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ter
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th
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c
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se
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u
lt
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e
n
c
y
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
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g
(OFDM
),
w
h
ich
p
ro
v
id
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s
a
n
o
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p
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a
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i
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re
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a
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h
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th
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r
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it
h
a
n
a
f
f
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rd
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b
le
c
o
st
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n
d
th
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h
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s
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e
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o
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e
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o
r
m
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n
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rc
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rk
s.
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th
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th
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r
h
a
n
d
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S
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C
-
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A
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p
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c
tral
Am
p
li
tu
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g
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t
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u
lt
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p
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c
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tec
h
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e
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n
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th
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a
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r
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c
e
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k
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g
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h
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rid
OFDM
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C
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h
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e
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s
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et
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k
OFDM
R
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-
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p
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rig
h
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2
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stit
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te o
f
A
d
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n
g
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rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
K.
S.
A
lao
u
i,
L
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MP
: L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
E
lectr
o
n
i
cs,
I
n
s
tr
u
m
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n
tatio
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d
Me
as
u
r
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m
en
t P
h
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ic
s
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a
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r
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ail:
k
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co
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UCT
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h
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ex
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I
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2577
2572
R
OF
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
s
m
u
ltic
ar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
li
k
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
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al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
v
is
io
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m
u
ltip
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x
in
g
(
OFDM)
,
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
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p
p
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tu
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it
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[
2
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Du
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m
b
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I
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f
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SI)
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m
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as b
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FF
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Op
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ltip
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s
s
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n
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e
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ar
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s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
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m
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tical
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u
s
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
OFDM/
S
AC
-
O
C
DM
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
lar
g
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
A
b
r
ie
f
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
liter
at
u
r
e
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
r
ele
v
an
t
to
th
is
p
ap
er
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
T
o
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
C
ap
ac
it
y
an
d
Su
p
p
r
ess
th
e
cr
o
s
s
tal
k
A
l
d
h
aib
an
i
et
al
.
[
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
H
y
b
r
id
o
p
tical
OFDM/W
DM
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
1
0
Gb
/s
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
Sah
b
u
d
i
n
et
al
.
[
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
S
AC
-
OC
D
M
A
o
v
er
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
FTT
x
-
F
SO
n
et
wo
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
last
m
ile
u
s
er
s
,
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
S
AC
-
OC
DM
A
FTT
x
-
FS
O
co
u
ld
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
FS
O
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
5
.
5
6
,
3
.
6
,
2
.
3
3
,
an
d
1
.
4
8
k
m
f
o
r
d
r
izzle
,
lig
h
t
r
ain
,
m
ed
iu
m
r
ai
n
an
d
h
ea
v
y
r
ai
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
at
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
B
E
R
o
f
1
0
−
9
.
T
alli
an
d
T
o
w
n
s
e
n
d
[
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
H
y
b
r
id
DW
DM
-
T
DM
lo
n
g
-
r
ea
c
h
P
ON
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
er
a
ti
o
n
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
.
P
eh
r
aj
et
al
.
[
8
]
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
h
ig
h
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ate
at
lo
w
er
co
s
t
ca
n
b
e
m
et
w
it
h
a
r
ea
l
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
r
ad
io
o
v
er
f
ib
er
(
R
o
F)
an
d
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
(
OFDM)
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
Alatee
q
et
al
.
[
9
]
p
r
esen
t
a
Desig
n
o
f
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
R
o
F
PON
f
o
r
th
e
L
ast
Mile,
Z
h
a
n
g
et
al
.
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
p
ass
iv
e
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
ON)
b
ased
o
n
elec
tr
ical
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lti
p
lex
in
g
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
(
E
C
DM
-
OFDM)
ac
ce
s
s
.
Ald
h
aib
an
i
et
al
.
[
1
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
2
.
5
-
Gb
/s
h
y
b
r
id
W
DM
/T
DM
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
li
n
k
,
u
s
i
n
g
r
ad
io
-
o
v
er
-
f
ib
er
(
R
o
F)
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
t
h
e
GP
ON
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
er
e
1
6
QA
M
i
s
u
s
ed
at
2
.
4
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
it
h
a
d
i
s
tan
ce
o
f
2
5
k
m
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
w
h
ic
h
s
er
v
e
s
u
p
to
3
2
u
s
er
s
,
[
1
2
]
t
h
e
y
als
o
s
h
o
w
n
s
t
h
at
a
n
Or
t
h
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
v
i
s
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
OFDM)
co
m
b
in
ed
w
ith
s
p
ec
tr
al
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
co
d
in
g
o
p
tical
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
S
A
C
-
OC
DM
A
)
is
a
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
.
