Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
3942
~
39
47
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp
3942
-
39
47
3942
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
The imp
act of hi
gh temp
eratu
re
and
irrad
iance s
ource
on the ef
ficien
cy of p
olycrystallin
e ph
otovo
l
taic pan
el
in a cont
ro
ll
ed envir
onme
nt
Ju
li
e C. O
gbu
le
zi
e
1
, A
rmstr
ong O
. Nj
ok
2
,
Manoj
K.
P
anjw
an
i
3
, Sures
h K. P
an
jw
an
i
4
1
Depa
rtment of
Ph
y
sics,
Facult
y
of
Ph
y
si
ca
l
Sci
e
nce
s,
Univ
ersity
of
Calabar
,
Nig
e
ria
2
Depa
rtment of
Ph
y
sics,
Facult
y
of
Ph
y
si
ca
l
Sci
e
nce
s,
Cross
R
iver Unive
rsit
y
of T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Nig
e
ria
3
Depa
rtment of
Ene
rg
y
S
y
stems
E
ngineeri
ng,
Su
kkur
IBA Univers
ity
,
Pak
ista
n
3
Rene
wabl
e Energ
y
School, Nort
h
China E
l
ectric
Pow
er
Univer
sit
y
,
Chin
a
4
Depa
rtment of
Proce
ss
and Env
ironmenta
l
Enginee
ring
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Technol
og
y
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Ou
lu
Finla
nd
,
Finland
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
1,
2019
Re
vised Jan
23
, 2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 24,
2020
Solar
c
el
ls
are
highly
sensit
ive
to
te
m
per
a
ture,
which
aff
e
ct
s
i
ts
oper
a
ti
ng
par
amete
rs
.
The
stud
y
has
it
s
ai
m
in
ac
ce
ss
ing
the
impact
of
t
empera
ture
(in
ex
ce
ss
abov
e
th
e
m
axi
m
um
oper
a
ti
ng
cell
t
empera
ture)
and
irra
d
ia
nc
e
source
on
the
ef
fic
i
ency
of
pol
ycr
y
st
alline
pho
to
volt
aic
(PV
)
solar
panels
in
an
environm
ent
where
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
irr
adi
an
ce
le
v
el
c
an
be
ful
l
y
cont
rolled.
For
t
he
stud
y
to
ac
hi
eve
i
ts
ai
m
,
a
solar
bo
x
and
tu
ngsten
li
gh
t
bulbs
were
used
to
cre
ate
an
envi
ronm
ent
where
the
irr
adian
ce
le
v
el
and
the
t
empera
tu
re
ca
n
be
cont
ro
ll
ed
.
Th
e
sol
ar
panel
was
pl
a
ce
d
inside
the
solar
box
fac
ing
th
e
li
gh
t
source
while
the
irra
di
ance
le
vel
and
te
m
per
at
ur
e
we
re
m
ea
sure
d
a
nd
hel
d
constant.
R
esult
s
sho
w
a
ste
a
d
y
dec
re
ase
in
vo
ltage
with
inc
r
ea
s
ing
te
m
per
a
ture
while
th
e
per
for
m
anc
e
ratio
and
eff
i
ci
e
nc
y
of
the
photovo
l
ta
i
c
m
odule
fol
lowed
a
sim
il
a
r
tre
nd
as
tha
t
of
vol
ta
g
e
once
th
e
te
m
per
at
ure
exc
e
eds
th
e
m
axi
m
um
oper
at
ing
ce
l
l
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
Re
sults
al
so
show
the
ou
tput
vo
lt
ag
e
of
th
e
p
hotovol
tai
c
to
be
h
ighe
r
u
nder
th
e
tungst
en
li
gh
t
th
an
t
he
sun,
bu
t
th
e
eff
ic
i
en
c
y
ac
hi
eve
d
b
y
th
e
photovol
t
aic
un
der
th
e
sun
fa
r
exc
e
eds
that
obt
ai
ned
under
the
tungste
n
li
gh
t.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Eff
ic
ie
ncy
Irrad
ia
nce
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
Tem
per
at
ur
e
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ar
m
strong O.
Njok,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Physi
cs,
Facult
y of Ph
ysi
cal
S
ci
ences,
Cros
s
Ri
ver U
niv
e
rsity
o
f
Te
chnolo
gy
(CRUTEC
H)
,
Ca
la
bar
540252, Nige
ria
.
