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f
ec
t
s
ar
e
f
r
ag
m
en
tatio
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o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
r
o
p
er
ati
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
leak
ag
e.
B
u
t,
n
o
n
-
v
o
latile
e
f
f
ec
ts
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
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n
s
to
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a
g
e
p
ar
ts
li
k
e
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atab
ase
a
n
d
f
ile
s
y
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te
m
.
No
n
-
v
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lat
ile
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in
g
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ec
t
s
e
x
is
t
ev
e
n
af
t
er
r
e
-
in
itializat
io
n
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
v
o
lati
l
e
ag
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
ar
e
f
r
ag
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
f
ile
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
m
etad
ata
o
f
d
atab
ase.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
,
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
J
u
s
t
li
k
e
an
ti
g
en
s
i
n
d
icate
ca
n
ce
r
d
is
ea
s
e,
ag
i
n
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
y
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
i
n
g
.
Ma
j
o
r
ca
u
s
es
f
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
ar
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
lea
k
s
/
f
r
ag
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
u
n
r
elea
s
ed
f
il
e
h
an
d
le
s
,
lo
ck
co
n
ten
tio
n
is
s
u
es,
d
ata
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
/
s
w
ap
s
p
ac
e
b
lo
at,
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
f
er
r
o
r
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
s
p
ac
e
f
r
ag
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
,
ag
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
a
g
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
g
r
an
u
lar
it
y
,
a
g
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
c
an
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
t
w
o
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
-
w
id
e
a
g
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
g
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Me
tr
ics
r
elate
d
to
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
lik
e
OS,
m
id
d
le
w
ar
e,
v
ir
t
u
al
m
ac
h
in
e
th
a
t a
r
e
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
b
y
s
y
s
te
m
-
w
id
e
ag
in
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
U
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
ag
in
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
,
a
g
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
t
u
d
ied
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
-
w
id
e
ag
i
n
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
s
w
ap
s
p
ac
e,
f
r
ee
p
h
y
s
ical
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
s
y
s
te
m
lo
ad
an
d
f
ile
tab
le
s
ize.
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
i
c
to
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ap
p
licatio
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ag
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
lik
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
i
m
e,
J
av
a
V
M
h
ea
p
s
ize.
T
h
ese
a
g
i
n
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
g
iv
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
u
n
d
er
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
.
Ag
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
h
av
e
b
e
en
s
t
u
d
ied
in
d
etail
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
h
ap
p
en
at
v
ar
io
u
s
le
v
els i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
lev
e
l o
r
ap
p
lica
tio
n
lev
el
[
6
]
.
C
o
s
ts
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
i
n
g
ar
e
o
w
n
er
’
s
lo
s
s
,
i
n
ab
ilit
y
to
k
ee
p
u
p
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
r
eliab
i
lit
y
.
T
h
e
o
w
n
er
s
o
f
th
e
ag
in
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
u
f
f
er
a
s
it
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
to
k
ee
p
u
p
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
g
r
o
w
s
b
i
g
g
er
as
it
d
eg
r
ad
es.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
e
to
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
n
e
w
co
d
es
to
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ize,
th
er
e
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
d
elay
s
as
co
d
e
is
to
b
e
s
w
ap
p
ed
in
f
r
o
m
m
as
s
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
b
ec
o
m
e
s
s
lo
w
an
d
h
e
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
m
ai
n
t
en
an
ce
ac
ti
v
it
ies
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
er
r
o
r
s
s
o
m
eti
m
es
.
C
o
r
r
e
ctio
n
o
f
an
er
r
o
r
m
a
y
le
ad
to
an
o
th
er
er
r
o
r
.
So
m
eti
m
es
it
m
a
y
s
o
h
ap
p
en
t
h
at
ea
ch
ti
m
e
a
n
atte
m
p
t
is
m
ad
e
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
at
e,
it
m
a
y
g
et
w
o
r
s
e.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
i
s
in
e
v
itab
le
e
v
en
i
f
al
l
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
tak
e
n
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
ch
an
g
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
n
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
I
f
it
is
d
o
n
e
i
m
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
,
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e,
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
u
s
ab
le.
