Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
3, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2013
, pp
. 55
3
~
56
0
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
5
53
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Fault Detection Approaches to
Power System: State-of-the-Art
Article Reviews for Searching a
New Approach in the Future
Pituk B
unn
oon*
Electrical Eng
i
n
eering
Depar
t
ment, Fa
culty
of En
gineer
ing,
Rajamangala
Univ
ers
i
ty
of
Technolog
y
Sriv
ijay
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
May 7, 2013
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 4
,
2
013
Accepte
d
J
u
l 15, 2013
This pap
e
r prop
oses the state-of
-the-ar
t
of
fault
detection
appro
a
ch a power
s
y
stem. Sev
e
ral
articles pr
esent
edit
in
each implementation
and method from
the last to
presen
t (2013). The ad
vantag
e of
the
approach would
b
e
dev
e
loped
to the new de
tec
tion in th
e futur
e
. Man
y
int
e
rest
ed topics used f
o
r dete
ctio
n
of fault i
n
the po
wer s
y
s
t
em
. In t
h
is
res
earch
can
be cl
as
s
i
fied in
t
o
two t
y
p
e
s
inter
e
sting in fa
ult dete
ct
ion. T
h
is revi
ew of man
y
p
a
pers will be used to
develop th
e research or find th
e
new me
thod for appropriate fau
l
t detection in
the power
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Keyword:
Fau
lt d
e
tection
Power System
Rev
i
ew Article
State of the
Art
Transm
ission Line
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
D
r
. Pituk
B
u
nno
on
Affiliatio
n
Electrical Eng
i
n
e
erin
g
,
Facu
lty of En
g
i
n
eeri
n
g,
R
a
jam
a
ngal
a
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
o
f
Tech
nol
ogy
Sr
i
v
i
j
ay
a
A
d
d
r
ess
1
Rajd
am
n
i
en
n
o
k
road
,
Song
kh
la
distr
i
ct, Son
gkh
la pr
ov
in
ce 9000
0, Th
ailand
Pho
n
e
+66
745
01
438
Em
a
il: ad
d
2
0
0
2
k
@h
o
t
m
a
il.c
o
m
,
p
itu
k
.
b@rm
u
t
sv
.ac.th
1.
INTRODUCTION
I
n
t
h
e pow
er
syste
m
, f
a
u
lt is o
n
e
of
system
p
r
ob
lem
occurred i
n
the
pres
ent.
It
ca
n b
e
m
a
de t
h
e pa
rt
o
r
all system
s
fail. Th
e m
a
j
o
r typ
e
s
of fau
lt are sy
mme
trical and
uns
y
mmetrical
fau
lts. Th
e fau
lts are
anove
r
curre
nt i
n
t
h
e circ
uit mainly du
e to a
s
h
ort circ
uit. T
h
ey m
a
y occur i
n
t
h
ree
phase
powe
r system
: single
pha
se t
o
gr
o
u
n
d
,
p
h
ase t
o
p
h
ase, t
w
o p
h
a
s
es t
o
gr
ou
n
d
,
phase t
o
p
h
as
e and an
ot
he
r pha
se t
o
gr
o
u
n
d
,
al
l
p
h
a
ses to
groun
d, three
p
h
a
se sho
r
t circu
it. Th
e
first fo
ur
events a
b
ove
a
r
e unsymm
e
t
rical fault and al
so the
latter two
ev
ents are sy
mmetr
ical fau
lt in
p
o
w
er system
.
T
o
cause a short
circuit in the
powe
r syste
m
is not
g
ood
for t
h
e
syste
m
. Bu
t if it h
a
p
p
e
n
s
in th
e system
will affect th
e
p
o
wer tran
sm
i
ssio
n
or
d
i
stri
b
u
tion
i
mmed
i
ately if it is still in
th
e
syste
m
. Th
e
d
e
tails will b
e
exp
l
ain
e
d in
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
sectio
n.