Em
a
il
:
11
6420
0124@
nce
pu.e
du.cn
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
so
la
r
ph
oto
volt
ai
cs
de
pe
nd
s
on
th
e
te
m
per
at
ur
e
it
is
subj
e
ct
ed
to
,
w
hich
i
s
fun
dam
ental
l
y
a
product
of
th
e
a
m
bient
temperat
ur
e
as
we
ll
as
the
le
vel
of
s
unli
gh
t
[
1]
.
So
la
r
phot
ovoltai
c
pan
el
s
ar
e
desi
gn
e
d
to
work
best
in
certai
n
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
atm
os
pheric
conditi
ons
known
as
sta
nda
rd
te
st
conditi
ons
(m
odule
te
m
per
at
ur
e
25
0
C,
ir
ra
diance
1000
W
/
m
2
and
AM
1.5
)
but
si
nce
t
h
e
weathe
r
is
hardly
const
ant,
m
ajorit
y
of
pa
nels
do
not
operate
unde
r
ideal
co
nd
it
io
ns
wh
ic
h
they
are
desi
gned
f
or
[2
]
,
s
o
these
sta
nd
a
rd
te
st
c
onditi
ons
do
not
m
at
ch
wh
at
is
ty
pical
ly
exp
erie
nced
un
de
r
out
door
ope
r
at
ion
s
[3
]
.
Mo
r
eov
e
r,
unde
r
sta
nda
rd
te
st
conditi
ons
,
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
so
la
r
photovo
lt
ai
c
pa
nel dec
reases b
y
ab
ou
t 0.4
0%
-
0.5
0%
for
each
de
gr
ee
ris
e
in
tem
per
at
ure
[4
]
.
It
is
of
enorm
ou
s
i
m
portance
that
en
gi
neer
s
nee
d
to u
nde
rstan
d
ho
w
so
la
r
photov
oltai
c
pa
nels
res
pond
to
dif
fere
nt
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
atm
os
ph
e
ric
conditi
ons
s
o
that
the
ef
fici
ency
of
so
la
r
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
pan
el
s
that
functi
on
in
non
-
optim
al
con
diti
on
s
a
nd
at
m
os
ph
eres
ca
n
be
i
m
pr
oved
.
Du
e
t
o
the
rap
i
d
cha
nges
in
our
en
vir
on
m
ent
as
a
resu
lt
of
the
m
assive
con
s
um
ption
of
f
ossi
l
fu
el
,
the
wor
ld
’s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mpact
of
high tem
per
ature
an
d
irr
ad
i
ance s
ource
on…
(
Julie
C.
O
gbulezie
)
3943
at
te
ntion
is
no
w
directed
to
w
ard
gree
n
e
nergy
to
save
our
planet.
As
a
reli
able
so
ur
ce
of
re
ne
wab
le
energy
,
so
la
r
ene
rg
y ha
s b
een id
e
ntifie
d
as o
ne
of the m
os
t
r
el
ia
ble s
ources of
energy i
n
the f
utur
e [5
]
. Recentl
y, so
la
r
energy
has
at
tr
act
ed
at
te
ntio
n
around
the
glo
be
a
nd
is
curr
ently
play
ing
a
sign
ific
a
nt
ro
l
e
in
pro
vid
in
g
cl
ean
and s
us
ta
inable
en
e
rg
y
[6
]
.
So
la
r
ene
rg
y
has
bee
n
see
n
as
a
viable
so
l
ution
to
w
ard
s
ene
r
gy,
env
i
ronm
ental
,
an
d
global
chall
enges.
T
he
burn
i
ng
of
fo
ssil
f
uels
co
ns
ist
ently
has
le
d
to
hu
m
ans
suffe
rin
g
f
r
om
an
ener
gy
crisi
s
accom
pan
ie
d
by
the
poll
ution
of
our
e
nvir
onm
ent.
Ju
st
li
ke
wind
e
nergy,
so
la
r
e
ne
rg
y
has
re
cei
ve
d
intense
at
te
ntion
beca
us
e
ren
e
wa
ble
energy
is
on
trem
end
ou
s
f
oc
us
[7
]
.