P
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
n
o
t
eli
m
i
n
ate
a
g
i
n
g
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
g
i
n
g
,
lo
t
o
f
m
o
n
e
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
lo
s
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ai
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
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co
s
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
in
g
o
n
s
o
m
e
US b
ased
co
m
p
a
n
ies o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t secto
r
s
.
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I
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&
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I
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.
C
o
s
t o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
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a
g
i
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g
[
7
]
D
o
mai
n
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
y
p
e
I
n
d
u
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r
A
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$
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So
f
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w
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ej
u
v
e
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atio
n
i
s
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
u
n
ter
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
t
h
at
in
v
o
l
v
e
s
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
tep
s
s
u
ch
a
s
p
er
io
d
icall
y
s
to
p
p
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
r
estar
ti
n
g
it
a
f
ter
clea
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
a
l
s
tate
.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
r
ej
u
v
e
n
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
f
l
u
s
h
es
b
u
f
f
er
q
u
e
u
es
,
g
ar
b
ag
e
clea
r
an
ce
,
r
ein
it
ializes
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
k
er
n
e
l
tab
les,
an
d
clea
n
s
u
p
f
i
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
tr
i
n
s
icall
y
,
it
cle
an
s
an
d
r
esto
r
es
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Fro
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
ie
w
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
r
ej
u
v
e
n
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
o
f
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
:
T
im
e
-
b
ased
an
d
I
n
s
p
ec
tio
n
b
ased
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
et
h
o
d
,
r
e
j
u
v
en
atio
n
is
ap
p
lied
at
p
r
e
-
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
in
ter
v
al
s
o
f
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
w
e
b
s
er
v
er
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
eth
o
d
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
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g
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f
o
r
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asti
n
g
i
s
d
o
n
e
an
d
r
ej
u
v
e
n
a
tio
n
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s
tr
ig
g
er
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p
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p
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.
2.
SO
F
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WAR
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CH
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A
lo
n
s
o
,
B
elan
c
h
e
an
d
Av
r
es
k
y
[
9
]
u
s
ed
m
ac
h
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m
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ll
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s
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y
a
s
h
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et
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[
10
]
w
o
r
k
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to
d
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t
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
d
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r
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m
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test
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1
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k
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s
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s
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p
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ated
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y
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v
e
n
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a
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e
n
t.
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en
m
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o
n
e,
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o
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t
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r
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it
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ch
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k
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o
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t
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m
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f
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m
n
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tr
ac
e
lo
g
f
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n
te
r
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m
n
o
d
e
VM
is
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.
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ce
all
th
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tr
ac
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lo
g
f
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ar
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co
p
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th
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e
w
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e
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r
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lica
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f
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v
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co
m
p
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n
t
s
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n
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r
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n
al
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d
VM
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n
i
n
ter
i
m
n
o
d
e.
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h
e
n
et
w
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r
k
tr
a
f
f
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is
r
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
o
r
ig
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al
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a
n
d
VM
in
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ter
i
m
n
o
d
e
is
s
h
u
t d
o
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Yo
n
g
q
u
an
Yan
[1
2
]
p
r
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v
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th
at
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
p
r
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p
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d
ata
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et
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s
i
g
n
i
f
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n
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
et
s
elec
tio
n
ca
r
r
ies
m
o
r
e
w
eig
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t
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t
h
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t
h
e
ap
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ac
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th
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t
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r
s
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f
t
w
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g
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p
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d
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p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
i
n
e
(
SVM
)
,
a
u
to
r
e
g
r
ess
i
v
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
m
o
v
i
n
g
av
er
a
g
e
(
A
R
I
MA
)
a
n
d
A
a
r
ti
f
icial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
A
NN)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
h
ea
p
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
av
ailab
le
m
e
m
o
r
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
d
icate
t
h
at
n
o
n
-
l
in
e
ar
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
o
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lin
ea
r
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
s
o
m
e
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
n
c
l
u
d
e
th
at
it
is
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t to
ch
o
o
s
e
p
r
o
p
er
d
at
a
s
et
th
a
n
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
o
r
lin
ea
r
m
eth
o
d
.
Ah
a
m
ad
et
al
.,
[
7
]
co
n
d
u
cted
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
i
s
s
u
es.