The corrective
and preve
n
tive syst
e
m
s so
h
a
pp
en
s to
care if a sh
o
r
t
circu
it o
ccu
rs, call fau
lt
d
e
tectio
n. Th
e
fun
c
tion
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
tecto
r
circu
i
t
is th
at m
o
n
ito
rs th
e system
o
v
er tim
e. In
order to
facilitate rap
i
d
rem
oval
of
a
d
i
st
urba
nce
fr
o
m
t
h
e p
o
we
r s
y
st
em
, t
h
e sy
st
em
i
s
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
pr
ot
ect
i
o
n
zone
s. R
e
l
a
y
s
m
oni
t
o
r
th
e syste
m
q
u
a
n
tities (cu
r
ren
t
, vo
ltag
e
) ap
p
e
aring
in
th
ese
zo
n
e
s. If a fault o
ccu
rs i
n
side a zo
n
e
, th
e relays
ope
rat
e
t
o
i
s
ol
a
t
e t
h
e zo
ne
f
r
o
m
t
h
e rem
a
i
nder
of t
h
e
po
we
r
sy
st
em
.
There a
r
e m
a
ny
researche
s
ab
out
fa
ul
t
det
ect
i
ons [
1
-6
0]
. S
o
m
e
art
i
c
l
e
present
e
d i
n
m
e
t
hods an
d al
so
pape
rs
pr
o
pose
d
i
n
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on. Se
veral
art
i
c
l
e
s used
artificial in
telli
g
e
n
t
su
ch
as
neu
r
al
n
e
two
r
k
,
fu
zzy
lo
g
i
c,
o
r
g
e
netic alg
o
rith
m
fo
r fau
lt d
e
tection. Also, m
a
n
y
a
u
tho
r
u
s
ed
wavelet tran
sfo
r
m
for d
e
tection
.
All o
f
p
a
p
e
r
will b
e
discu
ssed
in
si
d
e
th
e
p
a
p
e
r.
Th
is article exa
m
in
es research
es i
n
the form
o
f
an
art
i
c
l
e
fr
om
t
h
e fam
ous
dat
a
ba
se. B
y
dra
w
i
n
g
o
n
th
e prin
cip
l
es,
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
m
e
th
o
d
is su
mmarized
. Th
e fu
ture research
er
h
a
v
e
led
it to
u
tiliz
e th
i
s
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e of
brief.
Th
e con
t
en
t w
ill fo
cu
s
on
a
su
mm
ary o
f
th
e k
e
y and
effect
o
f
th
e m
e
t
h
od
u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 4
,
Aug
u
s
t 2
013
:
55
3
–
56
0
55
4
The rest
of t
h
i
s
pape
r i
s
o
r
ga
ni
zed:
Sect
i
o
n
II
prese
n
t
s
t
h
e faul
t
t
h
e
o
ry
.
Sect
i
on I
II
p
r
op
oses
faul
t
d
e
tectio
n classificatio
n
;
an
d the last sectio
n IV is t
h
e su
mmary.
2.
FAULT
T
H
E
O
R
Y
AN
D R
E
VIEW ART
ICLES
This section
present the electricity
power sys
t
e
m
structure, fault theory
, and
th
e article rev
i
ews. It is
refe
rre
d f
r
om
m
a
ny
researc
h
es and
so
urce t
h
eories which
are significant
fo
r the re
searc
h
er
fo
r stu
d
y
in fa
ult
lo
cated
i
d
en
tify as fo
llo
wed
belo
w:
2.1. Electricity power s
y
ste
m
The electricity power syste
m
can
be cl
assi
fi
ed i
n
t
o
g
e
nerat
i
o
n, t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
on, an
d
gene
rat
i
o
n
.
Gen
e
ration
is u
s
ed
fo
r
b
u
ilt th
e electricity c
u
rren
t
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
fro
m
a p
o
wer p
l
an
t. Also
it is sen
d
to
a
p
o
wer
tran
sm
issio
n
l
i
n
e
after in
creasin
g vo
ltag
e
to
d
e
ri
v
e
d valu
es. Th
e tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e syste
m
carri
es th
e
electricity q
u
a
n
tities th
at are
th
e power
v
a
l
u
e fro
m
g
e
n
e
ra
tin
g cen
t
r
es to th
e lo
ad
area. Before lo
ad
cen
t
er, t
h
e
voltage is stepped
down to norm
al
value
for each cust
omer sector suc
h
as industrial
sector, commercial
sector, and
other sectors.
