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im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
with
B
W
A
-
b
ased
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
es
ti
m
ate
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
r
r
elatio
n
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
at
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
d
ec
o
d
er
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
-
HM
M
m
o
d
el
to
g
et
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
clo
s
e
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
th
e
id
ea
l
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
is
th
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
2
D
J
S
C
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
er
f
ec
t
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
co
r
r
elatio
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
id
ea
l
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
[
9
]
an
d
an
o
th
er
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
ex
p
lo
it
in
g
t
h
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
g
lean
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ec
o
d
er
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
b
ee
n
o
r
g
an
is
e
d
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
n
ch
a
n
n
e
l
d
ec
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
B
W
A
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
n
th
e
co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
d
elib
er
ates
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
ex
is
ti
n
g
w
o
r
k
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
Sectio
n
5
d
r
a
w
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
en
t
ir
e
th
esi
s
,
g
i
v
es a
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
a
n
d
id
en
ti
f
ies ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ese
ar
ch
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S O
N
P
A
RAM
E
T
E
R
E
ST
I
M
AT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S
2
.
1
.
P
a
ra
m
et
er
esti
m
a
t
io
n o
n
t
urbo
deco
der
Sev
er
al
at
te
m
p
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
to
d
e
s
cr
ib
e
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
est
i
m
a
tio
n
o
f
Ma
r
k
o
v
m
o
d
el
at
th
e
T
u
r
b
o
d
ec
o
d
er
in
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
b
e
co
m
p
le
x
d
u
e
to
th
e
es
s
en
ce
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
tr
ellis
es
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
b
o
th
co
n
s
tit
u
e
n
t
en
c
o
d
er
s
an
d
th
e
HM
M
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icat
io
n
o
n
th
e
d
ec
o
d
er
[
1
7
]
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ile
th
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
a
d
ec
o
d
er
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
1
8
]
to
r
ed
u
ce
it
s
co
m
p
lex
it
y
w
h
ile
m
a
in
ta
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
i
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
est
i
m
a
ti
o
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
e
f
i
n
ed
i
n
[
1
9
]
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
B
W
A
a
s
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
an
d
T
u
r
b
o
d
ec
o
d
e
r
.
B
W
A
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
i
ter
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
a
n
in
it
ial
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
Hid
d
en
Ma
r
k
o
v
s
o
u
r
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
p
atter
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
HM
M
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
tate
to
s
tate
th
a
t
g
en
er
ate
co
r
r
elatio
n
p
atter
n
v
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
an
c
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ellis
tr
an
s
i
tio
n
s
.
He
n
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
y
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
An
w
ar
,
in
[
2
0
]
,
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
B
W
A
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
-
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
r
th
e
u
n
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
s
i
m
pli
f
ie
d B
a
u
m
-
W
els
h a
lg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
s
s
o
c
iated
w
it
h
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
a
n
HM
M
is
t
h
e
B
W
A
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
1
9
7
0
[
2
1
]
an
d
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
Fo
r
w
ar
d
-
B
ac
k
w
ar
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
h
ich
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
x
p
ec
tatio
n
-
Ma
x
i
m
izat
io
n
o
r
E
M
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
an
HM
M
d
en
o
ted
as
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
ad
j
u
s
ted
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
g
i
v
en
a
n
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
O
an
d
t
h
e
s
e
t
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
tate
s
Q.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
n
-
HM
M
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
o
n
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
to
b
e
es
ti
m
at
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
m
p
l
ex
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ile
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
i
ts
p
ea
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
eth
o
d
,
o
n
l
y
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
tatis
t
ics
i
n
t
h
e
d
ec
o
d
er
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
Gar
cia
-
Fria
s
an
d
Villas
e
n
o
r
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
B
W
A
is
g
en
er
all
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
in
i
tial
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
iter
ati
v
el
y
u
s
es
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
esti
m
ate
d
v
alu
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
u
p
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies o
n
th
e
n
e
x
t iter
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
v
ar
iab
les ca
n
b
e
g
iv
e
n
as
:
12
(
)
(
,
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,
|
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t
t
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P
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w
h
er
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ar
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ar
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le,
an
d
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th
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p
ar
tial o
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:
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at
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Sin
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[
2
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[
2
4
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a
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R
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[
2
5
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,
[
2
6
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.
T
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d
u
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e
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o
r
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tr
a
n
s
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itted
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ch
a
n
n
e
l.
3
.
2
.
Rec
eiv
er
d
esig
n
T
h
e
d
etailed
r
ec
eiv
er
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
an
n
el
is
r
ec
ei
v
ed
an
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
lated
to
g
en
er
ate
an
o
u
tp
u
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
r
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
B
ah
l
-
C
o
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e
-
J
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k
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B
C
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R
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alg
o
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ith
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,
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d
ec
o
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Ma
x
im
u
m
A
P
o
s
ter
io
r
i
(
MA
P
)
d
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
7
]
.
