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I
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Vo
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10
,
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6
,
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er
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2
I
SS
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1
2
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6412
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The ef
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I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
B
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ata
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g
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B
DT
)
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
ac
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im
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tan
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th
e
2
1
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DT
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s
h
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t
f
r
o
m
tr
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al
tech
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ies
th
at
co
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ld
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o
t
m
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ag
e
a
lar
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e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
ata
w
ith
in
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
tim
e.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
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o
lo
g
ies
h
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e
lim
ited
s
to
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ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
ar
e
in
f
lex
ib
le,
in
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
[
1
]
.
I
n
2
0
0
3
,
Go
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u
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ig
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o
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Had
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p
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[
2
]
.
Had
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Had
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M
a
p
R
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d
u
c
e
f
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a
m
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w
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k
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
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ev
elo
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s
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n
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m
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les
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to
p
o
f
Had
o
o
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co
r
d
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to
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eir
o
b
j
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es
as
w
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as
th
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s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
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e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
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ad
ay
s
,
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m
p
an
ies
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o
r
g
an
iza
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ar
e
aw
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o
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th
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v
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o
f
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ig
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ata,
w
h
ich
is
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ec
o
m
in
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
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en
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ac
to
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s
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o
r
b
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g
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m
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ess
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ad
v
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tag
es,
B
DT
h
as
b
ee
n
d
if
f
u
s
ed
in
all
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d
u
s
tr
ies
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
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ch
an
d
p
r
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d
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ctio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
A
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
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ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
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DT
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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y
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tem
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
4
]
.
T
h
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w
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ld
m
ak
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p
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g
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m
ig
h
t
lead
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o
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f
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th
at
o
r
g
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izatio
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.
Fo
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th
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ea
s
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to
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t
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p
tio
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tech
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th
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p
lem
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g
it in
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o
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g
an
izatio
n
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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6413
A
s
f
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th
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s
itu
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f
b
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[
6
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d
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o
w
th
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ig
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ata
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as
s
till
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tag
e
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
4
0
%
m
ig
h
t
b
e
in
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
s
tag
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
ar
e
en
th
u
s
iast
ic
ab
o
u
t a
d
o
p
tin
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
d
ec
i
s
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
w
ill
f
o
cu
s
o
n
,
1
)
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
2
)
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
f
its
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
ill
d
eliv
er
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
as
w
ell
as
u
s
ed
in
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
also
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
p
o
licy
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
in
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
as
w
ell
as
in
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
W
e
h
o
p
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
p
r
o
m
o
te
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
o
f
B
DT
en
h
an
cin
g
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
in
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
co
v
er
s
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
h
y
p
o
th
eses
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
in
g
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
f
iv
e,
w
e
co
n
clu
d
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
ac
tical.
2.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
B
ACK
G
R
O
UND
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
ar
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
T
OE
)
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
L
astl
y
,
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
test
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el.
2
.
1
.
B
ig
da
t
a
B
ig
d
ata
is
a
f
ield
th
at
d
ea
ls
w
ith
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
lar
g
e
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
d
ata
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
f
f
icial
d
ef
in
itio
n
:
“
B
ig
d
ata
is
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lu
m
e,
h
ig
h
-
v
elo
city
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
ar
iety
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ass
ets
th
at
d
em
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
in
s
ig
h
t
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
”
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
h
av
e
th
r
ee
V’
s
:
v
o
lu
m
e,
v
elo
city
,
an
d
v
ar
iety
.
Vo
lu
m
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
g
en
er
ated
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Velo
city
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
s
p
ee
d
at
w
h
ich
d
ata
ar
e
b
ein
g
g
en
er
ated
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
ex
tr
ac
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Var
iety
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
m
a
n
y
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
(
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
,
s
e
m
i
-
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
,
a
n
d
u
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
)
a
n
d
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
[
8
]
.