There
are diffe
r
ent volta
ge
va
lues
in
each
area, fo
r in
stan
ce in
Th
ailan
d
u
s
ed
380
/22
0
V
5
0
Hz
for
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on sy
st
em
t
o
cust
o
m
er. Thus
, t
h
e
faul
t
m
a
y occur i
n
p
o
w
er sy
st
em
from
t
h
e
gene
rat
i
n
g sy
st
em
t
o
custom
er. The
short circ
uit in power
syste
m
m
a
y effect
to a wi
der
power
outage. T
h
ere
f
ore, we need
to
d
i
agn
o
se th
e occu
rred
fau
lt an
d
to
id
en
tify th
e lo
catio
n
fa
st. To
th
e ti
m
e
o
f
th
e short circu
it in
th
e elec
trical
sy
st
em
i
s
m
i
nim
a
l
.
The f
a
ul
t
t
y
pes an
d case
of
fa
ul
t
i
n
t
h
e
po
we
r sy
st
em
have
ex
pl
ai
ne
d
i
n
t
h
e
ne
xt
sec
t
i
on.
2.
2. Fa
ul
t ty
pe
s
Diffe
re
nt ty
pes
o
f
fa
ults ca
n
b
e
classified i
n
to se
v
e
ral typ
e
s. So
m
e
m
a
j
o
r fau
lts are
ph
ase
fau
lt su
ch
as ph
ase t
o
g
r
ou
nd
f
a
u
lt, ph
as
e to
pha
se fa
ult
,
phase
-
phase
to
ground
fau
lt, th
ree ph
ase
fau
lt. Ot
h
e
r fau
lts of
electricity are o
f
no
t m
a
j
o
r i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
. Bu
t
th
ey still ar
e con
s
id
ered fo
r the po
wer system
o
p
e
ratio
n. Th
ey are
o
p
e
n
ci
rcu
it
fau
lts, in
ter turn
fau
lt, and
o
t
h
e
r fau
lts.
Fi
gu
re
1.
P
o
we
r sy
stem
structure
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ECE
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S
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:
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8-8
7
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8
Fa
ul
t
Det
ect
i
o
n A
p
pro
a
c
h
es t
o
P
o
w
e
r
Syst
e
m
:
St
at
e-of
-t
he
-Art
Art
i
c
l
e
Re
vi
ew
s f
o
r .
.. (
P
i
t
uk B
u
n
n
o
o
n
)
55
5
Fi
gu
re
2.
Fa
ul
t
occ
u
rs
i
n
t
r
ans
m
i
ssi
on l
i
n
e.
Fig
u
re 1
illu
strates th
e ex
am
p
l
e o
f
th
e fau
lt o
ccurred
in
p
o
wer tran
sm
issi
o
n
lin
e. Th
ere are sev
e
ral
typ
e
s o
f
fau
lts in
tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e for in
stan
ce sing
le p
h
a
se to
g
r
o
und
fau
lt, d
oub
le ph
ase to
groun
d fau
l
t
,
d
oub
le ph
ase fau
lt, and
three p
h
a
se
fau
lt. In
th
e case it has th
e fau
lt locato
r
for id
en
tifyin
g
lo
cat
o
r
th
at is
d
i
stan
ce
relay
an
d o
t
h
e
r aux
iliary d
e
v
i
ces.
Fi
gu
re
3.
Fa
ul
t
occ
u
rs
i
n
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r.
Figure 2 shows the fault occurred
in
power tran
sfo
r
m
e
r. In
th
e p
o
we
r syste
m
,
there are four m
a
in
t
y
pes of t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r faul
t
.
