Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3599
~3
606
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
5
.
pp3599
-
36
06
3599
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Perform
ance ana
lysis of
resour
ce
schedulin
g in LT
E femto
cell
with hyb
rid ac
ce
s
s mode
S.
F
ou
z
iya Sul
th
ana
Depa
rtment
o
f M
ec
hat
ron
ic
s
En
gine
er
ing,
SR
M Insti
tut
e
of
Sc
ience
and
Technol
og
y
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
4
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
5
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
20
, 201
9
Fem
toc
el
l
is
a
prom
ising
te
chn
olog
y
tha
t
int
e
nds
in
solving
the
indoo
r
cove
rag
e
problem
s
so
as
to
enh
anc
e
th
e
cell
capac
i
t
y
.
Th
e
over
al
l
ne
twork
per
form
anc
e
,
in
turn
dep
ends
on
the
a
cc
ess
m
et
h
ods
used
b
y
th
e
femtoce
l
ls.
The
a
ccess
m
et
hod
is
used
to
identif
y
abou
t
th
e
u
ser’s
conne
c
ti
vi
t
y
wi
th
th
e
femtoce
l
l
net
wo
rk.
The
r
e
ar
e
t
hre
e
a
ccess
m
ec
hani
sm
s
def
ined
in
Thi
rd
Gene
ration
p
artner
ship
Proje
ct
(3GP
P)
spec
i
fic
a
ti
on
for
L
ong
Te
rm
Evol
uti
on
(L
TE)
femtoce
ll
s:
op
en,
cl
osed
and
h
y
brid
a
ccess
m
ec
hani
sm
s.
H
y
brid
a
ccess
m
ec
hani
sm
is
m
ostl
y
pre
fer
re
d
b
y
th
e
net
w
ork
for
the
eff
ective
ut
il
i
za
t
ion
of
r
esourc
es
.
But
it
is
important
to
r
egulate
th
e
prope
r
sche
duli
ng
sche
m
e
for
the
m
.
I
n
thi
s
p
ape
r,
s
che
dul
ing
in
fe
m
toc
el
l
is
inve
stigated
,
where
,
among
the
non
-
subs
cri
ber
s,
pre
fer
ence
is
give
n
to
the
users
who
have
high
throughput
priori
t
y
m
e
tri
c
,
the
reb
y
in
cre
a
sing
over
all
throughput
of
th
e
ne
twork.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fem
tocel
l
LTE
Sche
du
li
ng
Thro
ughput m
et
ric
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
S.
F
ouzi
ya
Su
lt
han
a
,
Dep
a
rtem
en
Tekn
i
k
Me
katronika
SRM
I
nst
it
ut S
ai
ns
dan Tek
no
log
i
Katt
ankulat
hur
-
603.2
03 Ta
m
il
nad
u,
I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
fo
uziy
a.s@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ther
e
is
co
ns
i
der
a
ble
ev
olu
ti
on
i
n
the
fiel
d
of
m
ob
il
e
te
chnolo
gies
ov
e
r
the
past
deca
de.
With
the
grow
i
ng
dem
and
of
va
rio
us
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
it
is
ver
y
chall
e
ng
i
ng
f
or
a
network
t
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
the
data
rat
e,
su
c
h
that,
the
Q
ualit
y
of
Ser
vice
(
QoS)
of
al
l
the
us
e
rs
are
gua
r
anteed
with
sat
isfie
d
le
vel.
N
ow
a
days,
half
of
t
he
traff
ic
a
rises
f
ro
m
ind
oo
r,
w
hich
unde
rgo
var
i
ou
s
co
ve
ra
ge
a
nd
pe
netr
at
ion
prob
le
m
s.
S
o,
the
fem
t
ocell
s,
t
og
et
he
r wit
h
t
he
a
dv
a
nce
d w
irel
ess tec
hnol
og
ie
s li
ke
L
ong
te
rm
Ev
ol
ution (LT
E)
a
re c
on
si
der
e
d
as
e
m
erg
in
g
so
luti
on t
o ov
e
rco
m
e these pr
ob
le
m
s,
there
by
en
ha
ncin
g
t
he
cell
capacit
y [1,
2]
Fem
tocel
ls
(also
cal
le
d
H
om
e
evo
l
ved
N
od
e
B
(H
eNB
))
a
re
low
po
wer
node
s
that
can
be
ov
e
rlai
d
in
the ex
ist
in
g
m
a
cro
base s
ta
ti
ons [3]. S
o,
the
Thir
d
Ge
ne
rati
on
Part
ner
s
hip
Pr
oject
(3
GP
P
)
h
as take
n
init
ia
ti
ves
for
the
de
vel
opm
ent
of
two
ti
er
m
acro
cel
l
and
fem
tocel
l
netwo
r
ks
i
n
LTE
–
Adva
nced
s
pecifica
ti
on
s.
The
i
nfor
m
at
ion
tha
t
is
ge
ner
a
te
d
f
ro
m
the
in
door
e
nv
ir
onm
ent
ex
pe
rience
s
poor quali
ty
of
sig
nals
a
nd sev
ere
sign
al
de
grada
ti
on
due
to
hi
gh
pen
et
rati
on
losses.
He
nce
,
the
fem
tocel
l
s
are
m
a
inly
i
ntr
oduce
d
to
pro
vide
traff
ic
offloa
din
g
from
m
acr
ocell
s.
This
t
ra
ff
ic
offl
oad
i
ng
causes
the
re
qu
i
rem
ent
of
le
sser
m
acro
cel
l
sit
es,
wh
ic
h
res
ults
i
n
hu
ge
sa
ving
of
i
nv
e
stm
ent
expenses
an
d
un
i
nter
rupted
netw
ork
c
onne
ct
ivit
y
to
the
us
er
s,
bo
t
h
in
outd
oo
r
a
nd in
door en
vir
on
m
ents [4]
.