B
ig
d
ata
is
lar
g
er
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
d
ata
s
ets,
w
h
ich
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
atab
ase
m
an
ag
em
en
t
to
o
ls
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Fro
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ar
e
co
m
p
letely
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
tw
o
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Firstl
y
,
b
ig
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
is
co
m
p
letely
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
r
elatio
n
al
d
atab
ase
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
w
o
r
k
s
to
g
eth
er
w
ith
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Data
co
llected
f
r
o
m
ex
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
n
o
t
in
a
f
o
r
m
at
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
s
o
“
d
ata
w
r
an
g
lin
g
”
[
1
0
]
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Gen
er
al
ly
,
d
ata
w
r
an
g
lin
g
b
eg
in
s
w
ith
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
aw
d
ata
f
r
o
m
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
w
r
an
g
lin
g
th
e
d
ata
eith
er
u
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
r
p
ar
s
in
g
in
to
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
E
v
en
tu
ally
,
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
d
ata
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
to
r
ed
ag
ain
in
th
e
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
s
e.
Du
e
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
co
p
ies,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
to
r
ag
es
w
er
e
cr
ea
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
s
ca
lab
le
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
E
x
am
p
les
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
clu
d
e
clu
s
ter
s
,
f
ile
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
iles
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
No
SQL
[
1
0
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
alize
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
elatio
n
al
d
atab
ase.
B
ig
d
ata
is
o
f
ten
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
p
ar
allel
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
at
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
w
h
er
e
d
ata
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
ig
d
ata
h
as
th
e
v
elo
city
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
s
o
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
w
ay
s
f
o
r
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
p
ar
allel
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
Data
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
b
ig
d
ata
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
en
ter
p
r
is
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
ca
n
b
e
f
ed
in
to
a
d
ata
w
ar
eh
o
u
s
e
to
en
h
an
ce
ex
is
tin
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
n
lead
to
m
an
y
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
,
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
an
d
f
r
au
d
d
etec
tio
n
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ca
n
ex
p
lo
it
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
B
DT
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
aw
ar
e
o
f
th
e
r
is
k
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
v
esti
n
g
in
B
DT
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
co
n
s
tan
t
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
to
f
u
lly
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
b
en
ef
its
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
an
aly
s
ts
an
d
ex
ec
u
tiv
es
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
aw
ar
e
o
f
th
is
ch
an
g
e.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
all
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
1
2
-
6
4
2
2
6414
2
.
2
.
Det
er
m
i
na
nts o
f
B
DT
a
do
ptio
n f
o
llo
w
ing
t
he
T
O
E
persp
e
ct
iv
e
T
h
e
T
OE
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
T
o
r
n
atzk
y
an
d
Fleis
ch
er
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
ted
a
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
I
T
ad
o
p
tio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
am
ely
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
also
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
d
escr
ib
es
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
ca
n
u
s
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
ar
e
o
f
ten
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
th
e
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
th
eo
r
y
(
DOI
)
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
tr
ialab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
tr
a
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
allo
ca
te
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
er
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e,
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
lead
er
s
’
attitu
d
e,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
s
lack
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
en
viro
n
men
ta
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
o
r
in
ter
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
w
h
ich
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
p
er
ates.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
f
ten
d
ef
in
es
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
(
e.
g
.
,
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e)
,
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
e.
g
.
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
an
d
th
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
T
OE
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
in
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
C
R
M
[
1
4
]
,
e
-
SC
M
[
1
6
]
,
I
o
T
[
1
7
]
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
[
1
8
]
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
an
aly
tics
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
e
o
f
B
DT
,
T
OE
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
ce
p
ted
to
b
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
its
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Ng
u
y
en
an
d
P
eter
s
en
s
tu
d
ied
in
No
r
w
ay
[
1
3
]
an
d
A
g
r
aw
al
s
tu
d
ied
in
tw
o
b
ig
em
er
g
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
o
f
A
s
ia
-
C
h
in
a
an
d
I
n
d
ia
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ir
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
els
ar
e
also
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
o
n
th
e
T
OE
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
w
h
ile
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
ize
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
w
er
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
r
iv
er
s
f
o
r
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
(
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e)
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
w
ith
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
w
er
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
tece
d
en
ts
p
r
io
r
to
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
o
f
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
m
ay
b
e
ap
p
licab
le
o
n
ly
to
th
at
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
tu
d
y
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
an
d
to
o
b
tain
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
m
o
del a
nd
hy
po
t
h
eses
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
T
OE
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
.