These are a
r
ci
ng
or
hi
g
h
cu
rre
nt
brea
k
d
o
w
n
,
l
o
w e
n
er
g
y
sparki
ng
or
part
i
a
l
di
scha
rge
s
, l
o
cal
i
zed ove
rhe
a
t
i
ng o
r
hot
s
p
ot
s, an
d ge
ne
ral
ove
rheat
i
n
g d
u
e t
o
i
n
ad
equat
e
o
r
sust
ai
ne
d
ove
rl
oa
di
n
g
.
T
h
e t
ech
ni
q
u
es
fo
r fi
n
d
i
n
g t
r
a
n
sf
orm
e
r fa
ul
t
s
are B
u
c
h
h
o
l
z
rel
a
y
s
safet
y
devi
ce,
di
ss
ol
v
e
d
gas
an
alysis, and
tests to
d
e
tect o
i
l
con
t
amin
an
ts
an
d o
il
q
u
a
lity.
Fi
gu
re
4.
Fa
ul
t
occ
u
rs
i
n
m
achi
n
e
o
r
gene
rat
o
r
.
Figure 3 prese
n
ts
m
achine
such
as powe
r generat
o
r
fau
lt. Th
e m
a
j
o
r fau
lts
i
n
p
o
w
er
ge
nerat
o
r ca
s
e
can be classifi
ed into se
vera
l cases. These
are fail of
pr
im
e
m
overs, f
a
i
l
u
re o
f
exci
t
a
t
i
on, a
nd
fai
l
u
re
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 4
,
Aug
u
s
t 2
013
:
55
3
–
56
0
55
6
in
su
lation
in
st
ato
r
o
r
i
n
tercon
n
ecting
cab
l
e (in
t
er
ph
ase
sh
ort circu
it, sin
g
l
e
ph
ase to
g
r
ou
nd
fau
lt, i
n
ter turn
fau
lts, and
g
r
ou
nd
fau
lt on
ro
tor). Th
e fault in
po
wer
g
e
n
e
rat
o
r can b
e
switch off but for an
au
tomatic
o
p
e
ration
an
un
d
e
r cu
rren
t relay in
con
j
un
ct
io
n
with
tim
e lagge
d t
r
i
p
pi
n
g
and
t
i
m
e
l
a
gge
d
rei
n
f
o
rci
n
g r
e
l
a
y
.
Th
erefo
r
e,
fault id
en
tificatio
n
is n
ecessary
fo
r
po
we
r sy
st
em
prot
ect
i
o
n an
d sel
ect
i
on o
f
sui
t
a
bl
e
rel
a
y
s
, w
h
i
c
h
are re
qui
red
f
o
r t
h
e su
bse
q
uent
faul
t
i
s
ol
at
i
on. T
h
e fa
u
l
t
l
o
cat
i
on t
echni
que
s are
us
ed f
o
r
electricity p
o
w
er syste
m
p
r
o
t
ectio
n
and
also
i
d
en
tify th
e fau
l
t p
o
s
itio
n. Th
e
ch
aracteristics o
f
fau
lt lo
cator are
con
s
i
d
ere
d
f
r
o
m
fast
sy
st
em fo
r re
pai
r
i
n
g
and
rest
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e p
o
we
r sy
s
t
em
norm
a
l
l
y
.
They
im
pro
v
e
s t
h
e
syste
m
av
ailab
ilit
y an
d
p
e
rform
an
ce etc,. Th
e fau
lt lo
cat
or app
r
o
aches an
d
classificatio
n
o
f
fau
lts will b
e
di
scuss
e
d i
n
t
h
e sect
i
on
of
re
vi
ew a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s. Al
l
of t
h
es
e ca
se faults are
for exam
ple of c
a
ses in power
syste
m
wh
ich
th
ere are m
a
n
y
case o
f
fau
lts o
c
cu
rred
in th
e
syste
m
.
2.
3. Re
vi
ew
A
r
ti
cl
es
For t
h
is section we
will propos
e the
past of a
r
ticles pre
s
ented i
n
case
of eac
h m
e
thod
for
fault
d
i
agn
o
sis in
po
wer system
.
