I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
6
4
5
3
~
6
4
6
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
10
i
6
.
pp
6
4
5
3
-
6
4
6
0
6453
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
The feas
ibili
ty o
f
o
bsta
cle aw
a
reness
f
o
rw
a
rding
sche
m
e
in
a
vis
ible ligh
t
co
mm
un
ica
tion v
eh
icula
r net
w
o
rk
L
is
a
K
ristia
na
1
,
Arsy
a
d Ra
m
a
d
ha
n Da
rlis
2
,
I
r
m
a
A
m
eli
a
Dew
i
3
1,
3
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
c
s
,
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l,
IT
ENA
S
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l,
IT
ENA
S
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
5
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
n
16
,
2
0
2
0
A
v
e
h
icu
lar
-
to
-
v
e
h
icu
lar
(
V2
V)
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
is
a
p
a
rt
o
f
a
v
e
h
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
(V
A
NE
T
)
th
a
t
e
m
e
rg
e
s
r
e
c
e
n
tl
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
e
a
v
y
tra
ff
ic
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
V2
V
is
a
f
re
q
u
e
n
tl
y
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
n
e
tw
o
rk
sin
c
e
it
im
p
le
m
e
n
ts
v
e
h
icle
s
a
s
m
o
b
il
e
n
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
im
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
V
2
V
a
re
th
e
re
lativ
e
l
y
sh
o
rt
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
ss
ib
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
u
n
e
v
e
n
c
it
y
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
h
ig
h
ris
e
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
o
r
o
th
e
r
o
b
jec
ts
th
a
t
d
istrac
t
th
e
sig
n
a
l
tran
sm
is
sio
n
.
T
h
e
li
m
i
ted
tran
sm
it
ti
n
g
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
v
e
h
icle
s
re
q
u
ires
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
w
o
rk
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
u
ti
l
it
y
o
f
v
i
sib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
i
n
v
e
h
icu
lar
n
e
tw
o
rk
(V
L
C
-
V
N)
in
d
a
ta
tran
sm
it
ti
n
g
a
n
d
th
e
o
b
sta
c
le
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
in
th
e
f
o
r
w
a
rd
i
n
g
sc
h
e
m
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
in
p
re
v
io
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
e
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
o
f
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
f
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
V
L
C
-
V
N
f
o
r
w
a
rd
in
g
in
a
f
re
e
wa
y
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
th
e
tran
sm
issio
n
d
e
la
y
is
lo
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
1
se
c
o
n
d
i
n
5
0
0
b
y
te
d
a
ta
tra
n
sm
issio
n
,
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
it
re
a
c
h
e
s to
o
n
ly
a
b
o
u
t
4
%
in
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
a
s a
d
ra
w
b
a
c
k
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
Fo
r
w
ar
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
Ob
s
tacle
a
w
ar
en
es
s
VANE
T
Veh
ic
u
lar
-
to
-
v
eh
ic
u
lar
Vis
ib
le
li
g
h
t c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
2
0
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
is
a
Kr
is
tia
n
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atic
s
,
I
n
s
tit
u
t T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i N
asio
n
a
l,
I
T
E
NA
S
,
J
l.
P
KH
Mu
s
taf
a
No
2
3
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
4
0
1
2
4
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
E
m
ail:
li
s
a@
iten
a
s
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
v
eh
ic
u
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
V
A
NE
T
)
h
as
b
ee
n
r
i
s
i
n
g
s
in
ce
t
h
e
la
s
t
d
ec
ad
e
d
u
e
to
m
o
b
il
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
f
a
h
u
m
a
n
b
eh
av
io
r
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
s
o
ciet
y
,
p
eo
p
le
n
ee
d
to
co
m
m
u
te
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
to
w
o
r
k
in
g
p
lace
s
in
a
d
ail
y
b
asis
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
ti
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
f
ac
ili
tates
all
t
y
p
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
u
ch
as
s
en
d
i
n
g
e
m
ail
s
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
w
h
ile
d
r
iv
in
g
[
1
-
3
]
.