I
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
DOI
th
e
o
r
y
is
ap
p
lied
.
A
ttrib
u
tes
o
f
DOI
s
u
ch
as
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
an
tece
d
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
to
co
v
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
asp
ec
ts
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ac
to
r
is
ad
d
ed
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
I
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
to
p
ma
n
ag
er
s
(
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
(
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e)
ar
e
ap
p
lied
.
I
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
(
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e)
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
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I
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E
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&
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o
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SS
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0
8
8
-
8708
Th
e
effec
t o
f te
ch
n
o
lo
g
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o
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iz
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t
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6415
2
.
3
.
1
.
Rela
t
iv
e
a
dv
a
nta
g
e
(
RA)
“
R
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
an
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
to
b
e
b
etter
th
an
th
e
id
ea
it
s
u
p
er
s
ed
es”
[
2
1
]
.
R
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
ely
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
f
ac
to
r
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
in
[
1
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
e
-
SC
M)
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
lar
g
e
T
aiw
an
ese
f
ir
m
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
p
o
s
i
tiv
ely
af
f
ec
ted
f
ir
m
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
ad
o
p
t e
-
SC
M.
I
n
th
e
B
DT
co
n
tex
t,
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
B
DT
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
en
ef
it
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
ith
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
atab
ases
o
r
d
ata
w
ar
eh
o
u
s
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
DT
ca
n
h
elp
co
m
p
an
ies
in
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
a
lar
g
e
v
o
lu
m
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
h
ig
h
v
elo
city
o
f
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
w
ell
as
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ata.
B
DT
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
w
h
en
in
teg
r
ated
w
ith
o
th
er
b
ac
k
en
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H1
: Relativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
t
ibi
lity
(
CP
)
“
C
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
an
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
v
alu
es,
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
ad
o
p
ter
s
”
[
2
1
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
tw
o
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
s
u
ch
as
w
h
at
ad
o
p
ter
s
f
ee
l
o
r
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
w
ith
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
w
ith
w
h
at
th
e
ad
o
p
ter
s
d
o
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
o
n
th
e
latter
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
s
f
ee
l
co
m
p
atib
le
w
ith
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
u
s
er
s
ad
o
p
t
it
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
to
r
ep
lace
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
DT
co
m
b
in
ed
w
ith
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
co
u
ld
o
f
ten
lead
to
b
etter
r
esu
lts
.
A
t
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
r
esis
tin
g
ch
an
g
e
ca
n
b
e
a
k
ey
is
s
u
e
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
DT
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate.
A
g
r
aw
al
[
2
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
A
s
ian
em
e
r
g
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
ass
im
ilate
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
.
T
h
u
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
ab
o
v
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
H2
: Co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
3
.
Co
m
plex
it
y
(
CP
X)
“
C
o
m
p
lex
ity
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
an
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
u
s
e”
.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
an
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ar
e
n
eg
ativ
ely
r
elat
ed
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
[
2
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
r
eg
u
lar
ly
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
an
o
b
s
tacle
to
ac
ce
p
tin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
lex
ity
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
f
ir
m
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
ad
o
p
t
R
FID
[
2
2
]
.
W
o
n
g
et
al.
[
2
3
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
m
p
lex
ity
w
as
n
eg
ativ
e
ly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t b
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
SC
M.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
DT
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
th
e
d
if
f
icu
ltly
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
b
ig
d
ata
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
B
DT
w
ith
ex
is
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
B
DT
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
h
as
v
ar
io
u
s
lay
er
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lay
er
s
w
ill
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
an
d
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
1
]
.
B
DT
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
cu
s
to
m
ized
to
s
u
it
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
w
o
r
k
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
b
ig
d
ata
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
at
least
1
8
-
2
0
d
ay
s
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
,
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
o
s
e
lay
er
s
an
d
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
in
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ten
d
to
b
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
.
