Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
4,
No.
3,
June
2014,
pp.
322
–
328
ISSN:
2088-8708
322
A
Comparati
v
e
Study
between
DPC
and
DPC-SVM
Contr
oller
s
Using
dSP
A
CE
(DS1104)
Adel
Mehdi
*
,
Salah-eddine
Rezgui
*
,
Houssam
Medouce
*
,
and
Hocine
Benalla
*
*
F
acult
´
e
des
Sciences
de
la
T
echnologie,
Uni
v
ersit
´
e
de
Constantine
1
*
D
´
epartement
de
l’
´
electrotechnique,
Rue
Ain
el-Be
y
25000,
Alg
´
erie
*
Laboratoire
de
l’
´
electrotechnique
de
Constantine
LEC
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Feb
9,
2014
Re
vised
Apr
8,
2014
Accepted
Apr
25,
2014
K
eyw
ord:
Direct
po
wer
control
space
v
ector
modulation
switching
table
po
wer
quality
con
v
erter
control
harmonics,
po
wer
f
actor
ABSTRA
CT
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
to
compare
tw
o
dif
ferent
control
structures.
The
Simple
Direct
Po
wer
Control
(DPC)
and
the
Direct
Po
wer
Control
with
Space
V
ector
Modulation
(DPC-
SVM)
for
tw
o
le
v
el
con
v
erter
applications.
The
first
strate
gy
(DPC)
has
been
de
v
eloped
to
control
the
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
directly
by
selecting
the
optimum
switching
state
of
the
con
v
erter
.
Applied
to
the
Pulse
W
idth
Modulation
(PWM)
con
v
erter
its
main
feature
is
to
impro
v
e
the
total
po
wer
f
actor
and
ef
ficienc
y
,
e
v
en
harmonics
compo-
nents
e
xistence.
In
the
second
structure,
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wers
are
used
as
(PWM)
control
v
ariables
instead
of
the
three-phase
line
currents
usually
used
in
other
techniques.
It
is
sho
wn
that
DPC-SVM
e
xhibits
se
v
eral
properties;
good
dynamic
response,
constant
switching
frequenc
y
,
and
in
particular
it
pro
vides
a
sinusoidal
line
currents.
Sim
ulation
and
e
xperimental
results
has
sho
wn
that
both
control
structures
achie
v
e
good
performances.
Copyright
c
2014
Institute
of
Advanced
Engineering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Adel
Mehdi
Uni
v
ersit
´
e
de
Constantine
1
Rue
Ain
el-Be
y
25000,
Campus
Ahmed
Hammani,
Constantine.
(+213)776178524
Email:
adel
hdm@yahoo.com
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
As
DC
po
wer
supplies
are
e
xtensi
v
ely
used,
not
only
in
industrial
fields,
b
ut
also
in
consumer
products,
se
v
eral
problems
with
re
g
ard
to
their
diode
rectifiers
ha
v
e
been
observ
ed
in
recent
years,
lik
e
the
lo
w
input
po
wer
f
actor
,
and
the
presence
of
harmonics
in
the
input
currents.
Consequently
,
the
pulse
width
modulation
(PWM)
con
v
erters
are
adopted
in
applications
that
require
less
distortion
in
the
current
w
a
v
eforms,
thus
the
unity
po
wer
f
actor
operation
can
be
easily
performed
by
re
gulating
the
currents
in
phase
with
the
po
wer
-source
v
oltages
[1].
De
v
elopment
of
control
methods
for
PWM
rectifiers
w
as
possible
thanks
to
adv
ances
in
po
wer
semicon-
ductor
de
vices
and
digital
signal
processors,
which
allo
w
f
ast
operation
and
cost
reduction.
It
of
fers
possibilities
for
implementation
of
sophisticated
control
algorithms.
Appropriate
control
can
pro
vide
both
the
rectifier
performance
impro
v
ements
and
reduction
of
passi
v
e
components.
V
arious
control
strate
gies
ha
v
e
been
proposed
in
recent
w
orks
for
this
type
of
PWM
rectifier
[2].