Fem
tocel
ls
are
op
e
rated
in
th
e
li
censed
freq
uen
cy
s
pectr
um
.
Since,
m
ac
ro
cel
l
an
d
fem
tocel
ls
us
es
sh
are
d
freq
ue
ncy
ba
nds,
th
e
exte
ns
ive
in
sta
ll
at
ion
of
f
e
m
tocel
ls
le
ad
to
c
ross
ti
er
inter
fer
e
nce
relat
ed
issues
[
5].
The
vu
lne
rab
il
it
y
of
the
inter
fer
e
nce
is
relat
ed
t
o
the
acce
ssin
g
m
echan
is
m
us
e
d
by
the
fem
tocel
l
netw
ork
[6
]
.
I
n
this
m
echan
is
m
,
the
us
e
rs
w
ho
are
re
gi
ste
red
t
o
t
he
fem
tocel
l
net
work
are
cal
le
d
a
s
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
a
nd
ot
her
s
are
cal
le
d
as
no
n
s
ubs
cribers.
T
he
ac
cess
m
echan
ism
s
that
are
de
ve
lop
e
d
f
or
fem
tocel
l
netw
orks
a
re show
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
5
9
9
-
3
6
0
6
3600
Fig
ure
1
.
Acce
ssing m
od
es in
LTE
fem
tocel
l
s
In
cl
ose
d
acce
s
s
m
od
e,
the
s
ubscri
ber
s
ca
n
only
be
able
to
acce
ss
the
fem
tocel
l
network
and
t
he
no
n
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
ar
e
prov
i
ded
w
it
h
strong
int
erf
e
ren
ce
wh
e
n
they
com
e
to
the
vicin
it
y
of
the
ne
twork
.
Ma
ny
stud
ie
s
r
el
at
ed
t
o
interf
eren
ce
reducti
on,
powe
r
co
nt
ro
l
ha
ve
bee
n
done
f
or
this
cl
os
ed
acce
ss
m
od
es
[7
-
9].
I
n
open
access
m
od
e,
a
ll
the
use
rs
,
ir
r
especti
ve
of
s
ubscri
ber
s
a
nd
non
s
ub
sc
ribe
rs
can b
e
a
ble
t
o
acce
ss
the
netw
ork.
T
hough
this
m
od
e
reduces
the
cro
ss
-
ti
er
inter
f
ere
nce,
it
increases
the
nu
m
ber
of
ha
ndove
rs
that
pro
vid
e
ne
gative
im
pact
on
the
operat
or
s
.
P
rev
i
ou
s
st
ud
ie
s
hav
e
s
how
n
th
at
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
the
sys
tem
i
s
i
m
pr
oved
by
traf
fic
offloa
di
ng
of
t
his
acce
ss
m
od
e
[10
-
12
]
.
T
o
com
pr
om
ise
between
these
tw
o
m
od
es,
the
hy
br
id
acc
ess
m
od
e
has
been
intr
oduce
d,
w
her
e,
al
l
the
us
ers
are
st
il
l
able
to
co
nnect
to
t
he
fe
m
tocel
l
netw
ork,
but
pri
or
it
y
is
giv
e
n
to
the
s
ub
sc
ri
bed
use
rs
[
13
]
.
Since
t
his
m
od
e
deals
with
bo
t
h
the
s
ub
sc
ribers
and
non
subsc
r
ibers,
sch
e
duli
ng
of
res
ources
and
pro
vid
i
ng Q
oS
is
ve
ry
di
f
ficult
to
car
ry o
ut.
Pro
per
r
es
ource
sh
ari
ng
m
et
hods
s
hould
be
a
dopted
f
or
the
fem
tocel
l
net
work
beca
us
e
init
ia
ll
y
it
is
e
ssentia
l
to
ser
ve
the
su
bsc
ri
bed u
se
rs wit
h
a
dequat
e res
ources.
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
carried
ou
t
re
gardin
g
res
ource
al
locat
ion
in
fe
m
tocel
l
networks.
In
ge
ne
ral,
m
o
st
of
the
resou
rces
sche
du
li
ng
te
chn
i
qu
es
e
m
plo
y
First
in
First
Ou
t
(F
I
FO
)
,
rou
nd
robin
a
nd
pro
portion
al
f
ai
rn
ess
al
gorit
hm
s
fo
r
the
al
locat
ion
of
re
so
urces
am
ong
non
s
ubscri
ber
s
[14
-
1
6].
In
[
17]
,
sche
du
li
ng
m
eth
od
in
hy
br
id
acce
ss
fem
toce
ll
is
dev
el
oped
,
wh
ic
h
pro
vide
opportu
nisti
c
based
sc
hedul
ing
to
the
no
n
s
ubscr
ibers.
I
n
[18],
a
res
ource
al
locat
ion
sc
hem
e
is
pro
pose
d
for
the
fem
tocel
ls,
w
her
e,
th
e
no
n
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
are
giv
en
pr
i
or
it
i
zed
by
assig
ning
la
rg
e
r
weig
ht
s
to
the
m
.
Pr
iority
based
sc
he
du
li
ng
m
et
ho
ds
ar
e
pro
po
se
d
in
[19
-
22]
, wher
e
, high
est
pr
e
fer
e
nc
e is giv
e
n
to rea
l t
i
m
e traff
ic
u
sers
. T
hough t
hese m
et
ho
ds fo
c
us
on pr
ov
i
ding
Q
oS
t
o
s
ubscri
be
rs,
t
he ov
e
rall
netw
ork
t
hroug
hput is
not t
ake
n
int
o
c
onsider
at
ion
.