O
ne
of
the
te
c
hnologies
in
t
he
r
en
ewab
le
energy
sect
or
t
hat
ha
ve
no
w
beco
m
e
an
est
ablishe
d
te
ch
nolo
gy
an
d
ex
pe
rience
d
ra
pid
grow
t
h
ove
r
th
e
ye
ars
is
the
photov
oltai
c
te
chn
ol
og
y
[
8].
W
it
h
this
te
chn
ol
ogy,
the
am
ou
nt
of
car
bon
m
on
ox
ide
em
i
tt
ed
to
the
atm
os
ph
e
r
e
that
com
es
f
ro
m
the
bu
r
ni
ng
of
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l
that
distur
bs
the
global
car
bon
cy
cl
e
[9
]
can
be
sign
ific
a
ntly
r
edu
ce
d.
H
owe
ver,
the
m
ajo
ri
ty
of
t
he
e
nergy
that
hum
ans
co
nsum
e
toda
y
com
es
fr
om
fo
ssil
fu
el
,
wh
ic
h
ha
s
the
sun
as
it
s
or
igi
n,
bu
t
f
or
m
illi
on
s
of
ye
ars,
it
has
been
store
d
un
dern
eat
h
the
eart
h.
Fo
ssil
fu
el
s
are
pr
e
dicte
d
to
be
ex
ha
us
te
d
within
50
-
100
ye
ars
f
ro
m
no
w
if
th
e
cur
re
nt
tren
d
in
wh
ic
h
e
nergy
is
dem
and
ed
a
nd
consum
ed
co
nt
inu
es
[10
]
.
Ike
[
11
]
re
por
te
d
that
t
her
e
is
an
in
direc
t
pro
portio
nalit
y
betwee
n
th
e
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
local
it
y
an
d
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
pr
oduce
d
by
a
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
after
ca
refull
y
inv
e
sti
gating
t
he
e
f
fect
of
tem
per
at
ur
e
on
the
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
so
la
r
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
s
in
the
east
ern
par
t
of
Nige
ria.
The
r
esult
of
the
researc
h
f
urt
her
r
eveals
th
at
p
erio
ds
of
hi
gh
te
m
per
at
ures
do
not
fa
vor
the
conve
rsion
of
s
olar
ene
r
gy
to
el
ect
rical
energy.
Om
ubo
-
pe
pp
le
et
al
.
[
12]
con
cl
ud
e
d
tha
t
low
te
m
per
at
ur
e
e
na
bles
so
l
ar
pa
nels
to
f
unct
ion
op
ti
m
al
l
y
by
al
lowing
an
inc
r
ease
in
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
,
w
hich
trig
ger
s
a
n
in
c
rease
i
n
the
ou
t
pu
t
pow
er
as
w
el
l
as
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
The
se
res
ults
cam
e
to
li
ght
a
fter
i
nv
e
sti
gations
on
the
ef
fect
of
so
la
r
flu
x
a
nd
relat
ive
hum
idit
y
on
the ef
fici
ent c
onve
rsion
of s
olar
e
nergy to el
ect
rici
ty
in
Por
t Harc
ourt,
Nige
ria.
Njok
&
O
gbul
ezi
e
[13
]
stu
di
ed
the
ef
fect
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
s
olar
pa
nels
instal
le
d
cl
os
e
to
a
rive
r
an
d
ob
s
er
ve
d
that
a
n
inc
re
ase
in
cu
rr
e
nt
and
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
is
ob
se
r
v
ed
a
s
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
pa
nel
is
in
creased
.
T
heir
resu
lt
al
so
re
ve
al
s
that
the
obser
ve
d
inc
rea
se
in
ef
fici
enc
y
as
pa
nel
te
m
per
at
ur
e
increases
is
only
up
to
the
m
axi
m
u
m
op
erati
ng
cel
l
temperat
ur
e.
Be
yo
nd
this
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
beg
i
ns
to
dr
op.
Chaic
han
&
K
aze
m
[1
4]
anal
yz
ed
the
infl
ue
nce
of
so
la
r
i
ntensity
on
ph
oto
volt
ai
c
m
od
ul
es
in
hu
m
i
d
an
d ho
t
weathe
r
c
onditi
on
s
and c
oncl
ud
e
d
t
hat w
i
nd eff
ect
on m
odules tem
per
at
ure
was
in
sig
nif
ic
ant.
El
-
sh
ae
r
et
al
.
