i
ght
Rese
arc
h
ins
ti
tute,
Ministr
y
o
f
Scie
n
ce a
nd
Technol
og
y
,
Th
ai
l
a
nd
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
22
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
10
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
17
, 2
01
8
Thi
s
work
pre
se
nts
a
new
fab
ri
c
at
ion
t
ec
hn
ique
for
m
ic
ro
power
induc
tors
b
y
using
m
et
a
l
-
embedde
d
SU
-
8
slab
m
oldi
ng
technique
s
.
Th
e
propose
d
te
chn
ique
uses
X
-
ra
y
li
thogr
ap
h
y
to
f
abr
i
ca
t
e
high
-
aspe
c
t
-
ratio
LIGA
-
li
ke
m
ic
rostruc
tur
es
in
form
of
embedde
d
stru
ct
ur
es
in
the
SU
-
8
slab.
Th
is
proc
ess
was
appl
ie
d
to
f
abr
i
ca
t
e
an
induc
to
r’s
windings
with
an
a
spec
t
ra
ti
o
of
10,
which
can
provide
ver
y
l
ow
resista
nce
bu
t
stil
l
pre
serv
e
a
sm
al
l
form
fac
tor
and
low
profil
e
.
Induc
tor
s
were
design
ed
as
pot
-
cor
e
stru
ct
ure
s
with
over
all
hei
ghts
o
f
370
μm
and
embedde
d
with
250
-
μm
-
thi
ck
windings.
From
the
adva
n
ta
g
e
of
m
et
al
embe
dded
SU
-
8
slab
te
chni
qu
es,
8
μm
-
thi
ck
per
m
al
lo
y
cor
e
c
ould
be
fab
r
ic
a
ted
b
y
e
lectr
opl
at
i
ng
aro
und
the
w
indi
ng
in
a
single
step
that
c
ould
hel
p
sim
plif
y
the
pro
ce
ss
.
F
our
t
y
pes
of
ind
uct
ors
wer
e
fab
ricate
d
with
3,
5,
10
,
and
16
turns
in
th
e
ar
ea
of
1
.
8
to
9.
5
m
m
2.
The
m
ea
sured
induc
t
anc
e
was
in
th
e
ran
ge
of
70
nH
t
o
1.
3
μH
at
1
MH
z
and
DC
resista
nc
e
of
30
–
336
m
Ω
for
3
–
16
turns,
re
sp
ec
t
ive
l
y
.
Th
e
DC
r
esista
nc
e
of
fab
ricate
d
indu
ctor
was
low,
as
e
xpec
t
ed,
and
sho
wed
good
result
compare
d
with
th
e
r
esult
s i
n
li
t
erature.
Ke
yw
or
d:
High as
pect
-
rati
o
in
du
ct
or
s
Me
ta
l
-
e
m
bed
de
d
S
U
-
8 sl
ab
Mi
cro
powe
r
i
nducto
rs
Mi
cro
m
achined
in
duct
ors
X
-
ray
li
thogra
ph
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
no
t M
a
pato
,
School
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Su
r
ana
ree
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f
Tec
hnol
og
y,
111 U
niv
e
rsity
Avenue,
N
a
kh
on
Ra
tc
hasim
a
30000, T
haila
nd
.
Em
a
il
:
m
ano
t.
m
apato@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Po
rtable
el
ect
ro
nic
dev
ic
es
hav
e
beco
m
e
a
daily
necessit
y.
Ov
er
ti
m
e,
these
fab
ricat
ed
dev
ic
es
hav
e
decr
eased
in
siz
e
and
increased
in
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
Ho
wev
er,
ow
ing
to
their
li
m
it
ed
siz
e,
these
dev
ic
es
hav
e
on
ly
sing
le
batte
ries
su
pp
ly
ing
cur
ren
t
to
each
ci
rcu
it
desp
it
e
var
yi
ng
DC
vo
lt
age
req
uirem
ents
.
Thu
s,
the
DC
–
DC
con
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
is
an
essenti
al
com
po
nen
t
of
su
ch
dev
ic
es
and
is
determ
inant
of
dev
ic
e
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
and
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
con
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
s
hav
e
been
con
ti
nu
ou
sly
dev
el
op
ed.
The
ind
uctive
-
s
witc
hin
g
ty
pe
ci
rcu
it
is
cur
ren
tl
y
ver
y
po
pu
la
r
becau
se
of
it
s
pr
ov
isi
on
of
gr
eat
eff
ic
ie
ncy
with
hig
h
po
wer
den
sit
y.
At
pr
esent,
the
ci
rcu
it
is
no
rm
al
ly
op
erated
in
the
m
egah
ertz
ran
ge
[1
]
.
In
so
m
e
li
te
ratur
e
,
the
ci
rcu
it
s
wer
e
design
ed
to
op
erate
at
a
fr
equ
ency
of
up
to
1
0
0
MHz
[
2
]
;
ho
wev
er,
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
at
an
extrem
el
y
hig
h
fr
equ
ency
is
sti
ll
li
m
it
ed
becau
se o
f
switc
hin
g
loss
.
The
adv
antage
of
wo
rk
ing
at
a
m
egah
ertz
ran
ge
cou
ld
help
decr
ease
th
e
ind
uctance
req
uired
.
In
add
it
ion
,
the
ind
uctor
’s
siz
e
cou
ld
be
sm
al
le
r
and
sti
ll
be
capab
le
of
being
pack
ed
with
ICs,
thu
s
facil
it
at
ing
in
increasing
the
po
wer
den
sit
y
[3
]
.
Ho
wev
er,
fab
ricat
ing
a
hig
hly
eff
ic
ie
nt
integrated
ind
uctor
with
a
li
m
it
ed
area
has
beco
m
e
a
chall
eng
e
becau
se
DC
resist
ance
play
s
an
im
po
rtant
ro
le
in
ind
uctor
eff
ic
ie
ncy
in
a
DC
–
DC
con
ver
te
r
ci
rcu
it
,
as
the
m
ajo
rity
of
cur
ren
t
flow
ing
thro
ug
h
the
ind
uctor
s
is
DC
cur
ren
t.
Thu
s
,
with
the
area
con
strai
nt,
it
is
har
dly
po
ssible
to
fab
ri
cat
e
the
wind
ing
s
of
a
low
-
resist
ance
ind
uctor
by
us
ing
con
ven
ti
on
al
th
in f
il
m
techn
olo
gy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
M
et
al
-
e
m
be
dded
SU
-
8 Sla
b
T
echn
i
qu
e
s
for
Lo
w
-
r
e
sist
ance
…
(
Manot M
apat
o
)
4773
The
wind
ing
s
of
a
m
ic
ro
-
ind
uctor
are
gen
erall
y
fab
ricat
ed
us
ing
a
var
ie
ty
of
te
chn
iqu
es.
So
m
e
te
chn
iqu
es
include
sp
utteri
ng
,
wh
ic
h
cou
ld
po
ssibly
le
ad
to
m
et
al
dep
os
it
ion
at
the
su
bm
ic
ro
n
scal
e.
This
cou
ld
resu
lt
in
an
even
hig
her
resist
ance,
wh
ic
h
is
m
or
e
su
it
able
fo
r
hig
h
-
resist
ance
app
li
cat
ion
s
[4
]
.