So
f
t
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
in
L
o
g
-
L
i
k
el
ih
o
o
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R
ati
o
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L
L
R
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f
o
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m
is
u
s
ed
w
h
ile
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
a
p
r
io
r
i L
L
R
o
f
co
d
ed
b
it,
at
a
t
i
m
e
in
d
e
x
t,
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
:
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
t
h
at
h
as
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
,
w
h
ile
is
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
o
ld
s
th
e
v
a
lu
e
0
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
L
L
R
,
t
h
at
is
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
is
d
e
-
in
ter
lea
v
ed
u
s
i
n
g
b
ef
o
r
e
f
ed
in
to
an
d
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
ec
o
d
er
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
a
n
d
v
er
ti
ca
l
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e.
Mo
d
if
ied
B
C
J
R
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
ex
p
l
o
it th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
r
r
elatio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
9
]
.
E
ac
h
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
ec
o
d
er
y
ield
s
a
p
o
s
teri
o
r
i
a
n
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
L
L
R
s
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
a
p
o
s
teri
o
r
i
ar
e
th
en
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
b
lo
ck
w
h
ic
h
e
m
p
lo
y
s
t
h
e
B
W
A
g
i
v
en
i
n
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
7
)
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
w
h
er
e
̂
̂
̂
an
d
̂
̂
̂
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
L
L
R
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ac
tiv
ated
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
ec
o
d
er
s
t
h
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
u
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
an
d
m
u
lti
p
lex
ed
w
ith
all
t
h
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
L
L
R
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
ar
ity
b
it
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
ed
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
is
t
h
en
in
ter
leav
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b
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Fig
u
r
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.
P
r
o
p
o
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t
r
an
s
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itter
J
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C
s
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s
te
m
e
x
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itin
g
2
D
s
o
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co
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2
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Dec
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ig
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e
3
.
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h
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p
r
o
p
o
s
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d
esig
n
at
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r
ec
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f
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th
e
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
p
ar
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eter
esti
m
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B
P
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2638
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
m
ai
n
g
o
al
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
ac
cu
r
ate
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
e
s
ti
m
ate
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
tatis
tics
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
f
o
r
th
e
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
as
clo
s
e
as
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o
s
s
ib
le
to
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e
id
ea
l
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
ev
al
u
ated
,
b
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
er
r
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r
s
o
f
th
e
d
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o
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ed
b
in
ar
y
s
eq
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en
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f
r
o
m
t
h
e
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ig
i
n
al
b
in
ar
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s
eq
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e
n
ce
f
r
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m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
t
h
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
is
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
eq
u
en
ce
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
Ma
r
k
o
v
s
o
u
r
ce
w
a
s
in
i
tiali
ze
d
w
it
h
0
.
5
to
b
o
th
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
r
esu
lt,
a
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
f
B
E
R
ag
ain
s
t
SN
R
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
A
B
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
s
to
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
u
r
b
o
-
Sin
g
le
P
ar
it
y
-
C
h
ec
k
-
C
o
d
e
(
T
SP
C
C
)
w
as
u
s
ed
as th
e
o
u
ter
co
d
e.
T
h
e
Sin
g
le
-
P
ar
it
y
-
C
h
ec
k
(
SP
C
)
co
d
e
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
8
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
len
g
t
h
a
n
d
7
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
its
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
ter
co
d
e.
T
h
e
r
ate
-
1
R
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
-
S
y
s
te
m
atic
-
C
o
n
v
o
lu
t
io
n
al
(
R
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C
)
co
d
e
w
h
ic
h
h
ad
g
en
er
ato
r
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial,
(
,
)
=
(
g
iv
e
n
i
n
o
ctal
n
u
m
er
al
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y
s
te
m
)
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
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n
er
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d
e
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e
is
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
an
d
is
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e
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ee
d
-
f
o
r
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ar
d
p
o
l
y
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o
m
ial
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
in
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
t
h
e
id
ea
l
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
s
o
u
r
ce
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
an
d
v
er
tical
d
ir
ec
tio
n
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
=
u
n
til
=
.
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h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
s
i
s
ti
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
B
W
A
-
b
ased
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m
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
r
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
P
ar
a
m
eter
E
s
ti
m
atio
n
1
(
2
D
-
J
SC
C
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P
E
T
1
s
y
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te
m
)
is
v
er
y
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e
to
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e
id
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l
2
D
J
SC
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s
y
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te
m
a
n
d
i
m
p
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e
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
r
r
elati
o
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
tr
o
n
g
er
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
at
B
E
R
lev
el
o
f
,
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
1
.
