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l J
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f
E
lect
rica
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Co
m
p
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in
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I
J
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)
Vo
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9
,
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.
6
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Dec
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er
201
9
,
p
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4
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I
SS
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2088
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8708
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h
ttp
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ex
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p
h
p
/
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JE
C
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O
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pho
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l si
m
ula
tio
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Na
dja
t
B
ena
dla
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heireddin
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G
ha
f
f
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ur
M
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teria
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Re
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w
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En
e
rg
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Re
se
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it
URME
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F
a
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b
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Be
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A
l
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ST
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to
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cc
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u
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2
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0
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S
o
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e
rg
y
is
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m
o
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w
id
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ly
sh
a
r
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d
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n
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a
b
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n
d
a
n
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so
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ll
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h
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th
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p
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a
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icie
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e
p
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siti
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it
ter
a
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BS
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a
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d
c
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d
with
o
h
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ic
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o
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tac
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.
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h
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n
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m
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ri
c
a
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m
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lati
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r
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a
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c
tu
re
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v
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f
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m
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u
n
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ti
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A
M
1
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stu
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stru
c
tu
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h
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o
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ll
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e
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tero
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ti
o
n
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K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
Hete
r
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n
ctio
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I
n
ter
d
ig
itated
b
ac
k
co
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tac
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ll
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h
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to
v
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Si
m
u
latio
n
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n
d
er
atlas/ s
ilv
ac
o
Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
9
I
n
stit
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te o
f
Ad
v
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E
n
g
i
n
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rin
g
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d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nad
j
at
B
en
ad
la
,
Ma
ter
ials
an
d
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e
w
ab
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E
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g
ies R
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ch
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it U
R
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lt
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f
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A
b
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ek
r
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lem
ce
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lg
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m
ail:
b
en
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la_
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et@
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r
Kh
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ter
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k
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v
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lg
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.
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m
ail:
g
h
a
f
f
o
u
r
k
h
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ed
d
in
e
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
in
cr
e
asin
g
w
it
h
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
in
d
u
s
t
r
ial
g
r
o
w
t
h
an
d
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
b
y
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
i
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
as
it
tu
r
n
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
an
d
th
i
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
w
it
h
o
u
t
ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
y
d
a
m
ag
e
to
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
er
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
co
s
ts
to
m
a
k
e
th
ee
n
er
g
y
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
eti
tiv
e
w
it
h
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
a
i
m
,
w
e
m
u
s
t
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
r
atio
o
n
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
2
]
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
tp
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
is
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
it
h
I
n
ter
d
ig
ita
ted
B
ac
k
C
o
n
tact
s
(
I
B
C
)
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
1
9
7
0
’
s
an
d
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tl
y
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
S
u
n
P
o
w
er
[
4
]
.
I
t is
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
s
o
lar
ce
ll
in
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
a
n
I
B
C
ce
ll
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
a
v
eb
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
P
V
is
o
n
l
y
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
-
1
9
%
an
d
th
e
b
est
co
m
m
er
cial
P
V
is
ab
o
u
t
2
3
%
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
Op
timiz
in
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th
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f p
h
o
to
v
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lta
ic
ce
lls
I
B
C
…
(
N
a
d
ja
tBe
n
a
d
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a
)
4567
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
s
o
m
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
in
v
est
ig
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
i
n
i
m
i
s
e
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
s
h
u
n
ti
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
I
B
C
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
er
s
m
an
y
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
v
er
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
I
t,
also
,
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
ae
s
t
h
et
ic
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
SC
)
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
p
le
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
ac
k
in
g
d
en
s
it
y
;
in
s
u
c
h
r
ea
r
co
n
tact
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
s
h
ad
i
n
g
lo
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
r
esis
t
iv
e
lo
s
s
es
i
n
m
etal
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
[
7
]
.
T
h
ey
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
m
a
k
e
o
b
tain
i
n
g
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
e
f
f
icien
c
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
s
o
ilin
g
,
an
d
s
h
ad
in
g
;
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
He
n
ce
,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
is
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
o
p
er
atin
g
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
[8
].
W
e
h
av
e
g
i
v
e
n
a
r
ep
r
ese
n
tat
iv
e
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
I
B
C
ce
l
l
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
as
r
e
alize
d
o
n
a
p
-
t
y
p
e
m
u
lti
-
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
s
ilic
o
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
a
p
+
t
y
p
e
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
FS
F,
an
n
-
t
y
p
e
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
em
i
tter
,
an
d
a
p
-
t
y
p
e
B
SF
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
e
m
itt
er
an
d
th
e
B
SF
w
er
e
i
n
ter
d
ig
i
tated
,
an
d
co
v
er
ed
w
it
h
o
h
m
ic
co
n
tac
ts
.