A
well-kno
wn
method
of
indirect
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
control
which
is
based
on
current
v
ector
orientation
with
respect
to
the
line
v
oltage
v
ector
(v
oltage
oriented
control
V
OC
)
[3].
V
OC
guarantees
high
static
performance
via
internal
current
control
loops.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
final
configuration
and
performance
of
the
V
OC
system
lar
gely
depends
on
the
quality
of
the
applied
current
control
strate
gy
[4].
Another
less
kno
wn
method
based
on
instantaneous
direct
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
control
is
called
direct
po
wer
control
(DPC)
[1][5].
But
both
strate
gies
mentioned
do
not
perform
sinusoidal
current
when
the
line
v
oltage
is
distorted.
Only
DPC
based
on
virtual
flux
[6]
instead
of
the
line
v
oltage
v
ector
orientation
[7],
called
VF-DPC,
pro
vides
sinusoidal
line
current
and
lo
wer
harmonic
distortion
[6].
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
contains
a
se
v
eral
disadv
antages
as:
V
ariable
switching
frequenc
y
(dif
ficulties
of
LC
input
filter
design)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
323
High
sampling
frequenc
y
needed
for
digital
implementation
of
h
ysteresis
comparators
F
ast
microprocessor
and
A/D
con
v
erters
requirements
Therefore,
it
w
as
dif
ficult
to
implement
VF-DPC
in
industry
.
But
all
of
the
abo
v
e
dra
wbacks
can
be
eliminated
when
instead
of
the
switching
table
a
PWM
v
oltage
modulator
is
applied
[8].
2.
DIRECT
PO
WER
CONTR
OL
Direct
po
wer
control
is
based
on
the
same
control
principles
as
in
the
direct
torque
control
technique
(DTC).
In
DTC,
it’
s
the
electromagnetic
torque
and
the
rotor
flux
which
are
directly
controlled,
while
in
DPC,
it’
s
the
stator
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wers
that
are
directly
controlled
[9].
Also,
in
DPC
no
internal
current
control
loops
or
PWM
modulator
block
are
required,
because
the
con
v
erter
switching
states
are
selected
by
a
switching
table
based
on
the
instantaneous
errors
between
the
commanded
and
measured
v
alues
of
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
.
Therefore,
the
main
feature
of
the
DPC
implementation
is
a
correct
and
f
ast
e
xtraction
of
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
[1].
Figure
1.
Configuration
of
DPC
Controller
for
PWM
con
v
erter
[6]
2.1.
Instantaneous
P
o
wer
Sour
ce
Calculation
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wers
are
obtained
by
the
follo
wing
equations
P
=
v
a
i
a
+
v
b
i
b
+
v
c
i
c
(1)
Q
=
1
p
3
[
v
a
(
i
c
i
b
)
+
v
b
(
i
a
i
c
)
+
v
c
(
i
b
i
a
)]
(2)
2.2.
Line
V
oltage
V
ector
P
osition
The
phase
of
the
po
wer
-s
ource
v
oltage
v
ector
is
con
v
erted
to
the
sector
signal
i
.
F
or
t
h
i
s
purpose,
the
stationary
coordinates
are
di
vided
into
12
sectors,
as
sho
wn
i
n
T
able
I,
and
the
angle
can
be
deduced
from
equation
(3)
[5].
=
arctan
v
v
(3)
2.3.
Switching
T
able
the
selection
of
the
adequate
v
ector
is
determined
by
the
follo
wing
table
according
to
the
v
ariation
in
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
with
the
position
of
v
oltage
v
ector
.
A
Compar
ative
Study
between
DPC
and
DPC-SVM
Contr
oller
s
Using
dSP
A
CE
DS1104
(Adel
Mehdi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
324
ISSN:
2088-8708
T
able
1.
Switching
T
able
dq
qp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
0
6
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
0
1
6
7
1
0
2
7
3
0
4
7
5
0
1
0
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
1
1
1
7
7
0
0
7
7
0
0
7
7
0
0
3.
DIRECT
PO
WER
CONTR
OL
WITH
PWM
The
DPC-SVM
with
constant
switching
frequenc
y
uses
closed-loop
po
wer
control,
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2.