H3
:
C
o
m
p
lex
ity
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
4
.
Securit
y
(
SE
)
“
Secu
r
ity
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
a
p
er
s
o
n
b
eliev
es
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ap
p
licatio
n
is
r
is
k
-
f
r
ee
[
2
4
]
.
S
ec
u
r
ity
is
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
th
e
ex
am
in
ed
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
co
m
p
an
ies
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
DT
,
n
ew
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Secu
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
Had
o
o
p
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
,
s
er
v
ice
lev
el
au
th
o
r
iza
tio
n
,
au
th
en
ticatio
n
f
o
r
w
eb
co
n
s
o
les
an
d
d
ata
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
a
f
ac
to
r
th
at
m
ay
b
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
d
ec
id
in
g
to
im
p
lem
en
t
b
ig
d
ata
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
.
H4
: Sec
u
r
ity
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
5
.
IT
ex
pert
is
e
(
I
T
X)
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
ill
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
at
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
lev
el
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
2
6
]
.
A
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
w
ith
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
m
ak
es
ad
o
p
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
.
I
n
a
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
j
ec
t,
ea
ch
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
team
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
th
e
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
w
o
r
k
in
o
th
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
ig
d
ata
r
eq
u
ir
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
1
2
-
6
4
2
2
6416
n
ew
I
T
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
s
tatis
tic
s
,
m
ath
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
ex
p
er
tis
e,
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
W
e
ca
n
ex
p
ec
t
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
w
ith
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
I
T
ex
p
er
ti
s
e
ar
e
in
a
b
etter
p
o
s
itio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at:
H5
: I
T
E
x
p
er
tis
e
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
6
.
T
o
p m
a
na
g
em
ent
s
up
po
rt
(
T
M
S)
T
o
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
lay
s
a
k
ey
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
i
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
o
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
to
p
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
u
lar
ly
n
ee
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Oliv
eir
a
et
al.
[
1
8
]
in
d
icate
d
th
at
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
th
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
w
o
u
ld
r
ea
d
ily
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
DT
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
to
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
.
I
f
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
er
ce
iv
es
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
DT
is
lik
ely
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
it
w
o
u
ld
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
ig
d
ata
in
v
o
lv
es
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
w
h
o
le
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tech
n
ical,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
an
d
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
b
ig
d
ata
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at:
H6
: T
o
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
7
.
Co
m
pet
it
iv
e
press
ure
(
CP
S)
C
o
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
ten
s
ity
in
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
p
er
ates.
C
o
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
en
co
u
r
ag
es
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
to
f
in
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
ay
lead
to
an
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
w
ith
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
B
o
th
ca
s
es
ar
e
b
eliev
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
em
an
d
to
ad
o
p
t
an
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
L
in
an
d
L
in
[
2
7
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
e
-
b
u
s
in
ess
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
in
lar
g
e
T
aiw
an
ese
f
ir
m
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
in
ter
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
e
-
b
u
s
in
ess
p
o
s
itiv
ely
.
L
in
[
1
6
]
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
e
-
SC
M
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
lar
g
e
T
aiw
an
ese
f
ir
m
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
w
as
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
e
-
SC
M
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
in
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
lar
g
e
co
m
p
an
ies
in
No
r
w
ay
also
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ad
o
p
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
to
av
o
id
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ten
d
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
w
h
en
th
ey
b
eliev
e
th
at
n
o
n
-
ad
o
p
tio
n
w
ill
lead
to
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at:
H7
: Co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
.
3
.
8
.
T
ra
din
g
pa
rt
ner
press
ure
(
T
P
)
T
h
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
p
o
w
er
o
f
a
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
an
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
an
d
its
s
tr
ateg
y
to
ex
er
cise
th
at
p
o
ten
tial
p
o
w
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
is
es
an
d
th
r
ea
ts
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
p
ar
tn
er
s
e.
g
.