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
a
sche
du
li
ng
m
et
hod
f
or
LT
E
fem
tocel
l
wit
h
hybr
i
d
acce
s
s
m
od
e
is
pro
pose
d,
wh
e
re
,
pr
e
fer
e
ntial
access is given
to
the n
on subsc
r
ibers
w
ho h
a
ve
h
igh
th
r
oughput pr
i
or
it
y
m
et
r
ic
v
al
ue.
The r
est
o
f
the
pa
pe
r
is
or
g
anize
d
as
f
ollow
s:
Sect
io
n
2
desc
ribes
the
s
yst
e
m
m
od
el
con
si
der
e
d.
T
he
pro
posed
sc
he
du
li
ng
m
et
ho
d
is e
xp
l
ai
ned
in
Secti
on 3
i
n
de
ta
il
. S
ect
ion
4
gi
ves
the sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s and c
on
c
lusio
ns
are dr
a
wn
i
n
Sect
ion
5.
2.
SY
STE
M MO
DEL
In
this
w
ork,
a
sin
gle
m
acro
cel
l
is
c
on
si
der
e
d
i
n
t
he
dow
nlink
dire
ct
ion
,
w
hich
c
on
ta
in
s
1
-
30
fem
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
on
s.
T
he
m
acro
cel
l
base
sta
ti
on
(e
NB)
is
po
sit
io
ned
at
centre
of
the
c
el
l
and
the
fem
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
ons
(
HeN
B
)
are
distrib
uted
ra
ndom
ly
inside
the
cel
l.
It
is
assu
m
ed
that
the
tr
ansm
it
po
wer
i
s
even
ly
distrib
uted
am
ong
al
l
the
subcar
riers
us
e
d.
A
no
t
her
a
ssum
pt
ion
is
m
ade
that
t
he
c
overa
ge
a
rea
of
the
consi
der
e
d
fe
m
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
on
s
are
no
t
ov
e
rlap
ping
wi
th
one
an
oth
e
r
inside
the
m
ac
ro
cel
l
base
sta
t
ion
a
nd
al
l
bas
e
sta
ti
on
s
are
ass
ociat
ed
with
a
local
m
od
ule
as
il
lus
trat
ed
in
Fi
g
ure
2.
T
his
l
ocal
m
od
ule
is
re
spon
si
ble
for
on
t
he
whole
res
ource
m
anag
em
ent
of
the
syst
em
.
The
local
m
od
ule
acq
uires
t
he
c
hannel
in
f
or
m
at
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of res
ource sc
he
du
li
ng in
LTE f
emt
oc
el
l
…
(
S.
F
ouziy
a Su
lt
ha
na
)
3601
thr
ough
the
fee
db
ac
k
m
et
ho
d
at
the
sta
rt
of
e
ve
ry
Tra
ns
m
it
Ti
m
e
In
te
rv
al
(
TTI)
a
nd
ta
ke
decisi
on
on
se
r
ving
of
co
rr
e
spo
nd
i
ng
base
sta
ti
on
t
o
the
us
er
.
TTI
is
the
al
locat
ion
per
i
od
in
LT
E
that
la
sts
fo
r
1
m
s
du
rati
on.
It
is
m
ade
assu
m
pt
ion
that
al
l
the
fem
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
ons
use
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
is
m
with
lim
it
ed
nu
m
be
r
of ser
ving
of users.
Fig
ure
2
.
Syst
em
m
od
el
LTE
syst
em
us
es
O
rth
ogona
l
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
Divisio
n
M
ulti
ple
Access
(
OFDMA
)
in
the
dow
nlink,
wh
e
re
th
e
ba
ndwi
dth
is
div
i
ded
into
physi
cal
resou
rce
blo
ck
s
in
ti
m
e
a
nd
f
reque
ncy
do
m
ai
n
[
23
]
.
I
n
thi
s
syst
e
m
,
if
a
us
er
has
hi
gh
Sign
al
to
I
nter
fere
nce
N
oise
Ra
ti
o
(S
I
NR)
f
rom
a
fe
m
tocel
l
than
the
m
acro
cel
l
to
wh
ic
h
it
is
or
i
gin
al
ly
associa
te
d,
the
n
the
m
acro
cel
l
can
offloa
d
the
tr
aff
ic
of
the
use
r
to
the
fem
t
ocell
,
pro
vid
e
d,
the
f
e
m
tocel
l
has
enou
g
h
res
ourc
es.
But
the
s
ubscri
ber
s
of
fe
m
tocel
ls
are
giv
en
pr
i
or
it
y
ov
er
the
non
s
ubscri
bers. Th
e
non su
bsc
ribe
rs
will
b
e
init
ia
ll
y con
ne
ct
ed
to the m
acro
cel
l base
stat
ion
. As s
oon
as
they
com
e
in
cl
os
e
pro
xim
it
y
to
the
the
fem
tocel
l
co
ver
a
ge
a
rea,
the
local
m
odule
ha
s
to
deci
de
wh
et
her
it
sh
oul
d
be of
floa
ded to
f
em
tocel
l by analy
zi
ng
t
he
li
nk con
diti
on
.
3.
PROP
OSE
D SCHE
DU
LI
N
G M
ET
H
OD
The
ra
dio
res
ources
ar
e
ver
y
m
uch
lim
it
ed
in
the
wireless
networ
k
en
vironm
ent.
So
,
the
eff
ect
iv
e
util
iz
at
ion
of
r
eso
ur
ces
is
ve
r
y
m
uch
esse
ntial
and
it
is
a
hi
gh
ly
c
halle
ng
i
ng
ta
sk
.
T
he
al
locat
ion
of
re
s
ources
a
m
on
g
us
e
rs
needs
to
be
ve
ry
well
co
ntr
olled.
