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1
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2
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s
te
n
in
g
m
o
d
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
t
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
d
ev
ices d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
t
h
ese
m
an
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
an
ten
n
ae
.
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
b
eliev
es
in
e
x
tr
ac
ti
n
g
a
m
b
ien
t
R
ad
io
Fre
q
u
en
cies
(
R
F)
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
an
d
u
s
e
it
a
s
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
t
h
e
m
o
b
i
le
d
ev
ice
d
ep
letin
g
en
er
g
y
.
Hal
f
a
d
ec
ad
e
ag
o
,
s
u
ch
r
esear
ch
tal
k
s
w
er
e
i
n
itia
ted
an
d
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
h
a
v
e
al
s
o
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
w
e
d
o
n
o
t
s
ee
th
e
m
in
co
m
m
er
cial
u
s
e.
T
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
d
icatio
n
t
h
at
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
t
h
er
e
i
s
ce
r
tain
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
o
r
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
in
th
is
f
ield
.
W
e
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
all
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
r
esear
ch
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
f
i
n
d
th
a
t
ex
its
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
all
s
i
m
u
latio
n
b
ased
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
M
u
lti
s
i
m
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
A
DS
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e,
USR
P
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
r
ad
io
r
ea
d
er
,
A
g
ilen
t
Mo
m
e
n
t
u
m
,
P
Sp
ice.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
h
av
e
also
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
i
n
g
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
b
ein
g
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
ar
e
R
F
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
,
R
ec
te
n
n
a,
P
iezo
elec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial,
s
o
u
n
d
,
etc.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
all
th
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
less
w
o
r
k
b
ein
g
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
w
ar
d
s
ex
p
lo
iti
n
g
R
F
s
i
g
n
als
as
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
ti
m
izat
i
o
n
to
w
ar
d
s
it.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
also
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
ed
w
h
ic
h
is
a
n
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
less
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
t
h
i
s
f
ie
ld
.
R
esear
ch
to
w
ar
d
s
s
u
c
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
h
ar
n
e
s
s
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
R
F
w
a
v
es
b
u
t
also
u
s
e
th
e
m
to
en
s
u
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lo
n
g
eti
v
it
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
a
p
er
in
v
est
ig
ate
s
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
en
tl
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
liter
atu
r
es to
f
i
n
d
th
at
s
till
t
h
er
e
is
an
en
o
u
g
h
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ex
cl
u
s
iv
el
y
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lo
w
p
o
w
er
ed
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icati
n
g
d
e
v
ices.
Sectio
n
1
.
1
.
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
li
ter
at
u
r
e
w
h
er
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
es
tin
g
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
id
e
n
t
if
icatio
n
i
n
Sect
io
n
1
.
2
.
Sectio
n
1
.
3
.
b
r
ief
s
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
Secti
o
n
2
elab
o
r
ates th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
l
lo
w
ed
b
y
r
es
u
lt
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
i
n
Sectio
n
3
.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
4
.
1
.
1
.
B
a
ck
g
ro
un
d
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
esear
c
h
er
s
p
er
tain
i
n
g
to
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
i
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
e
v
ic
es.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
r
ec
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
1
0
-
to
till
d
ate.
Mo
s
t
r
ec
en
tl
y
,
Hr
ais
h
a
w
i
et
al.
[
6
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
ca
s
e
o
f
M
u
lt
ip
le
-
I
n
p
u
t
Mu
ltip
le
Ou
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
an
d
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Ma
o
et
al.
[
7
]
h
av
e
in
v
est
ig
ated
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
elate
d
to
m
o
b
ile
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
u
n
iq
u
e
o
f
f
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
B
iaso
n
a
n
d
Z
o
r
zi
[
8
]
h
av
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
d
ev
ices.
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
et
al.
[
9
]
h
av
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
t
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
f
f
lo
ad
in
g
is
ad
d
r
ess
e
d
in
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
w
it
h
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice.
C
h
an
g
et
al.
[
1
0
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
tr
af
f
ic
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
m
o
b
ile
c
lo
u
d
in
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
its
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
h
ar
v
es
tin
g
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
He
et
al.
[
1
1
]
h
av
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
w
a
ter
f
il
lli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
v
er
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
d
ev
ice
in
MI
MO
.