The
commanded
reacti
v
e
po
wer
Q
r
ef
set
to
zero
for
unity
po
wer
f
actor
operation
and
deli
v
ered
from
the
out
er
PI
dc
v
oltage
controller
.
The
reference
acti
v
e
po
wer
P
r
ef
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
Q
r
ef
which
are
in
the
DC
frame
and
flo
wing
between
the
supply
and
the
dc
link
are
compared
with
the
calculated
P
mes
and
Q
mes
respecti
v
ely
.
The
errors
are
deli
v
ered
to
a
PI
controller
to
eliminate
steady-state
error
,
and
the
output
signals
are
transformed
to
the
fix
ed
frame
and
used
for
switching
signals
generation
by
the
space-v
ector
modulator
(SVM)[10].
Figure
2.
Configuration
of
DPC-SVM
Controller
for
PWM
con
v
erter
3.1.
Synthesis
of
Acti
v
e
and
Reacti
v
e
P
o
wer
Contr
ollers
The
synthesis
of
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
control
lers
can
be
done
analytically
using
a
simplified
model.
In
this
model
the
switching
w
a
v
eforms
created
by
the
PWM
con
v
erter
are
replaced
by
its
a
v
erage
v
alue
within
the
switching
period
[3].The
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
in
(dq)
coordinates
has
the
form
after
orientation
the
frame.
Figure
3.
Simplified
block
diagram[8]
IJECE
V
ol.
4,
No.
3,
June
2014:
322
–
328
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
325
P
=
U
I
q
s
(4)
Q
=
U
I
ds
(5)
4.
SIMULA
TION
RESUL
TS
4.1.
Dir
ect
P
o
wer
Contr
ol
4.2.
Dir
ect
P
o
wer
Contr
ol
with
Modulation
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Figure
4.
Simula
ted
basic
signal
w
a
v
eforms
and
line
cur
-
rent
harmonic
spectrum
under
purely
sinusoidal
line
v
olt-
age
for
DPC.
From
the
top:
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
re-
acti
v
e
po
wer
,
DC
link
v
oltage,
line
current,
and
harmonic
spectrum
of
the
line
current
(THD
=
4.87%).
Figure
5.
Simul
ated
basic
signal
w
a
v
eforms
and
line
cur
-
rent
harmonic
spectrum
under
purely
sinusoidal
line
v
olt-
age
for
DPC-SVM.
From
the
top:
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
,
DC
link
v
oltage,
line
current,
and
harmonic
spectrum
of
the
line
current
(THD
=
3.87%).
A
Compar
ative
Study
between
DPC
and
DPC-SVM
Contr
oller
s
Using
dSP
A
CE
DS1104
(Adel
Mehdi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
326
ISSN:
2088-8708
5.
EXPERIMENT
AL
RESUL
TS
5.1.
Dir
ect
P
o
wer
Contr
ol
5.2.
Dir
ect
P
o
wer
Contr
ol
with
Modulation
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Figure
6.
Experimental
results
for
DPC.
From
the
top:
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
,
DC
link
v
oltage,
line
current,
and
a
focused
part
of
the
line
current.
Figure
7.
Experimental
results
for
DPC-SVM.
From
the
top:
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
,
DC
link
v
oltage,
line
current,
and
a
focused
part
of
the
line
cur
-
rent.
6.
EXPERIMENT
AL
SYSTEM
CONFIGURA
TION
An
e
xperimental
study
has
been
de
v
eloped
to
e
xamine
operating
characteristics
of
both
techniques
DPC
and
DPC-SVM.
The
po
wer
circuit
of
the
PWM
con
v
erter
is
constituted
by
an
insulated
g
ate
bipolar
transistor
(IGBT)-
IJECE
V
ol.
4,
No.
3,
June
2014:
322
–
328
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISSN:
2088-8708
327
based
full-bridge
(SEMIKR
ON)
circuit.
The
electrical
parameters
are
sho
wn
in
T
able
II.