Mi
cro
m
achining
is
ano
ther
po
pu
la
r
te
chn
iqu
e
fo
r
three
-
dim
ensio
nal
m
ic
ro
structur
e
fab
ricat
ion
.
This
te
chn
iqu
e
fab
ricat
es
a
m
old
thro
ug
h
bu
lk
or
su
rf
ace
m
ic
ro
m
achining
and
fill
s
the
m
old
with
m
et
al
thro
ug
h
el
ect
ro
plati
ng
[5
]
, [6], an
d
thu
s the f
abr
ic
at
ed
structur
e cou
ld b
e as thick as
the m
old
s.
So
m
e research
ers
hav
e
fab
ricat
ed
an
ind
uctor
directl
y
on
to
the
po
wer
ICs
thro
u
gh
sil
ic
on
bu
lk
m
ic
ro
m
achining
by
us
ing
reacti
ve
ion
et
ching
[7
]
,
[8
]
.
This
m
et
ho
d
can
fab
ricat
e
deep
m
old
s
of
up
to
25
0
µm
;
ho
wev
er,
sil
ic
on
is
no
t
a
go
od
m
old
m
at
erial
fo
r
cop
per
ow
ing
to
their
diff
eren
t
therm
al
exp
ansion
coef
fici
ents,
wh
ic
h
cou
ld
dam
age
the
m
old
.
This
m
et
ho
d
was
im
pr
ov
ed
by
add
ing
SU
-
8
ph
oto
resist
to
beh
ave
as
a
po
ly
m
er
wall
inside
the
m
old
[5
]
;
ho
wev
er,
this
cou
ld
resu
lt
in
a
do
ub
le
-
m
old
ing
pr
ocess.
An
oth
er
fab
ricat
ion
pr
ocess
is
the
li
tho
gr
aph
y
pr
ocess
[9
]
,
[1
0]
in
wh
ic
h
SU
-
8
m
old
ed
fa
br
ic
at
ion
was
per
fo
rm
ed
us
ing
the
UV
li
tho
gr
aph
y
te
chn
iqu
e,
wh
ic
h
can
bu
il
d
a
10
0
-
µm
-
thick
m
old
.
Ho
wev
er,
this
te
chn
iqu
e
cou
ld
no
t
fab
ricat
e
a
hig
h
aspect
-
rati
o
structur
e.
Gen
erall
y,
the
aspect
rati
o
at
wh
ic
h
the
strucu
re
can
be
bu
il
t
is
on
ly
1
-
3.
Thu
s,
th
is
m
et
ho
d
sti
ll
cann
ot ach
ie
ve
low
-
resist
ance w
ind
ing
w
it
h
area li
m
it
at
ion
.
X
-
ray
li
tho
gr
aph
y
is
an
excell
ent
pr
ocess
fo
r
fab
ricat
ing
structur
es
with
hig
h
aspect
rati
os
of
m
or
e
than
10
.
Fu
rther
,
SU
-
8
is
a
su
it
able
m
at
erial
fo
r
m
old
ing
becau
se
of
it
s
hig
h
X
-
ray
sensiti
vity
,
wh
ic
h
cou
ld
help
red
uce
exp
os
ur
e
ti
m
e
.
Ther
efo
re,
t
his
pap
er
pr
op
os
es
the
us
e
of
X
-
ray
li
tho
gr
aph
y
fo
r
fab
ricat
ing
a
m
ic
ro
-
ind
uctor
fo
r
DC
–
DC
con
ver
te
r
app
li
cat
ion
.
Per
the
autho
rs’
research
,
this
is
the
first
stud
y
to
con
sider
this
pr
ocess
fo
r
fab
ricat
ing
the
wind
ing
s
of
a
DC
ind
uctor
with
an
aspect
rati
o
of
up
to
10
.
This
cou
ld
help
in
the
fab
ricat
ion
of
ver
y
low
-
resist
ance
wind
ing
s
wh
il
e
pr
eserv
ing
a
sm
al
l
fo
rm
-
factor
and
low
pr
of
il
e.
The
ov
erall
pr
ocess
was
per
fo
rm
ed
us
ing
the
“
me
ta
l
-
em
bed
ded
SU
-
8
sla
b
te
chn
iqu
es,
”
wh
ic
h
fab
ricat
e
ind
uctor
wind
ing
s
em
bed
ded
in
an
SU
-
8
sla
b
in
a
su
bs
trat
e
-
le
ss
fo
rm
,
su
ch
as
a
sil
ic
on
waf
er.
The
m
et
al
-
em
bed
ded
sla
b
wo
uld
al
low
the
fab
ricat
ion
of
add
it
ion
al
structur
es
on
bo
th
sides.
This
pr
ocess
was
u
sed
to
fab
ricat
e
the
ind
uctor
’s
cor
e
by
el
ect
ro
plati
ng
a
m
agn
et
ic
cor
e
aro
un
d
the
wind
ing
with
sing
le
ste
ps
,
wh
ic
h
cou
ld
help
to
sim
plify
the
pr
ocess
and
red
uce
cost.
The
wh
ole
fab
ricat
ion
pr
ocess
is
detai
le
d
in
sect
ion
3.
Moreo
ver
,
sect
ion
4
pr
esents
t
he
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
the
ind
uctor
s
,
wh
ic
h
include
DC
resist
ance,
AC
resist
ance,
ind
uctance, an
d
sat
ur
at
ion
cu
rr
ent
.
2.
INDU
CTO
R GE
OMET
RY
2.1
.
Ind
uct
or
s
Windi
n
g
In
this
stu
dy,
i
nducto
r
s
we
re
desig
ne
d
as
a
po
t
-
co
re
st
ru
ct
ur
e
owin
g
to
i
ts
sm
all
fo
rm
factor,
l
ow
prof
il
e,
a
nd
s
ui
ta
bili
ty
fo
r
ba
tc
h
fabrica
ti
on.
This
struc
tur
e
has
a
rectan
gu
la
r
sp
iral
wi
nd
i
ng,
as
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
1.
T
he
windin
gs
wer
e
desig
ne
d
with
a
width
of
25
µ
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
t
he
sm
al
le
st
res
olu
ti
on
at
w
hic
h
the
UV
m
ask
cou
l
d
be
pr
inte
d
wi
th
the
eq
uip
m
e
nt
us
e
d
in
our
exp
e
rim
ents.
R
egardin
g
the
he
igh
t
of
the
wi
nd
i
ng
,
it
was
desig
ne
d
with
an
as
pe
ct
rati
o
of
10
and
was
fa
br
ic
at
ed
at
the
DX
RL
la
borato
r
y
of
the
Sync
hrotr
on
Ligh
t
Re
sea
r
c
h
In
sti
tute,
Th
ai
la
nd
.
Th
us,
250
-
µm
-
thick
windin
gs
wer
e
desi
gn
e
d.
F
rom
this
struct
ure,
th
e
windin
g
le
ng
t
h
c
ou
l
d
be
ca
lc
ulate
d
us
in
g
the
a
naly
ti
cal
m
od
el
,
as
presented
in
eq
ua
ti
on
(1),
an
d
it
wa
s
seq
uen
ti
al
ly
su
bs
ti
tuted
in
eq
uation
(2)
to
c
al
culat
e
the
wi
nd
i
ng
resist
anc
e.