[15]
stu
died
how
te
m
per
at
ur
e
af
fected
t
he
par
am
et
ers
of
cryst
al
li
ne
sil
ic
on
s
olar
m
od
ules
and
f
ound
that
the
current
pa
ram
et
er
is
the
par
a
m
et
er
that
is
m
os
tl
y
influ
e
nced.
To
bn
a
gh
i
and
Nad
e
ri [
16]
exam
ined
how
th
e p
erfor
m
ances
o
f
so
la
r
cel
ls are aff
ect
e
d
by te
m
per
at
ure an
d
so
la
r
ra
diati
on and
rev
eal
e
d
that
t
he
perform
ance
of
s
olar
cel
l
s
is
hi
gh
ly
do
m
inate
d
by
s
ol
ar
ra
diati
on.
Gaur
a
nd
Tiw
ari
[
17
]
analy
zed
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ules
of
dif
fer
e
nt
so
la
r
ce
ll
s
fo
r
diff
e
re
nt
cl
i
m
at
ic
con
diti
on
s
and
ob
s
er
ved
t
hat
for
al
l
the
photovo
lt
ai
c
te
chnolo
gies
ut
il
iz
ed
in
the
research
,
there
is
al
ways
a
dr
op
in
eff
ic
ie
ncy
first,
b
e
fore inc
reas
in
g wit
h
ti
m
e fr
om
m
or
ning t
o
e
ven
i
ng in Ja
nu
a
ry a
nd June
.
Ra
ni
et
al
.
[18]
inv
est
igate
d
how
t
he
pe
rfo
r
m
ances
of
so
la
r
m
od
ules
are
aff
ect
ed
by
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
irrad
ia
nce
a
nd
showe
d
that
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
pow
er
of
a
s
olar
pan
el
i
ncr
ea
se
s
with
increa
s
ing
so
la
r
irra
di
ance.
Syafi
qa
h
et
al
.
[19]
carried
out
a
ther
m
al
and
el
ect
rical
stud
y
fo
r
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
m
od
ules
in
corp
or
at
in
g
co
olin
g
syst
e
m
s
and
rep
ort
ed
that
as
the
op
e
rati
ng
tem
per
at
ure
of
a
photovo
lt
ai
c
pan
el
increas
es,
the
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
decr
ease
s.
Ame
li
a
et
al
.
[20]
in
vestigat
e
d
how
te
m
per
at
ure
aff
ect
e
d
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
PV
m
odules
and
pro
ved
tha
t
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
P
V
m
od
ul
es
play
s
a
sign
ific
ant
r
ole
in
power
product
ion
.
Le
ow
et
al.
[21]
repor
te
d
that
to
achieve
bet
te
r
ou
t
put
perform
ance
fr
om
ph
ot
ovoltai
cs,
the
y
sho
uld
be
operate
d
in
an
atm
os
ph
e
re
with c
onsidera
ble
wind
velocit
y.
Njok
et
al
.
[22
]
inv
est
igate
d
how
s
unrise
an
d
sunset
ti
m
es
cause
m
on
thly
var
ia
ti
ons
in
phot
ovoltai
c
eff
ic
ie
ncies
a
nd
re
ported
tha
t
ph
ot
ovoltai
cs
would
be
m
o
re
eff
ic
ie
nt
in
m
on
ths
with
l
ow
a
ver
a
ge
re
la
ti
ve
hu
m
idit
y
coup
le
d
with
lo
w
pa
nel
te
m
per
at
ure.
N
j
ok
et
al
.
[
23
]
fou
nd
th
at
high
s
olar
powe
r
a
nd
s
olar
flu
x
po
sit
ively
en
ha
nce
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
photovo
lt
ai
cs.
V
erayi
ah
&
Iya
durai
[
24]
co
nducte
d
a
c
omparis
on
stud
y
on
ty
pes
of
P
V
for
gr
i
d
co
nn
ect
e
d
phot
ovoltai
c
powe
r
an
d
disc
ov
e
r
ed
that
am
bien
t
or
c
el
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
and s
olar
ir
rad
i
ance in
flue
nce
the outp
ut
perf
or
m
ance.