W
h
e
n
t
w
o
s
e
m
i
-
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
m
ater
ials
w
er
e
in
co
n
tact,
th
er
e
w
as
a
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
es,
lead
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
ten
d
to
war
d
s
th
e
th
er
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
eq
u
ili
b
r
iu
m
[
3
]
.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
th
i
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
w
a
s
,
in
f
ac
t,
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
cr
is
talli
n
s
ilico
n
an
d
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
.
Hen
c
e
f
o
r
th
,
th
is
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
co
u
ld
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
in
a
s
tack
ed
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
to
f
o
r
m
m
u
l
tij
u
n
ct
io
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
a
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
f
o
r
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
m
ater
ial
s
,
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
Fir
s
tl
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lattice
m
atc
h
in
g
,
as
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
h
eter
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
s
ec
o
n
d
l
y
,
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
is
r
ea
d
ily
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
y
a
llo
y
i
n
g
[
9
]
,
an
d
also
,
it h
a
s
a
h
i
g
h
g
ap
,
a
lo
w
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
,
f
i
n
all
y
,
a
lo
w
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
at
io
n
[
3
]
.
Up
to
n
o
w
,
m
an
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
Si
h
e
ter
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
eir
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
[
1
0
].
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
ce
lls
is
t
h
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
c
o
n
tact
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
f
ac
e.
R
ea
r
co
n
tact
s
o
lar
ce
lls
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
s
h
ad
in
g
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
p
o
ten
tial
l
y
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
m
o
v
i
n
g
all,
o
r
p
ar
t,
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
co
n
tac
t
g
r
id
s
to
th
e
r
ea
r
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
[
1
1
]
.
Su
ch
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
esp
ec
iall
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
in
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ce
ll
s
er
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
is
g
r
ea
ter
.
Au
g
er
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
av
o
id
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
an
I
B
C
s
o
lar
ce
ll
d
esig
n
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
co
n
ta
cts
w
er
e
p
lace
d
at
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
a
tio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lar
g
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
r
e
m
ain
d
u
n
s
o
lv
ed
[
1
2
].
An
ad
d
itio
n
a
l b
en
ef
it i
s
t
h
at
ce
lls
w
it
h
b
o
th
c
o
n
tacts o
n
t
h
e
r
ea
r
w
er
e
ea
s
ier
to
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t a
n
d
co
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
clo
s
er
to
g
eth
er
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
in
ce
t
h
er
e
w
as
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
p
ac
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ce
lls
.
I
n
t
h
is
ar
ticle,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
it
h
I
B
C
wer
e
n
u
m
er
icall
y
co
m
p
u
ted
,
a
n
d
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ical
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
er
e
r
ea
lized
,
in
th
e
ai
m
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
ce
ll.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
ed
ce
ll
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
ce
l
l
r
esu
l
ts
f
r
o
m
a
n
n
-
t
y
p
e
m
u
l
ti
-
cr
y
s
t
alli
n
e
s
ilico
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
m
a
d
e
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
p
h
ase.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Mo
d
elin
g
is
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
to
o
l
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
m
at
h
e
m
atica
ll
y
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
alis
m
w
a
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
in
c
ip
les
g
o
v
er
n
i
n
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
e
m
i
-
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
[
6
.
3
]
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
n
u
m
er
ical
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
wo
b
asic
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
eq
u
at
io
n
s
i
n
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tin
u
it
y
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
[
1
3
]
.
Nu
m
er
ic
al
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
Sil
v
ac
o
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
u
n
d
er
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Th
e
A
T
L
A
S
s
i
m
u
l
ato
r
co
u
ld
p
r
ed
ict
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical,
o
p
tical
an
d
th
er
m
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
in
s
tead
y
s
tate.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ted
to
m
e
s
h
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
to
n
u
m
er
ica
ll
y
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
at
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
m
e
s
h
[
1
3
]
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
I
B
C
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
al
u
es o
f
t
h
e
g
eo
m
et
r
ical
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
I
B
C
s
o
lar
ce
ll
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sectio
n
al
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
I
B
C
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
[
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
5
6
6
-
4572
4568
T
ab
le
1
.
Valu
es o
f
th
e
g
eo
m
e
tr
ic
al
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
I
B
C
s
o
lar
ce
ll
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
c
-
Si
P
L
e
n
g
t
h
L
(
µ
m)
2
0
0
0
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (µ
m)
2
0
0
D
o
p
i
n
g
5
.