By
con
side
r
ing
the
dim
ension
of
the
str
uctur
e
,
t
he
resist
a
nce
of
the
i
nducto
rs
with
windin
gs
of
3,
5,
10,
a
nd
16
tu
rns
co
uld
be
cal
culat
ed,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble
1. T
he
cal
cul
at
ed
resist
a
nce
of the i
nducto
r was i
n
the
r
a
nge of
27
–
270
m
Ω.
Figure
1. Co
pper
windin
g dim
ensio
n
a
nd
para
m
et
ers
for res
ist
ance calc
ulati
on
(1)
nw
s
w
n
n
d
n
s
w
n
n
d
n
l
H
V
Cu
4
)
(
)
2
(
2
)
(
)
2
(
2
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4772
-
4780
4774
(2)
wh
ere
Cu
l
: cop
per
wind
ing
leng
th
DC
R
:
wind
ing
r
esi
sta
nce
n
:
nu
m
ber
o
f
turn
s
i
n
V
d
: i
nn
er s
pace w
idth
i
n
H
d
:
inn
er s
pace lon
g.
s
:
sp
ace between
wind
ing
s
w
: con
du
ct
or
w
idth
Cu
t
: con
du
ct
or
h
ei
gh
t
Cu
:
esi
sti
vity
o
f
m
at
erial
.
Table
1.
Cal
c
ulate
d
R
esi
sta
nc
e of
I
nduct
or
s
’ W
i
ndin
gs
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
turn
s
(turn
)
Co
il T
h
ick
n
ess
(
μ
m
)
Co
il width
(
μ
m
)
Res
istan
ce
(
m
Ω
)
3
250
25
2
7
.0
5
250
25
5
1
.1
10
250
25
1
3
2
.3
16
250
25
2
6
9
.4
2.2
Magne
tic
core
Perm
al
l
oy (
Ni
80
Fe
20
)
w
as c
ho
s
en
a
s th
e m
a
gn
e
ti
c
cor
e
m
a
te
ri
al
. O
win
g
to
it
s
h
ig
h
pe
rm
e
abi
li
ty
,
hig
h
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
[
11
]
,
a
n
d
s
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
m
i
c
r
o
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
p
l
a
t
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
5
m
A
/
c
m
2
w
a
s
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
p
l
a
t
i
n
g
,
a
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
y
i
e
l
d
b
u
b
b
l
e
s
i
n
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
p
l
a
t
i
n
g
,
t
h
u
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
a
s
m
o
o
t
h
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
A
t
t
h
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
o
f
m
e
t
a
l
w
a
s
8
μ
m
/
h
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
w
a
s
tes
ted
[
1
2
],
a
n
d
i
t
h
a
s
a
p
e
rme
a
b
i
lity
o
f
5
5
0
,
s
a
t
u
r
a
tio
n
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
ty
o
f
0
.
7
5
T
e
sl
a
,
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
iv
i
ty
o
f
5
.
6
6
×
1
0
6
S
/
m
,
a
n
d
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
s
k
i
n
d
e
p
t
h
a
t
1
M
H
Z
o
f
8
μ
m
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
a
s
i
t
s
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
e
a
s
i
l
y
l
e
d
t
o
e
d
d
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
o
s
s
,
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
r
e
w
a
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
b
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
l
e
s
s
e
r
t
h
a
n
o
r
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
s
k
i
n
d
e
p
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
o
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
b
e
n
o
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
8
-
μ
m
t
h
i
c
k
,
c
o
u
l
d
a
v
o
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
f
r
o
m
e
d
d
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
of
ap
pr
ox
im
at
el
y 1 MHz.
The i
nd
uctor
structur
e
was
design
ed
as a p
ot
-
cor
e ty
pe
wh
ic
h
was
su
rr
ou
nd
ed
by a m
agn
et
ic
cor
e, as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
w
a
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
m
e
t
a
l
-
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
SU
-
8
s
l
a
b
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
a
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
r
e
c
a
n
b
e
s
i
mu
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
e
l
e
c
tr
o
p
l
a
t
e
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
s
t
e
p
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
u
l
d
h
e
l
p
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
i
n
k
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
f
l
u
x
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
l
c
o
r
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
th
e
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
2
5
0
-
μ
m
t
h
i
c
k
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
in
su
l
a
tio
n
lay
er
a
n
d
mag
n
e
tic
c
o
re
w
as
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
400
-
μ
m
t
hi
c
k
,
w
hi
c
h
is
g
o
o
d
i
n
o
n
-
c
hi
p
i
n
du
c
to
r
s
f
or
mic
r
o
po
wer
co
nv
erter ap
plica
ti
on
s.
Figure
2.
Mo
de
l of a
3
-
tu
r
n
i
nducto
r wit
h 2
50
-
µm
-
thick wi
nd
in
g:
(a)
3D
m
od
el
,(
b) T
op
view
c
r
os
s
-
sect
ion
,
and (c
)
a
–
a c
ross
-
sect
io
n
,
4
)
(
)
2
(
2
)
(
)
2
(
2
2
2
nw
s
w
n
n
d
n
s
w
n
n
d
n
w
t
R
H
V
Cu
Cu
DC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
M
et
al
-
e
m
be
dded
SU
-
8 Sla
b
T
echn
i
qu
e
s
for
Lo
w
-
r
e
sist
ance
…
(
Manot M
apat
o
)
4775
3.
INDU
CTO
R FABRI
C
ATI
ON
3.1.
Me
t
al
-
em
bedded
S
U
-
8
s
lab
fa
b
ri
cat
i
on tec
hnique
The
m
et
al
-
em
bed
ded
SU
-
8
sla
b
fab
ricat
ion
te
chn
iqu
e
is
a
no
vel
pr
ocess
fo
r
fab
ricat
ing
an
ind
uctor
wind
ing
that
includes
su
rf
ace
m
ic
ro
m
achining
on
su
bs
trat
e,
then
the
su
bs
trat
e
is
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
.
The
finish
ed
sam
ple
cou
ld
be used
to
bu
il
d
add
it
ion
al
structur
es
on
bo
th
sides,
and
this structur
e
cou
ld
be m
ou
nted direct
ly
on
to
ICs.
The
X
-
ray
li
tho
gr
aph
y
pr
ocess
was
us
ed
to
fab
ricat
e
a
hig
h
as
pect
-
rati
o
m
old
.
The
pr
ocess
init
ia
te
d
fr
om
the
fab
ricat
ion
of
the
wind
ing
by
coati
ng
an
SU
-
8
ph
oto
resist
with
300
μm
thickness
on
a
Gr
aph
it
e
su
bs
trat
e,
and
then
so
ft
bak
ing
at
95
°C
fo
r
13
h.
The
sam
ple
was
coo
le
d
to
25
°C
at
a
rate
no
t
faster
than
0.
5
°C/
m
in
to
avo
id
sam
ple
def
le
ct
ion
caused
by
the
stress
inside
the
thick
film
.
A
50
-
µm
-
thick
sil
ver
m
ask
was
us
ed
as the
X
-
ray
m
ask,
ex
po
sed
to X
-
rays
thro
ug
h
a
sil
ver
m
ask
with
a p
ow
er
of
22
J/c
m
3
,
and
so
ft
bak
ed
fo
r
20
m
in.