Wh
e
n
t
he
us
e
rs
a
re
m
ov
ing
away
from
the
base
sta
ti
on
,
the
num
ber
of
res
ources
t
o
be
se
rv
e
d
t
o
that
us
e
r
i
ncr
e
ases.
S
o,
t
he
hybri
d
acce
ss
fem
tocel
ls
play
an
i
m
po
rtant
r
ole
in
increasin
g
the
eff
ect
ive
usa
ge
of
r
eso
urce
s,
there
by
i
m
pr
ov
i
ng
the
ov
e
r
al
l
netwo
r
k
capaci
ty
.
The hyb
rid
ac
c
ess f
em
tc
el
l shar
es s
om
e o
f
it
s r
es
ources
to
t
he non
subsc
riber
s
.
In
the
pro
pose
d
resou
rce
sc
he
du
li
ng
m
et
ho
d,
t
he
non
s
ub
s
cribers
who
ha
ve
high
t
hro
ughput
pr
i
or
it
y
m
et
ric
are
giv
en
prefe
ren
ce
to
acce
ss
the
fem
tocel
l.
Sin
ce
the
fem
toc
el
ls
us
e
hybr
i
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
,
the ser
ving
bas
e stat
ion
has
t
o be select
e
d
be
fore sc
hedulin
g
the
u
se
rs. T
he
b
ase
sta
ti
on
t
hat n
ee
ds
t
o
se
rv
e t
he
us
er
is
sel
ect
ed
by
the
local
m
od
ule
by
an
al
yz
ing
the
SINR
of
a
us
e
r
per
ta
ini
ng
to
m
acro
cel
l
and
that
of
fem
tocel
ls.
The use
r’
s
SIN
R value
w
it
h re
fer
e
nce to m
ac
ro
cel
l
base s
ta
t
ion
m
i
n
n
th
res
ource
blo
c
k
is
fou
nd as
,,
,
,,
m
n
m
n
mn
f
n
f
n
o
fF
PG
P
G
N
w
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
5
9
9
-
3
6
0
6
3602
wh
e
re
,
mn
P
an
d
,
mn
G
are
the
transm
i
t
po
we
r
an
d
cha
nnel
gain
f
ro
m
t
he
m
acro
cel
l
base
sta
ti
on
,
,
fn
P
an
d
,
fn
G
are
the
tra
ns
m
i
t
powe
r
a
nd
ch
an
nel g
ai
n
f
r
om
fe
m
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
on
s
fF
in
the n
et
w
ork,
o
N
is
the
s
pectral
densi
ty
o
f n
ois
e an
d
w
is t
he
re
s
ource
blo
c
k ba
ndwidt
h.
The
us
e
r’
s
S
I
NR
value
with
ref
ere
nce
to
the
fem
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
on
kF
in
n
th
resour
ce
blo
ck
is
fou
nd as
,,
,
,
,
,
,
k
n
k
n
kn
m
n
m
n
i
n
i
n
o
i
F
k
PG
P
G
P
G
N
w
(2)
Wh
e
re
,
kn
P
and
,
kn
G
are
the
transm
it
po
we
r
an
d
c
hanne
l
gain
from
fem
tocel
l
base
sta
ti
on
kF
to
the
us
e
r
,
,
in
P
and
,
in
G
are the
t
ra
ns
m
it
p
ow
er
a
nd g
ai
n of t
he c
hannel
from
t
he
inte
rf
e
rin
g f
e
m
tocel
ls t
o
th
e u
se
r.
In
the
be
ginnin
g,
t
he
us
e
r
will
f
in
d
out
the
S
IN
R
f
or
al
l
t
he
base
sta
ti
on
s
i
n
the
c
ov
e
rag
e
area
of
the
cel
l.
It
der
ive
s
the
SINR
value
from
the
knowle
dge
of
c
hannel
i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
Acc
ordi
ng
ly
,
t
he
m
odulati
on
order i
s selec
te
d
to
the
us
e
r b
y t
he
ba
se stat
ion [
24]
.
Af
te
r
est
im
ating
the
SINR,
th
e
us
er
e
ns
ures
that
the
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
t
he
m
acro
cel
l
(
m
)
an
d
it
s
near
est
fem
tocel
l
(
f
)
S
I
NR
va
lue
is
gr
eat
e
r
th
an
the
pre
def
i
ne
d
th
res
ho
l
d
va
lue
(
Th
)
as
gi
ve
n
in
eq
uatio
n
(3).
I
f
the
var
i
at
ion
in
SINR
value
of
a
us
e
r
is
m
or
e
than
the
threshold
value
the
n
the
us
er
m
a
y
req
uest
to
acce
ss the fem
t
ocell
n
et
w
ork
. T
his m
ay
b
e se
t acc
ordin
g
t
o
t
he netw
ork o
pe
rator’s
re
qu
ire
m
ent.
m
f
Th
(3)
Fo
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
analy
sis
it
i
s
consi
der
e
d
a
s
7
dB.
T
his
is
du
e
to
t
he
fac
t
that,
with
thi
s
consi
der
e
d
value,
a
us
e
r
c
an
c
ha
ng
e
f
rom
on
e
m
od
ulati
on
orde
r
t
o
oth
er
,
wh
ic
h
le
a
ds
t
o
decr
ease
in
the
re
qu
i
re
m
ent
of
resou
rces,
the
r
eby
i
m
pr
ovin
g
the
eff
ect
ive
util
iz
at
ion
.
Th
e
equ
at
io
n
(
3
)
is
est
i
m
at
ed
m
erely
fo
r
the
non
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
.
T
he
fem
tocel
l
network
ca
n
be
connecte
d
to
the
no
n
subsc
r
ibers
by
analy
zi
ng
t
he
th
rou
ghput
pr
i
or
it
y
m
e
tric
of
t
he
use
r
a
nd
avail
able
res
ources
.