P
r
in
cip
all
y
,
v
eh
icu
lar
-
to
-
v
e
h
i
cu
lar
(
V2
V)
Net
w
o
r
k
is
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
v
e
h
icles
as
m
o
v
in
g
n
o
d
es
co
n
n
ec
t
to
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
to
s
h
ar
e
a
n
d
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
[
4
,
5
]
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
,
v
e
h
icl
es
in
t
h
e
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
i
th
a
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
(
VL
C
)
[
6
,
7
]
d
ev
ice
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
h
ar
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
e
x
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
m
es
s
ag
e
s
r
elies
o
n
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
e
h
icl
es
u
s
i
n
g
li
g
h
ts
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
VL
C
i
n
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
VL
C
-
VN)
is
o
n
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
th
a
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
s
p
atial.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ti
m
e
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
f
ea
t
u
r
e,
V
L
C
-
V
N
ca
n
b
u
ild
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
at
a
n
y
ti
m
e
w
i
th
o
u
t
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
eliab
le
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
atial
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
V
L
C
-
VN
ca
n
b
e
b
u
ilt
u
n
d
er
an
y
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
f
i
x
ed
in
t
er
n
et
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
VL
C
-
VN
ca
n
b
e
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
s
e
v
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
o
n
o
n
e
h
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
a
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
as
a
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
i
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
t
i
m
e,
an
d
o
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
u
c
h
as
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
o
v
er
p
ass
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ca
n
d
is
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
i
g
n
al
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
v
e
h
icle
as
a
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
to
o
th
er
v
e
h
icles
as r
ec
eiv
er
s
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
4
5
3
-
6
4
6
0
6454
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
n
tai
n
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
ta
g
es.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
ta
g
e
is
a
p
o
s
itio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ate
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
f
ea
c
h
v
e
h
icle
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
itiatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
p
o
s
it
io
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
m
ess
a
g
es.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
v
e
h
icle
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
lo
ca
tes
n
ea
r
est
v
eh
icles
’
p
o
s
itio
n
.
B
y
co
llectin
g
s
ev
er
al
clo
s
est
co
o
r
d
in
ates,
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
d
ec
id
es
w
h
ic
h
v
eh
icle
w
ill
b
e
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
v
e
h
icle
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
es i
n
V
L
C
-
V
N
w
h
ic
h
will b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Vis
ib
le
l
ig
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
-
v
eh
icu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
Veh
icle
-
to
-
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
(
V2
V)
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
es
.
A
p
ac
k
et
co
n
t
ain
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
a
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
to
an
o
th
er
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itt
in
g
is
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
s
in
ce
th
e
n
o
d
es
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
ar
e
ch
an
g
in
g
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
A
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
ch
a
n
g
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
y
ield
s
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
p
o
s
itio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
e
ter
m
i
n
es
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
n
o
d
e’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
b
y
t
ak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
a
cu
r
r
en
t
n
o
d
e’
s
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
n
o
d
e’
s
co
o
r
d
in
ates
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
b
o
th
s
e
n
d
er
’
s
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
’
s
co
o
r
d
in
ates
h
av
e
tr
ac
k
ed
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
ck
et
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as a
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
s
f
o
llo
w
:
(
1
)
I
t
h
as
a
p
r
o
p
er
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
in
ce
i
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
to
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
Hello
mes
s
a
g
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
lear
n
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es
.
(
2
)
I
t
is
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
o
d
es,
s
in
ce
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
p
d
ates
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
n
o
d
e’
s
co
o
r
d
in
ates.
(
3
)
I
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
s
i
n
ce
it
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
n
ee
d
a
f
u
ll
p
at
h
f
r
o
m
a
s
e
n
d
er
to
a
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e.
(
4
)
I
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
le
v
el
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
r
ee
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i.e
.
,
lo
n
g
it
u
d
e,
lati
tu
d
e,
an
d
altitu
d
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates [
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
I
n
ev
itab
le
Ob
s
tacle
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
m
an
y
w
o
r
k
s
d
o
n
e
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
o
b
s
t
ac
les
th
at
in
ter
f
er
e
w
h
ile
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
in
V2
V
r
esear
ch
e
s
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
V2
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
esear
ch
e
s
,
th
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
is
o
f
te
n
ex
c
lu
d
ed
i
n
it
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Ou
r
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
a
r
ea
lis
tic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
city
r
o
ad
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
city
r
o
ad
h
as
s
ev
er
al
t
y
p
es,
i.e
.