The
exp
os
ed
sam
ple
was
dev
el
op
e
d
us
ing
the
SU
-
8
dev
el
op
er
so
luti
on
fo
r
2
h,
and
then
rinsed
with
acet
on
e
and
deion
iz
ed
water
to
cl
ean
residu
al
SU
-
8
in
the
m
old
.
The
sam
ple
was
har
d
bak
ed
and
plasm
a
cl
eaned
u
sing
arg
on
; t
his clea
n
and
d
ry sam
ple co
uld
all
ow
eff
ic
ie
nt elec
trof
or
m
ing
insid
e the SU
-
8
m
old
.
Figure
3. (a
)
El
ect
roplat
ed
a
nd (b)
poli
sh
e
d o
ver
-
fill
ed
c
oppe
r win
dings e
m
bed
ded
i
n
t
he
SU
-
8 m
old
Fo
r
the
el
ect
ro
plati
ng
pr
ocess,
the
m
old
was
fill
ed
with
el
ect
ro
plate
d
cop
per
by
us
ing
two
cur
ren
t
ste
ps
:
30
m
A/cm
2
fo
r
10
m
in
to
red
uce
the
no
nu
nifo
rm
it
y
of
the
cop
per
dep
os
it
ed
on
the
gr
aph
it
e
su
bs
trat
e
and
10
m
A/cm
2
un
ti
l
the
cop
per
ov
erf
il
le
d
the
m
old
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figu
re
3(
a).
Me
chan
ic
al
po
li
sh
ing
was
per
fo
rm
ed
fo
r
rem
ov
ing
the
ov
erf
il
le
d
cop
per
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figu
re
3(
b)
,
as
well
as
the
gr
aph
it
e
su
bs
trat
e
.
Figu
re
4
sh
ow
s
the
cro
ss
-
sect
ion
al
view
of
the
pr
ocess
flow
and
Figu
re
5
sh
ow
s
the
transp
aren
t
em
bed
ded
cop
per
w
ind
ing
inside
the SU
-
8
sla
b.
Figure
4. Cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
al
vie
w
of the
pro
ce
ss
flo
w of
X
-
ray
li
tho
grap
hy m
old
ing
te
ch
niqu
es for
thick
-
coi
l fabric
at
ion
:
(
a)
300
-
µm
-
thick S
U
-
8 o
n gr
a
phit
e substrate
; (
b) X
-
r
ay
ex
pose
d
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
d;
(c)
Copper
elec
tro
plati
ng
a
nd
poli
sh
in
g; (d) g
ra
ph
it
e
su
bst
rate i
s
re
m
ov
ed
Figure
5. Tra
nspare
nt
250
-
µm
-
thick
SU
-
8 sl
ab wit
h co
pp
e
r win
di
ng
e
m
bed
de
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4772
-
4780
4776
3.2.
M
agne
tic core
f
ab
ri
ca
ti
on
The
S
U
-
8
an
d
dr
y
fil
m
wer
e
us
e
d
as
phot
ose
ns
it
ive
m
at
eri
al
s,
an
d
th
e
in
duct
or’s
co
re
w
as
fa
br
ic
at
ed
us
in
g
U
V
li
thogra
phy,
el
ect
roplat
ing
,
s
putt
er
ing
,
a
nd
m
at
eri
al
li
ft
-
of
f
te
ch
ni
qu
es
.
The
fa
bri
cat
ion
process
w
as
init
ia
te
d
by
sp
i
n
coati
ng
a
50
-
µm
-
thick
SU
-
8
photoresi
st
on
an
SU
-
8
sla
b,
and
the
n
s
of
t
bak
i
ng
at
95
°
C
fo
r
10
m
in.
Ne
xt,
the
ph
otoresi
s
t
was
ex
pose
d
to
U
V
with
a
n
en
er
gy
of
255
m
J/cm
2
thro
ug
h
the
pr
i
nt
ed
U
V
m
ask.
A
fter
s
oft
ba
king
agai
n,
the
sam
ple
was
de
velo
ped
i
n
the
S
U
-
8
de
velo
per.
This
process
was
re
peated
on
t
he
oth
e
r
s
ide
to
create
an
et
chin
g
-
pro
te
ct
la
ye
r
on
bo
t
h
sides
a
nd
us
ed
as
a
n
insu
la
t
or
betwe
en
th
e
windin
gs
a
nd
m
agn
et
ic
co
re,
as
s
how
n
in
F
igure
6(b).
Ch
e
m
ic
al
et
ching
was
pe
rfor
m
ed
to
rem
ov
e
c
oppe
r
i
n
the
co
re
a
rea
by
us
in
g
50%
N
it
ric
aci
d.
Af
te
r
et
chi
ng,
the
c
oppe
r
insi
de
th
e
co
re
area
wa
s
rem
ov
ed
,
as
sh
ow
n
as Fig
ur
e
6(c)
.
The
dr
y
-
fil
m
ph
ot
or
esi
st
was
us
e
d
as
the
sac
rifici
al
la
ye
r
un
de
r
the
c
oppe
r
seed
la
ye
r
t
o
def
i
ne
the
cor
e
’s
de
posit
ion
area
.
A
dry
-
film
ph
ot
or
esi
st
was
then
co
at
ed
on
both
si
des
of
the
SU
-
8
sla
b,
an
d
wa
s
then
expose
d
to
U
V
with
25
-
m
J/
c
m
2
ener
gy;
it
was
t
hen
de
ve
lop
e
d
us
in
g
t
he
dr
y
-
film
de
velo
per
to
rem
ov
e
th
e
un
e
x
posed
film
,
as
sh
own
in
Figure
6
(
e)
.
T
he
co
pper
see
d
la
ye
r
was
de
posit
ed
on
the
whole
sam
ple
thr
ough
DC
sputt
erin
g,
as
sh
own
in
Figure
6(f
),
a
nd
then
li
fted
off
the
dr
y
film
by
us
in
g
acet
on
e
.
The
sam
ple
was
read
y
f
or
m
agn
et
ic
-
co
re
el
ect
roplat
ing
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ures
6(g
)
an
d
7(b
).
All
the
co
res
we
re
co
nnect
e
d
tog
e
the
r
by
us
i
ng
a
c
oppe
r
tra
ck
f
or
batc
h
el
ec
tro
plati
ng
,
a
s
show
n
in
Fig
ure
8
.
Perm
al
loy
el
ect
ro
plati
ng
wa
s
perform
ed
with
a
c
urre
nt
de
nsi
ty
of
5
m
A/c
m
2
by
us
in
g
a
NiFe
batch
s
ol
ution.
T
his
c
onditi
on
ca
n
pro
vid
e
a
depositi
on r
at
e
of
8
µm
/h.
A
n el
ect
ropl
at
ed
s
a
m
ple is shown in
Fig
ure
8
.
Figure
6. Cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
al
vie
w
of
process
flo
w of
m
et
al
e
m
bedde
d
S
U
-
8 s
la
b
te
ch
niques
for
inte
gr
at
e
d m
ic
ro
inducto
rs: (
a
)
c
oppe
r
-
em
bed
de
d
S
U
-
8 sl
ab;
(
b) sp
i
n
c
oating 5
0
µm
o
f SU
-
8 photo
resist
a
nd
patte
r
ning
of
SU
-
8 o
n
bo
t
h
s
ides; (c
)
rem
oving
c
oppe
r; (d
)
co
at
in
g dr
y
-
film
ph
otoresi
st
on both
sides;
(
e)
patte
rn
i
ng dry
fil
m
; (f
) dep
os
i
t coppe
r
see
d
l
ay
er th
r
ough
s
pu
tt
eri
ng
;
(
g)
li
fting o
f dr
y
film
; (h
)
el
ect
r
op
la
ti
ng
p
e
rm
al
lo
y and
then rem
ov
in
g SU
-
8 o
n
t
he bond
i
ng p
a
d
t
hro
ugh plasm
a etch
in
g.