Fo
u
n
d
r
ea
s
o
n
s
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
it
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
to
p
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
b
u
t
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
its
s
p
ee
d
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Fan
g
et
al
.,
[
1
3
]
o
p
in
ed
th
at,
i
n
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
i
s
s
h
ar
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
as
t
h
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ch
an
g
e
s
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
,
u
s
i
n
g
e
m
p
ir
ical
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
w
aste
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
o
u
ta
g
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
f
ix
ed
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
,
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
r
eg
u
late
s
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
th
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
C
r
itical
eq
u
at
i
o
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
b
y
m
ax
i
m
izin
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
i
g
h
er
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
a
n
th
a
t
b
ased
o
n
e
m
p
ir
ical
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
s
.
I
f
s
o
m
e
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
o
f
th
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ar
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
,
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
est
i
m
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
r
u
n
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
r
eg
u
la
tes
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
,
it
is
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ac
h
iev
es
h
i
g
h
er
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
[
1
4
-
1
9
]
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
w
o
r
k
ed
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
D.
C
o
tr
o
n
eo
et
al
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
t
ed
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
an
ag
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
r
e
j
u
v
en
atio
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
An
d
r
o
id
A
DaRT
A
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
elec
ti
v
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
o
f
tr
en
d
s
in
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
E
.
An
d
r
ad
e
et
al
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
eter
m
in
i
s
tic
an
d
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
p
etr
i
n
et
(
DSP
N)
f
o
r
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
l
y
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
n
a
c
y
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
L
i
u
et
al
.,
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
ag
in
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
n
a
m
ed
C
SS
A
P
w
h
ic
h
i
s
an
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
a
u
to
r
eg
r
es
s
iv
e
in
te
g
r
ated
m
o
v
i
n
g
a
v
er
ag
e
(
AR
I
M
A
)
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
ter
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
(
L
ST
M)
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
clo
u
d
s
er
v
i
ce
s
.
Sev
er
al
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
s
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
ar
e
also
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
[
2
3
-
3
0
]
.
Vir
tu
alize
d
co
n
tai
n
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
3
1
-
3
4
]
.
Usi
n
g
co
n
tain
er
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
ca
n
d
esig
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
n
th
e
lo
ca
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
C
o
n
tai
n
er
s
ar
e
s
m
aller
t
h
an
v
ir
tu
a
l
m
ac
h
i
n
es
a
n
d
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
th
e
m
r
u
n
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
y
s
ical
m
ac
h
i
n
e.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
s
u
c
h
s
y
s
te
m
s
al
s
o
.
Mo
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
ls
o
g
et
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
i
n
g
a
s
s
tu
d
ied
i
n
[
3
5
-
3
7
]
.
M
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
d
et
ec
tio
n
in
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
3
8
]
.
Ma
r
k
o
v
s
to
ch
asti
c
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
an
aly
z
in
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
3
9
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
asy
m
p
to
tic
o
r
s
tead
y
-
s
tat
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
4
0
]
.
Ma
ch
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
in
[
4
1
-
4
2
]
.
S
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
t
w
ar
es
m
a
y
also
g
et
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
f
au
lt
a
n
d
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
4
3
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
cl
o
u
d
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
p
ar
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
in
[
4
4
]
.
Sim
ilar
r
esear
ch
es
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
4
5
-
5
0
]
.
T
ab
le
2
(
s
ee
a
p
p
en
d
ix
)
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
n
d
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
a
g
in
g
.
B
u
t
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
a
g
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
.
Fo
r
ag
in
g
in
d
icato
r
m
etr
ic
co
llectio
n
,
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
i
n
tr
u
s
iv
e,
i.e
.
,
t
h
e
m
e
tr
ic
co
llecto
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
also
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
r
eso
u
r
es.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
it
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
to
p
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
b
u
t
it
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
o
n
l
y
i
n
r
u
n
ti
m
e
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ec
ess
i
t
y
o
f
n
o
n
-
i
n
tr
u
s
i
v
e,
p
latf
o
r
m
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
ag
i
n
g
d
e
tectio
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h
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[3
]
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.
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k
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d
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.
[4
]
R
.
M
a
ti
a
s,
e
t
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l.
,
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o
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it
o
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to
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2
3
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ter
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p
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0
1
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.
[5
]
D
.
Co
tr
o
n
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o
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n
d
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.