,
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
d
ec
is
io
n
in
a
f
ir
m
,
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
h
as
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
,
o
w
n
s
lar
g
er
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
’
s
p
r
o
f
its
o
r
s
ales,
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
f
lu
en
tial
th
an
s
im
ilar
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
less
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
p
ar
tn
er
s
.
I
n
a
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
T
aiw
an
,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
w
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
R
FID
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
m
an
y
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
co
m
p
an
ies
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
h
ad
r
ec
en
tly
ex
er
ted
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
th
eir
s
u
p
p
lier
s
to
ad
o
p
t RF
I
D
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
DT
,
m
an
y
lar
g
e
p
u
r
ch
aser
s
an
d
r
etailer
s
h
av
e
co
m
e
to
b
e
aw
ar
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
o
f
B
DT
to
ex
p
lo
it
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
d
r
aw
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
b
ig
d
ata
s
o
th
at
p
ar
tn
er
s
m
ay
b
e
ask
ed
to
u
s
e
B
DT
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
s
f
ac
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
p
ar
tn
er
s
w
ill
u
s
e
B
DT
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t f
ac
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at:
H8
: T
r
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
q
u
a
n
tit
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
m
a
in
l
y
o
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
.
T
h
e
d
etails o
f
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
e.
g
.
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
an
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
et
h
o
d
,
ex
p
lain
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
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I
SS
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Th
e
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t o
f te
ch
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o
lo
g
y
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o
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g
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n
iz
a
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n
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en
viro
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men
t
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(
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n
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eta
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6417
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
as
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
t
io
n
a
s
k
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
last
p
ar
t
co
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
i
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ite
m
s
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
ies
a
n
d
m
o
d
if
ied
to
s
u
it
t
h
e
B
DT
co
n
tex
t.
A
ll
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
-
t
y
p
e
s
ca
les,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
ee
to
7
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
a
s
an
ch
o
r
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
e
n
s
u
r
ed
b
y
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
al
u
es.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ess
io
n
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
e
v
al
u
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
2
7
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
T
h
e
C
R
o
f
t
h
e
p
il
ot
-
te
s
t is a
b
o
v
e
0
.
7
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
w
h
o
w
er
e
f
am
iliar
w
ith
B
DT
.
Data
w
er
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
f
r
o
m
A
p
r
il
to
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
3
1
r
esp
o
n
s
es
w
er
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
.
R
em
o
v
in
g
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
r
esu
lted
in
3
1
0
v
alid
ca
s
es
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
3
.
6
5
%
o
f
all
r
ec
eiv
ed
ca
s
es).
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t p
r
o
f
iles
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
W
e
o
b
tain
ed
a
to
tal
o
f
3
1
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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[
4
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if
ican
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ay
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if
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h
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in
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m
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[
2
9
]
,
w
h
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f
in
d
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th
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t
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ig
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ican
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I
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(
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as
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ican
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n
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ativ
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t
o
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th
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d
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w
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n
s
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ten
t
w
ith
th
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p
r
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u
s
r
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ch
[
1
3
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.
P
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th
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e
th
at
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if
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t
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ay
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u
s
e
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m
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th
r
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h
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r
e,
s
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u
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is
a
f
ac
to
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th
at
in
h
ib
its
th
e
d
ec
is
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n
to
ad
o
p
t B
DT
in
th
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o
r
g
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izatio
n
.
W
ith
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th
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im
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o
f
th
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izatio
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e
f
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u
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d
th
at
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T
ex
p
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h
ad
n
o
s
ig
n
if
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f
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t
o
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eh
av
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r
al
in
ten
tio
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to
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t
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DT
(
H5
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.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
tag
e
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
DT
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
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th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Ng
u
y
en
an
d
P
eter
s
en
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
o
r
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izatio
n
s
n
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t
o
n
ly
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th
e
in
itiatio
n
s
tag
e
b
u
t
also
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
-
d
ec
is
io
n
s
tag
e
ar
e
less
aw
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
I
T
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
s
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
.
T
o
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
B
D
T
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
i
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
(
H
6
)
.
A
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
th
at
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
co
u
ld
lead
to
ch
an
g
es
in
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
4
]
.