Th
is sectio
n
will ex
p
l
ain
all
p
a
p
e
rs sh
ortly
an
d
su
mm
ary
t
h
em
in
fau
lt ty
p
e
s or
i
d
ent
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
m
e
t
hods
. T
h
e
researc
h
on t
h
e pract
i
cal
det
ect
i
on f
o
r a p
o
w
er ca
bl
e fa
ul
t
poi
nt
by
Do
n
g
Ai
hua
an
d team
in
20
10
pr
opo
sed
case stud
y in
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
oun
d co
al m
i
n
e
[
1
].
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
esen
ted th
e ci
r
c
u
i
t
diagram
,
whic
h ca
n
quic
k
ly and accurate
ly detect fa
ult points
of single-
pha
se
ope
n circuit, two-phas
e short
-
ci
rcui
t
,
si
n
g
l
e
-
pha
se
gr
ou
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
wo
rk
t
h
e aut
h
o
r
s
des
i
gne
d
po
we
r c
a
bl
e fa
ul
t
det
e
ct
i
on ci
rc
ui
t
s
b
y
usi
n
g
bri
dge m
e
t
h
o
d
.
The a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s [
2
]
[
3
]
by
al
ar
m
M
N
an
d
tea
m
research and team
s
ear
ch
es pr
opo
sed th
e d
e
sign
and application of s
u
rface
wave
exciters and
s
e
ns
ors for fa
ult detection, c
o
mm
unication,
Table 1.
E
ach case
of fault propose
d
i
n
artic
les
Ar
ticles pr
oposed
Pr
esented the fault case in power sy
stem
[1]
[12]
[
14]
[1
5]
[16]
[35]
[3
6]
[39]
[
41]
[43]
[4
5]
[46]
[
47]
[50]
[5
7]
[58]
L
i
ne fault (
L
-
L
,L
-L
-
L
,
L
-G,
3
L-
G)
[8]
[18]
[
19]
[4
2]
[48]
[56]
T
r
ansform
e
r fault
[26]
I
n
sulation
fault
[20]
[2
4]
M
achine fault
[23]
HVDC converter fault
[17]
[3
1]
[54]
[
59]
Feeder
bus fault
[27]
[6
0]
Under
gr
ound cable fault
[28]
[4
9]
Nuclear
s
y
ste
m
fault
an
d
no
n-in
tru
s
iv
e po
wer lin
e fau
lt d
e
tection
.
Nex
t
res
ear
ch i
n
pape
r [
4
]
prese
n
t
e
d t
h
e
obs
er
ver
-
ba
se
d fa
ul
t
det
ect
i
on a
nd i
d
ent
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n s
c
hem
e
for p
o
w
er sy
st
em
s.
Th
e resu
lts o
f
d
e
tailed
si
m
u
latio
n
stud
ied
in
vo
lv
i
n
g
di
st
ur
ba
nces a
nd
fa
ul
t
s
occ
u
r
r
i
n
g i
n
l
i
n
ea
r a
nd
n
on l
i
near
m
odel
s
of t
h
e
s
y
st
em
. In y
ear
20
1
0
t
h
e sy
m
m
e
t
r
i
cal
pat
t
e
rn a
nd P
C
A base
d fra
m
e
work f
o
r faul
t
det
ect
i
o
n and classification by Qais
alsafasfeh a
n
d tea
m
researc
h
er
s p
r
op
ose
d
i
n
ap
pl
i
e
d m
a
t
h
em
at
i
c
s and
si
g
n
a
l
pr
ocessi
n
g
de
vel
o
ped
t
h
e t
echni
que
s
fo
r t
h
e
d
e
tectio
n and
classificatio
n
[5
]. Th
e article in
fau
lt d
e
tecti
o
n by
A.