Na
tella,
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o
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f
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g
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g
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o
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m
s
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teg
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r
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r
f
lo
w
s
,
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c
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e
d
in
g
s
o
f
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IEE
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2
3
r
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
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l
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mp
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.
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2
0
1
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.
[6
]
A
.
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u
p
ta,
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a
l.
,
“
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re
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ictio
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li
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ter
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3
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p
p
.
1
0
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0
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2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
S
.
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h
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,
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ter
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.
[8
]
J.
A
lo
n
so
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
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m
p
a
ra
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.
3
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p
.
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5
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3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[9
]
J.
A
lo
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so
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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re
d
icti
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g
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o
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tw
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a
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e
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rn
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h
n
iq
u
e
s,
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IEE
E
1
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h
In
ter
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0
]
T
.
Ha
y
a
sh
i
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,
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a
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e
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re
m
e
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n
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a
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,
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ter
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ti
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o
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rn
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p
.
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[1
1
]
J
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
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re
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e
ju
v
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ti
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r
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u
d
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p
p
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ti
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n
s
,
”
IEE
E
8
th
In
ter
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t
io
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fer
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p
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1
1
5
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[1
2
]
Y
.
Ya
n
,
“
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ti
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u
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re
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Re
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p
ti
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i
n
a
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e
b
S
e
rv
e
r
,
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ie
w
o
f
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mp
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ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
t
u
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ies
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l
.
2
,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
Y.
F
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
R
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ju
v
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n
a
ti
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trate
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r
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larity
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o
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w
a
r
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se
d
o
n
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Co
n
tro
l
,
”
IEE
E
2
2
n
d
Pa
c
if
ic R
im
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
s
iu
m o
n
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(
PR
DC)
,
Ch
ristc
h
u
rc
h
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
F
.
M
a
c
h
id
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
g
in
g
-
Re
lat
e
d
Bu
g
s
in
Clo
u
d
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
,
”
IEE
E
2
3
rd
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Relia
b
il
it
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
IS
S
RE
W
)
,
Da
ll
a
s,
T
X,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
2
9
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
H.
Ok
a
m
u
ra
a
n
d
T
.
Do
h
i
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
y
-
Ba
s
e
d
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
P
o
li
c
y
,
”
IEE
E
2
3
r
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
S
o
f
t
wa
re
Relia
b
il
it
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
,
Da
ll
a
s,
T
X
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
2
8
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
S
.
L
i
a
n
d
Q.
Yo
n
g
,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
Ag
in
g
De
te
c
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
o
n
N
A
RX
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
W
e
b
In
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
W
IS
A)
,
Ha
ik
o
u
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
D
.
Bru
n
e
o
a
n
d
S
.
Diste
f
a
n
o
,
“
Qu
a
n
ti
tativ
e
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts
o
f
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
m
s
:
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
”
S
c
riv
e
n
e
r P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
L
L
C
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
F
.
M
a
c
h
id
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Jo
b
Co
m
p
let
io
n
T
im
e
o
n
a
V
irt
u
a
li
z
e
d
S
e
rv
e
r
S
u
b
jec
t
to
S
o
f
twa
re
Ag
in
g
a
n
d
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
h
ird
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
A
g
in
g
a
n
d
Reju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
(
W
o
S
AR
)
,
Hiro
s
h
im
a
,
pp.
44
-
4
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
9
]
L
.
Jia
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
i
m
e
a
n
d
P
re
d
i
c
ti
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
S
o
f
tw
a
re
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
P
o
l
icy
,
”
S
e
c
o
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IT
CS
)
,
Kie
v
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
-
1
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
0
]
D.
Co
tro
n
e
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Co
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
S
o
f
tw
a
re
Ag
in
g
De
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
A
g
e
n
t
f
o
r
A
n
d
ro
i
d
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Relia
b
il
it
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(
IS
S
RE
W
)
,
Be
rli
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
-
2
4
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
E.
A
n
d
ra
d
e
a
n
d
F
.
