I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
5
~
1
3
5
6
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v8
i
3
.
p
p
1
3
4
5
-
1356
1345
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
M
o
deling
,
Co
ntro
l and Pow
er Ma
na
g
e
m
ent
St
ra
tegy
of a G
rid
co
nnected
H
y
bri
d
Energ
y
Sys
te
m
Su
j
it
K
u
m
a
r
B
h
uy
a
n
1
,
P
ra
ka
s
h K
u
m
a
r
H
o
t
a
2
,
B
ha
g
a
ba
t
P
a
nd
a
3
1
,3
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
I
n
d
ia
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
e
e
r
S
u
re
n
d
ra
S
a
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Bu
rla,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
2
1
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
r
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
d
e
tailed
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
a
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
(HES
)
c
o
n
sistin
g
o
f
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V
)
s
y
ste
m
,
a
so
li
d
o
x
id
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
(S
OFC),
a
n
e
lec
tro
ly
z
e
r
a
n
d
a
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
sto
ra
g
e
tan
k
w
it
h
a
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r.
A
lso
,
a
v
a
lv
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
d
e
c
id
e
s
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
u
e
l
is
c
o
n
su
m
e
d
b
y
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
th
e
lo
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
is
u
se
d
in
ste
a
d
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
b
a
n
k
b
e
c
a
u
se
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
is
f
re
e
f
ro
m
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
ies
a
r
e
a
lso
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
is
su
ff
icie
n
t
th
e
n
it
c
a
n
f
u
lf
il
l
th
e
lo
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
f
e
e
d
s
th
e
e
x
tr
a
p
o
w
e
r
to
th
e
e
lec
tro
ly
z
e
r.
B
y
u
sin
g
th
e
e
lec
tr
o
ly
z
e
r,
th
e
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
is
g
e
n
e
ra
te
d
f
ro
m
th
e
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
sto
re
d
in
sto
r
a
g
e
tan
k
a
n
d
t
h
is
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
a
c
t
a
s
a
f
u
e
l
t
o
S
OFC.
If
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
sy
ste
m
c
a
n
n
o
t
f
u
lf
il
l
th
e
l
o
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
th
e
n
th
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
f
u
lf
il
ls
th
e
re
q
u
ired
lo
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
S
OFC
tak
e
s
re
q
u
ired
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
a
s
f
u
e
l,
w
h
ich
is
c
o
n
tro
l
led
b
y
th
e
P
ID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
th
ro
u
g
h
a
v
a
lv
e
.
Eff
e
c
t
iv
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
is
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
v
e
ri
fied
b
y
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sim
u
latio
n
s
in
M
AT
LAB/S
IM
UL
INK
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
rio
u
s lo
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s a
n
d
p
r
o
m
isin
g
re
su
lt
s are
o
b
tain
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
E
lectr
o
ly
ze
r
Gr
id
P
V
m
o
d
el
So
lid
o
x
id
e
f
u
el
ce
l
l
Sto
r
ag
e
tan
k
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
j
it Ku
m
ar
B
h
u
y
a
n
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
g
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
KI
I
T
Un
iv
er
s
i
t
y
,
B
h
u
b
an
e
s
w
ar
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail: s
u
j
ee
t.b
h
u
y
a
n
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Du
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
Ss
)
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
;
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
o
llu
t
io
n
f
r
ee
.
Als
o
,
th
eir
av
a
ilab
ili
t
y
is
co
s
t
f
r
ee
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
].
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
R
E
Ss
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
V)
,
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
W
T
)
an
d
m
icr
o
-
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
,
etc.
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
al
s
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ea
s
o
n
a
l
an
d
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
w
i
n
d
s
p
ee
d
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
also
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
ese
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
ar
e
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
ed
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
So
,
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
an
d
f
i
n
d
o
u
t.
H
en
ce
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
E
SS
s
)
ar
e
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
iti
g
ati
o
n
o
f
w
i
n
d
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
f
lu
c
tu
at
io
n
s
an
d
al
s
o
E
SS
s
u
p
h
o
ld
th
e
p
o
w
er
an
d
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
.
P
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
al
s
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
es d
u
e
to
E
S
Ss
.
Du
e
to
th
e
f
ast
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
,
E
SS
s
m
u
s
t
co
n
tain
a
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
as
w
e
ll
as
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
it
y
.