,
s
tr
aig
h
t
r
o
ad
,
f
o
r
k
ed
r
o
a
d
an
d
r
o
ad
w
it
h
j
u
n
c
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
v
eh
icle
s
h
a
s
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
o
b
e
d
is
tr
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
ad
w
i
th
j
u
n
ct
io
n
o
r
a
cr
o
s
s
r
o
ad
.
T
h
is
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
r
is
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
an
d
r
o
ad
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
as
ill
u
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
tacle
in
d
icate
s
a
n
o
n
-
v
e
h
icle
o
b
j
ec
t
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
p
o
r
tal
g
ate
an
d
a
tr
ee
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
s
tacle
to
a
VL
C
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
lead
s
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
is
s
u
es
i
n
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
d
ata
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
a
f
r
ee
w
a
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
h
ea
v
y
-
d
u
t
y
v
e
h
icle
s
u
ch
a
s
a
co
n
tai
n
er
tr
u
ck
also
i
m
p
ac
t
s
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
v
eh
icle
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
Sectio
n
1
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
o
f
VL
C
-
VN
a
s
t
h
e
a
lter
n
ati
v
e
to
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
VA
NE
T
.
Sectio
n
2
co
v
er
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
in
V2
V
w
h
ic
h
ap
p
lies
in
e
v
itab
le
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
S
ec
tio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
in
V
L
C
-
VN
w
it
h
o
b
s
tacle
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
an
o
b
j
ec
t
id
en
tif
ier
[
1
8
]
.
Sectio
n
4
ev
alu
ate
s
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t t
h
at
i
s
f
ed
in
to
a
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
fea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f o
b
s
ta
cle
a
w
a
r
en
ess
fo
r
w
a
r
d
in
g
s
ch
eme
in
…
(
Li
s
a
K
r
i
s
tia
n
a
)
6455
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Data
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
t
h
e
o
bs
tacle
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
2.
V
I
SI
B
L
E
L
I
G
H
T
C
O
M
M
U
NICA
T
I
O
N
V
E
H
I
CU
L
AR
N
E
T
WO
RK
(
VL
C
-
VN)
F
O
RWARD
I
N
G
M
E
T
H
O
D
Vis
ib
le
li
g
h
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
VL
C
)
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
i
n
w
id
e
f
ield
s
s
u
c
h
as
u
n
d
e
r
s
ea
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
V2
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
I
n
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
,
L
E
D
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
as
a
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
[
2
2
]
w
h
er
e
i
t
s
b
asic
g
eo
m
etr
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
h
o
w
s
f
ield
o
f
v
ie
w
d
en
o
ted
as
(
FOV
)
o
n
a
lin
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t
(
L
OS)
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
at
b
asi
c
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
V
L
C
lead
s
to
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
m
itatio
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
e
f
lectio
n
a
n
d
No
n
-
L
O
S
ca
s
e
s
d
u
e
to
b
u
ild
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
a
s
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
V
L
C
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
a
s
a
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
to
an
a
n
g
le
-
b
ased
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
ce
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
t
r
an
s
m
it
as
th
e
o
t
h
er
w
ir
e
les
s
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
c
h
as
in
W
iFi
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
V2
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
d
er
iv
ed
in
th
r
ee
k
e
y
p
o
in
t
s
as d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
asic
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
v
i
s
ib
le
l
ig
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
,
r
ef
lecto
r
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
[
2
1
]
2
.
1
.
I
nitia
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
V
L
C
-
V
N
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
to
in
itiate
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
o
th
er
clo
s
est
v
eh
ic
les
b
y
in
d
icati
n
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
es
t
V
L
C
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
ep
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tep
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
m
u
lticast
in
g
h
ello
-
m
ess
a
g
es
to
p
o
ten
t
ial
ve
h
ic
les.
T
h
e
h
ello
-
mess
a
g
e
co
n
tain
s
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
cu
r
r
en
t
v
e
h
icle,
an
d
ti
m
e
s
ta
m
p
s
.
T
h
is
in
itia
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
o
b
tain
s
r
ep
lies
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
co
n
tacte
d
v
e
h
icles.