Figure
7. The
fa
br
ic
at
ed
16
-
tu
rn m
ic
ro
power i
nducto
rs
e
m
bed
de
d
i
n
S
U
-
8.
(a
)
S
putt
ered co
pper
see
d
la
ye
r
(b)
Lift
-
off
dry fil
m
an
d
co
pp
er
Figure
8. Ba
tc
h fab
ricat
ion o
f
m
ic
ro
powe
r
inducto
rs
em
bed
de
d
i
n
S
U
-
8 s
la
bs
Af
te
r
fabrica
ti
on,
the
S
U
-
8
over
-
coate
d
on
the
bondin
g
pa
d
was
rem
ov
ed
thr
ough
plas
m
a
et
ching,
and
the
n
rin
se
d
with
su
lf
uri
c
aci
d
to
re
m
ove
copper
oxide
to
cl
ean
the
bo
ndin
g
pa
d
an
d
read
y
it
fo
r
wire
bondin
g.
I
nduc
tors
ha
ve
an
overall
heigh
t
of
370
µm
,
inc
lud
ing
that
of
the
250
-
µm
-
thick
windin
g,
10
0
µm
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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p
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g
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88
-
8708
M
et
al
-
e
m
be
dded
SU
-
8 Sla
b
T
echn
i
qu
e
s
for
Lo
w
-
r
e
sist
ance
…
(
Manot M
apat
o
)
4777
insu
la
to
r,
a
nd
16
µm
of
m
agn
et
ic
cor
e
.
Fig
ur
e
9
s
hows
c
om
plete
ly
fab
ricat
ed
sam
ples
and
cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
s
of
the f
a
br
ic
at
e
d
s
a
m
ples.
Figure
9.
The
fa
br
ic
at
ed
5
-
tu
r
n
m
ic
ro
po
wer
inducto
rs
a
nd c
ro
ss
-
sect
io
n
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
The
DC r
esi
sta
nce
of
the
fab
ricat
ed
ind
uctor
s w
as
te
ste
d
us
ing
a
four
-
pr
ob
e m
easur
em
ent
te
chn
iqu
e
;
the
m
easur
ed
DC
resist
ance
s
are
in
the
ran
ge
of
29
.8
–
335
.6
m
Ω
fo
r
the
ind
uctor
s
with
3
–
16
turn
s
,
resp
ect
ively
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Table
2.
The
m
easur
ed
value
i
s
cl
os
e
to
that
cal
culat
ed
us
ing
equ
at
ion
(2
)
;
so
m
e
dev
ia
ti
on
s
wer
e
ob
serv
ed
ow
ing
to
the
UV
m
ask’
s
dim
ension
err
or
becau
se
the
li
m
it
at
ion
of
the
pr
inter
was
cl
os
e
to
the
structur
e
siz
e.
By
m
easur
ing
the
fab
ricat
ed
ind
uctor
’s
wind
ing
width
,
the
aver
age
width
was
determ
ined
to
be
23
µm
.
As
the
design
was
set
at
25
µm
,
it
resu
lt
ed
in
a
hig
her
ind
uctor
resist
ance
than
that
of
the
design
,
especial
ly
for
the
16
-
turn
ind
uctor
with
the
m
axim
um
resist
ance
dev
ia
ti
on
.
Ho
wev
er
,
the
ind
uctor
fab
ricat
ed
as
a
hig
h
aspect
rati
o
structur
e
had
low
DC
resist
ance
,
as
exp
ect
ed
,
and
it
s
resist
ance
can
be
ran
ked
in
the
low
-
resist
ance
gr
ou
p
com
par
ed
to
li
te
ratur
e
that
li
sts
resist
ance
in
a
ran
ge
of
9
m
Ω
–
4.
6
Ω
[3
]
, [
5]
–
[7
]
, [
10
]
, [
11
]
, [
16
]
–
[1
9].
Table
2.
Mea
s
ur
e
d
a
nd Cal
cu
la
te
d
DC Resi
s
ta
nces
of
t
he
F
abr
ic
at
ed
I
nduc
tors
Ind
u
cto
r
ty
p
e
R
DC
C
alc
(
m
Ω
)
R
DC
m
ea
s
(
m
Ω
)
Area
(
m
m
2
)
Co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
/Are
a
(S/
mm
2
)
3
turn
s
2
7
.0
2
9
.8
1
.8
1
8
.64
5
turn
5
1
.1
5
1
.1
2
.34
8
.36
1
0
turn
1
3
2
.3
1
4
8
.6
5
.25
1
.28
16
tu
rn
2
6
9
.4
3
3
5
.6
9
.45
0
.31
High
-
fr
e
quenc
y
char
act
erizat
ion
was
perfor
m
ed
us
in
g
a
ve
ct
or
netw
ork
analy
zer
A
gilent
8650E
S,
and
one
port
scat
te
ring
(S
11
)
m
easur
em
ent
was
c
onduct
ed
in
the
f
reque
nc
y
range
of
3
0
kHz
to
1
G
Hz
w
hile
the
pa
rasit
ic
c
apacit
ance
of
the
D
UT
pa
d
and
co
nnect
or
we
re
de
-
em
bed
de
d
us
i
ng
the
a
dm
ittance
m
at
rix
m
et
ho
d
[
15]
.
T
he
sel
f
-
res
on
a
nc
e
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
was
not
obser
ve
d
in
the
f
re
quency
range
of
30
kH
z
t
o
1
G
Hz
f
or
3
-
10
-
tu
r
n
in
duct
ors
but
w
as
obser
ve
d
at
800
MHz
for
the
16
-
t
urn
in
duct
or
.
Th
us
,
t
he
r
esults
of
sel
f
-
re
sona
nce
can b
e
ig
nore
d
becau
se
the
in
du
ct
or w
as d
es
ign
e
d
t
o
w
ork
at
the f
re
quenc
y
of
a
ppr
ox
im
a
te
ly
1
MHz.
T
he
m
e
asur
e
d
S
11
value
w
as
co
ns
i
de
red
t
o
cal
cula
te
the
inducta
nce
value
by
us
in
g
the
L
–
R
Series
Mod
el
.
In
Fig
ure
10(a
),
t
he
in
du
ct
a
nce
wa
s
a
functi
on
of
f
reque
ncy
an
d
s
li
gh
tl
y
decr
eas
ed
with
t
he
inc
rease
in
f
reque
ncy be
cause
of
t
he d
ecrease in
pe
r
m
eabil
it
y
. A
t
fr
eq
ue
ncies h
i
gher t
han
1
M
H
z, the
i
nductan
ce value
decr
ease
d
sig
ni
ficantl
y
beca
use
the
sk
i
n
-
de
pt
h
val
ue
of
th
e
m
agn
et
i
c
core
was
hi
gher
t
han
the
thick
ne
ss
of
the
co
re.