So
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
k
ee
p
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
SS
)
[5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
E
SS
s
an
d
b
atter
y
b
an
k
s
(
B
B
s
)
ar
e
ef
f
icien
tl
y
u
s
ed
in
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
HE
S
s
)
.
B
u
t,
lif
eti
m
e
o
f
b
atter
ies
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
c
y
cles
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
n
er
g
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
HE
Ss
.
He
n
ce
,
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
(
FC
)
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
m
b
i
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
b
y
g
iv
i
n
g
a
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
th
e
lo
ad
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
a
teg
ies
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
V,
W
T
an
d
FC
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
w
ith
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
a
s
w
ell
as b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
es
e
ar
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
3
4
5
–
1356
1346
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
F
u
r
th
er
,
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
co
m
e
s
in
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
w
it
h
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ati
o
n
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
t
h
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
t
h
is
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
[
1
2
]
.
No
w
a
d
a
y
’
s
D
C
lo
ad
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
r
esid
en
tial,
co
m
m
er
cial
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
.
So
,
t
h
e
lo
a
d
s
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
D
C
d
o
m
in
a
ted
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ti
m
e
.
I
f
AC
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
t
h
ese
t
y
p
e
o
f
DC
lo
ad
s
,
th
en
AC
/D
C
as
w
ell
as
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
n
ea
r
f
u
t
u
r
e.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
co
m
b
i
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
D
C
o
r
A
C
g
r
id
,
s
o
th
e
co
s
t
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
as
w
ell
a
s
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
t
h
e
m
ea
n
t
i
m
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
an
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
i
n
[
1
3
]
-
[
16
]
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
HE
S
n
o
r
m
al
l
y
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
DC
g
r
id
o
r
A
C
g
r
id
th
at
ca
n
b
ea
t
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
D
C
lo
ad
s
co
n
n
ec
t
w
it
h
th
e
D
C
g
r
id
[
17]
an
d
A
C
lo
ad
s
co
n
n
ec
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
A
C
g
r
id
,
also
DC
o
r
AC
g
r
id
s
ar
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
8
]
.
Fro
m
[
1
8
]
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
clu
d
e
s
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
W
T
s
y
s
te
m
as
w
ell
a
s
FC
.
So
,
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
AC
/D
C
o
r
DC
/
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
th
e
s
ep
ar
ate
DC
o
r
AC
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
FC
is
o
p
er
ated
s
ep
ar
ately
w
it
h
o
u
t
b
atter
ies.
B
u
t,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
W
T
-
DFI
G
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
,
also
t
h
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
s
m
o
d
es
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
p
itc
h
an
g
le
co
n
tr
o
l
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Am
o
n
g
s
t
o
th
er
,
T
a
m
alo
u
zt
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
g
r
i
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
o
u
b
l
y
f
ed
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
f
o
r
th
e
w
in
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
az
er
a
r
t
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
h
av
e
d
escr
ib
ed
a
d
ir
ec
t to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l im
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
lo
s
s
es
m
in
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
o
p
er
atin
g
li
f
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
B
h
en
d
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
h
av
e
d
es
ig
n
ed
a
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
-
b
ased
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
w
in
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
.
On
ar
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
d
escr
ib
ed
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
,
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
a
w
in
d
/
f
u
el
c
ell/u
ltra
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
HE
S
t
h
o
u
g
h
w
i
n
d
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
lo
o
k
s
attr
ac
tiv
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t o
f
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
t
ill t
h
e
co
s
t a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
o
f
th
i
s
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
n
o
is
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
a
n
e
w
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
HE
S
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
P
V,
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
,
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
an
d
SO
FC
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
to
g
e
th
er
.
P
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
,
t
h
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
to
SOF
C
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
w
h
ich
is
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
also
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
A
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
id
(
AC
a
n
d
DC
)
.
Hen
ce
,
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
d
etailed
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ea
c
h
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
escr
ib
ed
.
A
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
a
n
d
also
a
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
S
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
u
n
d
er
s
e
v
er
al
s
it
u
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
O
F
CO
M
P
O
N
E
NT
S O
F
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
G
RI
D
CO
NNEC
T
E
D
H
E
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
el
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
r
eg
u
la
ted
b
y
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
MP
PT
)
an
d
it
is
also
in
ter
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
b
o
o
s
t
u
p
th
e
DC
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
en
t
h
is
DC
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vp
v
_
b
o
o
s
t)
is
ap
p
lied
to
DC
/
A
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
co
n
v
er
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
to
AC
v
o
lta
g
e.