Ve
h
icle
s
lo
ca
ted
clo
s
e
d
to
th
e
v
e
h
icle
t
h
at
m
u
lticas
ts
th
e
h
ello
-
mess
a
g
e
,
r
ep
lies
w
it
h
a
n
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
AC
K,
i
ts
co
o
r
d
in
ate
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
ti
m
e
s
ta
m
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
ep
ly
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
ca
l
cu
latio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
t
h
i
s
s
tep
b
y
g
en
er
ati
n
g
a
h
ello
-
r
ep
ly
lis
t.
2
.
2
.
O
bs
t
a
cle
a
wa
re
nes
s
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
is
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
is
id
en
ti
f
ied
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
m
er
a
to
o
b
tain
th
e
f
u
ll
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
w
h
et
h
er
it
is
a
v
eh
ic
le
o
r
a
n
o
n
-
v
e
h
icle.
O
n
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
w
h
e
n
an
o
b
j
ec
t
is
id
en
ti
f
ied
a
s
a
v
e
h
icle,
t
h
e
o
b
s
tacl
e
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
al
g
o
r
ith
m
r
ec
o
r
d
s
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
e
h
icle.
T
h
ese
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
a
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
tab
le
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tin
g
v
e
h
icle.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
w
h
en
a
n
o
b
ject
is
id
en
ti
f
ied
as
a
n
o
n
-
v
e
h
icle,
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
is
ca
r
d
s
an
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
to
t
h
is
o
b
j
ec
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
co
n
tin
u
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
4
5
3
-
6
4
6
0
6456
to
d
etec
t
o
th
er
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
s
ch
e
m
e
is
al
s
o
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
tep
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
ata
i
n
ter
ch
a
n
g
in
g
f
ail
s
.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
tep
r
ec
o
llects
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
in
g
v
e
h
icles
an
d
r
ec
o
u
n
ts
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
b
s
tacle
.
2
.
3
.
F
o
r
w
a
rding
pro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
is
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
at
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
tep
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
a
v
e
h
icle
r
ep
lies
w
i
th
a
f
aste
s
t
h
el
lo
-
r
ep
ly
m
es
s
ag
e
is
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
n
e
x
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
.
T
h
e
h
ello
-
r
ep
ly
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
an
d
t
i
m
e
s
ta
m
p
s
in
d
icati
n
g
tr
an
s
m
itted
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
c
alled
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
tep
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
i
s
r
ea
d
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it b
ased
o
n
ti
m
e
an
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
V
L
C
-
VN
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
th
r
ee
k
e
y
p
o
in
ts
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
M
u
l
t
i
c
a
s
t
H
e
l
l
o
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
R
e
p
l
y
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
F
o
r
w
a
r
d
i
n
g
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
O
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
Id
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
S
t
a
r
t
Y
N
F
o
r
w
a
r
d
i
n
g
S
t
ep
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
A
w
a
r
en
es
s
F
o
r
w
a
r
d
i
n
g
P
r
o
c
es
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
VL
C
-
VN
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
in
g
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
Sin
ce
t
h
e
V
L
C
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
ett
er
in
a
li
n
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t
(
L
O
S)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
o
n
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
lo
s
s
w
h
ich
is
a
f
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
d
i
s
tan
ce
o
r
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
i
s
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
li
n
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t
(
NON
-
L
OS
)
s
it
u
atio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
is
id
e
n
ti
f
ie
d
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
at
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
i
n
te
g
r
ated
in
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
V
L
C
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Veh
icl
es
ar
e
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
w
ith
an
o
b
jec
t
d
e
tec
to
r
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
i
d
e
n
tif
y
o
th
er
v
eh
ic
les
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
th
er
o
b
jec
ts
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
i
d
en
tif
ie
d
as
v
eh
i
cl
es
a
r
e
d
is
c
ar
d
e
d
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
t
h
e
VL
C
tr
an
s
ce
iv
e
r
is
in
s
ta
lle
d
o
n
e
ac
h
v
eh
icl
e
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
iti
ate
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
i
lity
o
f
al
l
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
v
eh
i
cles is
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
m
o
v
e
o
n
th
e
r
o
a
d
in
h
ig
h
tr
af
f
ic
d
en
s
ity
an
d
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
th
e
f
r
ee
w
ay
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
th
u
s
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
elo
city
is
1
0
-
2
0
k
m
/h
r
.