T
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
i
n
S
AC
-
O
C
DM
A
S
y
s
te
m
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Sah
b
u
d
i
n
et
al
.
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
co
d
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
ir
ec
t
d
ec
o
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
No
w
eir
et
al
.
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t a
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e
o
f
an
R
o
F f
r
o
n
t
h
a
u
l lin
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
5
G
m
o
b
ile
C
-
R
ANs.
3.
RADIO
O
VE
R
F
I
B
E
R
T
E
C
H
NO
L
O
G
Y
R
ad
io
-
o
v
er
-
Fib
er
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
en
tai
ls
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
tical
f
i
b
er
lin
k
s
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
ig
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
a
ce
n
tr
al
lo
ca
tio
n
(
h
ea
d
en
d
)
to
R
e
m
o
te
An
te
n
n
a
Un
it
s
(
R
A
U
s
)
.
I
n
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
W
L
A
N
s
,
R
F
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
,
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
th
e
B
S
o
r
th
e
R
A
P
,
an
d
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
f
ed
in
to
t
h
e
a
n
t
en
n
a.
R
o
F
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ce
n
tr
alize
t
h
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
i
n
o
n
e
s
h
ar
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
(
h
ea
d
en
d
)
,
an
d
th
en
to
u
s
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
,
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
lo
w
s
ig
n
al
lo
s
s
(
0
.
3
d
B
/k
m
f
o
r
1
5
5
0
n
m
,
a
n
d
0
.
5
d
B
/k
m
f
o
r
1
3
1
0
n
m
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
s
)
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
R
F si
g
n
als to
th
e
R
A
Us,
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
[
1
]
.
4.
O
F
DM
OFDM
i
s
u
s
ed
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
i
n
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
w
ir
ed
a
n
d
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
i
t
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
to
in
ter
S
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
I
SI)
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
c
h
a
n
n
el.
Ve
r
y
r
ec
e
n
tl
y
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
d
escr
ib
ed
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
OFDM
in
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
tical
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
o
p
tical
w
ir
ele
s
s
,
m
u
lti
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
an
d
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
[
1
5
,
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
r
e
ap
p
lied
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
Fa
s
t
Fo
u
r
ier
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FF
T
)
an
d
I
n
v
er
s
e
F
ast
Fo
u
r
ier
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
b
lo
ck
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
OF
DM
d
o
m
i
n
ated
in
w
ir
eles
s
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
c
h
a
s
W
i
-
Fi
an
d
W
iM
A
X
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
to
m
u
ltip
at
h
f
ad
i
n
g
an
d
h
ig
h
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
d
en
s
it
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ig
ita
l FFT
an
d
I
FF
T
[
4
,
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
a
d
io
o
ve
r
fib
er sys
tem
b
a
s
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n
a
h
yb
r
id
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k
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r
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(
K
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la
o
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i
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2573
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
ad
i
o
o
v
er
f
ib
er
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
ce
p
t
(
R
A
U:
r
e
m
o
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a
n
ten
n
a
u
n
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ts
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MU
:
m
o
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ile
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n
it
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
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d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
le
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
5.
SAC
-
O
CDM
A
I
n
OC
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
ea
ch
u
s
er
is
g
i
v
e
n
o
n
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
f
o
r
d
is
tin
ctn
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
f
ac
to
r
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
i
n
o
p
tical
co
d
e
-
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
ac
ce
s
s
(
C
DM
A
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
t
h
e
m
u
lti
u
s
er
ac
ce
s
s
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
(
M
A
I
)
,
as
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
O
C
DM
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
ed
u
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
(
M
A
I
)
,
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
s
p
ec
tr
al
-
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
-
co
d
in
g
(
SAC
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
M
A
I
is
s
o
lel
y
a
f
u
n
ctio
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o
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in
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ase
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s
s
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a
m
o
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g
t
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r
ess
s
eq
u
e
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ce
s
(
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
s
i
g
n
at
u
r
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
r
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
r
s
i
m
p
l
y
co
d
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
)
.
I
f
t
h
e
i
n
-
p
h
ase
cr
o
s
s
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
i
s
f
i
x
ed
,
th
en
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
d
d
etec
tio
n
r
e
ce
iv
er
is
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
M
A
I
co
m
p
letel
y
.
I
n
S
A
C
-
O
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
e
ac
h
u
s
er
is
as
s
ig
n
ed
w
it
h
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
c
o
d
e
th
at
s
er
v
es
as
i
ts
ad
d
r
ess
.