So
lar
e
n
er
g
y
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
;
s
o
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
w
ea
k
o
r
it
i
s
ab
s
en
ce
f
o
r
s
o
m
eti
m
e
s
,
th
e
n
th
e
SO
FC
co
m
e
s
in
to
in
ter
f
a
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
SO
FC
m
ak
e
s
it
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le.
Fu
r
th
er
,
w
h
e
n
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
m
o
r
e
f
r
o
m
S
u
n
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
,
th
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
tak
e
s
p
ar
t
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
an
d
g
en
er
ate
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
T
h
is
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
s
to
r
ed
in
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
i
n
co
m
p
r
es
s
e
d
m
a
n
n
er
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
t
ilize
d
as
a
f
u
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
SO
FC
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
HE
S
is
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
m
in
i
m
iz
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
ail
y
as
w
ell
as
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
tain
in
g
cl
i
m
at
ic
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
.
So
,
R
E
S
r
esu
lts
a
p
o
lis
h
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
also
s
ati
s
f
y
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
.
O
p
er
atin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
HE
S
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
D
C
b
u
s
w
h
e
n
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
/
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
o
r
w
h
e
n
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
i
s
r
ap
id
.
W
h
en
,
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
i
s
m
o
r
e,
t
h
en
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
h
o
w
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
e
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
in
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
to
war
d
s
th
e
g
r
id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
,
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
S
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
Gri
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
Hyb
r
id
.
.
. (
S
u
jit
K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
1347
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
B
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
l
i
n
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
B
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
H
y
b
r
i
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
s
t
e
m
B
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
s
e
L
o
a
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
H
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
(
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Mo
d
el
)
2
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
t
e
m
Ma
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
16]
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
]
.
T
o
d
r
aw
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
w
h
ic
h
is
a
v
ailab
le
i
n
P
V
ar
r
ay
,
it
is
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
o
p
er
ate
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
at
M
P
PT.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT
)
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
,
in
v
er
ter
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
i
m
ilar
d
e
v
ic
es a
r
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
p
o
w
er
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
d
esig
n
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
elp
u
p
MA
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
N
K
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
A
ls
o
T
ab
le
1
co
n
tain
s
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ar
r
a
y
.
[
]
(
1
)
P
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
d
esig
n
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
c
h
as
I
0
is
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
in
[A
]
,
I
SC
is
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
P
V
ce
ll
cu
r
r
en
t
in
[
A
]
,
I
PV
/I
ph
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
in
[
A
]
,
k
is
t
h
e
b
o
ltzm
a
n
n
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t in
[
J
/
o
K]
,
a
is
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
r
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
q
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
in
[
C
]
,
R
P
i
s
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
co
n
tain
in
g
p
ar
allel
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
in
[
Ω
]
,
R
S
is
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
co
n
tain
i
n
g
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
in
[
Ω
]
,
N
S
is
th
e
n
o
.
o
f
s
er
ies
ce
lls
i
n
a
s
tr
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
ll
,
N
P
is
th
e
No
.
o
f
p
ar
allel
s
tr
in
g
s
,
T
is
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
in
[
K]
,
V
PV
is
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
v
o
lt
i
n
[
V]
,
V
MP
is
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
elate
d
to
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
ll in
[
V]
,
V
OC
is
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
v
o
lt in
[
V]
.
T
ab
le
1
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ar
r
ay
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
N
o
.
o
f
se
r
i
e
s c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
96
N
o
.
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e
s i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
66
N
o
.
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e
s i
n
se
r
i
e
s
05
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
OC
)
6
4
.
2
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
SC
)
5
.