T
he
pro
cedure f
ollo
we
d
at
the
l
ocal
m
od
ule
for
li
nkin
g
the
us
er
to
t
he fem
tocel
l netw
ork i
s g
ive
n
i
n Alg
or
it
hm
I
.
Algorithm
I
: A
t Local m
od
ule
Estim
at
e SI
NR of the
u
se
r wit
h refe
ren
ce
to m
acro
cel
l by e
qu
at
io
n (
1)
Estim
at
e SI
NR of the
u
se
r wit
h refe
ren
ce
to f
e
m
tocel
l by eq
uation (
2)
For
TTI
→
1
t
o
n
do
if
m
f
T
h
th
en
c
heck avail
a
ble r
es
ources
in fem
tocel
l net
work
li
nk
us
er
w
it
h fem
tocel
l or
el
se
sta
y c
onnect with
m
acro
cel
l
en
d
if
en
d
for
In
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
is
m
,
dif
fer
e
nt
al
loc
at
ion
al
gorit
hm
s
m
ay
be
use
d
f
or
s
ub
sc
ri
ber
s
a
nd
non
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
.
The
co
nv
e
ntio
na
l
te
chn
iq
ue
of
al
locat
ing
res
ources
to
t
he
no
n
subsc
ribers
is
FI
F
O
beca
use
of
it
s
si
m
ple
flow
of
structu
re.
But
,
by
giv
in
g
pri
or
it
y
to
the
use
rs
w
ho
hav
e
high
thr
ough
put
value,
the
overall
thr
oughput
of
t
he
net
wor
k
ca
n
be
im
pr
ove
d.
The
th
ree
-
le
ve
l
scheduli
ng
al
gorithm
that
is
us
e
d
cent
rall
y
at
the
m
acro
cel
l
base
sta
ti
on
[
25]
is
us
e
d
in
fem
toc
el
ls
al
so
for
sc
hedulin
g
the
non
subsc
ribers.
This
al
gorit
hm
aim
s
in im
pr
ov
i
ng overall
cell
th
rough
pu
t
w
hile m
ai
ntaining
t
he
f
ai
r
ness
am
on
g us
ers.
W
it
h
three
le
vel
sche
du
li
ng
m
et
ho
d,
the
us
ers
w
ho
a
re
in
good
cha
nn
el
c
onditi
ons
are
give
n
pr
e
fer
e
nce
both
in
m
acro
cel
l
and
fem
tocel
l.
In
fem
tocel
l
network,
afte
r
guaran
te
ei
ng
m
ini
m
u
m
rate
requ
est
e
d
by
the
subscri
ber
s
,
the
rem
ain
in
g
res
ources
are
schedule
d
to
non
subsc
riber
s
.
Wh
il
e
doing
sc
hedulin
g
to
the
non
s
ub
sc
ribe
r
s,
pr
e
fe
ren
ce
is
giv
e
n
to
the
use
rs
w
ho
ha
ve
high
CQI
valu
e
to
increase
th
e
ov
e
rall
throu
ghput
of
t
otal
us
e
rs.
Fo
r
sim
plicity
,
only
thr
ough
put
pri
ori
ty
m
etr
ic
is
cal
culat
e
d
f
or
non
s
ubs
cribers
wh
il
e
do
i
ng
sche
du
li
ng i
n
f
e
m
tocel
ls.
In
t
he
fem
tocel
l
netw
ork,
t
he
resou
rces
are
predeterm
ined
f
or
s
ubscri
bers
and
no
n
s
ub
sc
r
ibers
but
it
is
necessary
t
o
gu
a
ra
ntee
the
m
ini
m
u
m
data
rate
dem
and
ed
by
the
s
ubscri
ber
s
.
Wh
il
e
do
ing
sc
he
du
li
ng
t
o
the
non
s
ubscri
bers prefe
ren
ce
is
giv
e
n
to
the
u
s
ers wit
h hig
h
C
hannel
Qu
al
it
y I
nd
ic
at
or
(CQ
I)
value
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of res
ource sc
he
du
li
ng in
LTE f
emt
oc
el
l
…
(
S.
F
ouziy
a Su
lt
ha
na
)
3603
By
u
sin
g
th
ree
le
vel
al
gorithm
s
, th
e
thro
ughp
ut prio
rity
m
e
tric
is estim
at
ed
wh
ic
h
is
giv
e
n as
,
,
kn
k
k
a
v
g
R
T
R
(4)
w
he
re
,
kn
R
is
the
data
rate
achieved
by
k
th
us
er
in
n
th
res
our
ce
blo
ck
a
nd
,
k
a
v
g
R
is
the
aver
ag
e
data
rate
achieve
d
by
k
th
us
er
.
T
he
no
n
s
ub
sc
ribe
rs
who
hav
e
thr
ough
pu
t
pr
i
or
it
y
m
et
ric
gr
eat
er
than
t
hr
es
hold
valu
e
are
c
ho
s
en
f
or
al
locat
ion.
T
he
proce
dure
fo
ll
owe
d
at
th
e
fem
tocel
ls
fo
r
sh
a
rin
g
res
ources
with
th
e
no
n
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
is
giv
e
n
in
A
l
gori
thm
I
I.