A
u
s
er
m
o
d
u
la
tes
it
s
co
d
e
w
it
h
ea
ch
d
ata
b
it
an
d
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
itiate
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
m
o
d
if
ies
its
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
,
in
a
w
a
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izab
le
o
n
l
y
b
y
t
h
e
in
te
n
d
ed
r
ec
eiv
er
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
L
et
λ
=
∑
=
1
as
th
e
in
-
p
h
a
s
e
cr
o
s
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
X
=
(
1
,
2
,
…
,
)
an
d
Y
=
(
1
,
2
,
…
,
)
.
A
co
d
e
wi
t
h
le
n
g
th
N,
w
ei
g
h
t
w
a
n
d
in
-
p
h
a
s
e
cr
o
s
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
λ
ca
n
b
e
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
N,
w
,
λ
)
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
o
s
s
ess
a
n
id
ea
l
i
n
-
p
h
a
s
e
cr
o
s
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
w
h
en
λ
=
1
.
T
h
e
b
ala
n
ce
d
d
etec
tio
n
r
ec
eiv
er
i
s
ab
le
t
o
s
u
p
p
r
ess
M
A
I
co
m
p
letel
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
at
t
h
e
f
a
m
i
l
y
o
f
co
d
es u
s
ed
s
ati
s
f
ies t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
:
=
,
is
th
e
in
-
p
h
ase
cr
o
s
s
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
c
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
u
s
er
X
an
d
th
at
o
f
an
u
n
d
es
ir
ed
u
s
er
Y.
is
a
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
to
X.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
d
es e
x
a
m
p
le
f
o
r
SAC
-
OC
D
M
A
6.
SYST
E
M
DE
SI
G
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
w
h
ich
ar
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ar
t,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
l
in
k
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
p
ar
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
R
ad
io
o
v
er
F
ib
er
lin
k
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
OFDM/S
AC
-
O
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
m
b
i
n
es
S
AC
-
OC
DM
A
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
O
FDM.
Fo
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ar
t
th
e
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
b
ased
o
n
1
6
-
QA
M
i
s
g
e
n
er
ated
.
T
h
e
OFDM
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
w
it
h
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
n
ip
o
lar
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
o
p
ticall
y
m
o
d
u
l
ated
o
n
to
th
e
co
d
e
s
eq
u
en
c
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
p
t
ical
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
i
n
b
o
th
co
d
e
ch
ip
s
an
d
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
tal
k
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
c
h
an
n
el
s
,
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata.
I
n
R
o
F
lin
k
u
s
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
id
OFDM/
S
A
C
-
O
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
,
ea
ch
u
s
er
i
s
allo
ca
ted
w
it
h
o
n
e
s
u
b
-
c
h
a
n
n
el
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
o
n
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
d
e
c
h
ip
an
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
er
v
ice
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
v
o
ice/v
id
eo
s
ig
n
al,
p
o
i
n
t
to
p
o
in
t
(
P
2
P
)
an
d
W
iMa
x
s
i
g
n
als.
T
h
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
c
o
d
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
to
g
et
h
er
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
l
in
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
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5
7
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2577
2574
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
R
o
F li
n
k
u
s
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
id
OFDM/S
AC
-
OC
DM
A
A
t
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
,
an
o
p
tical
s
p
litt
er
is
u
s
ed
to
s
ep
ar
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
u
lated
co
d
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
in
g
s
i
g
n
al
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
to
co
n
v
er
t
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
to
elec
tr
ical
s
i
g
n
al,
O
FDM
r
ec
ei
v
er
m
o
d
u
le
w
h
ic
h
d
ec
o
d
es
a
n
elec
tr
ical
Q
AM
-
OF
DM
s
ig
n
al
a
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
tr
an
s
m
itter
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
5
an
d
6
,
co
n
tain
s
th
e
Op
tical
tr
an
s
m
i
tt
er
s
itu
ated
at
th
e
Hea
d
e
n
d
o
r
C
en
tr
al
O
f
f
ice
(
C
O)
an
d
s
e
v
er
al
R
e
m
o
t
e
An
te
n
n
a
Un
its
,
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
a
n
Op
tical
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
Un
it
s
(
ONU
s
)
an
d
a
n
te
n
n
as,
lo
ca
ted
at
s
o
m
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
is
tan
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Her
e
t
h
e
Op
tical
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
b
l
o
ck
s
o
f
R
F
OF
DM
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
a
R
F
-
to
-
Op
tical
(
R
T
O)
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
en
co
d
er
S
A
C
-
OC
DM
A
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
to
en
co
d
e
ea
ch
u
s
er
'
s
d
ata
w
ith
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
d
e.