T
hu
s
,
the
inducta
nc
e
value
s
ubseq
uen
tl
y
dec
reas
ed
acco
r
ding
to
the
decr
ease
in
the
cr
os
s
-
se
ct
ion
al
area
of
m
agn
et
ic
co
re
.
Figure
10(b)
sh
ow
s
th
e
in
duct
or
re
sist
ance
as
a
functi
on
of
fr
e
quency,
represe
nting
DC
an
d
AC
windin
g
losses
and
c
or
e
loss
.
Wh
e
n
co
ns
ide
rin
g
the
fr
e
que
ncy
range
bel
ow
1
MHz
,
the
inducto
r
resist
ance
value
inc
rease
d
with
fr
e
que
ncy
becau
s
e
of
the
s
kin
de
pt
h
of
the
hi
gh
aspect
rati
o
windin
g;
how
ever,
it
increase
d
rap
i
dly
for
fr
e
que
ncies
hi
gher
t
ha
n
1
MHz
.
T
his
re
pr
ese
nts
th
e
Ed
dy
cu
rr
e
nt
loss
in
the
m
agn
et
ic
cor
e
beca
us
e
it
s
thick
ness
wa
s
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n
t
he
s
kin
dep
t
h.
Th
us
,
in
case
a
fu
t
ur
e
de
vice
requires
oper
at
ion
at
B
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4772
-
4780
4778
a
higher
f
reque
ncy,
the
t
hick
ne
ss
of
the
m
agn
et
ic
cor
e
co
ul
d
be
re
duced
,
or
t
he
c
or
e
c
ou
ld
be
fa
br
ic
at
e
d
in
a
lam
inate
patte
rn
to
r
e
duce los
s and t
hu
s
h
el
p i
ncr
ease
in
duc
tor
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
Figure
10. T
he
m
easur
ed
in
du
ct
ance
and A
C
resist
ance
in
a
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
rang
e of
30 kHz t
o 10 MHz
Ma
gn
et
ic
cor
e
sat
ur
at
ion
was
dem
on
strat
ed
by
biasing
the
DC
cur
ren
t
in
the
ran
ge
of
0
to
5
0
0
m
A
with
1
-
MHz
fr
equ
ency
m
od
ulati
on
.
Figu
re
11
sh
ow
s
the
ind
uct
ance
values
as
a
fu
nction
of
biasing
cur
ren
t.
The
ind
uctance
of
al
l
ind
uctor
s
decr
eased
with
the
increase
of
the
biased
cur
ren
t;
this
rep
resen
ts
the
beg
inn
ing
of
m
agn
et
ic
cor
e
sat
ur
at
ion
,
at
wh
ic
h
the
ind
uctance
value
was
red
uced
by
20
%
of
the
init
ia
l
ind
uctan
ce.
The
resu
lt
sh
ow
ed
that
the
sat
ur
at
ed
cur
ren
ts
of
al
l
the
ind
uctor
s
wer
e
app
ro
xim
at
el
y
1
1
0
m
A,
wh
ic
h
was
rather
low.
The
low
sat
ur
at
ion
cur
ren
t
resu
lt
ed
fr
om
the
un
-
gap
ped
cor
e
design
ed.
In
case
of
a
design
d
em
and
o
f
hig
her
cu
rr
ent, a
gap
co
uld
b
e add
ed
or
r
e
-
design
the m
agn
et
ic
co
re.
Figu
re
12
(a)
sh
ow
s
a
com
par
ison
of
the
fab
ricat
ed
ind
uctor
s
against
tho
se
in
li
te
ratur
e
accord
ing
to
ind
uctance an
d
DC
resist
ance.
The
ind
uctance
values
wer
e com
par
able
to tho
se o
f
oth
er r
esearches w
hich
are
in
a
ran
ge
of
10
0
nH
–
1
µH.
Re
gar
din
g
the
resist
ance,
their
va
lues
can
be
ran
ked
in
the
low
resist
ance
gr
ou
p,
bu
t
sti
ll
hig
her
than
[5
]
,
wh
ic
h
has
the
lowest
resist
ance
at
9.
1
mΩ
.
Ho
wev
er,
if
we
con
sider
the
ind
uctor
’s
area,
the
ind
uctor
s
in
this
research
hav
e
area
in
a
ran
ge
of
1.
8
m
m
2
–
9.
4
m
m
2
wh
il
e
the
ind
uctor
s
in
oth
er
research
es
hav
e
area
in
a
ran
ge
of
4
m
m
2
–
30
4
m
m
2
.
So
,
the
area
is
ano
ther
com
par
ison
factor
that
sh
ou
ld
con
sider.
Figure
11. Mea
su
re
d
i
nductan
ce as a
funct
io
n of DC
bias c
urren
t at
1
M
H
z
In
Figu
re
12
(b
),
the
resist
ances
wer
e
con
ver
te
d
to
con
du
ct
ivit
y
and
div
ided
by
the
fo
otp
rint
area,
sh
ow
ing
that
hig
her
con
du
ct
ivit
y
in
a
sm
al
l
area
was
achieved
fo
r
DC
ind
uctor
fab
ricat
ion
.
Fr
om
the
resu
lt
,
the
ind
uctor
s
fr
om
this
research
sh
ow
go
od
con
du
ct
ivit
y
wh
en
m
easur
ed
by
area,
and
are
com
par
able
to
the
best
resu
lt
s
fr
om
oth
er
li
te
ratur
e.
The
low
resist
ance
per
area
resu
lt
ing
fr
om
the
hig
h
aspect
rati
o
structur
e
cou
ld
help
to
m
inim
iz
e
DC
resist
ance
even
within
a
sm
al
l
fo
otp
rint.
In
su
m
m
ary,
the
ind
uctor
s
fab
ricat
ed
us
ing
the
hig
h
aspect
rati
o
associa
te
d
with
the
pr
ocess
of
m
et
al
-
em
bed
ded
SU
-
8
sla
b
te
chn
iqu
es
yi
el
d
go
od
resu
lt
s
includin
g
low
-
resist
ance,
hig
h
ind
uctance,
and
sm
al
l
fo
rm
factor
.
Ho
wev
er,
they
sti
ll
need
an
im
pr
ov
em
ent o
f
the satur
at
ion
cu
rr
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
M
et
al
-
e
m
be
dded
SU
-
8 Sla
b
T
echn
i
qu
e
s
for
Lo
w
-
r
e
sist
ance
…
(
Manot M
apat
o
)
4779
Figure
12. In
duct
ance
an
d re
sist
ance of
f
ab
r
ic
at
ed
in
du
ct
or
s
com
par
ed
to
l
it
eratur
e
values
:
[3
]
, [
5]
-
[
7], [10
]
,
[11] an
d [
16
]
-
[
19
]
: (a
)
i
nduct
ance
a
nd
resist
ance
(b)
in
duct
ance a
nd con
duct
ivit
y per
are
a
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Mi
cro
m
achined
in
duct
or
s
f
or
DC
–
DC
c
onve
rter
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
we
re
fabrica
te
d
us
in
g
m
et
al
-
em
bed
de
d
SU
-
8
sla
b
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
T
he
windin
g
was
f
abr
ic
at
ed
t
hro
ugh
a
X
-
ray
l
it
ho
gra
ph
y
pr
oc
ess
to
fa
br
ic
a
te
the
inducto
r
s’
windin
g
s
with
a
hi
gh
as
pect
rati
o
of
10.