9
6
A
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
o
f
P
V
c
e
l
l
3
0
5
W
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
T
)
25
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
1
0
0
0
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
elec
t
ro
l
y
ze
r
E
lectr
o
ly
ze
r
is
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
w
ater
(
H
2
O)
i
n
to
t
w
o
ele
m
e
n
t
s
,
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
an
o
th
er
o
n
e
i
s
o
x
y
g
en
b
y
cir
cu
lati
n
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
co
n
tai
n
in
g
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
elec
tr
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
lled
elec
tr
o
ly
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
elec
tr
o
ly
s
is
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ly
s
is
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
wate
r
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w
:
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
3
4
5
–
1356
1348
P
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
ar
e
i
e
i
s
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
in
[
A
]
,
n
c
is
th
e
n
o
.
o
f
s
er
ies co
n
n
ec
ted
ele
ctr
o
ly
ze
r
ce
lls
,
nH
2
i
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
g
e
n
er
ated
i
n
m
o
les p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
[
m
o
l s
−
1
]
,
F
is
t
h
e
f
ar
ad
a
y
co
n
s
tan
t i
n
[
C
k
m
o
l
−
1
]
,
η
F
is
th
e
F
ar
ad
ay
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
E
lectr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
ate
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
o
f
th
e
e
lect
r
o
ly
ze
r
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
la
w
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
[
2
2
].
(
3
)
T
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
to
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
v
al
u
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as Far
ad
a
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
(
)
(
4
)
Fro
m
t
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
,
an
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
m
o
d
el
is
d
es
ig
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
Si
m
u
li
n
k
th
a
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
b
r
ief
m
o
d
el
o
f
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
u
s
i
n
g
Si
m
u
lin
k
2
.
3
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
s
t
o
ra
g
e
t
a
nk
H
y
d
r
o
g
en
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
,
t
h
en
t
h
is
g
e
n
er
ated
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
act
s
as
f
u
el
o
f
t
h
e
SOF
C
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
,
SOFC
co
n
s
u
m
ed
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
i
n
s
t
o
r
ag
e
tan
k
.
I
n
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
,
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
s
s
to
r
ed
in
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
ed
liq
u
id
o
r
g
ase
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ag
e
t
a
n
k
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
E
q
u
ati
o
n
(
5
)
an
d
tan
k
p
r
ess
u
r
e
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
to
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
[
2
2
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
r
ief
m
o
d
el
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
a
g
e
tan
k
u
s
i
n
g
Si
m
u
lin
k
.
(
5
)
P
ar
am
ete
r
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
t
a
n
k
s
u
ch
as
Z
is
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ib
ilit
y
f
ac
to
r
,
NH
2
is
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
to
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
in
m
o
les
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
[
k
m
o
l
s
−
1
]
,
MH
2
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
m
o
lar
m
as
s
in
[
k
g
k
m
o
l
−
1
]
,
Tb
is
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
i
n
[
o
K]
,
P
bi
is
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
ag
e
tan
k
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
at
in
itial
s
ta
g
e,
P
b
i
n
s
to
r
ag
e
t
an
k
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
R
is
t
h
e
r
y
d
b
er
g
/Un
i
v
er
s
al
g
a
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
[
J
(
k
m
o
l
o
K)
−
1
]
,
V
b
i
s
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
v
o
l
u
m
e
i
n
[m
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
,
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
S
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
Gri
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
Hyb
r
id
.
.
. (
S
u
jit
K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
1349
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
b
r
ief
m
o
d
el
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
Si
m
u
li
n
k
2
.
4
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
s
o
lid
o
x
ide f
uel c
ell
(
SO
F
C)
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
SOF
C
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
i
n
[
2
3
]
,
w
h
er
e
B
an
d
C
is
th
e
a
ctiv
a
tio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
s
tan
t
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
u
l
ate
in
S
OF
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
[
V]
,
CV
is
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
in
*
(
)
(
)
+
,
E
0
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
in
[
V]
,
E
is
th
e
n
er
n
s
t
i
m
m
ed
iate
v
o
l
ta
g
e
in
[
V]
,
F
is
th
e
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t i
n
[
C
(
k
m
o
l
-
1
)]
,
I
FC
is
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
SO
FC
i
n
[
A
]
,
k
1
is
t
h
e
g
ai
n
o
f
P
I
,
Ka
n
is
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
v
alv
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
[
√
(
)
]
,
K
r
is
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
k
m
o
l
S
A
-
1
]
,
K
H2O
i
s
m
o
lar
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
w
a
ter
v
al
v
e
in
[
k
m
o
l
(
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
K
H2
is
t
h
e
m
o
lar
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
v
alv
e
i
n
[
k
m
o
l
(
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
K
O2
i
s
th
e
m
o
lar
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
v
al
v
e
in
[
k
m
o
l (
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
M
H2
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
m
o
lar
m
as
s
in
[k
g
k
m
o
l
-
1
]
,
P
H2O
i
s
th
e
w
ater
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
[
at
m
]
,
P
H2
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
[
at
m
]
,
P
O2
i
s
th
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
in
[
at
m
]
,
N
0
is
th
e
n
o
.