K
ap
o
o
r
an
d
P
illai
[
1
2
]
h
av
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
th
at
u
s
e
s
m
u
l
tip
le
ac
ce
s
s
ch
a
n
n
els
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tin
g
d
ev
i
ce
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
b
as
ical
l
y
u
s
ed
a
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
p
o
licies
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
K
h
u
za
n
i
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
h
av
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
ad
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
.
T
an
a
n
d
Yin
[
1
4
]
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
tas
k
to
u
p
g
r
ad
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
as
w
ell
as
d
y
n
a
m
ic
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
E
x
p
licit
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el,
tas
k
m
o
d
el,
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
m
o
d
el
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
u
tco
m
e
is
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
v
ar
ied
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
r
an
an
d
C
h
u
n
g
[
1
5
]
h
a
v
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
h
ar
v
ester
n
o
d
e
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e,
an
d
a
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
tr
ac
k
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
.
I
t
also
u
s
es
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
f
o
r
o
b
tain
i
n
g
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Y
u
a
n
et
al.
[
1
6
]
h
av
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ad
d
iti
v
e
w
h
ite
n
o
is
e
an
d
f
ad
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
el.
C
as
tag
n
e
tti
et
al.
[
1
7
]
h
av
e
p
r
es
en
ted
a
m
o
d
el
th
a
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
.
Si
m
ilar
li
n
e
o
f
w
o
r
k
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
p
r
ese
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
y
Ko
u
la
li
et
al.
[
1
8
]
u
s
in
g
h
ar
d
w
ar
e’
s
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
etc)
.
J
ab
b
ar
et
al.
[
1
9
]
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
v
er
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
s
u
s
i
n
g
en
h
a
n
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
C
MO
S
d
esi
g
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tin
g
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
Sch
o
tt
k
y
d
io
d
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t.
He
n
ce
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
r
ec
en
t
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e
s
ea
r
ch
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
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s
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
t
io
n
b
r
ief
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
id
en
ti
f
ied
i
n
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
4
5
0
–
4
5
7
452
1
.
2
.
P
ro
ble
m
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
b
r
ief
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
en
r
esear
ch
is
s
u
es
i
n
th
e
lin
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
elatin
g
to
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ic
e.
T
h
e
id
en
tif
ied
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
v
ie
w
p
o
in
t
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atin
g
d
ev
ices
ex
ce
p
t
ce
llu
lar
p
h
o
n
es
o
r
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
s
.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
ar
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
to
w
ar
d
s
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es o
r
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
b.
A
t
p
r
esen
t,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
u
ch
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
a
m
b
ien
t
R
F
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
o
n
it.
E
x
is
t
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
cli
n
ed
to
w
a
r
d
s
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
c.
Stu
d
ies
to
w
ar
d
s
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ar
e
v
er
y
les
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
e
x
is
t
i
n
g
liter
at
u
r
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
iter
ati
v
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
m
o
r
e
i
n
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
d.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
er
y
f
e
w
r
esear
c
h
atte
m
p
ts
to
w
ar
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
test
i
f
y
in
g
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
iz
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
p
r
esen
te
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
es
tin
g
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
y
et
u
n
s
o
lv
ed
an
d
th
er
e
is
a
d
ef
in
iti
v
e
n
ee
d
to
f
o
r
m
u
la
te
a
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
s
u
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
,
t
h
e
n
e
x
t sectio
n
b
r
ief
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
u
ch
i
s
s
u
es.
1
.
3
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
So
lutio
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
c
o
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
0
]
to
w
ar
d
s
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
c
u
s
es
m
ain
l
y
o
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
as
a
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
s
th
e
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
a
)
to
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
o
v
el
alg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
at
is
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
b
ab
i
lity
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
a
n
d
b
)
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
lin
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
est
ex
ten
t
o
f
R
F
s
o
u
r
ce
a
v
ailab
i
lit
y
eit
h
er
in
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
(
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
is
tic)
s
tate
o
r
in
an
y
r
an
d
o
m
s
tate.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
al
s
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
R
F
s
ig
n
al
s
in
b
o
t
h
s
p
ar
s
e
a
n
d
d
en
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
in
s
ta
n
tl
y
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
es
a
h
ig
h
l
y
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
li
n
k
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
R
F
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
r
ea
lis
tic
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
w
e
al
s
o
co
n
s
id
er
en
er
g
y
b
u
d
g
et
as
a
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
to
w
ar
d
s
m
o
d
eli
n
g
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
in
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
as
w
e
ll
as
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
l
i
m
i
t
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
f
in
e
-
t
u
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
d
ev
ices)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
an
al
y
tic
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ile
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
is
e
v
al
u
ated
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
ac
to
r
ev
e
n
t lo
s
s
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
.