T
his
structu
re
co
ul
d
help
m
ini
m
ize
the
DC
resis
ta
nce
wh
il
e
pr
e
ser
vin
g
a
sm
al
l
fo
r
m
fact
or
an
d
low
pr
of
il
e.
W
it
h
the
a
dvant
age
of
m
et
al
-
e
m
bed
ded
SU
-
8
sl
a
b
te
chn
iq
ues
,
th
e
m
agn
et
ic
co
re
can
be
de
posit
ed
a
rou
nd
the
windi
ng
s
a
t
on
ce
a
nd
co
uld
help
sim
plify
the
process
a
nd
r
e
du
ce
cost
.
As
the
re
su
lt
,
t
he
m
easur
ed
DC
resist
ance
s
ho
wed
lo
w
DC
r
esi
s
ta
nce
as
e
xpect
ed
,
lowe
r
tha
n
li
te
ratur
e
val
ue
s
,
w
hen
facto
re
d
a
gainst
t
he
inducto
r
a
rea
.
The
in
du
ct
a
nce
s
howe
d
r
esults
com
par
able
t
o
the
li
te
ratu
re,
but
the
sat
ur
at
ion
c
urre
nt
was
rathe
r
l
ow
beca
us
e
t
he
m
agn
et
ic
core
was
config
ur
e
d
as
unga
pped
.
F
or
f
utu
re
rese
arch,
the
c
ore
struct
ur
e
c
ou
ld
be
de
velo
pe
d
to
acq
uire
highe
r
sat
ur
at
io
n
c
urr
ent b
y
fa
br
ic
at
ing wit
h
a
la
m
i
nation o
r usin
g
a
m
at
erial
that
could
sup
port
higher
freq
ue
nc
y.
6.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
research
is
fu
ll
y
su
pp
or
te
d
by
Synchr
otro
n
Ligh
t
Re
search
In
sti
tute
(P
ub
li
c
Or
gan
iz
at
ion
),
Thail
and
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
N.
W
ang,
et
al.
,
"
High
Frequ
ency
dc
-
dc
Co
nver
te
r
with
C
o
-
pac
kag
ed
Pla
nar
Induc
tor
an
d
Pow
er
IC
,
"
i
n
2013
El
e
ct
ronic
Components
&
Technol
ogy
Con
fe
renc
e, 2013.
, p
p.
1946
-
1952
[2]
G.
Schrom
,
et
al.
,
"A
100MH
z
Ei
ght
-
Phase
Buck
Convert
er
Del
i
ver
ing12A
in
25m
m
2
Us
ing
Air
-
Core
Induc
tors,
"
Appl
ie
d
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
Con
f
ere
nce, AP
EC
2
007
-
Tw
ent
y
Se
c
ond
Annual IEE
E
,
pp
.
727
-
730
,
Feb
2007.
[3]
N.
W
ang,
et
al
.
,
"
Micro
-
induc
t
ors
int
egr
at
ed
o
n
sili
con
for
po
wer
suppl
y
on
chi
p
,
"
Journal
of
Magne
ti
sm
a
nd
Magne
tic
Mat
eri
als
,
2007
,
pp.
23
3
-
237.
[4]
P.
Dee
kla,
et
al.
,
"
Al
Microhe
a
te
r
and
Ni
Te
m
per
at
ur
e
Sensor
Set
base
d
-
on
Photoli
thogr
aph
y
with
Closed
-
Lo
op
Control
,
"
In
te
rn
ati
onal Journal of
E
le
c
tric
al
and
Computer
Eng
i
nee
ring,
vol
.
5
,
No 4,
pp
.
849
-
85
8,
Aug 2015
.
[5]
M.
W
ang,
e
t
al
.
,
"
Sili
con
m
olding
te
chn
ique
s
f
or
int
egr
ated
po
wer
MEMS
induc
tors
,"
Sensors
and
Ac
tua
tors
A
:
Phy
sica
l
,
2011
,
v
ol.
166
,
pp
.
157
-
163.
[6]
T.
O’D
onnel
l,
e
t
al.
,
"
Microf
ab
ric
a
te
d
Induc
tor
s
for
20
MH
z
Dc
-
Dc
Convert
e
rs
,
"
in
Appl
ie
d
Powe
r
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Confe
renc
e
and
Ex
positi
on
,
2008
.
APEC
2008.
Tw
ent
y
-
Thir
d
Ann
ual
IE
EE
,
2008
,
pp.
689
-
693
.
[7]
B.
Orlan
do,
e
t
al.
,
"
Low
-
Resist
anc
e
Int
egr
a
te
d
Toroi
da
l
Induc
t
orfor
Pow
er
Mana
gement
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Magne
tic
s,
vo
l.
42,
pp
.
3374
-
33
76,
2006
.
[8]
M.
W
ang,
et
a
l
.
,
"S
U8
Enh
anced
High
Pow
er
Densit
y
MEM
S
Induc
tors,
"
in
2008
Proc
.
of
the
34
th
Annu
al
Confe
renc
e
of
th
e
IE
EE Industria
l
E
le
c
tronic
s So
c
ie
t
y
2008
.
,
pp.
1
946
-
1952
[9]
E.
Br
andon,
et
a
l.
,
"
Fabricat
ion
and
Cha
racte
r
izati
on
of
Micro
in
duct
ors
for
Dist
ribut
ed
Pow
er
C
onver
te
rs
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Magnetics,
vo
l.
39,
pp
.
2049
-
20
56,
Jul 20
03
.
[10]
D.
Sadle
r
,
et
a
l.
,
"M
ic
rom
ac
hined
Spiral
Induc
to
rs
Us
ing
UV
-
LI
GA
Te
chni
qu
es,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansactions
on
Magne
ti
c
s,
vol.
37
,
pp
.
2897
-
2899,
Jul2001
.
[11]
N.
W
ang,
et
a
l
.
,
"
High
-
fr
eque
n
c
y
Micro
-
m
ac
h
i
ned
Pow
er
Ind
uct
ors
,
"
,
"
Jour
nal
of
Magne
t
ism
and
Magne
t
i
c
Mate
rials,
vol
.
2
90
-
291,
pa
rt
2
,
p
p.
1347
-
135
0
,
A
pl
2005.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4772
-
4780
4780
[12]
O.
Cal
tun,
et
al
.
,
"
Init
ial
per
m
eabili
t
y
,
h
y
s
te
resis
and
tot
al
losses
m
ea
surem
ent
s,
"
in
Anal
eleStiint
if
ice
-
F
izic
aStari
i
Condensate
200
0,
pp
.
56
-
60
.
[13]
Y.
Benha
dda
,
et
al.
,
"
Th
ermal
Beha
vior
of
an
I
nte
gra
te
d
Squar
e
Spiral
Micro
Coil
,
"
T
EL
KO
MN
IKA
Indone
sian
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Computer
Sci
en
ce,
vol
.
14
,
No 2, pp. 250
-
2
65,
Ma
y
2015.
[14]
M
Derka
oui
,
A
Ham
id,
T
Le
b
e
y,
R
Me
lati.
Desi
gn
and
Mode
li
n
g
of
an
Int
egrate
d
Mi
croTr
ansform
er
in
a
F
ly
ba
ck
Conve
rter
.
T
ELK
OM
NI
KA
.