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
ar
e
in
s
er
ies
i
n
a
s
tac
k
,
q
H2
is
t
h
e
m
o
lar
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
n
[
k
m
o
l
s
-
1
]
,
q
me
t
h
a
ne
is
t
h
e
m
eth
a
n
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
O2
is
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
m
o
lar
f
lo
w
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
in
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
in
[
k
m
o
l
s
-
1
]
,
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
f
lo
w
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
a
m
o
u
n
t
th
at
r
ea
cts
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
a
m
o
u
n
t
t
h
at
m
ee
ts
lo
ad
ch
an
g
e
in
[
k
m
o
l
s
-
1
]
,
R
is
th
e
R
y
d
b
er
g
(
U
n
iv
er
s
al)
g
as
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
(
1
at
m
)
(
k
m
o
l
K)
−
1
]
,
R
int
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
SOFC
i
n
[
Ω
]
,
T
is
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
[
K]
,
U
is
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
r
ate
,
V
an
is
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
an
o
d
e
in
[m
3
]
,
V
c
e
l
l
is
t
h
e
SO
FC
d
c
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
[
V]
,
is
th
e
r
ef
o
r
m
er
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
i
n
[
s
]
,
is
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
[
s
]
,
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
s
]
,
is
th
e
w
ater
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t
i
n
[
s
]
,
is
th
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
ti
m
e
co
n
s
tan
t
in
[
s
]
,
Z
a
c
t
is
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
in
[
V]
,
Z
o
h
mic
is
t
h
e
o
h
m
ic
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
[
V]
.
T
h
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
m
o
lar
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
al
v
e
an
d
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
in
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as [
2
3
]
.
√
(
6
)
T
h
r
ee
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
:
in
p
u
t
f
lo
w
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
f
lo
w
of
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
at
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
r
ea
ctio
n
.
So
,
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
.
(
)
(
7
)
R
ea
cted
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
lo
w
r
ate
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
SOF
C
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
.
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
3
4
5
–
1356
1350
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
p
ar
tial
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
l
ap
lace
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
E
q
u
atio
n
s
(
6
)
an
d
(
8
)
.
⁄
(
)
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
,
(
1
0
)
I
n
th
i
s
w
a
y
o
x
y
g
e
n
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
as
w
el
l
as
w
ater
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e,
Ner
n
s
t’
s
v
o
lta
g
e,
a
n
d
th
e
o
h
m
ic
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
i
v
es
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
SOFC
p
o
lar
izatio
n
cu
r
v
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
o
x
y
g
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
SO
FC
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
t c
an
b
e
in
d
icate
d
a
s
:
(
1
1
)
w
h
er
e,
(
)
(
1
2
)
a
nd
(
1
3
)
So
,
Ner
n
s
t i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as:
[
[
√
]
]
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
o
f
S
OF
C
tak
es
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
as
a
f
u
e
l
to
f
u
l
f
il
l
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
b
u
t
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
s
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
er
f
o
r
th
e
SOFC
s
tac
k
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
e
r
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as:
(
)
(
1
5
)
A
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
SOFC
s
y
s
te
m
.
SO
FC
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
tak
e
n
a
s
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
SOF
C
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
(
1
6
)
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
o
f
t
h
e
r
ef
o
r
m
er
ca
n
b
e
u
til
ized
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
m
et
h
a
n
e
f
lo
w
b
y
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
t c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
:
(
)
(
)
(
1
7
)
A
5
KW
S
OF
C
is
d
es
ig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
b
r
ief
m
o
d
el
o
f
SOF
C
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
s
i
m
u
li
n
k
[
2
4
].
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
th
r
ee
5
KW
SOF
C
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
,
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
S
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
Gri
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
Hyb
r
id
.
.