Ma
ns
ur
&
Ba
haru
din
[25]
c
onduct
ed
a
perform
ance
anal
ysi
s
on
a
sel
f
-
consum
ed
so
la
r
P
V
syst
em
for
a
fu
ll
y
D
C
reside
ntial
hous
e
a
nd
c
oncl
ud
e
d
that
t
he
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule,
unuse
d
energy
w
he
n
ba
tt
ery
to
it
s
fu
ll
capaci
ty
coupled
with
batte
ry
an
d
co
nvert
er
ef
fici
encies
con
t
rib
utes
to
l
os
ses
of
t
he
syst
em
.
The
te
m
per
at
ure
in
w
hich
a
so
la
r
phot
ovoltai
c
pan
el
is
e
xpo
s
ed
t
o
play
s
a
sig
nificant
r
ole
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ni
n
g
i
t
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
d
a
y
t
i
m
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
s
t
a
t
e
s
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
i
s
hi
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
tem
p
eratur
e
of
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
te
st
conditi
on
as
sp
eci
fie
d
by
the
m
anu
factur
er
.
The
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
s
om
e
st
at
es
i
n
Ni
ge
ria
reache
s
tem
per
at
ur
es
that
are
cl
os
e
to
the
m
axi
m
um
op
erati
ng
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
photov
oltai
cs,
there
by pro
m
pting
t
he need
fo
r
this
stu
dy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3942
-
3947
3944
The
no
velty
and
ai
m
of
this
r
esearch
li
e
with
the
care
fu
l
m
on
it
or
ing
a
nd
inve
sti
gation
of
the
im
pact
of
te
m
per
at
ure
(in
e
xcess
above
the
m
axim
u
m
op
erati
ng
cel
l
te
m
p
eratur
e
)
a
nd
i
rr
a
diance
s
our
ce
on
the
ef
fici
ency
of
poly
cryst
al
li
ne
photov
oltai
c
(PV)
pan
el
s.
For
t
he
st
ud
y
to
ac
hieve
it
s
aim
,
a
so
la
r
box
a
nd
tungsten
li
ght
bu
l
bs
wer
e
us
e
d
to
c
reate
an
env
i
ronm
ent
w
her
e
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
ir
ra
diance
le
vel
ca
n
be
var
ie
d.
T
he
re
aso
n
for
this
researc
h
is
be
cause
the
ci
ti
zens
an
d
go
vernm
ent
of
Nige
ria
are
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
powe
rin
g
their
ho
m
es
us
in
g
PV
te
ch
nolo
gy
due
to
inc
reasin
g
oil
pri
ce
and
e
nvir
onm
ental
awar
eness.
So
,
we
inten
d
to
inv
est
igate
how
these
pa
nels
will
per
f
orm
in
so
m
e
of
the
ho
tt
est
sta
te
s
of
Ni
ger
i
a
li
ke
Soko
t
o,
w
hich
ha
ve
rec
orde
d
an
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
47.
2
0
C.
S
om
e
of
these
pa
nels
will
be
m
ou
nt
ed
on
the
r
oofto
p
w
hi
le
so
m
e
will
be
po
le
m
ou
nt
ed.
For
a
pole
-
m
ou
nted
a
nd
r
oofto
p
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
,
the
li
kely
pan
el
tem
per
at
ur
e
ca
n be
ob
ta
ine
d b
y
m
ulti
plyi
ng
the am
bient tem
per
at
ur
e b
y
1.2 a
nd
1.4, res
pe
ct
ively
[
26]
.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
AND ME
TH
ODS
2.1.
Materials
A
s
olar
box
a
nd
a
s
olar
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
m
od
ule
with
a
powe
r
ca
pacit
y
of
130
watt
s
m
ade
fro
m
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
sil
ic
on
wer
e
used i
n
the
pro
c
ess. T
his m
od
ul
e p
osse
sses a
dim
ension
of
1480
*670*3
5
m
m
an
d
is
capa
ble
of de
li
ver
in
g
18.10
V
a
nd
7.1
8A
at
m
axi
m
u
m
vo
ltage
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
,
res
pecti
vely
. A
c
harge
c
ontr
oller
was
us
e
d
t
o
e
na
ble
ste
ady
an
d
sm
oo
th
cha
r
ging
of
the
le
ad
-
aci
d
batte
ry
(12V
-
75A
H)
.
A
dig
it
al
m
ultim
et
er
(M8
90
C+
)
syn
chro
nized
with
a
therm
oco
uple
(K
-
ty
pe
)
f
or
m
easur
in
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e
in
Ce
l
sius
was
em
plo
ye
d
to
accuratel
y
m
on
it
or
the
cu
rr
e
nt,
volt
age,
and
te
m
per
at
ure
v
al
ues
from
t
he
m
od
ule.