2.
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
r
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
t
w
o
co
r
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
v
iz.
a
)
A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
i
n
g
an
d
b
)
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
L
i
n
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
E
lab
o
r
ate
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
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r
P
r
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b
a
b
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a
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S
o
l
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t
i
o
n
-
1
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
-
2
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
H
i
g
h
e
s
t
L
i
m
i
t
L
o
w
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s
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L
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m
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R
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c
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O
p
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m
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a
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v
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a
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d
o
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S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
S
t
a
t
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
F
r
a
mewo
r
k
fo
r
Op
timiz
in
g
th
e
P
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f E
n
erg
y
Ha
r
ve
s
tin
g
fr
o
m
A
mb
ien
t R
F
S
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
u
ch
i S
h
a
r
ma
)
453
2
.
1
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
Co
m
pu
t
i
ng
P
ro
ba
bil
it
y
o
f
E
nerg
y
H
a
r
v
esting
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
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r
o
b
ab
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o
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th
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a
m
o
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n
t
o
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e
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er
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e
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ar
v
e
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ted
f
o
r
a
s
ta
n
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ar
d
m
o
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p
h
o
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e.
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n
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
R
F
is
ch
al
len
g
i
n
g
tas
k
wh
ich
it
s
el
f
r
eq
u
ir
es
ce
r
tain
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ev
ice.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
s
id
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s
t
h
e
s
ca
r
ce
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
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Fs
a
n
d
ap
p
lies
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r
o
b
ab
ilit
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to
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m
p
u
te
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
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er
g
y
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o
s
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ib
l
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ted
.
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h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
e
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
t
w
o
li
n
k
s
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
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r
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n
o
d
e
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d
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e.
I
t
also
tak
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i
n
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u
t
o
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to
tal
n
u
m
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er
o
f
n
o
d
es
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d
u
p
o
n
p
r
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ce
s
s
in
g
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ield
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t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
e
v
en
t
r
ate
ar
r
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in
g
o
n
all
n
o
d
es,
P
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
L
o
s
s
,
an
d
P
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
E
r
r
o
r
Flo
o
r
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h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
l
v
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in
t
h
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o
r
ith
m
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
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l
g
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r
ith
m
f
o
r
C
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m
p
u
tin
g
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r
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b
ab
ilit
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o
f
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v
e
n
t
L
o
s
s
d
u
r
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g
E
n
er
g
y
Har
v
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tin
g
I
n
p
u
t:
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rep
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m
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l
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it
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o
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ith
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t
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r
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m
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o
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es
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n
e
-
6
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.
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n
all
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h
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n
el
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cl
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m
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ted
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p
r
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ct
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m
i
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at
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in
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8
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h
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o
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ith
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t
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n
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tes
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h
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m
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o
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o
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es.
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h
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p
r
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p
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s
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m
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r
s
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as
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e
m
p
ir
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e
x
p
r
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n
f
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r
th
e
r
ate
o
f
an
ev
en
t
ar
r
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n
g
o
v
er
all
th
e
m
o
b
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ev
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s
(
L
in
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1
0
)
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h
e
f
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m
u
latio
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t
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s
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m
p
ir
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ex
p
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s
e
s
d
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o
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m
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f
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tit
y
m
atr
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co
n
s
tr
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cted
w
it
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m
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m
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r
r
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(
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m
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P
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co
r
r
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n
d
s
to
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a
r
b
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t
t
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en
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f
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h
ac
ts
as
m
i
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i
m
al
li
m
it
o
f
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g
n
a
l
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h
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r
e,
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
w
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s
h
o
w
p
r
o
p
er
s
tatis
t
ics o
f
a
v
ailab
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y
o
f
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s
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r
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s
ev
e
n
i
n
s
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r
ce
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et
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r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
Alg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
L
i
nea
r
O
pti
miza
t
io
n
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
s
s
i
s
ts
i
n
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
b
est
f
ea
s
ib
le
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
an
ev
e
n
t
th
a
t
is
r
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n
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ib
le
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
u
r
cin
g
o
f
th
e
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F
a
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
o
n
a
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
is
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
il
l
b
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at,
f
o
r
a
c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
g
i
v
en
s
ca
r
cit
y
o
f
th
e
R
F
s
i
g
n
als,
t
h
e
m
o
b
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d
ev
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co
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ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
to
h
i
g
h
er
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el.