T
o
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
a
g
o
o
d
s
ig
n
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
te
an
en
ab
lin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
g
ain
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
h
as
en
o
u
g
h
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
lin
e
w
ith
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
.
A
s
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
h
as
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
(
H7
)
.
T
o
d
ay
'
s
b
u
s
in
ess
es
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
b
ased
o
n
d
ata.
I
f
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
,
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
an
ad
v
an
tag
e
to
co
m
p
etito
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
h
en
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ar
e
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
in
ten
s
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
en
to
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
,
2
0
]
.
T
r
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
o
f
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
av
e
an
in
f
lu
en
ce
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
.
T
h
eir
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
r
p
r
o
m
is
es
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t B
DT
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
[
2
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
B
DT
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
f
r
o
m
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
T
OE
)
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
T
OE
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
DT
in
T
h
ai
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
r
esu
lted
in
an
R
2
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
2
.
R
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
to
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Secu
r
ity
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t is
th
e
m
aj
o
r
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
6.
I
M
P
L
I
CATI
O
N
S
6
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
im
p
licatio
n
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
em
p
ir
ically
test
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
in
a
n
ew
co
n
tex
t,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
b
ec
au
s
e
b
ig
d
ata
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
r
ec
en
tly
en
ter
ed
th
e
tr
en
d
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
elp
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
eo
r
y
in
a
n
ew
co
n
tex
t.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
ab
le
to
ex
p
lain
5
2
% o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
B
DT
an
d
ca
n
th
u
s
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
o
th
er
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
el
b
u
ilt
o
n
th
e
T
OE
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
b
in
es
v
ar
io
u
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
r
esear
ch
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
th
at
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
d
eter
m
in
an
t
is
ex
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
B
DT
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
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8
8
-
8708
Th
e
effec
t o
f te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
-
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
-
en
viro
n
men
t
o
n
…
(
Wa
n
id
a
S
a
eta
n
g
)
6421
cr
ea
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
to
p
m
an
ag
er
s
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
an
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
’
s
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
L
astl
y
,
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
a
n
d
tr
ad
e
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
T
OE
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
v
el,
as
it
is
b
ased
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
v
ar
iab
les.
6
.
2
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
pra
ct
ice
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
'
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
B
DT
.
Firstl
y
,
b
o
th
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
i
n
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
th
o
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
B
DT
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
u
lly
aw
ar
e
o
f
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
tag
e.
Secu
r
ity
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
s
o
m
an
ag
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
en
co
u
r
ag
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
to
s
tr
ictly
co
m
p
ly
w
ith
B
DT
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
w
ith
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
I
T
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
o
f
I
T
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
w
ith
s
ec
u
r
ity
ex
p
er
t
is
e
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ab
le
to
en
g
ag
e
to
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
.
T
o
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
s
p
ec
if
y
B
DT
in
th
e
ir
b
u
s
in
ess
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
w
ith
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
f
o
r
o
b
v
io
u
s
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
an
d
its
ad
v
an
tag
es
as w
ell
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
L
astl
y
,
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
b
o
th
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
tr
ad
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
B
DT
.
Ma
n
ag
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
aw
ar
e
th
at
h
ig
h
er
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
B
DT
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Hen
ce
,
m
an
ag
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
w
h
en
d
ec
id
in
g
to
ad
o
p
t B
DT
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Gr
ad
u
ate
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Sch
o
lar
s
h
ip
2
0
2
0
,
Natio
n
al
R
esear
ch
C
o
u
n
cil
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ou
ss
o
u
s,
F
.
-
Z.
Be
n
jell
o
u
n
,
A
.
A
it
L
a
h
c
e
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
Be
lf
k
ih
,
“
Bi
g
Da
ta
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ki
n
g
S
a
u
d
U
n
ive
rs
it
y
-
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
1
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
H.
G
.
S
a
n
ja
y
G
h
e
m
a
w
a
t,
a
n
d
S
h
u
n
-
T
a
k
L
e
u
n
g
,
"
T
h
e
G
o
o
g
le
F
il
e
S
y
ste
m
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
n
in
e
tee
n
th
ACM
sy
mp
o
siu
m o
n
Op
e
ra
ti
n
g
sy
ste
ms
p
rin
c
ip
les
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
K.