Hall-ef
fect
current
and
v
oltage
sensors
(LEM
LA
25-NP)
and
(LEM
L
V
25-P)
are
emplo
yed
to
detect
the
line
currents
and
v
oltages
and
the
dc-b
us
v
oltage.
The
estimation
of
the
instantaneous
po
wer
and
the
v
oltages
is
proceeded
by
a
dSP
A
CE
card
(DS1104),
it
is
essential
to
mak
e
the
control
period
as
short
as
possible,
because
the
estimating
equations
ha
v
e
to
be
changed
e
v
ery
time
of
the
switching
state
of
the
con
v
erter
is
changed.
The
interf
ace
circuits
whi
ch
deal
with
detection
of
the
line
currents
are
specially
desi
gned
to
attain
a
f
ast
data
acquisition
corresponding
to
the
control
period
of
t
he
DSP
[4].
F
or
this
purpose,
high-sampling-rate
and
high-resolution
analog-to-digital
con
v
erters
(ADC’
s-12bit)
are
emplo
yed
in
the
system.
All
symbols
that
ha
v
e
not
been
mentioned
in
the
equation
should
be
e
xplained
in
the
follo
wing
te
xt.
T
able
2.
P
arameters
Used
In
Simulation
Po
wer
7(kW)
Grid
side
inductor
2e-3(H)
Grid
v
oltage
250(V)
Grid
side
resistor
3.87e-3(
)
DC
link
v
oltage
720(V)
DC
link
capacitor
1e-3(F)
Current
24(A)
Load
resistor(DC
link)
68.8(
)
Switching
frequenc
y
10(kHz)
Simple
time
(DPC)
1e-6(S)
Grid
frequenc
y
50(Hz)
Simple
time
(DPC-SVM)
2e-6(S)
T
able
3.
P
arameters
Used
In
Experiment
Po
wer
800(W)
Grid
side
inductor
25e-3(H)
Grid
v
oltage
104(V)
Grid
side
resistor
0.7(
)
DC
link
v
oltage
190(V)
DC
link
capacitor
1.1e-3(F)
Current
4(A)
Load
resistor(DC
link)
68.8(
)
Switching
frequenc
y
10(kHz)
Simple
time
(DPC)
8e-5(S)
Grid
frequenc
y
50(Hz)
Simple
time
(DPC-SVM)
8e-5(S)
6.1.
Simulation
Results
and
Analysis
Fig.4-A
and
Fig.5-A
sho
w
the
beha
viours
of
the
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
under
step
v
ariation,
between
5
and
7
kW
we
can
see
that
the
responses
of
both
structure
pro
vides
an
e
xcellent
performances,
the
quick
v
ariation
of
the
acti
v
e
po
wer
don’
t
af
fect
the
react
i
v
e
po
wer
which
is
k
eeping
at
his
references
(v
alue
0
V
AR
),
thus,
decoupled
control
between
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
is
achie
v
ed.
Fig.4-B
and
Fig.5-B
sho
w
the
DC
link
capacitor
v
oltage,
when
a
step
v
oltage
is
applied
at
t=0.6s,
one
can
see,
that
the
DPC-SVM
structure
need
0.1s
to
attend
the
references
v
alue.
The
phase
current
i
a
w
a
v
eform
is
depicted
on
the
Fig.4-C
and
Fig.5-C,
the
FFT
analysis
displays
the
fre-
quenc
y
spectrum
of
the
current
grid.
As
e
xpected,
The
T
otal
Harmonic
Distortion
(THD)
is
displayed
abo
v
e
the
spectrum
(THD=4.87%
for
DPC
and
THD=3.87%
for
DPC-SVM).
6.2.
Experimental
Results
and
Analysis
Se
v
eral
e
xperimental
tests
ha
v
e
been
done
to
v
erify
feasibility
of
the
proposed
techniques.
Fig.6
and
Fig.7
presents
the
e
xperimental
results
under
the
unity
po
wer
f
actor
operation
in
the
steady
state.
The
po
wer
dissipated
in
the
load
resistance
w
as
750
(W)
in
DPC
and
450
(W)
in
DPC-SVM,
it
can
be
seen
that
the
po
wer
-source
v
oltage
is
successfully
estimated.