A
n
d
af
ter
p
ass
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
p
tical
lin
k
ea
ch
ONU
in
cl
u
d
es
an
o
p
tical
-
to
-
R
F
(
OT
R
)
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
R
F OFD
M
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
m
b
i
n
es S
AC
-
O
C
D
MA
a
n
d
OFDM
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
a
d
io
o
ve
r
fib
er sys
tem
b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
h
yb
r
id
lin
k
fo
r
n
ex
t g
en
e
r
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tio
n
fib
er…
(
K
.
S
.
A
la
o
u
i
)
2575
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
OFDM
Mo
d
u
lato
r
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
n
co
d
er
SA
C
-
O
C
D
MA
I
n
th
e
R
F
OFDM
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
ig
ita
l
d
ata
ar
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
s
er
ia
l
to
p
ar
allel
b
lo
ck
o
f
b
its
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
m
b
o
l
w
h
er
e
ea
c
h
s
y
m
b
o
l
co
m
p
r
is
e
m
u
ltip
le
b
it
s
o
f
M
-
ar
y
co
d
i
n
g
.
An
d
,
i
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l
w
e
u
s
ed
M
-
ar
y
Q
A
M
f
o
r
co
n
s
tel
lati
o
n
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
O
FDM
s
i
g
n
al
is
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
v
er
s
e
Fas
t
Fo
u
r
ier
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
.
T
h
e
b
aseb
an
d
OFD
M
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
R
F
p
ass
b
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
R
F
I
Q
m
ix
er
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
R
T
O
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
ter
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
b
as
eb
an
d
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
o
p
tical
d
o
m
a
in
u
s
i
n
g
an
o
p
tical
I
Q
m
o
d
u
lato
r
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
a
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
n
d
er
-
m
o
d
u
lato
r
(
MZ
M)
w
it
h
a
9
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
p
h
ase
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
en
f
i
n
all
y
t
h
e
o
p
tical
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
(
SS
MF)
.
At
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
en
d
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
tr
av
e
lli
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
SS
MF
is
co
n
v
er
ted
b
ac
k
to
R
F
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
b
y
th
e
OT
R
d
o
w
n
-
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
R
F
s
i
g
n
al
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
a
P
I
N
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
w
h
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
to
a
n
elec
tr
ical
o
n
e.
B
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
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8
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2576
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a)
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Fig
u
r
e
9
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h
e
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CO
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C
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h
n
iq
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e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
W
a
k
e
,
“
Ra
d
io
o
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r
F
ib
e
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S
y
ste
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s
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o
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p
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li
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ti
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h
n
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ies
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r
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e
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o
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s Ne
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rk
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i
n
H.
A
l
-
Ra
we
sh
id
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n
d
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.
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m
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k
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e
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.
,
A
rtec
h
Ho
u
se
,
In
c
,
U
S
A
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
Y.
M
.
L
in
,
“
De
m
o
n
stra
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o
n
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
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ig
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tral
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4
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/s
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y
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m
in
p
a
ss
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e
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ti
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e
tw
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s,”
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c
.
o
f
OFC,
An
a
h
e
i
m,
US
A
,
P
a
p
e
r
OT
h
D7
,
2
0
0
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
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R
a
d
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r
fib
er sys
tem
b
a
s
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tio
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(
K
.
S
.
A
la
o
u
i
)
2577
[3
]
T
.
Du
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
o
w
c
o
st
m
u
lt
i
b
a
n
d
-
OFDM
f
o
r
re
m
o
te
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
c
o
lo
u
rles
s
ON
U
in
h
y
b
rid
W
DM/
T
DM
-
P
ON
a
rc
h
it
e
c
t
u
re
,
”
Pro
c
.
o
f
ECO
C,
Ber
li
n
,
G
e
rm
a
n
y
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
S
.
Ha
ra
,
“
M
u
l
ti
c
a
rrier
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
4
G
M
o
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il
e
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o
m
m
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n
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ti
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o
d
,
M
A
:
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rte
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h
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u
se
,
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c
o
rp
o
ra
ted
,
2
0
0
3
.
[5
]
A
.
O.
A
ld
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ib
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
c
re
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si
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Ca
p
a
c
it
y
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n
d
S
u
p
p
re
ss
T
h
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Cr
o
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talk
b
y
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in
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H
y
b
rid
Op
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
/
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DM
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y
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ri
n
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ter
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9
4
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5
9
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
1
-
1
0
4
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
R.
K.
Z
.