S
h
v
a
c
h
k
o
,
H.
Ku
a
n
g
,
S
.
Ra
d
i
a
,
a
n
d
R.
C
h
a
n
sle
r,
"
T
h
e
Ha
d
o
o
p
Distrib
u
te
d
F
il
e
S
y
ste
m
,
"
IEE
E
2
6
t
h
sy
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
m
a
ss
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
ms
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(
M
S
S
T
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
S
.
V
e
rm
a
,
S
.
S
.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
a
ry
y
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
A
n
e
x
ten
sio
n
o
f
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
in
t
h
e
b
ig
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
s
y
ste
m
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
9
1
-
80
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
T
.
Oliv
e
ira,
a
n
d
M
.
R.
M
a
rti
n
s,
“
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
ls
a
t
F
irm
Lev
e
l,
”
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
Bra
n
d
b
u
f
fe
t,
"
P
e
n
e
trate
th
e
Big
Da
ta
situ
a
ti
o
n
in
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
"
trea
su
re
"
g
ian
t
o
f
th
e
b
u
si
n
e
ss
w
o
rld
,
"
2
0
1
8
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
i
la
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
b
ra
n
d
b
u
f
fe
t.
in
.
t
h
.
[7
]
I.
G
a
rt
n
e
r,
"
G
a
rtn
e
r
G
lo
ss
a
ry
,
"
2
0
1
9
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
la
b
le:
h
t
tp
s://
w
ww
.
g
a
rtn
e
r.
c
o
m
/e
n
/i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
-
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
/
g
lo
ss
a
r
y
/b
ig
-
d
a
ta
.
[8
]
A
.
G
a
n
d
o
m
i,
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
id
e
r,
“
Be
y
o
n
d
th
e
h
y
p
e
:
Big
d
a
ta
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts,
m
e
th
o
d
s,
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
-
1
4
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
B.
F
u
r
h
t,
a
n
d
F
.
V
il
lan
u
stre
,
"
In
t
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
Big
Da
ta,"
Bi
g
Da
t
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
Ch
a
m:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Pu
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
p
p
.
3
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
T
.
Erl
,
W
.
Kh
a
tt
a
k
,
a
n
d
P
.
B
u
h
l
e
r,
"
Big
Da
ta
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
Co
n
c
e
p
ts,
Driv
e
rs
&
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
"
1
st
e
d
.
,
U
n
it
e
d
S
ta
tes
:
P
re
n
t
ice
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
E.
Ra
g
u
se
o
,
“
Big
d
a
ta
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
A
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
ir
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
a
n
d
risk
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
-
1
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
1
2
]
L
.
G
.
T
o
r
n
a
t
z
k
y
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
l
e
i
s
c
h
e
r
,
"
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
"
L
e
x
i
n
g
t
o
n
,
M
A
:
L
e
x
i
n
g
t
o
n
B
o
o
k
s
,
1990.
[1
3
]
T
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
E.
P
e
ters
e
n
,
“
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
in
No
r
w
a
y
:
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
A
ss
i
m
il
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Big
Da
ta,”
M
a
ste
r
T
h
e
sis
,
Eco
n
o
m
ics
a
n
d
B
u
sin
e
ss
A
d
m
in
istratio
n
,
No
rw
e
g
ia
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
F
.
Cru
z
-
Je
su
s,
A
.
P
i
n
h
e
ir
o
,
a
n
d
T
.
Oliv
e
ira,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
CRM
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
sta
g
e
s:
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
b
u
il
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
T
OE
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
In
d
u
stry
,
v
o
l.
1
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
Q.
Jia
,
Y.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
J.
Ba
rn
e
s,
“
En
terp
rise
2
.
0
p
o
st
-
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
:
Ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
c
o
n
ti
n
u
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
-
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s
in
Hu
ma
n
Be
h
a
v
io
r,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
9
5
-
1
0
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
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