The
line
current
i
a
sho
wn
on
Fig.6(C-D)
and
Fig.7(C-D)
is
in
phase
with
the
actual
po
wer
-
source
v
oltage
because
the
reacti
v
e
po
wer
is
controlled
to
be
zero.
The
current
w
a
v
eform
slightly
contains
lo
wer
order
harmonic
distortion.
Fig.
6-A;
Fig.
7-A;
presents
results
of
a
step
response
a
g
ai
nst
the
disturbance
load
po
wer
under
the
unity
po
wer
f
actor
operation.
The
load
po
wer
w
as
changed
stepwise
from
750
to
850
(W)
in
DPC
and
from
450
to
550
(W).
It
can
be
observ
ed
that
the
estimation
of
the
po
wer
and
v
oltages
can
be
performed
and
that
the
unity
po
wer
f
actor
operation
is
successfully
achie
v
ed,
e
v
en
in
transient
state,
it
can
be
observ
ed
that
the
acti
v
e
po
wer
control
and
the
reacti
v
e
po
wer
control
are
independent
of
each
other
.
A
Compar
ative
Study
between
DPC
and
DPC-SVM
Contr
oller
s
Using
dSP
A
CE
DS1104
(Adel
Mehdi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
328
ISSN:
2088-8708
7.
CONCLUSION
This
paper
has
described
tw
o
concepts
to
impro
v
e
the
total
po
wer
f
actor
and
ef
ficienc
y
of
the
PWM
con
v
erter
.
The
first
method
is
direct
instantaneous
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
control
of
the
con
v
erter
,
in
this
method
the
acti
v
e
and
reacti
v
e
po
wer
can
be
re
gulated
directly
by
relay
control
of
the
po
wer
,
which
is
implemented
by
h
ysteresis
comparators
and
a
switching
table.
In
this
configuration,
the
errors
between
the
po
wer
commands
and
the
feedback
signals
are
compared
by
the
h
ysteresis
el
ements,
and
the
specific
switching
state
of
the
con
v
erter
is
appropriately
selected
by
the
switching
table,
so
that
the
errors
can
be
restricted
within
the
h
ysteresis
bands.
Also
it
is
sho
wn
that
DPC-SVM
has
pro
v
en
e
xcellent
performance
and
v
erifies
the
v
alidity
of
the
proposed
control
system.
The
DPC-SVM
system
constitutes
a
viable
alternati
v
e
to
the
con
v
entional
control
strate
gies
and
it
has
the
follo
wing
features
and
adv
antages:
Lo
wer
sampling
frequenc
y
(than
a
con
v
entional
DPC)
Good
dynamic
response
Of
fers
sinusoidal
line
currents
(lo
w
THD),
for
ideal
and
distorted
line
v
oltage
Constant
switching
frequenc
y
A
CKNO
WLEDGEMENT
we
w
ould
lik
e
to
thanks
all
members
of
(Laboratoire
de
l’
´
electrotechnique
de
Constantine
LEC)
for
your
helps
to
complete
this
w
ork
.
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wer
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remblay
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BIOGRAPHY
OF
A
UTHOR
Adel
Mehdi
is
a
Ph.D.
student
and
member
at
the
electro-technique
laboratory
of
Constantine
LEC
with
Master
of
management
and
transformation
of
Electrical
Ener
gy
from
Uni
v
ersity
of
Constan-
tine
1
Algeria
(2011).
He
obtained
Licence
De
gree
in
Ele
ctrical
Engineering
from
Institute
the
sciences
of
T
echnology
in
2009.
His
researc
hes
are
in
fields
of
control
systems
,
digital
signal
pro-
cessing,direct
po
wer
control,
microprocessors,
rene
w
able
ener
gy
,
and
micro-grids.
He
is
af
filiated
with
IEEE
as
student
member
from
2012.and
at
uni
v
ersity
agenc
y
of
francophone
A
UF
from
2011.
IJECE
V
ol.
4,
No.
3,
June
2014:
322
–
328
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.