Ashouri et al. Prese
n
ted
a
new approac
h
th
at is th
e fau
lt d
e
tectio
n
in
d
i
g
ital relays-b
ased
po
wer sy
stem u
s
in
g
Petri
Nets [6
]. In
th
i
s
research
, Petri n
e
ts
have
been
us
ed f
o
r m
odel
l
i
ng an
d l
o
cat
i
on
det
ect
i
on
of fa
ul
t
s
an
d
t
h
e pr
op
ose
d
app
r
oac
h
p
r
ovi
ded
hierarc
h
ical monitoring
of power
sy
ste
m
. Th
e resu
lts
o
f
fau
lt d
e
tection
by Petri n
e
ts, the p
r
o
cessi
ng
time of
in
fo
rm
atio
n
is redu
ced
and
th
e precise of fau
lt d
e
tecti
o
n
p
r
o
c
ed
ure is in
creased
. Th
e
last o
l
d
e
st article in
19
9
4
, J
.
Na
rr
o
s
an
d J.M
.
D
r
a
k
e s
h
o
w
e
d
real
t
i
m
e
faul
t
det
ect
i
on a
nd
cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on
by
u
s
i
ng m
i
crop
roc
e
sso
r
s
[7
] b
a
sed
on
the esti
m
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e th
ree p
h
a
se v
o
ltag
e
ph
aso
r
s
b
y
m
aen
o
f
a set
o
f
Kalman
filters, and
o
n
th
e
calcu
latio
n
of t
h
e
fau
lt
p
r
ob
abilit
y. A
f
ter t
h
at in
year
2
004
, w
a
v
e
let
tran
sfo
r
m
w
a
s proposed
i
n
fau
lt d
e
t
ectio
n
i
n
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r by
m
easurem
ent
of
ne
ural
c
u
rre
nt
s. T
h
e wa
vel
e
t
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
anal
y
s
ed ba
se
d o
n
M
o
rl
et
w
a
vel
e
t
(m
o
t
h
e
r wav
e
l
e
t). Th
e sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
fa
u
lt d
e
tectio
n
can
b
e
sig
n
i
fican
tly im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
wav
e
let analysis
t
echni
q
u
es
fo
r
t
h
e eval
uat
i
o
n o
f
im
pul
se t
e
st
s on t
r
an
sf
orm
e
r. The a
p
p
r
oach [
8
]
w
a
s prese
n
t
e
d
by
A.
B
h
o
o
m
a
i
a
h et
al
. The art
i
c
l
e
of S
.
B
r
ac
ho a
nd M
.
M
a
rt
i
n
e
z
prese
n
t
e
d a
b
out
fa
ul
t
det
ect
i
on
by
usi
n
g
d
y
n
am
i
c
po
we
r su
ppl
y
cur
r
ent
t
e
st
i
n
19
97 [
9
]
.
I
n
next
y
ear,
19
9
8
, Fa
hm
i
d
a N. C
h
awd
h
u
ry
a
nd t
eam
researche
r
s
sho
w
e
d
t
h
e det
ect
i
on o
f
faul
t
by
usi
n
g a
m
odul
a
r
m
e
t
hod
ol
ogy
f
o
r fa
ul
t
d
e
t
ect
i
on an
d cl
assi
fi
cat
i
on i
n
po
we
r
syste
m
. The approach is qui
t
e flexib
le. After a d
e
tectio
n, th
e fau
lt in
dicato
r
is p
r
o
c
essed
b
y
a Koh
o
n
e
n
network to clas
sify the fa
ult.
These
are the si
m
p
le o
f
articles fo
r
fau
lt d
e
tectio
n
in th
e
power
syste
m
. Nex
t
,
we
will concl
u
de t
h
ese a
r
ticle in t
w
o cases
for
unde
rstanding
for finding a
now m
e
thod i
n
the future
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Fa
ul
t
Det
ect
i
o
n A
p
pro
a
c
h
es t
o
P
o
w
e
r
Syst
e
m
:
St
at
e-of
-t
he
-Art
Art
i
c
l
e
Re
vi
ew
s f
o
r .
.. (
P
i
t
uk B
u
n
n
o
o
n
)
55
7
3.
FAULT DET
E
CTION
CL
ASSI
FIC
A
TI
ON
Th
e section
o
f
fau
lt d
e
tection
classificatio
n
will b
e
d
i
scu
s
sed
abo
u
t
fau
lt in
to
case of fau
lt, typ
e
s
of
approaches
and acc
uracy i
n
powe
r system
as followe
d:
3.