S
a
h
b
u
d
i
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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A
C
-
OCD
M
A
o
v
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H
y
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rid
F
T
Tx
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re
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p
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c
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m
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ica
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Ne
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o
u
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tele
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mm
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n
ica
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n
d
in
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t
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n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
p
.
5
2
-
5
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
G
.
Talli
a
n
d
P
.
D.
T
o
w
n
se
n
d
,
“
H
y
b
rid
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DM
-
T
DM
lo
n
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-
re
a
c
h
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o
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t
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g
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ra
ti
o
n
o
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ica
l
a
c
c
e
ss
,
”
J
.
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
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-
2
8
3
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[8
]
P
e
h
ra
j
a
n
d
Div
y
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P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
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l
y
sis
o
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F
P
ON
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m
b
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se
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n
Ort
h
o
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n
a
l
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Div
isio
n
M
u
lt
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p
lex
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
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rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
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c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
9
5
(2
6
),
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
A
.
A
l
a
tee
q
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
sig
n
o
f
Br
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
Ro
F
P
ON
f
o
r
th
e
L
a
st
M
il
e
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
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ti
o
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s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
269
-
2
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
ECD
M
-
OFDM
-
P
ON
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
Ne
x
t
-
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
1
8
(
1
7
),
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
A
.
O.
A
ld
h
a
ib
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hy
b
rid
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
/t
ime
d
o
m
a
in
m
u
lt
ip
lex
e
d
(W
D
M
/T
DM)
u
sin
g
ra
d
io
o
v
e
r
f
ib
e
r
tec
h
n
iq
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e
w
it
h
1
6
QA
M
a
t
2
.
5
G
b
p
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
8
(1
8
)
,
p
p
.
8
9
7
-
9
0
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
A
.
O.
A
ld
h
a
ib
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
a
c
-
o
c
d
m
a
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
e
o
f
d
m
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
6
6
(2
),
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
R.
K.
Z.
S
a
h
b
u
d
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
y
b
rid
su
b
c
a
rrier
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
o
p
ti
c
a
l
sp
e
c
tru
m
c
o
d
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
sp
e
c
tral
d
irec
t
d
e
c
o
d
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
J
.
Op
ti
c
a
l
Fi
b
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
-
2
7
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
M
.
No
w
e
ir
a
n
d
M
.
He
lao
u
i,
“
D
ig
it
a
ll
y
L
in
e
a
riz
e
d
Ra
d
io
-
Ov
e
r
F
ib
e
r
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ter
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
fo
r
Clo
u
d
Ra
d
i
o
A
c
c
e
ss
N
e
t
w
o
rk
’s Do
w
n
li
n
k
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s.
[1
5
]
N.
No
w
sh
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
ro
f
b
a
se
d
o
f
d
m
-
p
o
n
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
f
ib
e
r
o
p
ti
c
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
(
IJ
CNC)
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
4
(
1
),
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
M
.
K.
S
a
sik
a
la
a
n
d
D.
He
len
a
,
“
M
u
lt
i
u
se
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
u
b
c
a
rrier
M
u
lt
i
p
lex
in
g
w
it
h
S
p
a
c
in
g
o
f
5
G
h
z
in
Ra
d
i
o
o
v
e
r
F
ib
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
u
sin
g
Dire
c
t
De
te
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l,
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
AR
I)
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
P
.
M
it
tal,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
h
e
re
n
t
De
tec
ti
o
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
S
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ie
n
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IJ
S
RE
T
)
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
4
(
4
),
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
K.
S
a
m
i
m
i
a
n
d
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
“
3
-
D
m
il
li
m
e
ter
-
w
a
v
e
sta
ti
stica
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
5
G
w
irele
ss
s
y
ste
m
d
e
sig
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
M
icr
o
w.
T
h
e
o
ry
T
e
c
h
n
.
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
6
4
(
7
),
p
p
.
2
2
0
7
-
2
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
A
n
u
a
r
M
.
S
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ne
w
d
e
sig
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
tral
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
c
o
d
in
g
i
n
OCD
M
A
w
it
h
z
e
ro
c
ro
ss
-
c
o
rre
latio
n
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
2
8
2
(
1
4
),
p
p
.
2
6
5
9
-
6
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
0
]
Y.
Zo
u
i
n
e
a
n
d
Z.
M
a
d
i
n
i,
“
A
n
a
l
y
se
d
e
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
d
e
p
lu
sie
u
rs
c
o
d
e
s
p
o
u
r
u
n
sy
stè
m
e
W
-
OCD
M
A
d
’u
n
re
se
a
u
EP
ON
.
”
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