A
li
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
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n
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
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r
p
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s
e
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h
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th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ta
k
es
th
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i
n
p
u
t
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ate,
en
er
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y
b
u
d
g
et,
w
h
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h
u
p
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
w
i
ll
lead
to
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p
t
i
m
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er
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y
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
h
ar
v
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ted
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
f
o
p
ti
m
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n
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
L
i
n
ea
r
Op
ti
m
iz
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
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8708
I
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Vo
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8
,
No
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1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
4
5
0
–
4
5
7
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1
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w
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I
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Vo
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8
,
No
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1
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Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
4
5
0
–
4
5
7
456
T
h
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[
1
6
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h
as
m
ain
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y
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s
ed
h
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co
d
ed
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r
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b
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4
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g
Fin
all
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Fi
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4
w
h
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d
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t
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t c
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
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a
f
f
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ted
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c
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b
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cr
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le
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all
p
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s
s
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ti
m
e
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s
f
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to
b
e
0
.
2
3
3
1
5
s
ec
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s
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ile
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h
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alg
o
r
it
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a
f
f
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s
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g
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ar
v
est
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g
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
e
m
p
h
asize
s
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n
a
m
b
ien
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R
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s
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g
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als
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d
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t
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a
f
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w
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k
co
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s
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d
if
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er
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n
t
f
o
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m
s
o
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tr
a
f
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ic
d
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m
s
o
f
d
en
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a
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d
s
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s
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n
et
w
o
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k
s
.
P
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
th
eo
r
y
is
a
p
p
lied
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
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n
t
o
f
R
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s
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aila
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ilit
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n
s
ta
n
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f
o
llo
w
ed
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y
s
ea
m
les
s
en
er
g
y
b
an
k
in
g
p
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ce
s
s
.
W
e
also
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
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f
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co
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atin
g
n
ea
r
r
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li
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n
s
tr
ain
t
s
th
a
t
is
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g
y
b
u
d
g
et
a
n
d
ap
p
lied
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ea
r
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p
tim
izat
io
n
p
r
i
n
cip
le
f
o
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th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
t
h
at
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
to
tall
y
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
er
f
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m
i
n
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en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
ti
n
g
e
v
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i
n
t
h
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p
r
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ce
o
f
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
F so
u
r
ce
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
L
o
ra
n
d
e
l,
J
-
C
P
re
v
o
tet
a
n
d
M
.
Hé
lard
,
“
F
a
st
P
o
w
e
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a
n
d
En
e
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E
ff
icie
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y
A
n
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o
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Ba
se
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n
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P
ro
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g
”
,
a
rXiV,
2
0
1
6
[2
]
K.
M
.
S
.
Hu
q
,
J.
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
,
“
Ba
c
k
h
a
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li
n
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/
F
r
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h
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li
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f
o
r
F
u
tu
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irele
ss
S
y
ste
m
s
”
,
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
1
6
[3
]
K.
R.
Kh
a
li
lp
o
u
r,
A
.
V
a
ss
a
ll
o
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
En
e
rg
y
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
w
i
th
S
to
ra
g
e
:
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
s
f
o
r
Distrib
u
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laji,
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7
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A
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M
.
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in
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2
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8
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A
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J,
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9
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b
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T
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T
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,
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0
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0
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S
h
a
rm
a
a
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d
S
Ba
laji.
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S
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RAP
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laji,
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T
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c
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d
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li
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Al
g
o
rit
h
ms
.
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