T
h
e
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
is
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
f
ast.
VL
C
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
em
b
le
d
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
ea
l m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
V
L
C
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t d
ef
in
e
s
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
p
o
in
ts
,
i.e
., t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
is
i
n
s
talled
o
n
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
v
eh
ic
le.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
an
o
b
j
ec
t
id
en
ti
f
ier
is
i
n
s
talled
to
d
etec
t
o
th
er
v
eh
icles
p
r
ec
is
el
y
as
t
h
e
in
i
tial
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
s
i
m
u
la
tin
g
V2
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it p
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
fea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f o
b
s
ta
cle
a
w
a
r
en
ess
fo
r
w
a
r
d
in
g
s
ch
eme
in
…
(
Li
s
a
K
r
i
s
tia
n
a
)
6457
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
VL
C
tr
a
n
s
ce
i
v
er
test
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
o
b
j
ec
t
id
en
ti
f
ier
3
.
1
.
Scena
rio
a
nd
s
i
m
ula
t
io
n set
t
ing
Du
e
to
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
o
f
V
L
C
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
s
e
v
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
u
s
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
3
(
NS3
)
an
d
S
UM
O
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
VL
C
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
s
u
p
to
8
m
eter
s
u
s
i
n
g
5
m
m
L
E
D
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
ic
les
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
5
0
v
eh
icle
s
w
h
er
e
p
air
s
o
f
v
eh
ic
les
ar
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
t
ed
as
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
tr
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
es
tin
a
tio
n
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
in
t
h
e
1
0
-
s
i
m
u
lated
v
eh
icles,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
5
p
a
ir
s
o
f
v
e
h
icle
s
t
h
at
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ate
is
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
ate
w
i
th
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
b
it
r
ate
(
C
B
R
)
d
ata
r
ate
ty
p
e.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ta
k
e
s
3
0
0
s
in
a
5
0
0
x
5
0
0
m
eter
s
q
u
ar
e
i
n
a
f
r
ee
w
a
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
t
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e
u
p
to
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
5
0
k
m
/h
i
n
a
h
ig
h
d
en
s
e
tr
a
f
f
ic.
Fi
n
all
y
,
w
e
ap
p
l
y
th
e
Gr
e
ed
y
[
2
6
-
2
8
]
b
ased
w
it
h
V
L
C
-
VN
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
an
d
r
u
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
1
0
tim
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
etti
n
g
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
U
n
i
t
V
L
C
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
R
a
n
g
e
8
m
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
M
o
b
i
l
e
N
o
d
e
s
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
4
0
,
5
0
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
T
r
a
n
sf
e
r
r
a
t
e
1
0
0
M
b
p
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
r
e
a
5
0
0
x
5
0
0
m
2
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
me
3
0
0
s
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
’
s Ve
l
o
c
i
t
y
1
0
k
m
/
h
-
5
0
k
m
/
h
P
a
c
k
e
t
S
i
z
e
5
0
0
B
,
1
K
B
,
2
K
B
F
o
r
w
a
r
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
me
G
r
e
e
d
y
b
a
se
d
,
V
L
C
-
VN
D
a
t
a
R
a
t
e
T
y
p
e
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
B
i
t
R
a
t
e
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
En
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
o
d
e
l
F
r
e
e
w
a
y
mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
3.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
VL
C
-
VN
pa
ck
et
f
o
rw
a
rding
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
e
v
alu
at
io
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ett
in
g
is
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
h
ello
-
mess
a
g
e
p
ac
k
et,
i.e
.,
20
b
y
te.
T
h
is
h
ello
-
mes
s
a
g
e
i
s
m
u
lt
icate
s
to
e
v
er
y
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
th
at
lo
ca
ted
in
V
L
C
’
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
3
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
h
ello
p
a
ck
ets
o
n
r
esp
ec
ted
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ac
h
iev
ab
le
o
f
o
th
e
r
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es t
h
at
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
it
is
p
r
ac
ticall
y
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
to
ev
alu
a
te
w
it
h
th
e
b
i
g
g
er
p
ac
k
e
t size
s
i
n
ce
9
8
% p
ac
k
ets ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
o
u
t o
f
to
tal
4
0
p
ac
k
e
ts
t
r
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
d
ata
r
ate
o
f
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
to
an
o
th
er
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
5
0
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
2
to
3
.