M
a
c
h
id
a
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
S
o
f
t
wa
re
Ag
in
g
I
m
p
a
c
ts
o
n
P
la
n
t
A
n
o
m
a
l
y
De
tec
t
io
n
w
it
h
Ed
g
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
Relia
b
i
li
ty
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(
IS
S
RE
W
)
,
Be
rli
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
-
2
1
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
J.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
CS
S
A
P
:
S
o
f
twa
re
A
g
in
g
P
re
d
icti
o
n
f
o
r
Clo
u
d
S
e
rv
ice
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
A
RIM
A
-
L
S
T
M
H
y
b
rid
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
e
b
S
e
rv
ice
s (
IC
W
S
)
,
M
il
a
n
,
Italy
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
-
2
9
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
M
.
T
o
rq
u
a
to
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
in
v
e
stig
a
te
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g
in
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
a
n
d
re
ju
v
e
n
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ti
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n
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
n
so
f
t
w
a
re
s
y
ste
m
s,
”
2
0
1
7
1
2
t
h
Ib
e
ria
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(
CIS
T
I)
,
L
isb
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
I.
M
.
Um
e
sh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
re
Ag
in
g
F
o
re
c
a
stin
g
Us
in
g
T
i
m
e
S
e
ries
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
I
J
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
3
9
-
8
4
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
I.
M
.
U
m
e
sh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
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u
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
P
latf
o
rm
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
ol
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
8
3
3
2
-
8
3
3
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
M
.
T
o
rq
u
a
t
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
W
A
RE:
A
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
so
f
t
w
a
re
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
re
j
u
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
7
]
I.
M
.
Um
e
sh
a
n
d
G
.
N.
S
rin
iv
a
s
a
n
,
“
Dy
n
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m
i
c
so
f
t
wa
re
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g
in
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e
tec
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b
a
se
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f
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u
lt
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ler
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n
t
s
o
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ti
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m
o
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li
z
e
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n
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iro
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m
e
n
t
,
”
i
n
S
a
tap
a
th
y
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
(
e
d
s
),
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
d
a
t
a
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
c
o
mm
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n
i
c
a
ti
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n
tec
h
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o
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y
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
in
telli
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
ms
a
n
d
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
4
6
9
,
p
p
.
7
7
9
-
7
8
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
8
]
I.
M
.
Um
e
sh
,
G
.
N.
S
rin
iv
a
sa
n
,
M
.
T
o
rq
u
a
to
,
“
S
o
f
twa
re
Ag
in
g
F
o
re
c
a
stin
g
Us
in
g
T
i
m
e
S
e
ries
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
3
9
-
8
4
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
9
]
M.
T
o
rq
u
a
to
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
riv
a
te
c
lo
u
d
w
it
h
VM
M
re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
e
n
a
b
led
b
y
V
M
li
v
e
m
i
g
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
p
e
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o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
ol
.
7
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
pp
.
4
8
1
7
-
4
8
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
M
.
T
o
rq
u
a
to
a
n
d
M
.
V
ieira
,
“
An
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
Ag
in
g
a
n
d
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
in
Do
c
k
e
rd
,
”
1
5
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
EDCC)
,
Na
p
les
,
Ital
y
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
1
]
A
.
M
o
u
a
t,
“
Us
in
g
Do
c
k
e
r
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
n
d
De
p
l
o
y
in
g
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
w
it
h
Co
n
tain
e
rs
,
”
O’Re
il
ly M
e
d
i
a
Pu
b
.
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
2
]
D.
Be
rn
ste
in
,
“
Co
n
tain
e
rs
a
n
d
c
l
o
u
d
:
F
r
o
m
lx
c
to
d
o
c
k
e
r
to
k
u
b
e
rn
e
tes
,
”
IEE
E
Clo
u
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
8
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
3
]
N.
A
lsh
u
q
a
y
ra
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
m
a
p
p
in
g
stu
d
y
in
m
ic
ro
se
rv
ice
a
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
”
IEE
E
9
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
e
rv
ice
-
Or
ien
ted
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s (
S
OCA
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
4
]
D.
M
e
ss
in
a
,
“
5
y
e
a
rs
late
r
w
h
e
re
a
re
y
o
u
o
n
y
o
u
r
d
o
c
k
e
r
jo
u
r
n
e
y
?
”
D
o
c
k
e
r
b
lo
g
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/b
l
o
g
.
d
o
c
k
e
r.
c
o
m
/2
0
1
8
/0
3
/
5
-
y
e
a
rs
-
late
r
-
d
o
c
k
e
r
-
jo
u
rn
e
y
/
.