1
0
16
A
R
C
S
i
N
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (n
m)
75
Emi
t
t
e
r
a
-
Si
:H
N
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (n
m)
5
0
0
L
e
n
g
t
h
L
E
(
µ
m)
1
7
5
0
B
S
F
a
-
Si
:H
P
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (µ
m)
1
L
e
n
g
t
h
L
B
S
F
(
µ
m)
1
7
0
c
a
t
h
o
d
e
S
i
l
v
e
r
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
µ
m)
1
2
0
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (µ
m)
10
A
n
o
d
e
A
l
u
mi
n
u
m
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
µ
m)
1
7
0
0
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (µ
m)
10
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
A
T
L
AS
f
r
o
m
SIL
V
AC
O
T
C
A
D
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
to
s
i
m
u
late
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Sil
v
ac
o
T
C
A
D
T
o
o
l
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
Vir
tu
a
lf
ab
r
icatio
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
;
it
is
a
s
i
m
u
lato
r
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ev
ic
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
[
14
].
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
I
B
C
h
eter
o
j
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
e
v
er
a
l p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
ter
ial
an
d
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Fi
g
u
r
es
2
a
n
d
3
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
b
asic
e
lem
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
I
B
C
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
I
n
T
ab
le
2
,
w
e
g
i
v
e
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
ated
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
t
h
e
Dec
k
b
u
i
ld
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
m
es
h
i
n
g
was
o
p
ti
m
ized
af
ter
a
lo
t
o
f
r
u
n
s
u
n
ti
l
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
lectr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
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er
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m
o
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I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
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m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
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g
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r
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ate
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ili
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Fig
u
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s
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
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No
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.
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r
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r
e
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h
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u
r
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w
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tain
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r
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(
A/cm
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)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Op
timiz
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e
m
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
u
s
i
n
g
its
m
ater
ials
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
Sil
v
ac
o
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
H.
A
lo
m
a
ri,
J.
A
d
e
e
b
,
O.,
“
Yo
u
n
is,
S
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
o
w
e
r
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
in
jo
rd
a
n
u
sin
g
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
r
a
ln
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
te
r S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
-
5
0
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
B.
Be
n
a
b
a
d
ji
,
A
.
Zarg
a
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
d
e
sig
n
o
f
b
u
ried
e
m
it
ter
o
f
EW
T
sili
c
o
n
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
ty
p
e
b
y
n
u
m
e
ric
a
l
sim
u
latio
n
,”
El
se
v
ier
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
-
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
Dio
u
f
.
D.
“
Ce
ll
u
les
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
q
u
e
s
sili
c
iu
m
à
h
é
téro
jo
n
c
ti
o
n
s
e
t
à
stru
c
tu
re
i
n
terd
ig
it
é
e
e
n
f
a
c
e
a
rrière
,
”
P
h
.
D.
th
e
sis,
T
h
e
P
a
ris
-
S
u
d
1
1
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
N.
Ba
te
m
a
n
,
P
.
S
u
ll
iv
a
n
,
CH.Re
ich
e
l,
J.
Be
n
ick
,
M
.
He
r
m
le,
“
Hig
h
q
u
a
li
ty
io
n
im
p
lan
ted
b
o
ro
n
e
m
it
ters
in
a
n
in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
tac
t
s
o
lar c
e
ll
s w
it
h
2
0
%
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
,”
El
se
v
ie
r
,
p
p
,
5
0
9
-
5
1
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
A
.
I.
Bin
Ib
ra
h
im
,
F
.
D.
Bi
n
ti
A
b
d
u
l
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
Bi
n
Ro
h
a
iza
t,
“
Du
a
l
a
x
e
s
so
lar
trck
e
r
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
7
-
1
8
9
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
C.
E.
C
h
a
n
a
,
B.
J.
Ha
ll
a
m
,
S
.
R.
W
e
n
h
a
m
,
“
S
im
p
li
f
i
e
d
in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
tac
t
s
o
lar
c
e
ll
s
,”
El
s
e
v
ier
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
5
4
3
-
5
4
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
E.
V.
Ke
rsc
h
a
v
e
r
G
.
b
e
a
u
c
a
rn
e
,
“
Ba
c
k
c
o
n
tac
t
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
:
E.
V
”
Pro
g
.
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
:
Res
.
Ap
p
l
,
v
o
l
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
0
6.
[8
]
A
.
P
ra
d
h
a
n
,
B.
P
a
n
d
a
,
“
A
sim
p
li
f
ied
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s
y
ste
m
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
4
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
De
n
g
.
X
,
S
h
if
f
.