1.
C
a
se o
f
F
a
ul
t
C
a
se of
faul
t
,
t
h
ere a
r
e m
a
ny
cases o
f
fa
ul
t
s
i
n
p
o
we
r sy
st
e
m
expl
ai
ne
d t
h
e pre
v
i
o
us sect
i
on.
Al
s
o
, i
t
has e
x
pl
ai
n i
n
t
a
bl
e f
o
r
u
n
d
ers
t
andi
n
g
cl
ea
rl
y
.
Table I shows
each case of fa
ult propose
d
in several
articles. It explains fault types by each aut
h
or
p
u
b
lish
e
d
in
an
y d
a
tab
a
se. Th
e au
t
h
o
r
s m
a
y in
terest fau
l
t
m
o
re th
an
a fau
lt. Th
e
stud
ied
fau
lt qu
ite co
v
e
red
faul
t
i
n
p
o
w
er
sy
st
em
and a
l
so c
ove
red
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
di
r
ect
cur
r
ent
(
H
VDC
) sy
st
em
. Fr
om
t
h
e t
a
b
l
e we
o
b
s
erv
e
d th
e articles th
at stu
dy tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e fau
lt m
o
re th
an
o
t
h
e
r
fau
l
t
s
.
3.
2.
T
y
pes of
Appr
o
a
ches
Th
ere are m
a
n
y
ap
pro
ach
es
propo
sed in fau
lt id
en
tify i
n
the po
wer
system
. Th
ey will illu
strate fro
m
th
e Tab
l
e II. Th
ese m
e
th
o
d
s
can
h
e
lp th
e
operato
r for fi
n
d
i
n
g
th
e short circu
it lo
cation
an
d an
alysing
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
fau
lt in th
e
syste
m
.
Table II expl
ains each a
pproac
h
to
power syst
em fault detection in seve
ral arti
cles. These
ap
pro
ach
es use d
i
fferen
t m
a
th
em
a
tics eq
uatio
n
s
bu
t th
ey can
b
e
u
s
ed for i
d
en
tifying
fau
lt in th
e
syste
m
si
m
ilarl
y.
Table 2.
E
ach approach
to
power system
fau
lt d
e
tectio
n
Ar
ticles pr
oposed
Pr
esented the fault detected appr
oaching power
sy
ste
m
[1]
Br
idge
cir
c
uit
m
e
thod
[
2
] [
3
]
Surf
ace wave
[6]
Petri
nets
[8]
[12]
[
17]
[2
7]
[37]
[45]
[4
8]
[55]
W
a
velet tr
ansform
appr
oach
[18]
[1
9]
[20]
[
31]
[42]
[4
7]
Neur
al networ
k ap
pr
oach
[52]
Artificial intellige
n
ce (Fuzz
y
,
Geneti
c)
[13]
Gr
aph
m
e
thodolog
y
[14]
Real-
t
i
m
e
[15]
[4
2]
[47]
Statistical
m
e
thodology
Som
e
papers
presente
d an ac
curacy
of each approac
h
of fa
ult detec
tion in several articles. The
r
e are
many things t
o
consi
d
er i
n
the pr
otection de
sign of
eac
h
method. One of
them
is accura
te. This could
mean
that the acc
ura
c
y of t
h
e loc
a
tion and t
h
e type o
f
sh
ort circuit o
r
fau
lt,
it may be s
o
.
The
exam
ple of acc
uracy
o
f
fau
lt lo
cator or classification
will b
e
sho
w
n
in sev
e
ral articles.
I
n
con
c
lud
e
, m
a
n
y
au
t
h
or
s
sho
w
ed
m
a
n
y
cases of
f
a
u
lt co
ver
e
d th
e system
. Th
e au
thor
s m
a
y b
e
used
t
h
e researc
h
f
o
r searc
h
i
n
g a n
e
w m
e
t
hod f
o
r
i
d
ent
i
f
y
i
ng t
h
e faul
t
l
o
cat
i
o
n o
r
di
st
ance
o
f
fa
ul
t
i
n
t
h
e p
o
we
r
syste
m
.