[3
5
]
D.
Co
tro
n
e
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
twa
re
a
g
in
g
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
a
n
d
ro
id
m
o
b
il
e
OS
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Rel
ia
b
il
it
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IS
S
RE
)
,
p
p
.
4
7
8
-
4
8
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
6
]
C.
G
u
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Us
e
tw
o
lev
e
l
re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
to
c
o
m
b
a
t
so
f
tw
a
r
e
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
ize
a
v
e
ra
g
e
re
so
u
rc
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
1
2
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
0
-
1
1
6
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
7
]
Y.
Qia
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
s
tu
d
y
o
f
so
f
t
w
a
re
a
g
in
g
m
a
n
ifes
t
a
ti
o
n
i
n
a
n
d
r
o
id
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Relia
b
il
it
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
IS
S
RE
W
)
,
p
p
.
8
4
-
9
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
8
]
S
.
Hu
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Us
in
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
f
o
r
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
a
g
in
g
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
in
A
n
d
r
o
id
sy
ste
m
,
”
T
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
(
ICACI)
,
X
iam
e
n
,
p
p
.
7
4
1
-
7
4
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
9
]
H.
Ok
a
m
u
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
tatisti
c
a
l
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
re
Ag
in
g
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
w
it
h
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
-
T
im
e
Hid
d
e
n
M
a
rk
o
v
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
3
6
t
h
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Relia
b
le Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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N:
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.
)
5991
[4
0
]
W
.
Da
n
g
a
n
d
J.
Zen
g
,
“
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
S
y
st
e
m
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
e
q
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e
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ti
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s
p
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ti
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rio
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s
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n
d
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tate
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u
lt
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-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
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im
it
s
,
”
i
n
B.
Zo
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
(e
d
s)
,
“
Da
ta
S
c
ien
ce
,”
ICPCS
EE
2
0
1
7
,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
7
2
8
,
p
p
.
3
5
0
-
3
6
4
,
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0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
S
.
Jia
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
Ag
in
g
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
a
n
d
P
re
d
icti
o
n
i
n
a
Web
S
e
rv
e
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
u
lt
i
p
le
L
in
e
a
r
Re
g
re
ss
io
n
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
,
”
9
th
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
2
-
1
4
5
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
2
]
Y
.
Ya
n
a
n
d
P
.
G
u
o
,
“
A
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
G
u
id
e
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
Ag
in
g
P
re
d
ictio
n
in
a
W
e
b
S
e
rv
e
r
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
”
Ch
in
a
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
3
]
M
.
G
ro
tt
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
fa
u
lt
ty
p
e
s
in
sp
a
c
e
m
i
ss
io
n
s
y
ste
m
so
f
t
w
a
re
,
”
Pro
c
.
o
f
t
h
e
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le S
y
ste
ms
&
Ne
two
rk
s
(
DS
N
2
0
1
0
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
7
-
4
5
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
4
]
J.
Ra
h
m
e
a
n
d
H.
X
u
,
“
De
p
e
n
d
a
b
le
a
n
d
Re
li
a
b
le
Cl
o
u
d
-
Ba
se
d
S
y
ste
m
s
Us
in
g
M
u
l
ti
p
le
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
S
p
a
re
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
”
2
0
1
7
IE
EE
S
m
a
rt
W
o
rld
,
Ub
i
q
u
it
o
u
s
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
&
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
&
T
ru
ste
d
Co
mp
u
ted
,
S
c
a
la
b
le
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Clo
u
d
&
Bi
g
Da
ta
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
Peo
p
le
a
n
d
S
ma
rt
Cit
y
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
5
]
I
M
Um
e
sh
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
c
h
in
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
f
o
r
S
o
f
twa
re
Ag
in
g
F
o
re
c
a
stin
g
,
”
Pro
c
.
o
f
th
e
S
ixth
In
t
l.
Co
n
f
.
On
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s In
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
C
o
n
t
ro
l
An
d
Ne
two
rk
i
n
g
-
ACCN
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
52
-
56
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
6
]
J.