8
%
o
n
a
v
er
ag
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
ts
i
n
al
l
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
i.
e
.
,
5
0
0
B
,
1
KB
an
d
2
KB
ar
e
b
elo
w
5
%
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ch
a
n
g
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
en
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
lead
s
to
s
h
o
r
t
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
to
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
i
n
o
v
er
all
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
ts
i
n
ea
ch
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
2
.
2
8
t
o
3
.
6
5
%
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
500
b
y
tes
o
f
d
ata
an
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
4
0
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
5
0
0
x
5
0
0
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
ar
ea
is
co
m
p
atib
le
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
th
e
4
0
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
in
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
p
ee
d
o
f
2
0
k
m
/
h
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
4
5
3
-
6
4
6
0
6458
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Hello
-
mess
a
g
e
p
ac
k
et
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t o
f
5
0
0
MB
,
1
KB
an
d
2
KB
o
f
d
ata
p
a
ck
et
T
h
e
th
ir
d
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
elay
i
n
all
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
i.e
.
5
0
0
B
,
1
KB
,
an
d
2
KB
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lo
w
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
ela
y
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
elay
i.e
.
,
lo
w
er
th
a
n
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
n
o
d
es
r
ea
ch
4
0
v
eh
icles.
W
h
en
th
er
e
ar
e
3
0
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
itt
in
g
,
th
e
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
ela
y
r
ea
ch
e
s
b
elo
w
1
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ela
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
p
t
o
1
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
w
h
e
n
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
2
K
B
o
f
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
ela
y
o
f
5
0
0
B
,
1
KB
,
an
d
2
KB
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Th
e
fea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f o
b
s
ta
cle
a
w
a
r
en
ess
fo
r
w
a
r
d
in
g
s
ch
eme
in
…
(
Li
s
a
K
r
i
s
tia
n
a
)
6459
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
V
L
C
in
V2
V
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
VL
C
-
VN
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
V
L
C
-
VN
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
as
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
i
n
ev
itab
le
o
b
s
tacle
,
f
ast
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
v
e
h
i
cles,
an
d
t
h
e
V
L
C
co
m
p
atib
i
lit
y
i
n
a
v
e
h
ic
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
lo
w
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
ela
y
,
i.e
.
,
less
th
a
n
1
s
ec
o
n
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
VL
C
-
V
N
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
r
ea
l
tim
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
f
r
ee
w
a
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
A
s
a
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
,
o
n
l
y
3
%
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
ee
w
a
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
m
o
s
tl
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
o
n
-
v
eh
icle
d
etec
ted
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
o
co
n
clu
d
e,
V
L
C
-
VN
is
s
u
itab
le
o
n
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
in
a
p
lato
o
n
in
g
o
n
e
an
d
in
a
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt,
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
V
L
C
-
VN
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
ill
b
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
s
i
m
u
la
tin
g
a
R
o
ad
-
s
i
d
e
Un
its
(
R
SU)
as
a
s
tatic
tr
a
n
s
ce
i
v
er
in
o
r
d
er
to
ex
ten
d
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
u
r
at
io
n
an
d
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
R
SU
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
av
ailab
le
o
n
t
h
e
s
id
e
o
f
ev
er
y
m
ain
r
o
ad
in
a
cit
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
u
s
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
s
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
li
g
h
t,
b
u
t a
ls
o
as t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
f
u
ll
y
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
T
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
tr
y
o
f
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia i
n
Hib
ah
P
en
elit
ian
T
er
a
p
an
Un
g
g
u
lan
P
er
g
u
r
u
a
n
T
in
g
g
i (
P
T
UPT)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
N.
Qu
re
sh
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ro
a
d
Aw
a
re
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
Co
u
p
le
d
W
it
h
Dista
n
c
e
,
Dire
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
ff
ic
De
n
sity
M
e
tri
c
s
f
o
r
Urb
a
n
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
W
ir
e
les
s
Per
so
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
1
2
5
1
-
1
2
7
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
S
.