2013;
11(4):
669
-
6
82.
[15]
S.
Li
nder
,
“
S
-
par
amete
r
t
ec
hn
iq
ues
for
faste
r
,
m
ore
ac
cur
at
e
n
et
work
design,”
HP
appli
ca
ti
on
note
95
-
1
,
H
ewl
et
t
Packa
rd
1996
.
[16]
F.
Sato,
et
al.
,
"
All
-
in
-
One
Packa
ge
Ultr
acom
pac
t
Microp
owerModule
Us
ing
Thi
n
-
Film
Induc
tor
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Magnetics,
vo
l.
40,
pp
.
2029
-
20
31,
Jul 20
04
.
[17]
J.
W
.
Park
and
Mark
G.
Al
le
n,
"U
lt
ral
ow
-
Profil
e
Microma
chi
ne
d
Pow
er
Induc
t
ors
W
it
h
Highl
y
La
m
inated
Ni/
Fe
Cores:
Applic
a
tion
to
Low
-
Mega
her
t
z
DC
–
DC
Convert
ers,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Magne
ti
cs,
vol.
39,
pp
.
3184
-
3186,
Sep
2003.
[18]
K.
H.
Kim
,
et
al.
,
"A
Mega
her
tz
Sw
it
chi
ng
DC/DC
Convert
erUsing
FeBN
Thi
n
F
il
m
Induc
tor,
"
IEE
E
T
rans
act
io
ns
on
Magne
t
ic
s,
v
ol.
38
,
pp
.
3162
-
3164,
Sep
2002.
[19]
C.
H.
Ahh
and
M.G.
Alle
n,
"M
i
cro
m
ac
hine
d
Pl
ana
r
Induc
tors
o
n
Sili
con
W
afe
r
s
for
MEM
S
A
ppli
c
at
ions,"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s,
vo
l. 45, p
p.
866
-
876
,
De
c 1998.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Manot
Mapa
to
rec
ei
ved
his
B.
Eng.
and
M.E
ng.
from
Surana
ree
Univer
sity
of
Te
chnol
ogy
,
Nakhon
Rat
cha
sim
a,
Tha
il
and
in
2005
and
2007,
respe
ct
ive
ly
,
both
in
El
ec
tri
ca
l
Engi
nee
ring.
W
it
h
fina
nci
al
support
from
the
Sy
nchr
otron
Li
ght
Resea
rch
Instit
ute
(Public
Organi
za
ti
on),
he
is c
urre
ntl
y
working
towar
d
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
the
School
of
El
ec
tri
ca
l
Engi
nee
ring,
Instit
ute
of
Engi
nee
ring,
Surana
ree
Univer
sity
of
Te
chnol
ogy
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
ere
sts
inc
lude
X
-
ray
li
throgra
phy
appl
ic
at
ion,
m
ic
ro
-
sensor,
m
ic
ro
-
el
ec
troni
cs
devi
ce
s a
nd
embedde
d
cont
rol
sy
stem.
Prap
ong
Kl
y
sub
un
rec
e
ive
d
his
B.
Sc.
(Hons
)
de
gre
e
in
ph
y
si
cs
from
Chula
longkorn
Univer
sit
y
,
Bangkok,
Tha
i
l
and,
in
1996,
and
his
M.Sc
.
and
Ph.D.
d
egr
ee
s
in
ph
y
si
cs
from
Virgini
a
Pol
y
t
ec
hni
c
and
Stat
e
Univer
si
t
y
(Virg
ini
a
Tech)
in
1998
a
nd
2002,
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
Af
t
er
gra
duation,
h
e
st
art
ed
working
as
a
r
ese
ar
che
r
at
S
y
nchr
otron
L
ig
ht
Rese
arc
h
Inst
i
tut
e
(
form
erly
known
as
Nati
onal
S
y
nch
rotron
Resea
rch
Center).
He
is
cur
re
ntly
serv
ing
as
an
As
sistant
Dire
ct
or
and
the
Dire
c
tor
of
Ac
ce
l
era
tor
T
ec
hn
olog
y
Division
of
SLR
I.
His
re
sea
rch
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
a
ccel
e
rator ph
y
s
ic
s,
par
t
i
cl
e
be
am d
y
n
amics,
and appl
i
cati
ons of
s
y
n
chr
otr
on
rad
i
at
ion
.
Tha
na
tc
ha
i
Kul
worawani
chpon
g
rec
e
ive
d
his
B
.
Eng.
from
Sura
nar
ee
Univ
ersity
of
Te
chnol
og
y
,
Nakhon
Ratcha
sim
a,
Thaila
nd
in
1998
and
his
M.E
ng
.
fr
om
Chula
longk
orn
Univer
sit
y
,
Bangkok,
Tha
i
l
and
in
2000
,
b
oth
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
.
H
e
al
so
go
t
his
Ph.D.
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
B
irmingham,
Eng
la
nd,
2004
.
His
emplo
y
m
ent
e
x
per
ie
n
ce
star
te
d
with
te
a
chi
ng
assistant
in
199
8
at
School
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Surana
r
e
e
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chno
log
y
.
In
2000,
he
was
pr
om
ote
d
to
be
a
f
ull
-
ti
m
e
l
ecture
r
of
the
sam
e
scho
ol.
Again
,
he
wa
s
prom
ote
d
to
be
an
associate
profe
ss
or
of
el
ectr
ical
eng
ine
er
in
g
as
his
cur
ren
t
positi
on
up
-
to
-
n
ow.
He
bec
ame
a
m
ember
of
s
eve
ra
l
well
-
kno
wn
ac
ade
m
ic
societie
s,
such
a
s,
W
SEA
S,
IEE
E,
IE
T,
IE
EJ,
W
AS
ET
,
IAS
TE
D,
e
tc.
Also
he
has
usually
s
erv
ed
the
s
e
soci
et
i
e
s
as
the
ir
ref
ere
e
for
rev
i
ewing
subm
it
te
d
pap
er
s
to
their
journ
a
ls.
His
spec
i
al
f
ie
lds
of
int
er
est
inc
lud
ed
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
m
a
chi
nes
,
power
elec
tronic
con
trol
and
dr
ive
s,
soft
comp
uti
ng,
m
odel
ing
and
sim
ulation
with
adva
nc
ed
num
eri
ca
l
t
ec
hni
ques,
and
e
lectr
i
ca
l
power
s
y
ste
m
ana
l
y
sis.
Nim
it
Chom
nawa
ng
recei
ved
the
B.
Eng.
d
eg
ree
in
instrume
nta
ti
on
engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
King
Mongkut’s Insti
tut
e
of
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
La
dkr
aba
ng
,
Tha
iland,
in
199
3,
the
MS
degr
e
e
in
biomedi
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Virgini
a
Co
m
m
on
wea
lt
h
U
nive
rsit
y
in
199
9,
and
MS
and
PhD
degr
e
es
i
n
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
from
Loui
siana
State
Univer
sit
y
in
2001
and
2002,
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
Sin
c
e
2002,
he
h
as
be
en
a
le
c
ture
r
at
the
School
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Sur
ana
re
e
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
Th
ai
l
and.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
ests
inc
lud
e
m
ic
rofa
bric
a
ti
on,
MEM
S,
biomedic
al
instrumenta
t
ion,
and
embedd
ed
a
utomati
on.
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