Zh
a
o
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
A
g
in
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
No
n
-
sta
ti
o
n
a
ry
T
i
m
e
S
e
ries
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
y
ste
m a
n
d
Arti
fi
c
i
a
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(
IS
AI)
,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
-
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
7
]
J.
Ra
h
m
e
a
n
d
H.
X
u
,
“
P
re
v
e
n
ti
v
e
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
c
lo
u
d
-
b
a
se
d
so
f
twa
re
s
y
st
e
m
s
su
b
jec
t
to
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
sta
n
t
f
a
il
u
re
ra
tes
,
”
IEE
E
S
ma
rtW
o
rld
,
Ub
i
q
u
it
o
u
s
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
&
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
&
T
ru
ste
d
Co
mp
u
ted
,
S
c
a
la
b
le
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Clo
u
d
&
Bi
g
Da
ta
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
Peo
p
le
a
n
d
S
ma
rt
C
it
y
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
(
S
ma
rtW
o
rld
/S
CAL
COM
/UIC/A
T
C/CB
DCo
m/IOP/S
CI)
,
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
CA
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
8
]
F
.
M
a
c
h
i
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
ifeti
m
e
Ex
ten
sio
n
o
f
S
o
f
tw
a
re
Ex
e
c
u
ti
o
n
S
u
b
jec
t
t
o
A
g
in
g
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Relia
b
i
li
ty
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
9
]
L
.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
b
e
rra
n
t
so
f
t
w
a
re
-
a
g
in
g
se
rv
e
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
u
sin
g
slid
i
n
g
w
in
d
o
w
o
v
e
r
LOF
,
”
8t
h
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
ft
wa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
e
rv
ice
S
c
ien
c
e
(
ICS
ES
S
)
,
Be
ij
i
n
g
,
p
p
.
6
5
2
-
6
5
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
0
]
C.
W
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
S
o
ftw
a
r
e
A
g
in
g
in
A
n
d
ro
i
d
,
”
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
S
o
ft
w
a
re
Relia
b
i
li
ty
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
IS
S
RE
W
)
,
Ottaw
a
,
p
p
.
7
8
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
r
s.
S
r
u
th
i
P
.
,
is
a
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
g
ra
d
u
a
te.
S
h
e
a
lso
h
o
l
d
s
th
e
M
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
rrin
g
f
ro
m
V
T
U.
S
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
P
h
D
u
n
d
e
r
V
T
U
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
re
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
s
a
s
A
ss
ist
a
n
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
G
lo
b
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Be
n
g
a
lu
ru
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
to
tal
o
f
6
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
in
d
u
stry
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
S
h
e
is
a
c
ti
v
e
in
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
a
lso
a
li
f
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
CS
I
so
c
iety
.
Dr
.
Na
g
a
r
a
j
G
.
C
h
o
ll
i
o
b
tain
e
d
B.
E
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
V
isv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
la
g
a
v
i,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
II
T
-
Ro
o
rk
e
e
In
d
ia.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
P
h
.
D
in
V
isv
e
sv
a
r
a
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
lag
a
v
i,
In
d
ia
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
6
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
“
S
o
f
twa
re
Ag
in
g
a
n
d
Re
ju
v
e
n
a
ti
o
n
”
.
He
is
P
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
R.
V
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Be
n
g
a
lu
ru
,
I
n
d
ia.
H
e
h
a
s
1
3
+
y
e
a
rs
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
In
d
u
stry
&
Tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
I
n
d
ia
a
n
d
A
b
ro
a
d
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
u
id
a
n
c
e
:
T
o
tal
n
o
.
o
f
P
G
g
u
id
e
d
:
2
6
a
n
d
T
o
tal
n
o
.
o
f
Ph
.
D
g
u
id
in
g
:
0
6
.
He
is
w
o
rk
in
g
o
n
c
o
n
su
lt
i
n
g
&
f
u
n
d
e
d
p
ro
jec
ts
a
p
p
ro
v
e
d
b
y
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
&
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
0
Re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
rio
u
s Na
ti
o
n
a
l
&
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s/Jo
u
rn
a
ls an
d
f
il
e
d
6
p
a
ten
ts.
He
is also
L
if
e
ti
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
IS
T
E,
CS
I,
S
c
iei,
IA
ENG
,
IRED
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
so
c
ieties
.
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