. (
S
u
jit
K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
1351
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
S
O
FC
to
d
esig
n
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
A
c
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
B
)
0
.
0
4
7
7
7
[
A
-
1
]
A
c
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
C
)
0
.
0
1
3
6
[
V
]
C
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
C
V
)
2
F
a
r
a
d
a
y
’
s c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
F
)
9
6
4
8
4
6
0
0
[
C
k
mo
l
-
1
]
F
C
sy
st
e
m i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
(
R
i
n
t
)
0
.
2
6
6
6
4
[
Ω
]
F
C
a
b
so
l
u
t
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
T
)
3
4
3
[
K
]
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
t
i
me
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
)
3
.
3
7
[
s]
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
v
a
l
v
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
K
H2
)
4
.
2
2
x
1
0
-
5
[
k
mo
l
(
s a
t
m)
-
1
]
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
–
o
x
y
g
e
n
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
i
o
(
r
H
2O
)
1
.
1
6
8
K
r
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
=
N
0
/
4
F
2
.
2
8
0
2
x
1
0
-
7
[
k
mo
l
(
s A
)
-
1
L
i
n
e
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
X
)
0
:
0
8
0
9
[
Ω
]
M
e
t
h
a
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
si
g
n
a
l
(
Q
m
e
t
hr
e
f
)
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
5
[
k
mo
l
s
-
1
]
N
o
l
o
a
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
E
o
)
1
.
1
8
[
V
]
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
e
l
l
s (N
o
)
88
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
a
c
k
s (N
S
)
1
O
x
y
g
e
n
t
i
me
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
)
6
.
7
4
[
s]
O
x
y
g
e
n
v
a
l
v
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
,
(
k
O2
)
2
.
1
1
x
1
0
-
5
[
k
mo
l
(
s a
t
m)
-
1
]
P
I
g
a
i
n
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
k
1
)
0
.
2
5
R
e
f
o
r
me
r
t
i
me
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
)
1
5
[
s]
U
n
i
v
e
r
sal
g
a
s c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
R
)
8
3
1
4
.
4
7
[
J k
mo
l
K
-
1
]
U
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
U
)
0
.
8
W
a
t
e
r
t
i
me
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
)
1
8
.
4
1
8
[
s
]
W
a
t
e
r
v
a
l
v
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
K
H
2O
)
7
.
7
1
6
x
1
0
-
6
[
k
mo
l
(
s a
t
m)
-
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
b
r
ief
m
o
d
el
o
f
SO
FC
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
m
u
li
n
k
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
A
ND
P
O
WE
R
M
ANAG
E
M
E
NT
ST
RAT
E
G
Y
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
etailed
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
S
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
HE
S,
w
h
er
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
k
ed
f
r
o
m
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
MP
P
T
.
T
h
is
p
o
w
e
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
t
h
e
ex
tr
a
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
g
iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
til
ized
to
e
x
tr
ac
t t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
.
T
h
is
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
ed
as a
f
u
e
l o
f
t
h
e
SOFC
.
T
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
MPPT
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
)
to
b
o
o
s
t
u
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
is
tr
i
g
g
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
g
ate
p
u
l
s
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
MP
P
T
.
A
g
ain
SO
FC
is
also
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
n
o
th
er
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
to
b
o
o
s
t
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
S
OF
C
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
b
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
(
VSC
)
is
u
s
ed
to
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e.
So
,
th
e
g
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
3
4
5
–
1356
1352
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ar
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
D
C
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
I
n
v
er
ter
)
.
VSC
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
s
ca
d
e
lo
o
p
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
w
h
er
e,
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
i
s
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
DC
-
li
n
k
a
n
d
last
o
n
e
is
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t lo
o
p
.
3
.
1
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
ller
o
f
DC
-
link
T
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
lta
g
e
is
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
p
o
w
er
w
i
th
it
s
d
esire
d
v
al
u
e.
Ou
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
-
lin
k
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
i
d
*
)
act
s
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
ac
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
)
th
at
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
c)
.