Tu
ng
ste
n
fila
m
en
t
bu
lbs
wer
e
util
iz
ed
i
n
the
process
a
s
a
s
ource
of
r
adiat
ion
an
d
he
at
to
sim
ulate
the
s
un.
A
digi
ta
l
so
la
r
powe
r
m
et
er
(S
M2
06),
wh
i
ch
is
capab
le
of
m
easur
in
g
so
la
r
powe
r
in
the
Brit
ish
ther
m
al
un
it
(Btu)
and
W
at
t
per
sq
ua
r
e
m
et
re (W
/m
2
),
w
as als
o uti
li
zed to m
easur
e t
he
le
vel
of ir
ra
diance t
he
s
ola
r
m
od
ule
was s
ubj
ect
ed
to
.
2.2.
Metho
ds
The
so
la
r
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ul
e
was
placed
i
ns
ide
the
so
la
r
box
with
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
nsor
instal
le
d
on
it
s
s
urface
wh
il
e
c
onnecti
ng
ca
bles
li
nk
ed
t
o
the
ou
t
put
le
ads
a
nd
the
c
harge
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
T
he
outpu
t
of
the
cha
rg
e
co
nt
ro
ll
er
was
li
nked
to
the
batt
ery
f
or
t
he
sm
oo
t
h
c
hargin
g
of
t
he
batte
ry.
The
batte
ry
w
as
then
connecte
d
to
a
n
inv
e
rter
thr
ough
w
hich
the
load
was
powe
red.
Me
asur
em
e
nts
wer
e
ta
ke
n
as
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
pa
nel
increase
d.
F
or
ever
y
sig
nifi
cant
increa
se
in
tem
per
at
ur
e,
the
volt
age
and
c
urre
nt
fro
m
the
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule
we
re
m
easur
ed.
T
he
exp
e
rim
ent
was
re
peated
t
en
(
10)
tim
es,
and
the
a
ver
a
ge
was
ta
ken
.
Af
te
r
m
easu
rem
ents
wer
e
com
plete
d
in
the
so
la
r
bo
x,
m
easur
em
en
ts
wer
e
al
so
ta
ken
under
the
su
n
a
t
the
sam
e
irradi
ance
le
vel
t
ha
t
was
set
insid
e
the
s
olar
bo
x.
From
the
m
easur
em
ents
ta
ken,
th
e
norm
al
iz
ed
powe
r
outp
ut
eff
ic
ie
ncy
was
determ
ined
usi
ng
in
(
1),
the
perform
ance
rati
o
was
cal
cu
la
te
d
fr
om
(2
)
wh
il
e
the
m
axi
m
u
m
and
m
easur
ed
powe
r
wh
ic
h
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ule
can
deliver
was
de
te
rm
ined
us
in
g
in
(3
)
and
(
4)
res
pecti
vely
as
show
n
by
[
27]
.
It
has
bee
n
s
how
n
by
[13]
that
the
sh
ort
ci
rc
uit
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
the
open
-
ci
rc
uit v
oltage
are
been infl
ue
nced by
pa
ram
et
ers
li
ke
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
so
l
ar
power as i
ndic
at
ed
in
(5)
a
nd
(6).
Norm
al
iz
ed
power o
utput ef
fi
ci
ency:
p
=
× 100
(1)
Perfo
rm
ance r
at
io:
PR
=
(
/
m
ax
)
(
/
1
00
0
)
(2)
Ma
xim
u
m
p
o
w
er:
P
m
ax
= V
m
ax
x
I
m
a
x
(3)
Me
asur
e
d Po
w
er:
P
m
ea
= V
m
ea
x
I
m
ea
(4)
Shor
t ci
rc
uit c
urren
t:
=
bE
m
ea
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Th
e i
mpact
of
high tem
per
ature
an
d
irr
ad
i
ance s
ource
on…
(
Julie
C.