A
Eri
c
,
Amo
rp
h
o
u
s
sili
c
o
n
b
a
se
d
so
l
a
r c
e
ll
s
,
Bo
o
k
o
f
p
h
y
sic
s S
y
ra
c
u
se
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
u
rfa
c
e
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
H.
F
u
ji
w
a
ra
,
M
.
Ko
n
d
o
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
p
it
a
x
ial
g
ro
w
th
a
t
th
e
h
e
ter
o
in
terf
a
c
e
o
f
a
-
S
i:
H∕
c
-
S
i
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
,
”
Ap
p
l
.
Ph
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
v
o
l.
9
0
,
p
p
.
0
1
3
5
0
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
J.
P
Jo
ly
,
L
e
s mo
d
u
les
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ï
q
u
e
s d
a
n
s le
d
o
m
a
in
e
d
e
la
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
F
o
c
u
s,
M
a
rs
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
He
le
S
a
v
in
,
P
ä
iv
ik
k
i
Re
p
o
,
a
l,
“
Blac
k
sili
c
o
n
so
larc
e
ll
s
w
i
th
in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
b
a
c
k
-
co
n
tac
ts
a
c
h
iev
e
2
2
.
1
%
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y
,”
Na
tu
re
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
9
:
4
5
6
6
-
4572
4572
[1
3
]
W
.
Dib
,
“
M
o
d
é
li
sa
ti
o
n
s
d
e
s
stru
c
tu
re
s
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
q
u
e
s:
A
sp
e
c
ts
fo
n
d
a
m
e
n
tau
x
e
t
a
p
p
li
q
u
e
s
,
”
P
h
.
D.
th
e
sis,
A
b
o
u
-
b
e
k
r
Be
lk
a
id
T
le
m
c
e
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
A
.
M
.
T
a
b
irk
it
,
A
.
G
u
e
n
Bo
u
a
z
z
a
,
B.
Bo
u
a
z
z
a
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
b
iax
ial
stra
in
e
d
P
-
M
OSF
ET
s
:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
a
sig
n
a
le
a
n
d
d
u
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
h
e
tero
str
u
c
tu
re
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
4
2
1
-
4
2
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
Ja
n
Ha
sc
h
k
e
,
e
t
a
l
,
“
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
a
sim
p
li
f
ied
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
f
o
r
IBC
-
S
HJ
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
w
it
h
h
ig
h
f
i
ll
f
a
c
to
rs
,
”
El
se
v
ier
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
7
3
2
-
7
3
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Na
d
j
a
t
B
e
n
a
d
la
b
e
c
a
m
e
a
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
2
0
0
6
f
ro
m
th
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
le
m
c
e
n
A
l
g
e
ria.
S
h
e
g
o
t
t
h
e
m
a
g
ister
d
e
g
re
e
in
m
icro
e
lec
tro
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
2
0
1
2
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
l
e
m
c
e
n
,
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
P
h
D
S
tu
d
e
n
t
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
le
m
c
e
n
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
Un
it
o
f
M
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
(URME
R).
He
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
S
trai
n
S
il
c
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
b
a
c
k
-
c
o
n
tac
ts so
lar ce
ll
s.
Em
a
il
:
b
e
n
a
d
la_
n
a
d
jet@li
v
e
.
f
r
Pro
f.
G
h
a
ffo
u
r
K
h
e
ire
d
d
i
n
e
g
r
a
d
u
a
ted
a
s
a
n
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
f
ro
m
th
e
“
Eco
le
su
p
é
rieu
re
d
'
é
lec
tri
c
it
é
(S
u
p
e
lec
)”
in
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
in
1
9
8
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
sili
c
o
n
c
a
rb
id
e
,
a
s
p
a
rt
o
f
h
is
m
a
g
ister
a
t
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
le
m
c
e
n
in
A
l
g
e
ria
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1
9
8
5
a
n
d
1
9
8
8
.
His
d
o
c
to
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
w
o
rk
,
c
a
rrie
d
o
u
t
i
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
n
g
train
in
g
a
t
th
e
“
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ire
d
e
P
h
y
siq
u
e
d
e
la
M
a
ti
è
re
(
L
.
P
.
M
)
”
o
f
INSA
-
Ly
o
n
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,”
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
iC
d
i
o
d
e
s
u
sin
g
th
e
D.L
.
T
.
S
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
His
re
c
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
d
e
v
ice
p
h
y
si
c
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
w
it
h
a
stro
n
g
e
m
p
h
a
sis
o
n
h
e
tero
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
a
n
d
in
ter
d
ig
it
a
l
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
-
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
A
b
o
u
Be
k
rBe
lk
a
ïd
-
T
le
m
c
e
n
1
3
0
0
0
,
A
lg
e
ria.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.