1
8
d
B
is
ac
h
iev
ed
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
w
i
th
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
2
D
-
J
SC
C
-
P
E
T
1
s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
p
=
0
.
7
an
d
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
4
.
4
8
d
B
f
o
r
p
=
0
.
9
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
g
ai
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
id
ea
l 2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
2
D
-
J
S
C
C
-
P
E
T
1
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ab
o
u
t t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
id
ea
l
2
D
J
S
C
C
s
y
s
te
m
is
o
n
l
y
s
lig
h
tl
y
b
etter
th
a
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
2
D
-
J
SC
C
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P
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T
1
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
id
ea
l
2
D
J
SC
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
elies
o
n
th
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
p
er
f
ec
t
s
o
u
r
ce
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
s
u
itab
le
p
r
ac
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of
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RE
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S
[
1
]
Be
rro
u
,
C.
,
G
l
a
v
ieu
x
,
A
.
a
n
d
Th
it
im
a
jsh
ima
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P
,
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a
r
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h
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n
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it
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o
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p
p
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1
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4
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0
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3
.
[
2
]
S
a
li
m
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
“
A
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w
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terle
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o
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4
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2
9
3
-
2
9
8
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2
0
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3
.
[
3
]
W
a
n
g
,
Jia
n
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p
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i,
a
n
d
Ch
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0
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4
.
[
4
]
Ka
m
ru
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
M
.
M
.
,
“
P
e
rf
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Co
m
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n
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,
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0
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4
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[
5
]
S
h
a
n
n
o
n
,
C.
E.
,
“
A
M
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th
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ti
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7
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3
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[
6
]
S
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y
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o
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,
K.
a
n
d
Bo
rk
e
n
h
a
g
e
n
,
J.
C.
,
“
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e
o
f
Re
sid
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a
l
Re
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n
d
a
n
c
y
in
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e
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sig
n
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f
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in
t
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/Ch
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n
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l
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rs”
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ra
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ti
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6
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p
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,
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9
1
.
[
7
]
Y.
Hu
o
,
T
.
W
a
n
g
,
R.
M
a
u
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d
e
r
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.
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n
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"
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[
8
]
Ca
m
icio
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c
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.
a
n
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rd
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.
,
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,
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in
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d
,
2
0
0
1
.
[
9
]
Iz
h
a
r,
M
.
A
.
M
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l,
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o
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,
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n
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h
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7
t
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ter
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(
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2
0
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3
.
[
1
0
]
Iz
h
a
r,
M
.
A
.
M
F
isa
l,
N
Zh
o
u
,
X
A
n
w
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r,
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M
a
tsu
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o
to
,
“
Util
iza
ti
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n
o
f
2
-
D
M
a
rk
o
v
so
u
rc
e
c
o
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n
g
b
lo
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k
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c
o
d
e
s”
,
In
ter
n
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ti
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n
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l
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mp
o
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m
o
n
T
u
rb
o
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o
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e
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n
d
Iter
a
ti
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e
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fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
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c
e
ss
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g
,
IS
T
C
.
5
6
-
6
0
.
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
1
]
Y.
Zh
a
o
,
W
.
Zh
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
G
a
rc
i
a
-
F
rias
,
“
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
o
f
c
o
rre
late
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se
n
d
e
rs
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v
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Ra
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h
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1
6
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d
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D.
V
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.
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[
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8
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J.
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,
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,
"
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2
0
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.
[
2
1
]
Ba
u
m
,
L
.
E.
,
P
e
tri
e
,
T
.
,
S
o
u
les
,
G
.
a
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N.
,
“
A
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a
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m
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a
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o
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u
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ti
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a
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Ch
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in
s.”
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n
.
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1
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l.
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.
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2
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.
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ird
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.
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[
2
3
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in
g
,
S
.
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a
n
d
Ye
u
n
g
,
K.
L
.
,
“
Itera
ti
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De
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-
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n
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a
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ted
S
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a
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Ch
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k
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s.”
Pro
c
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d
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s
o
f
IEE
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In
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e
rn
a
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o
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ta,
USA
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8
,
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1
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3
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.
[
2
4
]
T
e
e
,
J.
S
.
K.
a
n
d
T
a
y
lo
r,
D.
P
.
,
“
M
u
lt
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P
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Co
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te
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ted
S
in
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g
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o
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In
ter
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mm
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,
2
0
0
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,
p
p
.
6
0
-
6
4
.
[
2
5
]
Zh
o
u
,
X.,
A
n
wa
r,
K.
a
n
d
M
a
tsu
m
o
to
,
T
.
,
“
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6
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ti
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g
(
CHINACOM
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.
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in
,
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a
.
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
6
]
Zh
o
u
,
X.,
A
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wa
r,
K.
a
n
d
M
a
tsu
m
o
to
,
T
.