P
a
lan
ia
p
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ko
ll
a
t
h
o
d
i,
“
Re
a
l
T
i
m
e
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
De
v
ice
s
a
s
a
S
e
c
u
rit
y
S
y
ste
m
in
In
telli
g
e
n
t
V
e
h
icle
s
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
v
i
a
V
a
n
e
ts
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
8
8
-
4
7
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
S
.
S
h
a
li
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
P
.
P
a
ti
l
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
H
y
b
rid
V
A
NET
De
sig
n
f
o
r
P
r
o
v
isio
n
in
g
In
f
o
tain
m
e
n
t
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
9
1
st
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
ICAIT
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
4
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
L
.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
t
in
g
a
Re
li
a
b
le
In
ter
-
v
e
h
icle
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
a
T
h
re
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
Fa
c
h
g
e
sp
r
ä
c
h
i
n
Veh
icu
la
r
Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
,
Ulm
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
5.
[5
]
L
.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
in
ter
-
v
e
h
icle
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
in
th
re
e
-
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
c
a
se
s
,
”
2017
W
ire
les
s
Da
y
s
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
-
1
7
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
W.
H
.
S
h
e
n
a
n
d
H.
M
.
T
sa
i,
“
Tes
ti
n
g
V
e
h
icle
-
to
-
V
e
h
icle
V
isi
b
l
e
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
Re
a
l
-
W
o
rld
Driv
in
g
S
c
e
n
a
rio
s
,
”
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
Veh
icu
la
r
Ne
two
rk
in
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
VNC)
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
-
1
9
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
]
K.
S
id
d
i
q
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
isi
b
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
V
2
V
In
telli
g
e
n
t
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
S
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
Ne
x
t
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
M
u
lt
ime
d
i
a
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
Co
BCo
m)
,
G
ra
z
,
A
u
stria,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
L.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Dista
n
c
e
E
x
ten
sio
n
M
e
th
o
d
in
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(
V
L
C)
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
EL
KO
M
IKA:
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
ik
En
e
rg
i
El
e
k
trik,
T
e
k
n
ik
T
e
lek
o
mu
n
ika
si,
&
T
e
k
n
ik
El
e
k
t
ro
n
ika
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
J.
T
.
T
sa
i
a
n
d
Y.
S
.
Ha
n
,
“
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
f
o
r
w
a
rd
in
g
stra
teg
ies
fo
r
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
r
o
u
t
in
g
i
n
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
H
o
c
a
n
d
Ub
i
q
u
i
to
u
s Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
2
9
5
-
3
0
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
K.
Hu
sa
in
,
A
.
Aw
a
n
g
,
“
A
re
c
e
iv
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
f
o
r
w
a
rd
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
t
o
m
i
n
im
iz
e
m
u
lt
ip
a
th
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
V
A
NET
,
”
Veh
icu
la
r
Ad
-
H
o
c
Ne
two
rk
s fo
r
S
ma
rt Ci
ti
e
s,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
L
.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
A
n
g
le
-
b
a
s
e
d
F
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
s
in
V
A
NET
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,”
2
0
1
6
W
ire
les
s
Da
y
s (
W
D)
,
T
o
u
lo
u
se
,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
Y.
He
,
C.
L
i,
X
.
Ha
n
,
Q.
L
in
.
"
A
li
n
k
sta
te
a
wa
re
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
ro
a
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
3
D
sc
e
n
a
ri
o
in
V
A
NET
s,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
ter
n
e
t
o
f
Veh
icle
s
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
C
h
a
m
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
L
.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
V2
V
UN
e
t
in
a
Co
m
p
lex
T
h
re
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
In
ter
-
v
e
h
icu
lar
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
c
e
n
a
ri
o
,
”
IEE
E
Asia
P
a
c
if
ic Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
l
e
ss
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
(
AP
W
iM
o
b
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
-
1
2
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
A
.
Ullah
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
p
o
siti
o
n
b
a
se
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
to
w
a
rd
s
IT
S
e
n
a
b
led
F
o
G
-
o
rien
ted
V
A
NET
-
A
su
rv
e
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rta
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
2
8
-
8
4
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
A.
A.
A
l
m
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
Ra
n
g
e
o
n
th
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
V
A
NET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
8
0
0
-
8
0
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
L
.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
E
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
V
2
V
UN
e
t
Co
n
c
e
p
t
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
In
ter
-
v
e
h
icle
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
u
t
o
n
o
mo
u
s In
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
S
e
c
u
rity,
pp
.