E
l
e
c
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
A
nd
S
OFC
DC
AC
VS
C
Contr
o
ll
er
G
a
t
e
P
u
l
s
e
V
d
c
_
o
u
t
p
u
t
V
a
b
c
I
a
b
c
a
b
c
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
Cell
W
ith
MP
P
T
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
B
U
S
V
p
v
V
p
v
_
b
o
o
s
t
V
s
o
f
c
_
b
o
o
s
t
DC
E
x
t
r
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
V
p
v
_
b
o
o
s
t
(
V
p
v
_
b
o
o
s
t
_
e
x
t
)
G
a
t
e
p
u
l
s
e
F
r
o
m
M
P
P
T
_
V
d
V
q
i
q
i
d
V
d
c
i
d
*
i
d
+
÷
_
+
_
+
+
÷
+
+
÷
ᶿ
ᶿ
V
a
V
b
V
c
i
a
i
b
i
c
G
a
t
e
p
u
l
s
e
V
d
*
V
q
*
i
q
*
=
0
V
d
c
_
r
e
f
M
od
u
l
ati
on
a
nd
P
W
M
Gen
er
ato
r
a
bc
dq
a
bc
dq
PL
L
DC L
I
NK
PI
CO
N
TROL
LER
CURR
EN
T
P
I
CO
N
TROL
LER
CURR
EN
T
P
I
CO
N
TROL
LER
wl
L
-
wl
L
(
a)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
S
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
(
c)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
o
f
Vo
ltag
e
So
u
r
ce
I
n
v
er
ter
(
VSC
)
Fue
l
Ce
l
l
Con
tr
oll
er
E
l
e
c
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
S
to
r
ag
e
Ta
n
k
S
o
l
i
d
Ox
i
d
e
Fu
e
l
C
e
l
l
(SO
FC)
H
2
f
l
o
w
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
a
n
k
S
t
o
r
e
d
H
2
F
l
o
w
t
o
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
A
m
o
u
n
t
H
2
f
l
o
w
V
p
v
_
b
o
o
s
t
_
e
x
t
V
e
l
e
c
t
V
s
o
f
c
V
s
o
f
c
_
b
o
o
s
t
G
at
e
s
i
g
n
al
G
at
e
s
i
g
n
al
I
s
o
f
c
_
b
o
o
s
t
I
p
v
_
b
o
o
s
t
_
e
x
t
V
al
v
e
PID
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
Fu
el
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
A
m
o
u
n
t
H
2
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
S
O
F
C
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
S
i
g
n
a
l
Con
sta
n
t
V
s
o
f
c
_
b
o
o
s
t
(
b
)
B
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
esen
tat
i
o
n
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
to
SOF
C
(
d
)
B
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
esen
tat
i
o
n
o
f
Fu
e
l Cell
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
d
etailed
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
S
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
3
.
2
.
I
nte
rna
l c
urre
nt
lo
o
p
T
h
e
d
−
q
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
a
,
V
b
,
V
c
)
an
d
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
a
,
i
b
,
i
c
)
to
d
-
q
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e
w
h
ic
h
r
o
tates
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
l
y
alo
n
g
w
it
h
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e.
W
ith
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
d
−
q
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
D
C
v
al
u
es
ar
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les.
So
,
th
e
D
C
v
al
u
es
ar
e
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
d
esig
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
Gr
id
v
o
ltag
e
d
er
iv
e
s
th
e
p
h
a
s
e
an
g
le
b
y
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
p
h
ase
l
o
ck
ed
l
oop
(
P
L
L
)
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
b
c
→
dq
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
w
it
h
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t.
P
L
L
i
s
a
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
er
iv
e
th
e
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e.
Fr
o
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
(
c
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
a
ze
r
o
v
al
u
e
i
s
s
et
to
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
r
ea
cti
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
q
*
)
.
So
,
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
to
b
e
o
n
e
(
u
n
it
y
)
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
(
V
d
*
,
V
q
*
)
.
T
h
ese
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ac
t
a
s
in
p
u
t o
f
th
e
P
W
M
g
en
er
ato
r
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
u
ls
e
s
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
ed
to
tr
ig
g
er
th
e
D
C
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
5
].
Fro
m
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
.
As
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ex
tr
a
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
,
w
h
er
e
w
ater
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
an
d
t
h
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ac
ts
a
s
f
u
el
o
f
SO
FC
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
SOF
C
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
(
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Mo
d
elin
g
,
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
P
o
w
er Ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
S
tr
a
teg
y
o
f a
Gri
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
Hyb
r
id
.
.