Algorithm
I
I:
At Fem
tocel
l network
Whil
e
non s
ubscribe
rs req
ues
t acc
ess
do
Esti
m
at
e
T
k
fo
r
no
n
s
ub
s
cri
ber
s
b
y e
quat
io
n (4)
cat
eg
ori
ze
T
k
li
st
For
T
TI →
1
t
o
n
do
Gu
a
ra
ntee m
in
i
m
u
m
r
at
e to s
ub
s
cribe
rs
Check
for avai
la
ble r
es
ources
if
cu
rr
e
nt TT
I has
resou
rces
th
en
sel
ect
us
ers
fro
m
T
k
li
st
assi
gn r
es
our
ces
e
nd
if
en
d
for
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
An
LTE
dow
nlink
scena
rio
is
con
side
re
d
with
sing
le
m
acr
ocell
base
sta
tio
n
in
w
hich
fe
m
tocel
ls
are
rand
om
l
y
distribu
te
d
withi
n
t
he
c
ov
e
ra
ge
ar
ea
of
the
cel
l
without
ov
e
rla
pp
i
ng
to
eac
h
oth
e
r.
For
sim
ulati
on
pur
po
se
,
the
as
su
m
ption
is
m
ade
that
t
he
use
rs
in
sid
e
t
he
cel
l
are
m
ov
in
g
with
a
c
onst
ant
s
peed
of
3
and
30
km
ph
,
an
d
th
e
local
m
od
ul
e
receives
perfect
cha
nn
el
qu
al
it
y
repor
t
from
the
us
er.
T
o
m
ini
m
i
ze
the
com
plexity
,
it
i
s
ta
ken
into
c
onside
rati
on
th
a
t
at
any
po
int
of
tim
e
there
wi
ll
be
60
%
of
re
al
tim
e
se
rv
ic
e
us
ers
and
40%
of
non
real
ti
m
e
ser
vice
us
e
rs.
Re
al
tim
e
serv
ic
e
include
s
vi
de
o
an
d
Vo
ic
e
over
In
te
rn
et
P
r
oto
c
ol
(VoIP)
tra
ff
ic
and
non
real
ti
m
e
serv
ic
e
us
e
rs
inclu
de
Be
st
Effor
t
(BE)
tr
aff
ic
.
Vide
o
tr
aff
ic
with
sou
r
ce
rate
128
kbps
are
pro
duced
by
H
.
264
t
race
-
base
d
c
od
e
r
a
nd
V
oI
P
tra
ff
ic
with
s
ource
rate
of
8
kb
ps
a
re
ge
ner
at
e
d
from
G.
729
au
dio
c
od
e
r.
BE
traff
ic
is
pro
du
ced
by
ideal
source
wh
ic
h
has
al
ways
pack
et
s
to
sen
d.
T
he
m
ai
n
si
m
ulati
on
p
a
r
a
m
et
ers
are s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Table
2.
T
he
m
ai
n
sim
ul
at
ion
p
aram
et
ers
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Ban
d
wid
th
1
0
M
Hz
Carrie
r
f
requ
en
cy
2
GHz
Su
b
carr
ier
ban
d
wid
th
1
5
kHz
Macr
o
cell
r
ad
iu
s
5
0
0
m
Fe
m
to
cell
r
ad
iu
s
1
5
m
Macr
o
cell
tr
an
s
m
it
po
wer
4
3
dB
m
Fe
m
to
cell
tr
an
s
m
it
po
wer
1
7
dB
m
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
e
m
to
c
ell netwo
rk
1
-
30
Maxi
m
u
m
nu
m
b
er
of
m
o
b
ile us
ers
300
Maxi
m
u
m
su
b
scri
b
ers per
f
e
m
to
cell
4
Mini
m
u
m
th
rou
g
h
p
u
t of
su
b
scrib
er
4
M
b
p
s
Macr
o
cell
us
er’
s s
p
eed
3
k
m
p
h
and
30
k
m
p
h
Fe
m
to
cell
us
er’
s s
p
eed
0
-
1
k
m
p
h
Ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
6
-
Ray
Ty
p
ical
Ur
b
an
(
TU
)
f
o
r
o
u
td
o
o
r
W
IN
NER
II
f
o
r
i
n
d
o
o
r
Mod
u
latio
n
ord
er
QPSK,
16
QAM
,
6
4
QAM
W
all
atten
u
atio
n
2
0
dB
Si
m
u
latio
n
du
ration
1
0
0
s
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
the
pro
pose
d
res
ource
al
locat
ion
m
eth
od
is
analy
ze
d
in
te
rm
s
of
thr
ough
pu
t
of
non
s
ubscri
bers
an
d
total
us
e
rs
in
t
he
syst
em
.
The
analy
sis
is
done
by
in
crem
enting
the
nu
m
ber
of
fe
m
tocel
l
netw
ork
in
the
m
acro
cel
l
reg
ion.
For
pe
rform
ance
analy
sis,
LTESim
,
an
op
e
n
s
ource
sim
ula
tor
is
us
e
d
[
26
]
.
The
a
ver
a
ge
th
rou
ghput
of
no
n
subsc
ribe
rs
a
t
3
km
ph
an
d
30
km
ph
is
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ure
3.
Fr
om
th
e
fig
ure
it
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
20
19
:
3
5
9
9
-
3
6
0
6
3604
ob
s
er
ved
that
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
t
hroug
hput
of
no
n
s
ubscri
ber
s
is
im
pr
ov
e
d
when
c
om
par
ed
with
the
co
nve
ntion
a
l
FI
F
O
base
d
al
locat
ion
m
et
ho
d.
This
is
beca
us
e
the
pro
pos
ed
sche
du
li
ng
schem
e
pr
ov
i
de
s
resour
ce
al
locat
ion
base
d
on
t
hro
ughp
ut
pri
ori
ty
m
e
tric
.
So
,
the
non
s
ubscri
bers
w
ho
ha
ve
high
CQ
I
value
ar
e
giv
e
n
pri
or
it
y
thus
increasin
g
t
he
aver
a
ge
t
hro
ughput
of
them
.
Wh
e
reas,
the
c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hod
al
locat
es
on
first
c
om
e
first
serv
e
b
a
sis i
rr
e
sp
ect
ive
of thei
r
c
hannel c
ondi
ti
on
.