94
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
L.
Kristian
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
A
F
il
terin
g
Co
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
A
n
g
le
-
b
a
se
d
F
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
in
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
2
2
n
d
Asi
a
-
P
a
c
if
ic
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
2
0
1
6
(
AP
CC
2
0
1
6
)
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
pp
.
5
4
5
-
5
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
I.
A
.
De
w
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
e
p
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Re
ti
n
a
Ne
t
b
a
se
d
Ca
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
m
a
rt
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtatio
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
EL
KOM
IKA:
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
ik
E
n
e
rg
i
El
e
k
trik,
T
e
k
n
ik
T
e
lek
o
mu
n
ika
si,
&
T
e
k
n
ik
El
e
k
tro
n
ika
,
v
ol
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
7
0
-
5
8
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
2020
:
6
4
5
3
-
6
4
6
0
6460
[1
9
]
A.
R.
Da
rli
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
h
o
re
-
to
-
U
n
d
e
rse
a
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
W
ire
les
s
P
e
rs
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
9
,
pp.
6
8
1
-
694
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
A.
R
.
Da
rli
s,
“
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
d
e
rwa
ter
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
An
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
2
0
3
-
5
2
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
Y.
Qiu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
—
a
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
W
ire
l
e
ss
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
and
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
3
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
S
.
A
rn
o
n
,
“
V
isi
b
le l
ig
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
“
Ne
t
w
o
rk
S
im
u
lato
r
3
(NS3
)
,
”
2
0
1
9
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
],
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
n
sn
a
m
.
o
rg
.
[2
4
]
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Urb
a
n
M
o
b
il
it
y
,
”
2
0
1
9
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
],
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/su
m
o
.
so
u
rc
e
f
o
rg
e
.
n
e
t/
.
[2
5
]
S
.
M
a
ll
isse
ry
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
li
n
e
a
n
d
Off
li
n
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
V
e
h
icu
lar
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
NS3
a
n
d
S
UMO
S
im
u
lato
rs
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Hig
h
S
p
e
e
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
-
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
H.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A Ro
a
d
Co
n
d
it
io
n
-
b
a
se
d
Ro
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
G
re
e
d
y
Da
ta
F
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
V
A
N
ET
s
,
”
Ad
h
o
c
&
S
e
n
so
r W
ire
les
s Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
-
3
1
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
D.
W
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
T
ru
n
k
L
in
e
in
V
A
NET
s
,
”
Cy
b
e
rs
p
a
c
e
Da
ta
a
n
d
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
Cy
b
e
r
-
L
ivi
n
g
,
S
y
n
d
ro
me
,
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
37
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
8
]
T
.
Ne
b
b
o
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
Urb
a
n
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
S
e
rv
ice
f
o
r
V
e
h
icu
lar
Are
a
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
,
”
Co
n
c
u
rr
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
:
Pra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
e
rie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
31
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
e
4
6
9
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Lisa
K
r
istia
n
a
h
o
ld
s
a
P
h
.
D.
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
a
t
Bu
sin
e
ss
,
Eco
n
o
m
ics
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
F
a
c
u
lt
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Zu
rich
(UZH),
Zu
rich
,
S
w
it
z
e
rl
a
n
d
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
M
o
b
i
le
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
V
e
h
icu
lar
a
n
d
F
ly
in
g
Ob
jec
t
Ne
tw
o
rk
.
S
h
e
w
o
rk
s
a
s
a
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
c
s,
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l,
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Ar
sy
a
d
R
a
m
a
d
h
a
n
D
a
r
li
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
S
c
.
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
o
n
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
(IT
B),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
2
0
1
1
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Dig
it
a
l
S
ig
n
a
l
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
In
tern
e
t
-
of
-
T
h
in
g
s.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
In
s
ti
t
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
.
Ir
m
a
A
m
e
li
a
D
e
w
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
S
c
.
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
f
ro
m
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
(IT
B),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
Dig
it
a
l
I
m
a
g
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
V
isio
n
a
n
d
A
rti
f
i
c
ial
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
S
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
c
s,
In
stit
u
t
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
Na
sio
n
a
l,
Iten
a
s,
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.