O
gbulezie
)
3945
Op
e
n
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
:
Voc =
(6
)
wh
e
re
E
m
ea
is
t
he
m
easur
ed
incide
nt
so
la
r
powe
r
(ir
rad
ia
nc
e)
on
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ul
e,
Q
is
the
el
ect
ronic
charge,
I
o
is
th
e
sat
ur
at
io
n
c
urre
nt,
T
is
t
he
abs
olu
te
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
o
du
le
,
b
is
a
co
ns
ta
nt
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
properti
es
of
the
sem
ic
on
duc
to
r
j
unct
io
n,
K
is
t
he
Bolt
z
m
ann
c
onsta
nt.
P
m
ax
,
V
m
ax,
and
I
m
ax
are
the
m
axi
m
um
po
wer,
volt
age,
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt,
res
pecti
vel
y,
that
the
m
od
ule
can
gi
ve
out.
P
m
ea
,
V
m
ea,
and
I
m
ea
are the
m
easur
ed powe
r,
volt
age,
a
nd c
urrent
, r
es
pecti
vely
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
I
ONS
The
im
pact
of
increasi
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
on
the
vo
lt
ag
e
pro
du
ce
d
by
th
e
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule
unde
r
const
ant
irra
diance
is
show
n
in
Figure
1.
T
his
fig
ur
e
s
ho
ws
a
ste
ady
de
crease
in
volt
age
as
the
te
m
p
eratur
e
increases
,
c
onf
irm
ing
that
an
increase
in
te
m
per
at
ur
e
does
no
t
en
ha
nce
volt
age
pro
duct
io
n
from
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ules
but
r
at
her
decr
e
ase
s
it
,
w
hich
is
in
ag
reem
ent
with
work
by
Om
ub
o
-
pe
pple
et
al
.
[
12]
.
Fi
gure
2
rev
eal
s
how
phot
ovoltai
c
m
odules
re
spo
nd
to
inc
reasi
ng
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
n
te
rm
s
of
cu
r
ren
t
producti
on.
F
r
o
m
the
figure,
a
n
increase
in
c
urr
ent
with
increa
sing
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is
ob
ser
ve
d
up
to
the
m
axi
m
u
m
op
erati
ng
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
(
47
0
C);
beyo
nd
this
tem
per
at
ure,
a
decr
ease
i
n
cu
rr
e
nt
co
up
l
ed
with
er
rati
c
beh
a
vior
is
obs
erv
e
d,
wh
ic
h
is
fou
nd in
a
gr
eem
ent
with
wor
k by
Njok a
nd
O
gb
ulezi
e [
13
]
.
Figure
3
highli
gh
ts
the
perfor
m
ance
rati
o
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ule
un
de
r
co
ns
ta
nt
irra
di
ance
with
increasin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
T
he
f
igure
rev
eal
s
t
hat
high
tem
per
at
ur
e
ham
per
s
the
per
f
or
m
ance
of
phot
ovol
ta
ic
s.
Figure
4
s
hows
how
the
ef
fici
ency
of
th
e
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
m
od
ule
is
adv
e
rsel
y
aff
ect
ed
by
t
e
m
per
at
ure.
It r
eveals
t
h
a
t
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
s
p
a
n
e
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
s
on
l
y
u
p
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
xi
m
um
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
e
l
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
;
b
e
y
on
d
t
h
i
s
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
decr
ease
s
as
tem
per
at
ure
inc
reases.
The
re
su
lt
s
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4
are
fou
nd
in
a
gree
m
ent
with
w
orks
by
Om
ub
o
-
pe
pple
et al
. and a
lso
with
Njok &
Ogbulez
ie
[1
2,
13]
.
Figure
5
re
vea
ls
how
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ul
e
responds
to
diff
e
re
nt
sourc
es
of
li
ght
with
the
sam
e
le
vel
of
irra
dia
nce.
T
he
fig
ure
rev
eal
s
a
higher
vo
lt
age
be
en
pro
duced
w
it
h
tun
gst
en
li
gh
t.
Fig
ures
6
and
7
sh
ow
t
he
c
urre
nt
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
pro
du
ce
d
by
the
ph
otovo
l
ta
ic
m
od
ule
und
er
dif
fer
e
nt
s
ources
of
ir
radi
ance
,
resp
ect
ively
.
T
hey
rev
eal
that
under
the
s
un,
the
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule
is
m
or
e
ef
fecti
ve
in
cur
re
nt
pro
du
ct
ion
and,
th
us
,
reac
hes
a
higher
e
f
fici
ency
than
with
the
t
ungs
t
en
li
ght.