,
“
EX
IT
Ch
a
rt
Ba
s
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Pro
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d
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IEE
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la
T
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(VT
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Fa
ll
)
.
Q
u
e
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c
Cit
y
,
Ca
n
a
d
a
.
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
[
2
7
]
Ba
h
l,
L
.
,
Co
c
k
e
,
J.,
Je
li
n
e
k
,
F
.
a
n
d
Ra
v
iv
,
J.
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
De
c
o
d
in
g
o
f
L
in
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a
r
Co
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f
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M
in
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izin
g
S
y
m
b
o
l
Err
o
r
Ra
tes
(Co
rre
sp
.
),
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
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I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
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ry
,
1
9
7
4
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
4
-
2
8
7
.
[
2
8
]
Da
n
iel
Ju
ra
f
sk
y
,
Ja
m
e
s
H.
M
a
rti
n
,
“
Ch
a
p
ter
8
:
Hid
d
e
n
M
a
rk
o
v
M
o
d
e
ls,
S
p
e
e
c
h
a
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
”
,
Pre
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Iz
z
a
t
A
m
ir
M
o
h
d
No
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E
n
g
(Ho
n
s)
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
),
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
–
2
0
1
2
)
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
a
t
UT
M
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
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l
o
f
En
g
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g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(U
T
M
)
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
v
a
rio
u
s
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
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a
n
d
T
h
e
In
stit
u
t
io
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
la
y
sia
(IE
M
).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
c
h
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n
n
e
l
c
o
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i
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,
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o
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,
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d
in
g
,
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
Io
T
,
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
M
o
h
d
Az
r
i
M
o
h
d
Iz
h
a
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s)
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
h
e
ff
ield
,
U.K.,
in
2
0
0
8
w
h
e
re
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
a
p
p
i
n
m
e
d
a
l
a
wa
rd
f
o
r
o
u
tstan
d
in
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
)
p
rize
f
o
r
th
e
b
e
st
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
-
re
late
d
f
in
a
l
y
e
a
r
p
ro
jec
t.
He
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
le
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
),
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
1
4
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
4
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
w
it
h
U
T
M
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r
c
a
m
p
u
s.
He
w
a
s
v
isit
in
g
th
e
S
o
u
t
h
a
m
p
to
n
W
irele
ss
G
ro
u
p
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
a
m
p
to
n
,
U.K
.
f
o
r
2
y
e
a
rs
in
2
0
1
5
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
d
in
g
,
c
o
d
in
g
th
e
o
ry
,
jo
in
t
so
u
r
c
e
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
d
in
g
,
c
o
d
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
,
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
,
Io
T
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
tu
m
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
No
r
u
lh
u
s
n
a
A
h
m
a
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(UT
M
)
in
2
0
0
1
w
it
h
B
S
c
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
UT
M
a
s
a
sta
ff
a
n
d
late
r
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
stu
d
y
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
,
r
e
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
TM
KL
.
Du
rin
g
h
e
r
P
h
D,
sh
e
d
i
d
a
n
a
tt
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
in
Ja
p
a
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(J
A
IS
T
)
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
su
p
e
rv
isi
o
n
o
f
P
ro
f
.
Dr.
T
a
d
a
sh
i
M
a
tsu
m
o
to
a
n
d
A
ss
t.
P
r
o
f
.
Dr.
Kh
o
i
ru
l
A
n
w
a
r
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
jec
t
in
n
o
n
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
(n
-
OFDM
)
sy
ste
m
.
He
r
e
x
p
e
rti
se
is
o
n
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
d
ig
it
a
l
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
o
n
f
u
tu
re
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
su
c
h
a
s
5
G
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
f
o
c
u
sin
g
o
n
e
rro
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
n
g
c
o
d
e
s,
tu
rb
o
e
q
u
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
OFD
M
,
r
e
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
,
n
e
tw
o
rk
c
o
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
8
:
2
6
3
3
–
2
6
4
2
2642
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
–
2
0
0
6
),
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
A
R
A
(Ui
T
M
–
2
0
0
8
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
s
ia
(UT
M
–
2
0
1
5
).
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
UT
M
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r.
S
h
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
v
a
rio
u
s
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
EE
)
a
n
d
T
h
e
In
stit
u
tt
io
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
si
a
(IE
M
).
S
h
e
a
lso
a
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tre
(W
CC)
w
h
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tres
o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
(HICo
E)
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
W
CC
lea
d
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
F
ift
h
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
(5
G
).
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
o
b
il
e
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
e
rro
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
c
o
d
in
g
,
re
lay
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s,
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Hy
b
rid
A
RQ Cro
ss
L
a
y
e
r
De
sig
n
a
n
d
it
e
ra
ti
v
e
re
c
e
iv
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.