Howe
ver,
the
r
e
is
r
e
duct
ion
in
the
a
ver
a
ge
t
hro
ughput
of
non
s
ub
sc
ribe
rs
w
hen
the
re
is
increase
in
the
s
peed.
T
hi
s
is
du
e
to
the
fact
t
hat,
wh
e
n
th
e
s
pee
d
of
the
non
s
ub
sc
ribers
inc
rease
s,
the
re
will
be
hi
gh
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
loss
of
the
pa
ckets
that
are
sen
d
from
the
base
sta
t
ion
.
By
us
ing
the
pro
po
se
d
sc
he
du
li
ng
m
et
ho
d
there
i
s
5%
a
nd
11%
increa
se
in
th
e
ave
rag
e
th
rough
pu
t
of
non
su
bsc
ri
ber
s
w
he
n
c
om
par
ed
with
t
he
al
read
y
existi
ng
co
nventio
nal
FI
F
O
ba
sed
a
ll
ocati
on
m
et
ho
d
f
or
the
ta
ke
n
sim
ulati
on
pa
ram
et
ers
at
3
km
ph
and 30
km
ph
, r
especti
vely
.
The
a
ver
a
ge
t
hro
ughp
ut of to
t
al
u
sers
is d
e
pi
ct
ed
in Fi
g
ure
4.
Si
nce th
e
u
s
ers
w
ho
hav
e
good c
ha
nn
el
conditi
ons
are
giv
e
n
pri
or
it
y
in
bo
t
h
m
acro
cel
l
and
fem
tocel
l,
the
aver
a
ge
thr
ough
pu
t
of
al
l
the
us
er
s
in
the
syst
e
m
is
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
wh
e
n
c
om
par
ed
with
t
he
co
nve
ntional
FI
F
O
bas
ed
sche
du
li
ng
m
et
hod.
T
he
propos
e
d
m
et
ho
d
s
hows
10
%
a
nd
9%
increase
in
the
ave
rag
e
th
r
oughput
of
total
us
ers
at
3
km
ph
and
30
km
ph
,
resp
ect
ively
w
hen com
par
e
d wit
h
the
con
ve
ntion
al
m
et
hod o
f
sc
hedulin
g.
Fig
ure
3
.
Av
er
age thr
oughput
of
non
s
ubscri
ber
s
com
par
ed
t
o
c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hod of sche
duli
ng
Fig
ure
4
.
A
verage th
r
oughput
of total
us
ers
com
par
ed
t
o
c
onve
ntion
al
m
et
hod of sche
duli
ng
The
ave
ra
ge
thr
ough
pu
t
of
non
s
ub
sc
ribe
r
s
with
res
pect
to
oth
er
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
s
is
giv
en
i
n
Fig
ure
5
(a
)
an
d
(
b).
F
ro
m
the
fig
ur
e
it
is
cl
ear
that
no
n
s
ubscri
ber
has
hi
gh
e
st
thr
oughput
w
hen
t
hey
use
the
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
.
Gen
erall
y,
th
e
non
s
ub
sc
ribe
rs
w
ho
are
ver
y
far
f
ro
m
the
m
acro
cel
l
base
s
ta
ti
on
will
try
to
ge
t
a
ccess
from
the
nea
rb
y
f
e
m
tocel
l
netwo
r
k,
pro
vid
e
d
the
fem
tocel
l
us
es
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
.
M
os
tl
y,
they
will
ex
per
ie
nce
th
e
de
gr
a
de
d
qual
it
y
of
sig
nals
.
S
o,
m
or
e
res
ources
a
re
nec
essary
for
them
to
satisfy
their
QoS.
Alte
rn
at
ively
,
wh
e
n
they
are
connect
ed
to
t
he
fem
tocel
l
network
with
hy
br
id
acce
ss
m
od
e,
the
res
ource
s
are
ef
fici
en
tl
y
util
iz
ed,
there
by
inc
re
a
sing
the
ave
r
age
t
hroug
hput
of
non
s
ubscri
bers.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
5
.
A
verage th
r
oughput
of
non
s
ubscri
ber
s
co
m
par
e
d t
o
ot
her acce
ss
ing
m
echan
ism
s
(a)
at
3 km
ph
a
nd (b) at
30 k
m
ph
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce
analysis
of res
ource sc
he
du
li
ng in
LTE f
emt
oc
el
l
…
(
S.
F
ouziy
a Su
lt
ha
na
)
3605
In
f
em
tocel
ls
with
ope
n
acce
ss
m
echan
is
m
,
the
networ
k
al
lows
al
l
the
no
n
subscr
ibers
to
get
connecte
d
w
he
n
they
com
e
near
the
vicinit
y
of
the
ne
twork
.
This
le
ads
to
inc
reas
e
in
the
num
ber
of
hand
ov
e
rs
sinc
e
the
us
ers
are
m
ov
ing
with
a
consi
der
a
ble
s
peed
the
re
by
de
creasin
g
the
overall
thr
ough
pu
t
of
the
non
s
ub
s
cr
ibers.
W
it
h
sa
m
e
env
iro
nm
e
nt,
the
fem
tocel
ls
with
cl
os
ed
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
a
ll
ow
only
th
e
su
bsc
ri
bed
us
e
rs
to
get
c
onne
ct
ed
to
t
he
ne
twork
.
Wh
e
n
the
no
n
s
ubsc
ribers
com
e
ne
ar
the
vicinit
y
of
the
fem
tocel
l
netwo
r
k
they
e
xp
e
r
ie
nce
a
ve
ry
s
tro
ng
i
nterf
e
re
nce
f
ro
m
the
f
e
m
tocel
ls.