4.
SUM
M
AR
Y
Fau
lt d
e
tectio
n in
p
o
wer system will b
e
d
e
tected
b
y
m
a
n
y
ap
pro
ach
es. It
can
b
e
seen
in
th
e p
r
ev
i
o
us
sectio
n
.
Th
e fau
lt d
e
tectio
n
in syste
m
m
u
st f
a
st wh
en
fau
lt o
ccurred
in
t
h
e tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e, transfo
r
m
e
r, or
any where
in t
h
e electricity syste
m
. Th
is p
a
p
e
r
propo
ses all o
f
d
e
tectio
n
ap
pro
ach
es u
s
ed
in th
e last an
d the
prese
n
t
.
Al
s
o
, i
t
can be use
d
f
o
r
one
part
o
f
art
i
c
l
e
s for
deve
l
opi
n
g
t
h
ei
r
res
earches
. H
o
we
ver
,
t
h
i
s
art
i
c
l
e
onl
y
search
es th
e p
a
p
e
r in
fau
lt
d
e
t
ectio
n
till 20
14.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
I am
very
grat
eful
f
o
r t
h
e hel
p
f
u
l
su
ggest
i
o
ns w
ho are
As
soc. P
r
o
f
. D
r
.
C
husa
k
Li
m
s
akul
an
d Assi
s
.
Pr
of
. Dr
.
Ku
sumal Ch
aler
mya
n
on
t,
Pri
n
ce of
Songkla University.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Dong Aihua, Li
Liang
,
Huo Liu
h
ang,
and Wang
Qingxuan. “Research on th
e pr
actical detection f
o
r a power cable
fault point”.
International Conference On Co
mputer and Communication
Techno
logi
es in
Agricu
lture Engin
eerin
g
.
2010; 2: 80-84.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 3
,
N
o
. 4
,
Aug
u
s
t 2
013
:
55
3
–
56
0
55
8
[2]
M
N
Alam
, RH
Bhui
yan,
R Dou
g
al,
and
M Ali.
“
N
ovel surfac
e
wave
exc
iters
f
o
r power l
i
ne
fa
ult d
e
te
ction
an
d
communications
”.
2011 IEEE I
n
ternational S
y
mposium on Antennas and Propagation (
APSURSI)
. 2011: 1139-
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an, Sheng Su, and Yuan
y
u
an Wang. “Ground
-fault feed
er detection with fault-
current and fau
l
t-res
i
s
t
an
ce m
e
a
s
urem
ent in m
i
ne power s
y
s
t
e
m
s
”
.
IEEE Transactions on Industry applicatio
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.
2008; 44(2): 424
-429.
[60]
W Zhao, YH Song, and Y Min.
“Wavelet an
aly
s
is based scheme for fau
lt detection and classification in und
er-
ground power
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El
ectr
i
c Pow
e
r
Sys
t
ems
Res
e
ar
ch
. 2
000; 53(1): 23-3
0
.
BI
O
G
R
A
P
HY
OF
A
U
T
HO
R
Dr. Pituk Bunn
oon receiv
ed th
e B.S. degr
ee
f
r
om
King Mongkut’s Institut
e
of Technolo
g
y
Ladkrab
ang, Th
ailand, in 1998,
and the M.S. degr
ee and Ph.D.
degree in
electr
ical eng
i
neering
from Prince of
Songkla Univer
sity
, Thailand
, in
2004 and 20
13, respectively
.
His research
inter
e
st is
an ap
plic
ation
of ar
tif
ici
a
l
inte
llig
enc
e
to power
s
y
st
e
m
planning
and
operat
i
on. For
the pr
esent
,
h
e
works at Ra
jam
a
ngala
Universit
y
of T
echno
log
y
Srivija
ya
,
Tha
ila
nd in
Ele
c
tr
ica
l
engineering d
e
p
a
rtment, faculty
of e
ngin
eer
ing.
He is th
e member IEEE.
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