. (
S
u
jit
K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
1353
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
–
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
S
OF
C
)
is
s
to
r
ed
in
s
to
r
a
g
e
ta
n
k
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
i
g
n
als
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
Vso
f
c_
b
o
o
s
t)
is
g
i
v
en
to
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
en
,
P
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
r
eg
u
late
s
th
e
v
a
lv
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
an
d
d
ec
id
es
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
to
t
h
e
SOF
C
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
v
al
v
e.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
ar
e
d
ec
id
ed
b
y
s
el
f
t
u
n
e
d
m
o
d
e
(
P
=0
.
0
0
0
1
3
3
1
7
,
I
=
3
.
3
9
2
5
2
2
7
e
-
0
5
,
D=
-
6
.
2
5
4
2
5
4
1
7
2
8
7
0
e
-
0
5
)
.
3
.
3
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l c
o
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
o
f
H
E
S
T
h
e
n
ee
d
in
es
s
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
i
s
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
llo
w
s
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
ath
s
to
m
an
a
g
e
t
h
is
.
a.
W
h
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
l
o
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
,
th
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
i
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
.
B
y
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
i
s
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
d
iv
id
es
th
e
w
ater
in
to
t
w
o
h
alv
e
s
(
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
o
x
y
g
en
)
.
T
h
en
,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
an
d
later
it i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
to
SOFC
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
al
v
e.
b.
Wh
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
is
less
th
an
l
o
ad
d
e
m
an
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
,
th
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
t
o
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
So
,
ex
tr
a
p
o
w
er
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
f
u
l
f
il
l
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
it
h
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
an
d
t
h
a
t
ex
tr
a
p
o
w
er
i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
S
OF
C
.
c.
W
h
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
l
o
ad
d
e
m
an
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
,
th
en
to
tal
P
V
p
o
w
er
i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
n
o
ex
tr
a
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
P
V
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
.
d.
W
h
en
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
is
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
,
th
en
n
o
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
at
th
at
ti
m
e
SOF
C
f
u
lf
i
ll
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t o
f
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
V/SO
FC
-
E
lec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
u
n
d
er
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
also
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
(
H
2
)
b
y
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
l
y
ze
r
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
e
lp
o
f
el
ec
tr
o
ly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
er
e
e
x
tr
a
p
o
w
er
o
f
PV
ac
t
s
as
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
l
y
ze
r
a
f
ter
f
u
l
f
i
lli
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
s
s
to
r
ed
in
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
f
u
e
l
o
f
SO
FC
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
(
H
2
)
to
t
h
e
SOFC
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
it
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
SO
FC
i
s
b
o
o
s
t
ed
u
p
b
y
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
)
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
ed
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vso
f
c_
b
o
o
s
t)
is
u
s
ed
to
f
u
lf
i
ll th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
em
a
n
d
,
w
h
en
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
P
V
p
o
w
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
f
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
3
-
p
h
ase
lo
ad
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
(
P
)
=
8
0
0
0
W,
in
d
u
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
(
Q
L
)
=
2000
VA
R
an
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
(
Q
C
)
=1
0
0
VAR.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lts
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
H
2
f
lo
w
to
t
h
e
SOF
C
a
n
d
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
ac
k
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
p
er
f
e
ctl
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
SOF
C
i
s
m
atc
h
ed
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
3
-
ph
a
s
e
lo
ad
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
u
n
w
a
n
te
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
So
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
f
u
l
f
ill
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
ile
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
c
h
ea
p
er
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
also
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
r
ien
d
l
y
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es c
lean
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
1
3
4
5
–
1356
1354
T
i
me
(
t
)
(
a)
H
2
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
T
i
me
(
t
)
(
c)
Ou
tp
u
t o
f
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
T
i
me
(
t
)
(
b
)
H
2
f
lo
w
to
th
e
S
OFC
T
i
me
(
t
)
(
d
)
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
SOFC
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Deta
iled
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
g
en
g
en
er
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
SOFC
T
i
me
(
t
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
T
i
me
(
t
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Vo
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
3
-
p
h
ase
lo
ad
H
2
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
k
m
o
l
/
s]
H
2
f
l
o
w
t
o
t
h
e
S
O
F
C
V
so
f
c
_
b
o
o
s
t
(
V
)
P
I
D
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
rr
e
n
t
(A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.