And
al
so,
they
ca
n
get
acce
ss
only
fro
m
the
m
acro
cel
l
base
sta
ti
on
even
i
f
they
ar
e
transm
itti
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
with
de
gr
a
de
d
qu
al
it
y.
As
a
res
ult,
th
e
ave
rag
e
th
rough
pu
t
of
non
subscri
bers
in
fem
tocel
ls
with
cl
ose
d
acce
s
s
m
echan
is
m
is
ve
ry
m
uch
r
ed
uce
d wh
e
n
c
om
par
ing wit
h ot
her a
ccess m
echan
ism
s.
The
a
ver
a
ge
t
hro
ughp
ut
of
t
ot
al
us
ers
is
anal
yz
ed
in
th
ree
di
ff
ere
nt
acce
ssi
ng
m
echan
ism
s
with
t
wo
diff
e
re
nt
sp
ee
ds
an
d
is
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
6.
It
is
cl
early
visible
that
as
the
sp
ee
d
of
the
use
rs
inc
reases
t
her
e
i
s
decr
ease
in
t
he
av
era
ge
t
hro
ughp
ut b
eca
us
e
of
t
he packet l
os
ses.
An
d
al
s
o,
it
is s
how
n
t
hat the
perf
orm
ance of
the
fem
tocel
ls
with
cl
os
e
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
is
sli
gh
tl
y
su
pe
rior
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
to
oth
e
r
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
s.
This
is
due
to
t
he
fact
that
in
c
losed
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
,
the
fem
tocel
l
inten
ds
to
ga
ur
a
nte
e
the
su
bsc
ri
ber’
s
in
div
id
ual
ave
ra
ge
thr
ough
pu
t
by
us
ing
al
l
of
it
s
avail
able
resour
ces
,
th
ereb
y
increa
sing
the
ov
e
rall
av
era
ge
thr
ough
pu
t
of
total
us
e
rs
i
n
the
syst
e
m
.
This
m
ay
be
an
adv
a
ntage
ous
m
echan
ism
fr
om
the
netw
ork p
oin
t
of v
ie
w,
but fai
ls i
n gu
a
ran
te
ei
ng QoS
of
al
l t
he user
s in
the
netw
ork.
Wh
e
reas,
in
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
,
after
gu
a
ra
nt
eei
ng
s
ubscri
ber’s
m
ini
m
u
m
resour
c
e
requirem
ent,
so
m
e
reso
ur
ces
are
reserved
f
or
no
n
subscri
ber’s
util
iz
at
ion
.
This
inc
reas
es
the
us
er
’s
aver
a
ge
thr
oughput
be
cause
of
the
e
ff
ec
ti
ve
util
iz
at
ion
of
res
ourc
es
but
no
t
a
s
m
uch
of
cl
os
e
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
op
e
n
acc
ess
m
echan
ism
sh
ow
s
poor
perf
or
m
ance
because
of
i
nc
rease
in
sig
naling
a
nd
nu
m
ber
of h
a
ndove
rs.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
6
.
A
verage th
r
oughput
of total
us
ers
c
om
par
ed
t
o oth
er accessi
ng m
echan
ism
s
(a)
at
3 km
ph
a
nd (b) at
30 k
m
ph
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
sche
du
li
ng
for
hybri
d
acce
ss
fem
tocel
l
is
i
nv
e
sti
gated,
w
hich
giv
es
pref
eren
ce
t
o
th
e
us
ers
w
ho
ha
ve
high
th
rou
ghpu
t
pr
i
or
it
y
m
e
tric
.
Since
hybri
d
acce
ss
m
echan
ism
is
us
ed
in
the
fem
tocel
ls,
the
serv
i
ng
base
sta
ti
on
is
sel
ect
ed
be
fore
sche
du
li
ng
the
us
er
s
.
Local
m
od
ule
in
the
network
is
res
pons
i
bl
e
fo
r
sel
ect
ing
base
sta
ti
on
to
the
use
rs
base
d
on
t
heir
SINR
fee
db
ac
k.
Af
te
r
sel
ect
ing
the
ba
se
sta
ti
on
,
sche
du
li
ng
is
do
ne
to
the
non
subsc
ribe
r
s
who
ha
ve
high
thr
oughput
pri
or
it
y
m
et
ric.
By
us
ing
this
pro
posed
m
et
ho
d,
th
e
aver
a
ge
t
hroug
hput
of
the
t
otal
us
ers
in
t
he
s
yst
e
m
is
increased.
The
re
is
10%
a
nd
9%
inc
rease
in
the
a
ve
ra
ge
thr
oughput
of
t
otal
us
e
rs
at
3
km
ph
an
d
30
km
ph
,
respec
ti
ve
ly
wh
e
n
com
par
e
d
with
the
conve
ntion
al
m
et
ho
d
of sch
e
duli
ng.
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BIOGR
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H
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OF
A
UTH
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Dr.
S.
Fouz
iy
a
Su
lthan
a
rec
e
ive
d
her
B.
E
degr
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in
Elec
t
ronic
s
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
from
Bhara
did
asa
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Tam
il
nad
u
in
20
02
and
M.
Tech
and
Ph.
D
in
E
le
c
tronics
an
d
Com
m
unic
at
ion
from
Pondiche
rry
Univer
si
t
y
,
Pu
duche
rr
y
in
200
8
and
2017,
res
pec
t
ive
l
y
.
She
has
worked
in
m
any
priv
at
e
eng
in
ee
ring
co
ll
eg
es
since
2008
and
publi
shed
m
any
pap
ers
in
ref
e
ree
d
journa
ls
and
con
fer
ences.
Her
cu
r
ren
t
res
ea
rch
fo
cuse
s
on
Radi
o
R
esourc
e
Man
ag
ement
in
bro
adb
and
net
works
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.