This
m
ay
be
becau
s
e
unde
r
the
s
un,
e
ver
y
par
t
of the
so
la
r
cel
l j
unct
ion i
s en
ti
rely
and
e
ven
ly
il
lum
inated
.
Figure
1. V
oltage
perform
ance of th
e
ph
otov
oltai
c
m
od
ule w
it
h
i
nc
reasin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e
Figure
2. Cu
rr
e
nt p
e
rfo
rm
ance of th
e
ph
otovol
ta
ic
m
od
ule w
it
h
i
nc
reasin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e
Figure
3. Per
f
orm
ance r
at
io
of the
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule w
it
h
i
nc
reasin
g
te
m
per
at
ur
e
Figure
4. Ef
fici
ency o
f
t
he photo
vo
lt
ai
c m
odule
with inc
reasi
ng te
m
per
at
ure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3942
-
3947
3946
Figure
5. V
oltage
pro
du
ce
d b
y t
he
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
m
od
ule
unde
r diffe
ren
t
sour
ce
s
of
i
rr
a
diance
Figure
6. Cu
rr
e
nt pr
oduce
d by the
photov
oltai
c
m
od
ule und
e
r diffe
re
nt sou
rc
es of ir
rad
ia
nc
e
Figure
7.
Ef
fici
ency o
f
t
he photo
vo
lt
ai
c m
odule un
der dif
fe
ren
t s
ources
of
irrad
ia
nce
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
So
la
r
cel
ls,
li
ke
al
l
se
m
ic
o
nducto
r
m
at
er
ia
ls,
are
highly
sensiti
ve
to
tem
per
at
ur
e.
On
e
of
th
e
par
am
et
ers
that
is
pr
ofo
undl
y
aff
ect
ed
by
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
the
op
e
n
-
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
,
w
hich
al
so
in
flu
ences
the
powe
r
an
d
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ule.
As
the
tem
per
at
ure
of
the
so
la
r
cel
l
rises,
the
ban
dg
a
p
of
the
sem
ic
on
duct
or
re
duce
s,
w
hich
ca
n
be
viewe
d
as
th
e
el
ect
ro
ns
in
the
m
a
te
rial
gaining
m
or
e
e
nergy.
Also
,
a
n
inc
re
ase
in
te
m
per
a
ture
e
nhance
s
la
tt
ic
e
vib
rati
on,
w
hich
obstr
ucts
the
f
ree
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
charge
carriers
.
Since
so
la
r
cel
ls
ar
e
highly
sensiti
ve
to
tem
per
at
ur
e
an
d
par
t
of
the
i
ncide
nt,
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
even
t
ually
beco
m
es
heat.
It
i
s
essenti
al
to
con
ti
nual
ly
coo
l
it
to
rem
ov
e/
t
ran
s
fer
the
e
xtra
or
unwa
nted
heat.
Irresp
ect
ive
of
the
at
m
os
ph
ere
i
n
w
hich
a
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
m
od
ule
is
bein
g
in
sta
ll
ed,
as
lo
ng
as
the
ph
otov
oltai
c
m
od
ule
receiv
es
en
ough
so
l
ar
ra
diati
on
a
nd
it
s
te
m
per
at
ur
e
does
not
e
xceed
the
m
axi
m
u
m
op
erati
ng
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
it
will
rem
a
in
ef
fici
ent
co
up
le
d
with
a
high
-
pe
rfor
m
ance
rati
o.
If
a
rtific
ia
l
l
igh
t
is
to
be
us
ed
f
or
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on
from
a
ph
ot
ovoltai
c
so
la
r
pan
el
,
it
sho
ul
d
be
en
sured
that
ever
y
pa
rt
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
od
ule is w
ho
ll
y and
e
ven
ly
il
lu
m
inate
d.
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ren
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stig
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dic
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at
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et
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c
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ene
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te
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ial
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a
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che
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Th
e i
mpact
of
high tem
per
ature
an
d
irr
ad
i
ance s
ource
on…
(
Julie
C.
O
gbulezie
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3947
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N.
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hotovol
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fac
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Max
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empera
tur
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and
Re
la
t
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idi
t
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on
the
Eff
icien
t
Conv
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of
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Ene
rg
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tr
ic
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,
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e
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Te
m
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Pol
y
cr
y
sta
ll
i
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